SLAVERY, POLITICS, AND WAR

COMPROMISING OUR WAY INTO A CRISIS

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• MISSOURI APPLIES FOR STATEHOOD IN 1819

• SLAVERY IS ESTABLISHED THERE

• TALLMADGE AMENDMENT - PROHIBITS FURTHER SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORY AND ALLOWS GRADUAL EMANCIPATION

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• UPSETTING THE BALANCE

• WHAT ABOUT MAINE?

• HENRY CLAY - THE GREAT COMPROMISER

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• MAINE - A FREE STATE IN 1819

• MISSOURI - A SLAVE STATE IN 1820

• NO SLAVERY NORTH OF 36/30 PARRELLELL

• A CRISIS AVERTED

THE QUESTION OF TEXAS

• MEXICO WINS INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN

• 1820S - MEXICO INVITES AMERICAN SETTLERS INTO TEXAS.

• TOO MANY CULTURAL AND POLITICAL DIFFERENCES

• SLAVERY IS ONE OF THEM

THE QUESTION OF TEXAS

• TEXAN LAND CLAIMS

• 1836 - AN INDEPENDENT TEXAS

THE QUESTION OF TEXAS

• SEEKING ADMISSION TO THE UNITED STATES

• A POLITICAL HOT POTATO

• THE ISSUE SUBSIDED UNTIL 1841

THE QUESTION OF TEXAS

• JOHN TYLER - A PRESIDENT WITHOUT A PARTY

• TYLER IGNITES THE “TEXAS ISSUE”

• TOO MUCH OPPOSITION

THE QUESTION OF TEXAS

• ELECTION OF 1844

• HENRY CLAY - WHIG CANDIDATE

• MARTIN VAN BUREN - LEADING DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE

• THE SOUTH SOURS ON VAN BUREN

JAMES POLK

• DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE IN 1844

• NATIONALIST AND EXPANSIONIST

• A SLAVEHOLDER

• JOHN TYLER IS SWEPT OFF THE STAGE

• POLK’S VICTORY AND THE RISE OF THE LIBERTY PARTY

JAMES POLK

• POLK AND MANIFEST DESTINY

• TYLER’S FINAL ACT

• TEXAS IS A STATE - 1845

• FIFTY-FOUR-FORTY OR FIGHT - THE OREGON TERRITORY

ISSUES WITH MEXICO

• ANNEXATION OF TEXAS

• THE TEXAS BORDER - THE NUEVES VERSUS THE RIO GRANDE

• CALIFORNIA AND NEW MEXICO

THE MEXICAN WAR

• POLK’S TWO PRONGED APPROACH

• GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR AND THE “INCIDENT”

• WHAT ABOUT THE OREGON TERRITORY?

THE MEXICAN WAR

• WHIG AND NORTHERN RESPONSE

• MILITARY SUCCESS

• THE DEAL WITH MEXICO

• 15 MILLION DOLLARS FOR MEXICO

• UNITED STATES ASSUMES MEXICAN DEBTS

THE MEXICAN WAR

• UNITED STATES OBTAINS NEW MEXICO AND CALIFORNIA

• THE WILMOT PROVISO

• SLAVERY IN THE NEWLY ACQUIRED TERRITORIES?

POPULAR SOVERIGNTY

• THE PEOPLE OF A TERRITORY WILL DECIDE ON WHETHER IT WILL BE A FREE OR A SLAVE STATE

THE ELECTION OF 1848

• POLITICAL REPURCUSSIONS

• POLK IS NOT A CANDIDATE

• LEWIS CASS - DEMOCRATIC NOMINEE WITH VAGUE POSITIONS

• WHIG CANDIDATE - ZACHARY TAYLOR, HERO OF THE MEXICAN WAR

ELECTION OF 1848

• WHIGS HAVE NO PLATFORM

• DO THEY HAVE A QUALIFIED CANDIDATE?

• WHAT DO THEY HAVE?

• A HERO!

• SOME THIRD PARTY EFFORTS

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

• CALIFORNIA AND THE GOLD RUSH

• NEW MEXICO

• UTAH AND THE MORMON SUCCESS

• GOLD FORCES THE ISSUE

COMPROMISE OF 1850

• TAYLOR’S APPROACH

• OTHER ISSUES..

• RUNAWAY SLAVES - A STRONG FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW IS NEEDED?

• SLAVERY IN WASHINGTON D.C.

• WHO CAN SAVE THE REPUBLIC?

COMPROMISE OF 1850

• HENRY CLAY TO THE RESCUE

• A SERIES OF COMPROMISES

• CALIFORNIA - A FREE STATE

• UTAH AND NEW MEXICO - POPULAR SOVERIGNTY WILL DETERMINE IT

• NO SLAVE TRADE IN WASHINGTON D.C. BUT SLAVERY IS ALLOWED

COMPROMISE OF 1850

• TEXAS DEBT ASSUMED

• A STRONGER FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW

• CLAY’S EFFORTS DENIED

• SENATOR STEPHEN DOUGLAS

• TAYLOR’S RESPONSE - “I WILL VETO”

STEPHEN DOUGLAS

COMPROMISE OF 1850

• TAYLOR’S DEMISE

• PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE

• SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN RESPONSE

THE CHANGING VIEW OF SLAVERY

• RADICAL PROTESTANT DENOMINATIONS (QUAKERS)

• THE ENLIGHTENMENT

• LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS

• SLAVERY DIES OFF IN THE REST OF THE WORLD

HOW TO END IT?

• COLONIZATION?

• AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY

• LIBERIA

ABOLITIONISM

• CHARLES GRANDISON FINNEY - PREACHER OF SECOND GREAT AWAKENING

• NO COMPROMISE

• WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON - “THE LIBERATOR”

• AMERICAN ANTI SLAVERY SOCIETY

ABOLITIONISM

• SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN OPPOSITION

• LIBERTY PARTY AND JAMES BIRNEY

• AMISTAD

• FOCUS IS IN NEW ENGLAND

• THE VIRTUE OF HONOR

ELECTION OF 1852

• STEPHEN DOUGLAS - DEMOCRATIC FRONT RUNNER

• 30 BALLOTS TO A DARK HORSE

• ENTER FRANKLIN PIERCE

ELECTION OF 1852

• WHIG PARTY IS DIVIDED

• SOUTHERN WHIGS HOLD THE PARTY HOSTAGE

• MILLARD FILLMORE- FRONT RUNNER

• AFTER 52 BALLOTS, IT’S WINFIELD SCOTT

ELECTION OF 1852

• THE FREE SOIL PARTY - NOMINEE JOHN HALE

• THE WHIGS FRACTURE

SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES

• WHAT ABOUT FUTURE TERRITORIES?

• FOCUS ON CUBA, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

UNCLE TOM’S CABIN

• HARRIET BEECHER STOWE

• AIMED AT FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW

NATIVISM AND KNOW NOTHINGS

• INCREASED IMMIGRATION IN 1840S

• 1846 TO 1855 - 3 MILLION IMMIGRANTS

• 87% WENT TO FREE STATES

• HALF ARE CATHOLICS TO THE NORTHEAST

• IRISH CATHOLICS IN URBAN AREAS

NATIVISM AND KNOW KNOTHINGS

• OPPOSITION GROWS

• “I KNOW NOTHING”

• THE KNOW-NOTHING AGENDA

• 20 YEAR WAIT FOR CITIZENSHIP

• TEMPERENCE AND EDUCATION

• POLITICAL VICTORIES IN 1850S AT EXPENSE OF THE WHIGS

KANSAS-NEBRASKA

• STEPHEN DOUGLAS

• THE NEBRASKA TERRITORY

• GOAL WAS A RAILROAD FROM MIDWEST TO CALIFORNIA

• 1853- AREA CREATED NORTH OF MISSOURI COMPROMISE LINE

KANSAS-NEBRASKA

• SOUTHERN OPPOSITION

• DOUGLAS WEIGHS HIS OPTIONS

• POPULAR SOVERIGNTY

• “A HELL OF A STORM”

KANSAS- NEBRASKA

• THE KANSAS AND NEBRASKA SPLIT

• WHAT ABOUT THE LOGISTICS?

• THE POLITICAL FALLOUT

WINNERS AND LOSERS

• WHIG PARTY - A BIG LOSER

• NORTHERN DEMOCRATS - LOSERS

• NORTHERN OPPOSITION PARTIES (REPUBLICAN) - WINNERS

• SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS - WINNERS

• WHERE DO THE KNOW-NOTHINGS GO?