Compromise of 1850 Long-term Causes of the Civil War€¦ · 1882 law banning Chinese immigration...

Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools

Long-term Causes of the Civil War

Compromise of 1850

1. • Sectionalism • Slavery:

Differing economic needs/reliance on slavery in the South

• Extension of Slavery • States’ Rights

2. California admitted as a free state; sale of slaves banned in D.C.; Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 enacted; rest of Mexican Cession territory open to slavery based on popular sovereignty (will of the people).

Kansas-Nebraska Act

3. Divisive act introduced by Stephen Douglas, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by applying popular sovereignty to both the Kansas and Nebraska territories.

The Republican Party (opposing the extension of slavery) was formed in 1854 due to this Act.

4. Supreme Court decision (1857) stating that Scott did not have the right to sue for his freedom since he was not a U.S. citizen, but property of another person. Decision went further to claim that the Missouri Compromise prohibiting slavery in territories was unconstitutional. Congress had no right to take away another person’s property.

Dred Scott Decision


Ostend Manifesto

5. Idea put forth by Stephen Douglas, during a debate with Lincoln, that the residents of a territory could still ban slavery despite what the Supreme Court decided with Dred Scott.

6. An attempt to expand U.S. territory; pushed for Spain to sell Cuba to the United States for $120 million dollars in 1854. The document caused uproar because Cuba was already an established slavery territory. It was declared unconstitutional due to the Fugitive Slave Law that was passed as part of the Compromise of 1850; therefore Cuba did not become a U.S. territory.

7. Lincoln’s announcement that all slaves in those states still rebelling would be freed. Did not free slaves in border states that were loyal to the Union.

8. July 1863 battle that was the turning point in the war. The South never advanced into the North again.

Freeport Doctrine

Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg


Gettysburg Address

9. Short speech given by Lincoln to honor Union losses at Gettysburg.

10. Outlaws slavery in all states and all lands governed by the United States.

11. Granted full citizenship to African Americans. States citizens cannot be deprived of rights without due process of the law. Guarantees equal protection under the law.

12. States that no one can be denied suffrage (right to vote) based on race or color.

13th Amendment

14th

Amendment

15th

Amendment


13. Laws written by Southern states (each state’s was slightly different) that were based on slave codes from the past.

Prevented freedmen (persons of color) from voting, holding office, serving on juries, etc. Helped spur the creation of the 14th Amendment.

14. Group of Republicans who believed the South should face punishment for the Civil War and that African Americans should be given full political and civil equality. Gained power in Congress – was able to push through “Congressional Reconstruction”.

Sharecropping

15. System of agriculture used in the South with former slaves. Farmers would give a portion of their crops to the landowner in exchange for use of the land.

16. Also called debt slavery. Land or business owner forces a worker to pay off a debt with work - think sharecroppers and tenant farmers. Workers are often unable to re-pay the debt, and find themselves in a continuous work-without-pay cycle.

Black Codes Radical Republicans

Debt Peonage


17. Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War to take advantage of the unstable social, financial, and political climate.

18. First African American in Congress. He was appointed by the Mississippi state legislature to fill an empty Senate seat.

The Nadir

19. Time in the South (end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the early 20th century), when racism in the country was at an all-time high. African Americans lost many of the civil rights gains made during Reconstruction. Anti-black violence, lynching, segregation, legal racial discrimination, and expressions of white supremacy increased.

20. Laws passed in the South after Reconstruction that required racial segregation. African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens as these laws denied them their rights, including suffrage. Created to get around the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. Many of these laws lasted into the 1960s.

Carpetbagger

Hiram Rhodes Revels

Jim Crow Laws


Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

21. Groups that believe in white supremacy. Were formed in the South to terrorize African Americans. Helped to enforce the Jim Crow laws and keep African Americans “in their place.”

22. Encouraged western migration by promising settlers 160 acres of land for $1.25 an acre after improving it for six months or for free if they farmed it for five years. Ten percent of the U.S. was claimed and settled under this act.

Dawes Act 1887

Reservation System

23. Passed by Congress to “Americanize” the Native Americans. Each adult male was allowed to claim 160 acres of reservation land as his own private property – led to mass sell-off of reservation land. Threatened the survival of Native American culture.

24. Land set aside for Native American tribes by the government. Native Americans were required to stay on their land. Usually the land was undesirable and unlike the land the tribe was used to living on.

Homestead Act 1862


Grange 25. Group formed to provide social and educational gatherings for isolated farm families. By 1870s, most of their time was spent fighting the railroads (misuse of government land grants, fixing prices, charging different customers different rates).

26. Series of laws passed in several Midwestern states that shared the same intent: to make pricing of railroad rates more favorable to farmers, small rural farmers in particular. It was a topic of much debate at the time and ended up leading to several important court cases, such as Munn v. Illinois and Wabash v. Illinois.

Farmers Alliance

Populism

27. Groups formed to educate farmers about topics such as interest rates on loans and government control of banks and railroads. Membership grew to more than 4 million – leads to the rise of the Populist Party.

28. Political movement created out of the farmers alliances. Supported: graduated income tax, regulated banks, increase in the money supply, government ownership of railroad and telegraph lines, eight-hour work day, restrictions on immigration, and voting reforms.

Granger Laws


29. Impassioned speech given by William Jennings Bryan (Democratic nominee for President in the 1896 election). Criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on a cross of gold – helped gain him the support of the Populists.

30. Passed in response to the growing complaints of farmers. It required the government to purchase almost twice as much silver as before, and added substantially to the amount of money already in circulation. It threatened to undermine the U.S. Treasury's gold reserves. After the panic of 1893 President Cleveland called a special session of Congress and secured (1893) the repeal of the act.

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

31. Reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established an Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to carry out the act. Created over public pressure - railroads were perceived to have abused their power as a result of too little competition. The ICC was not effective since it lacked little power.

32. George Pullman - Inventor of the sleeping car. George Westinghouse - Inventor of the railway air brake, which stops all the cars of a train at the same time.

Cross of Gold

Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1894

Railway Innovators


Thomas Edison

33. Inventor of many things including the phonograph, light bulb, and motion pictures. Had a winter home in Fort Myers.

34. Cheap and efficient way to produce steel. Developed independently by Henry Bessemer (in Britain) and William Kelly (in America) around 1850. Cheaper steel makes it possible for more railroad tracks, suspension bridges, massive engines, and skyscrapers.

Communication Inventors

35. Samuel Morse - Inventor of the telegraph. Alexander Graham Bell - Inventor of the telephone in 1875. Made instant communications possible even over long distances.

36. Developed an alternating current (AC) motor which could travel further than a direct current (DC) model.

Bessemer Process

Nikola Tesla


37.

John Albert Burr – rotary-blade lawnmower. Jan Ernst Matzeliger – machine that attaches the upper and lower parts of a shoe. Lewis Howard Latimer – improved method for producing carbon filaments used in light bulbs. Madam CJ Walker – cosmetic products.

38. When a company has total control over an industry. Many were formed in the late 1800s because of the government’s laissez-faire (hands-off) attitude. Companies used the theory of Social Darwinism to justify their unfair business practices.

39. Belief that the successful had superior talents that allowed them to thrive. Used to justify the need for free competition and little government regulation in the economy.

40. Law passed by Congress making it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or other countries. Language was vague, limiting its effectiveness.

African American Inventors

Business Monopoly

Social Darwinism

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890


41. Nationwide labor union created in 1869 that was open to all workers. Supported an 8 hour workday and equal pay for equal work. Saw strikes as a last resort. Fell apart after the failure of a series of strikes.

42. Labor union of skilled workers created by Samuel Gompers in 1886. Focused on collective bargaining. Used strikes as a major tactic.

Child Labor

43. Used in textile mills and coal mines especially. Paid less than adults. By 1910, as many as 1 out of every 5 children under 15 years old was working outside the home.

44. 3000 people gathered to protest police brutality against striking workers. As the crowd was leaving, someone threw a bomb into the police line. Police fired on the protesters. Starts to turn the public against labor unions (the Knights of Labor specifically).

AFL -American Federation of Labor

Knights of Labor

Haymarket Riot 1886


45. Strike by steelworkers after the company’s president announced plans to cut wages. Turned violent when the company tried to hire strikebreakers – state militia is called in to restore order. Continues to turn the public against labor unions.

46. Strike by railroad workers in and around Chicago refusing to operate passenger trains that used Pullman sleeping cars. Shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic in the West. Army had to break up the strike and violence broke out in many cities. Strike began when nearly 4,000 Pullman factory employees began to strike in response to recent reductions in wages.

Chinese Exclusion Act

47. 1882 law banning Chinese immigration of skilled and unskilled laborers for a period of ten years. The act was periodically renewed and not repealed until 1943.

48. Japanese government’s (1907-08) agreement to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the U.S. in exchange for the repeal of San Francisco’s segregation order that had separated Japanese children and put them in a separate school.

Homestead Strike 1892

Pullman Strike 1894

Gentleman’s Agreement


49. An early reform program that preached salvation through service to the poor. Called on governments, churches, and private charities to work together to help people in need.

50. Community centers established in “slum” neighborhoods to provide services for immigrants and the urban poor. Services included health care, child care, education, and help with obtaining naturalization. By 1910, about 400 existed. Helped cultivate social responsibility toward the urban poor.

51. Powerful groups that controlled the activities of a political party in a city. Gained votes and financial support by offering help to voters and businesses. Helped solve urban problems, but were susceptible to corruption.

52. Writers who exposed the abuses and corruption of society. Usually caused public outcry for reform. Examples: Upton Sinclair – meatpacking industry Ida Tarbell – Rockefeller’s (Standard Oil) ruthless business practices.

Settlement Houses

Social Gospel Movement

Political Machine

Muckrakers


53.

After Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, the public demanded action. Meat Inspection Act in 1906 regulated the meatpacking industry (until the 1990s). Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 halted sale of contaminated food and medicines and called for truth in labeling.

54. Group founded in 1869 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Pushed for voting rights for women.

55. The movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that lasted up until the 1960s. The first Great Migration (1910–1930), numbered about 1.6 million who left mostly rural areas to migrate to northern industrial cities.

56. Industrialist who built many hotels along Florida’s Gold Coast and built a railroad from Jacksonville, FL all the way to Key West (Florida East Coast Railroad). Railroad helped transport agriculture, supplies, laborers, tourists, and settlers in Florida.

National Women’s Suffrage Association

Regulation of Food & Drugs

Great Migration

Henry Flagler


Vertical and Horizontal Integration

57. Vertical - Business strategy where a company controls the raw materials, manufacturing, and distribution of the finished product. Horizontal – Business strategy where companies producing similar products merge.

58. Policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. For America, there was a desire for military strength, a thirst for new economic markets, and a belief in cultural superiority.

59. Book written by Alfred Thayer Mahan – an influential imperialist thinker. Pushed for a strong naval fleet, a canal through Panama, colonies in the Pacific and Caribbean to serve as naval bases, and greater trade with East Asia.

60. Also called yellow journalism. Technique for selling more newspapers by sensationalizing and exaggerating news events to lure and enrage readers.

Imperialism

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

Yellow Press


61. War brought about by a desire to help Cuban rebels gain independence from Spain, preserve American economic interests, and yellow journalism. Ends after 4 months with the Treaty of Paris -Spain frees Cuba, gives Guam and Puerto Rico to U.S., and sells the Philippines to the U.S.

62. Amendment to the war resolution that authorized the Spanish-American war. Ensured that the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the war.

63. Cuban immigrants in Florida supported the Cuban revolutionaries. As war grew more certain, the industrialist Henry Plant pushed for troops to be based out of Tampa. Army headquarters were established in his Tampa Bay Hotel and camps were set up around Tampa.

64. Americans who opposed imperialism. Some believed it was immoral and went against the basic values of democracy. Some feared economic consequences – cheap labor leading to lower wages. Some feared conflict with other imperial powers.

Spanish-American War Teller Amendment

Florida’s Role in the Spanish–American War

Anti-Imperialists


Platt Amendment

65. Provisions the U.S. required the Cubans to adopt into their new constitution before we would remove U.S. troops after the Spanish-American War. They stated that Cuba could not sign treaties limiting its independence, Cuba could not go into a debt it could not pay, the U.S. reserved the right to intervene, and the US could buy or lease land on the island for naval and refueling stations.

66. Created by U.S. Secretary of State Hay in 1899 when he sent letters to other imperialist nations proposing equal trading rights for all nations throughout China. After the Boxer Rebellion, Hay announced the U.S. would oppose any attempts to divide up China.

67. Peace treaty negotiated by President Theodore Roosevelt between Russia and Japan. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.

68. Canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914) – created a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Construction was difficult – cut through hills and jungle; mosquitos carrying malaria and yellow fever required draining of swamps; had to rebuild the railway to transport construction equipment.

Open Door Policy

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

Panama Canal


69. Roosevelt’s foreign policy based on a proverb that said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” It is the idea of negotiating peacefully, while simultaneously threatening with the military.

70. Added to the Monroe doctrine, basically saying that the U.S. would now use force to protect its economic interests. Deeply resented by most Latin Americans.

71. General causes of WW1:

• Nationalism • Economic rivalries and Imperialism • Militarism • Entangling alliances

72. British liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915. Almost 1200 people died - 128 were Americans. Turned American public opinion against Germany and the Central Powers.

Big Stick Roosevelt Corollary

Causes of WWI Lusitania


73. A promise Germany made to America in 1916 - after President Wilson threatened to sever ties - to stop sinking their ships without warning. Germany started unrestricted submarine warfare within a year – helped push the U.S. to declaring war.

74. Intercepted telegram from the German foreign minister promising the return of lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if Mexico allied with Germany against the U.S. Printed in U.S. newspapers in 1917 – helped push the U.S. to declaring war.

75. Passed in 1917 – requires men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. Helped the government supply manpower for the military.

76. 400,000 served in the armed forces – more than half in France. Served in segregated units and were excluded from the navy and marines. Two men, Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts, were the first Americans to receive France’s highest military honor, the Croix de Guerre.

Sussex Pledge

Zimmerman Telegram

Selective Service Act African Americans in WWI


77. Regulated the economy during the war – encouraging businesses to use mass-production and standardize products. Prices and profits increased.

78. Government propaganda agency created to promote the war to the American public.

79. Also known as “Liberty Bonds” Way to pay for the war, American public purchased them to prove their patriotism.

80. 1917 law creating procedure for detecting and imprisoning spies. Government could censor the mail and arrest anyone for interfering with the draft. Led to Schenck v U.S. – Supreme Court upheld limits on free speech when “a clear and present danger” is evident.

War Industries Board (WIB)

Committee of Public Information (CPI)

War bonds Espionage Act


81. 1918 law against disloyal or abusive language against the government, flag, or Constitution.

82. President Wilson’s plan for peace: First five points to prevent another war: no secret treaties, freedom of the seas for all, foster more free trade, reduction of arms, and consider the interest of colonial peoples. Next eight deal with boundary changes. Last is the creation of a League of Nations. Allied leaders wanted to impose a harsher treaty on Germany.

Treaty of Versailles

Big Four

83. Peace treaty creates 9 new nations, shifted other boundaries, barred Germany from maintaining an army, required Germany to take the blame for the war, and pay reparations ($33 billion) to the Allies. Creates many new problems – humiliates Germany, excludes Russia, ignores colonized peoples’ claims for self-determination.

84. Leaders from U.S., France, Britain, and Italy who worked out the Treaty of Versailles. President Wilson conceded on most of his Fourteen Points to keep the League of Nations.

Sedition Act

Fourteen Points


League of Nations

Domestic Consequences of WWI

85. International organization to address diplomatic crises proposed in the Treaty of Versailles. U.S. never ratified the Treaty of Versailles, primarily because the League of Nations threatened the established U.S. policy of isolationism.

86. Strengthened the U.S. military and the power of the government. Accelerated social change for African Americans (Great Migration) and women (over one million in the work force). Intensified anti-immigrant, anti-radical sentiments. Florida in WWI

Demobilization

87. 42,000 Floridians served in the military during the war. Contributed by providing food, timber, technology (Edison), ships, and training during the war. Race relations worsened as African Americans returned from the war and pushed for change to the segregation policies.

88. Transition process where a nation at war returns to a state of peace. Factories must convert to peacetime production, agriculture demand diminishes, soldiers need to find jobs, and African Americans and women who filled empty jobs are suddenly pushed out by those returning soldiers.


Red Scare

Sacco and Vanzetti

89. Fear of a Communist revolution in America. Led to the Palmer Raids – government hunted down suspected communists, socialists, and anarchists (people who oppose any form of government).

90. Italian immigrants and anarchists. Arrested for robbery and murder in 1920 – case stirred up controversy since many thought their trial was unfair due to the men’s radical beliefs and because they were immigrants. Both men were convicted and executed.

Fordney-McCumber Act

Dawes Plan

91. 1922 new tariff (tax on imported goods) that was significantly higher than before – theory was it would protect U.S. manufacturers and their workers. Other countries raised their tariffs on U.S. goods – causing a negative impact on world trade.

92. American plan to loan Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France, so they could pay the U.S. back for the war. Partly caused by the U.S. high tariffs –making it impossible for Britain and France to repay us without looking to collect their reparations from Germany. Caused resentment from everyone involved.


Teapot Dome Scandal

93. Corruption scandal involving the Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall. He was secretly leasing federal oil reserves to private companies in return for cash gifts.

94. Set up in 1921 to control the number of immigrants who could enter the U.S. from each foreign country, due to the prevailing nativist attitude “Keep America for the Americans.” Discriminated against those from eastern and southern Europe. Did not allow any Japanese immigration.

Rosewood Incident

95. Organized on a national scale devoted to “100% Americanism”. Grew larger than they were after the Civil War – dominated state politics in many states. Against African Americans, Jews, Roman Catholics, unions, immigrants, and voting rights for women.

96. African-American community in Florida that was burned to the ground and some of its residents killed by white residents from neighboring towns. In the 1980s, Rosewood survivors and their descendants were compensated by the Florida state government – first time a state had ever voted to compensate victims of racial violence.

Quota System

KKK Revival


18th Amendment

Volstead Act

97. Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Support for the amendment came largely from the rural South and West by the mid-1920s only 19% supported Prohibition. Repealed in 1933 with the 21st Amendment.

98. National Prohibition Act - established a Prohibition Bureau in the Treasury department to enforce the 18th Amendment. The agency was underfunded.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

W.E.B. Du Bois

99. Founded in 1909 to urge African Americans to protest racial violence and fight for legislation to protect African American rights. W.E.B. Du Bois is a founding member.

100. Believed that African American should push for full equality and should not be content with an inferior social and economic status. Launched the “Niagara Movement” calling for equal economic opportunities and the right to vote. Founding member of the NAACP.


Booker T. Washington

Marcus Garvey

101. Born into slavery, later founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. In 1895, he proposed the “Atlanta Compromise” – the idea that African Americans would accept segregation and white rule in the South as long as they were given free vocational training and enjoyed basic legal rights.

102. Believed that African Americans should build a separate society. Promoted African American businesses, and encourage followers to return to Africa to help the natives build a mighty nation. Started the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in 1914.

Fundamentalism

103. Literary and artistic movement celebrating African American culture. Led by well-educated, middle-class African Americans who expressed pride in the African American experience.

104. Idea that everything in the Bible should be taken literally. Clash over values leads to the Scopes Trial (in TN, but receives national attention) - a fight over evolution and the role of science and religion in public schools and in American society.

Harlem Renaissance


Nineteenth Amendment

Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom

105. Grants women the right to vote. Passed in 1919.

106. Formed in 1915 as the Woman’s Peace Party – renamed in 1919 after WWI. Thought the Treaty of Versailles was too vengeful. Moved the headquarters to Geneva, Switzerland to be close to the League of Nations.

Washington Naval Conference

Four-Power Treaty

107. Direct negotiations with several major powers to promote world peace. Held instead of joining the League of Nations. U.S. proposed partial disarmament (reducing the number of weapons).

108. Agreement between the U.S., Britain, France, and Japan to respect each other’s territories in the Pacific and to submit any disputes to a joint conference of all four nations. Agreement was worked out at the same time as the Washington Naval Conference.


Kellogg-Briand Pact

Roaring Twenties in Florida

109. In 1927, 15 nations pledged to not use war as an instrument of policy. Permitted nations to engage in a defensive war and had no means of enforcement.

110. Early 1920s, 300,000 Americans moved to Florida – land boom dominated the Florida economy. Hurricane struck South Florida in 1926 – and the boom turned to a bust.

Installment plans

Speculation Boom

111. People in the 1920s started paying for things with credit and racked up huge debt. They were mostly paid off in installments with interest charges. As debt grew, spending slowed down.

112. People began buying stocks to make quick profits, ignoring the risks. Many began buying on margin – only paying a down payment and borrowing the rest to pay for the stock. Stock market continued to spiral upward based on inflated stock prices rather than the companies’ actual worth – until the crash in 1929.


Bull Market

Black Tuesday

113. A stock market with steadily increasing stock prices.

114. October 29, 1929 – Day the stock market crashed. In the following weeks investors lost about $30 billion. Starts a chain reaction that leads to the Great Depression.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

115. Passed by Congress in 1930. Highest protective tariff – designed to protect American farmers and manufacturers from foreign competition, but did the opposite. Cut U.S. trade in half.

116. Hardest hit areas of a series of droughts in the 1930s. Droughts dried crops and turned the soil into dust – windstorms carried the dust hundreds of miles. Many farmers left their homes and headed west to California to find work.

Dust Bowl


Bonus Expeditionary Force

Bank Holiday

117. WWI veterans and their families (10,000-20,000) who arrived in D.C. to support the Patman Bill. After the bill was voted down, about 2000 marchers refused to leave. President Hoover feared they might turn violent and had a force of 1000 soldiers disperse the veterans. His reaction shocks many and helps him lose the election to FDR.

118. One of the first acts taken by Roosevelt to restore the nation’s faith in the banking system – banks could only reopen after the government inspected them and found them financially sound. Congress went further by establishing the FDIC – insuring individual bank accounts up to $5000.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Tennessee Valley Authority 119. Achieved higher crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of every acre unseeded. Put more money into farmers’ hands. In 1936, was ruled unconstitutional. In 1938, a new act was passed that put surplus crops in government storage until prices rose.

120. Program that helped provide jobs, provide hydroelectric power, and control floods in the impoverished South. They constructed and maintained over 20 dams on the Tennessee River.


Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

National Industrial Recovery Act 121. Put men (age 18-25) to work building roads, developing parks, and planting trees. Had to send home most of the money they earned – they were provided with food, lodging, and uniforms. Most of the work was done in the Great Plains.

122. Act to support industry recovery by increasing prices and reducing wasteful competition. Created the National Recovery Administration.

123. Businesses were encouraged to cooperate to come up with a “code of fair practice” for each industry. Each code set standard prices, limited production, and reduced the work week to 40 hours. Once approved, business who voluntarily followed the code could advertise as NRA members. In 1935, the Supreme Court found it unconstitutional.

124. Part of the 2nd New Deal in 1935. Increased employment by creating new public works projects. Built airports, roads, public buildings. Also sewed clothes for the needy, painted murals, and performed in theater groups.

National Recovery

Administration 1933

Works Progress

Administration (WPA)


National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

125. One of the most important acts passed during the New Deal – still exists today. Provides Americans with a “safety net” – unemployment insurance, retirement benefits, and aid for disabled and orphaned Americans.

126. Replaced the unconstitutional National Industry Recovery Act – gave workers the right to form unions, engage in collective bargaining, and submit grievances to the National Labor Relations Board.

Sit Down Strike

127. A strike in 1936 where workers refused to leave the General Motors factory (preventing it from being used). Federal government refused to interfere and GM eventually agreed to recognize the workers’ union.

128. 1931 – Legislature legalizes gambling on horse and dog racing hoping to improve the economy. Still unemployment rose and “Hoovervilles” sprung up. CCC and WPA were active in Florida – planting trees, rebuilding the Overseas Railroad, creating state parks, and building schools, playgrounds, and seawalls. The Florida Citrus Commission promoted the state’s citrus production. Sugar and paper industry start during this time.

Social Security

Act

Great Depression in Florida


Lend-Lease Act

129. Series of acts passed by Congress starting in 1935. First two acts outlawed arms sales and loans to nations at war. Third act expanded to nations in a civil war and allowed the sale of non-military goods to warring nations as long as it was cash and carry (buyer pays in cash and arranges transportation). Another act in 1939, prohibited Americans from entering war zones, but extended cash and carry to include weapons.

130. Signed into law in 1941, allowed the U.S. to sell, lease, or lend war materials to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States.” Intended to help Britain and was soon expanded to help the Soviet Union.

Atlantic Charter

Pearl Harbor

131. Joint declaration of war aims from the U.S. and Britain – U.S. had not yet entered the war, but Roosevelt thought it was inevitable. Pledged disarmament, freedom of the seas, economic development, and self-determination. Also laid the foundation for the United Nations.

132. U.S. naval base in Hawaii that was attacked by the Japanese on Dec. 7, 1941. This attack pushed Congress to approve Roosevelt’s request for a declaration of war and three days later Germany and Italy (Japan’s allies) declared war on the U.S.

Neutrality Acts


Women’s Army Corps (WAC)

Minorities in the War

133. Allowed women to volunteer in noncombat positions with the Army. Women worked as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, typists, electricians, and pilots.

134. One million African Americans served, although in segregated units and did not see combat till late in the war. Tuskegee Airmen – African American fighter pilots flew more than 1500 missions in Europe. Najavo “code talkers” – Native Americans that used the Najavo language to form secret codes in the Pacific that the Japanese could not decipher.

Japanese American Internment

Salerno

135. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were forced into relocating to internment camps farther inland where they would be required to live until the end of the war. Many were forced to sell their property and belongings on short notice and for less than their true value.

136. City in Italy where the Allied forces launched an amphibious attack to gain a foothold on Italy’s mainland. Met with strong resistance from German forces, and casualties were high.


Final Solution

137. Hitler’s plan to exterminate the Jews in Europe (genocide). Approximately six million Jewish men, women, and children were killed during the Holocaust. 5 million other “undesirables” were also murdered.

138. City in Northern France – site of the Allied invasion into France on June 6, 1944 (D-Day). After 7 days of fighting, the Allies held an 80-mile strip of France, after 2 months they liberated Paris, and by September the Allies had freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

V-E Day

139. Victory in Europe Day. Day Germany’s military leaders surrendered to the Allies.

140. Five day battle (May 1942) where the fighting was done from airplanes that took off from aircraft carriers. First time since Pearl Harbor that a Japanese invasion had been stopped.

Normandy

Battle

of the

Coral Sea


Hiroshima and Nagasaki

141. Turning point of the war in the Pacific. Americans had broken the Japanese code and knew an attack was coming. They caught Japan unawares – destroying 4 of their aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes.

142. Japanese cities where the atomic bombs were dropped by the U.S. three days apart killing an estimated 200,000 people. After Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered on V-J Day.

Yalta Conference

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

143. 2nd wartime conference held between U.S., Britain, and the Soviet Union (first was Tehran Conference in 1941). Decide to split Germany into 4 occupation zones, free elections in Soviet-occupied Eastern European countries, and Soviet participation in an international conference (creation of the UN).

144. 1944 conference that set up the new United Nations organizational structure. Included the formation of the “Security Council”.

Battle of

Midway


Mary McLeod Bethune

145. Created on June 26, 1945 by representatives from 50 nations – intended to promote peace. Came from “A Declaration of the United Nations” (signed by 26 nations in 1942) which was established from the Atlantic Charter’s aims – it called for a creation of a new peacekeeping organization.

146. African American woman (lived in Daytona where she opened a school for African American girls that became Bethune-Cookman College). She was appointed by Truman to be a delegate on interracial relations at the San Francisco Conference which drafted the United Nations Charter. Only woman of color at the conference.

Potsdam Conference

147. Final wartime conference between the U.S., Britain, and the Soviet Union. U.S. and Soviet Union are at odds. Soviet Union does not hold free elections as promised - wants a “sphere of influence” in Eastern Europe. U.S. opposes this and the spread of communism (opposes American, democratic ideals).

148. Had 172 military training centers. U.S. government spent more than $98 billion in FL to further the war effort – purchased/rented hotels for troop use, shipyards built “Liberty Ships, agriculture production increased, etc. Population grew by 46% between 1940 and 1950.

United Nations (UN)

Florida in WWII


Nuremburg Trials

Iron Curtain

149. Trials of 24 Nazi leaders held between 1945 and 1946. They were charged with crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes. Trials established the idea of individual responsibility in international law as many claimed they were just following orders, but were still found guilty.

150. Division in Europe between the Democratic West and the Communist East. Travel and contact between the two areas was restricted.

Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan

151. President Truman’s speech to Congress asking for aid to help Turkey and Greece resist the growing communist influence. Official beginning of the “containment” policy – stopping the spread of communism to other countries.

152. Highly successful plan to provide U.S. aid to war-torn European countries to help them rebuild their economies. Would create allies and trading partners for the U.S. while also helping to stop communism from spreading.


Berlin Blockade

North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO

153. Soviet Union closed off West Berlin from road and rail after the three Western powers merged their sections of Germany to form a unified West Germany. Western allies began an airlift to supply the city with food and other necessities. Within a year, the Soviets lifted the blockade.

154. Treaty (1949) between the U.S., Canada, and ten Western European countries – pledging that each member would defend the other if attacked. Other nations joined as the Cold War continued. First time the U.S. entered into a military alliance with other nations during peacetime.

Warsaw Pact

Korean War

155. Soviet Union response to NATO – created with its own satellite countries. Used to justify the Soviet Union’s interference in the affairs of Eastern Europe.

156. Korea was ruled by Japan in 1945 – when Japan surrendered those above the 38th parallel surrendered to the Soviets and below it to the Americans – two nations developed. North Korea attacked South Korea in 1950. UN forces (mostly American) defended S. Korea. After a year of back and forth fighting, a cease fire was issued. Two years later an armistice was signed at Panmunjom, a city in the demilitarized zone. Korea is still two nations divided at the 38th parallel.


Loyalty Review Boards

157. Created by Truman to conduct investigations of government employees and dismiss those that were found to be disloyal to the U.S. government.

158. Term used to refer to the anti-Communist hysteria of the 1950s or accusing people of disloyalty without evidence. Name comes from Joseph McCarthy a senator who charged that communists were taking over the government. He created a “witch hunt” for Communists.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Bay of Pigs

159. Extension of the containment policy to the Middle East by President Eisenhower. Brought about because of Egypt’s relationship with the Soviet Union.

160. Unsuccessful military invasion of Communist Cuba in 1961 by U.S. sponsored troops. The invasion was a major embarrassment for U.S. foreign policy. Although this project started during Eisenhower’s presidency, Kennedy was president in 1961 and took the blame.

McCarthyism


Cuban Missile Crisis

Florida During the Cold War

161. 13 day confrontation over the Soviet Union building missile bases in Cuba. The United States decided on a military blockade - they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba. U.S. and Soviet Union came to an agreement to avoid nuclear war – often considered as Kennedy’s greatest foreign policy success.

162. The proximity of Cuba meant Florida was a focal point during the Cold War – prepared for the Bay of Pigs invasion in FL, many Cuban refugees settled in FL, used radio stations to broadcast into Cuba. Also, the space race impacted FL – all of the American rockets launched into space took off from Cape Canaveral.

GI Bill of Rights

163. Pent up desire for consumer goods (unavailable during the war) and money to spend (savings from defense work, service pay, and war bond investments) leads to economic growth. Cold War keeps defense spending high and people employed. Demand for housing (suburbs especially) also increases employment and economic growth.

164. Created by Congress in 1944 to help servicemen readjust to civilian life – pays part of their tuition, guarantees a year’s worth of unemployment benefits, and offered low-interest federally guaranteed loans.

Post-WWII Prosperity


Baby Boomers

Interstate Highway System

165. Babies born in the years after WWII. Birth rate (number of babies born per 1,000 people) increased for more than a decade after the war ended.

166. Network of highways that unite the country – created from the 1956 Federal Highway Act. Contributed to the nation’s prosperity and encouraged the growth of suburbs (as people could use the highways to drive into work in the cities).

Limits to Post-WWII Prosperity

167. Minorities found it hard to obtain the same prosperity – excluded from middle-class jobs and the opportunity to move to the suburbs. African Americans – in the South, many were still tenant farmers; in the North, they were hired for low-wage jobs. Hispanic Americans – in the West, many were migrant farm workers.

168. President Johnson’s ambitious program to end poverty and racial injustice. Congress passed 206 of his measures including Medicare, Medicaid, Project Head Start, Immigration Act 1965, Civil Rights Act 1964, Voting Rights Act 1965, etc. These programs did help, but led to a growing budget deficit, and soon these programs were overshadowed by the Vietnam War.

Great Society


Vietnam War

Domino Theory

169. Geneva Conference (1954) split Vietnam in two – Communists in the North, Vietnamese Emperor in the South. The U.S. replaces France as the South Vietnamese chief supporter. Why? - fear of communism, belief in democracy, example to the allies, and underestimating the enemy. Kennedy sends troops to support S. Vietnam against N. Vietnam; Johnson continues/tries for peace; Nixon continues/works out a peace treaty. Ford does nothing when N. Vietnam takes control of all of Vietnam – uniting the country under communism. Contributes to Americans’ lack of faith in the government.

170. Idea that the countries on the brink of communism were like dominoes set up in a line. If one went over, they would all go.

Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

171. An alliance of the U.S. and other countries similar to NATO, but in Southeast Asia. Felt obligated to protect South Vietnam from communist aggression.

172. Alleged attack of U.S. ships by North Vietnamese ships in the Gulf of Tonkin (off N. Vietnam’s coast) that prompts President Johnson to ask for and get broad military powers (“all necessary measures”) in Vietnam. Later information reveals the U.S. had been conducting secret raids against N. Vietnam, and Johnson had prepared his request to Congress months beforehand – this information begins to lead to American distrust of the government.


Tet Offensive

Vietnamization

173. Surprise attack by the Vietcong in many South Vietnam cities. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces eventually re-gain control, but this attack and the subsequent fighting changes U.S. public opinion. Many (including the media) become critical of the war.

174. President Nixon’s plan to gradually turn over control of the war to the South Vietnamese while slowly withdrawing U.S. troops.

Paris Peace Accords

Discontent at Home during Vietnam War

175. Cease-fire agreement (January 1973) with the North Vietnamese based on removal of all U.S. troops. U.S. was still allowed to provide military and economic aid to South Vietnam.

176. Doves v. Hawks - doves wanted the U.S. to withdraw from Vietnam. Hawks thought an all-out military effort could bring victory and stop the spread of Communism. Draft was instituted. Some attempted to find ways around the draft. Conscientious objectors, opposed to war on religious or moral grounds, did not see combat – could still serve.


Watergate Scandal

Equal Right Amendment (ERA)

177. During the 1972 presidential election, a break-in occurred at the Democratic Party headquarters. Nixon attempts to cover-up his involvement – eventually resigns rather than face impeachment. Contributes to Americans’ growing lack of faith in their government at this time.

178. Proposed amendment guaranteeing women equal rights with men. First proposed in 1923, and then submitted to Congress every year until 1972 when it was approved by both houses. The states had 7 years to ratify it. Only 35 did ratify it (FL did not), and time ran out.

Women in the Workforce

National Urban League

179. During WWII about 8 million women entered the workforce. Many left the workforce after the war, but by 1960, 40% worked for wages. Most jobs available to women were poorly paid – domestic work, retail sales, teaching, & nursing. Kennedy’s Presidential Commission on the Status of Women brought many discriminatory practices to light with their report in 1963 – brought awareness to women’s unequal status in society.

180. Founded in the first decade of the 20th century to increase job opportunities for African Americans.


Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

181. Formed in the 1940s by James Farmer and other African Americans. Influenced by Gandhi’s nonviolent methods in India. Goal was to protest segregation and racism with nonviolent means.

182. Founded by Dr. King, Ralph Abernathy, and other ministers to fight for racial equality by using nonviolent means. Plan was to use churches as a base and stage protests and demonstrations throughout the South.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Freedom Riders

183. National student protest group formed in 1960. Following earlier models (CORE), they staged sit-ins (African Americans sitting at segregated lunch counters and refusing to leave until they were served) at whites-only lunch counters throughout the South.

184. Organized by CORE in 1961 - interracial groups of volunteers that rode two buses through the South in an effort to push for the enforcement of the federal law banning segregation on interstate bus routes and terminals. In many cities they were greeted by armed mobs that attacked them or arrested by hostile police. U.S. marshals were eventually sent to protect them as they finished their ride.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)


Civil Rights Act 1964

185. Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, ethnicity, or gender. Cut off federal aid to segregated schools. Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

186. Black Muslims – believed that whites were the cause of the African American condition. Wanted to create their own separate state since cooperation with whites was impossible.

Black Panthers

Civil Rights in Florida

187. Militant group formed in CA to patrol black neighborhoods to protect the residents from police violence. Soon expanded their mission (published a newspaper, provided free breakfast for poor black children, provided free medical clinics, etc.) and spread to other cities (10,000 members by 1969). Had a ten-point program asking for full employment, decent housing, and an exemption from military service among other demands.

188. Segregation existed, and FL led the South in lynchings in proportion to the population. There was a bus boycott in Tallahassee 1956, sit-ins in Miami as early as 1959, and rioting in St. Augustine in 1964. Two important African American Floridians:

A. Philip Randolph – pushed for ending of discrimination in the military. Helped organize March on Washington.

B. Harry T. Moore – helped organize FL’s NAACP, filed civil rights lawsuits.

Nation of Islam


Landmark Supreme Court Cases

189. Plessy v Ferguson – separate but equal Brown v. Board of Education – overturns Plessy v Ferguson Gideon v Wainwright – criminal courts must provide legal counsel to those who cannot afford it Regents of UC v Bakke – upheld affirmative action: schools could take race into account to have greater diversity, but could not have a quota system. Roe v Wade – women have the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy.

190. Militant Native American rights organization. Confronted the government, sometimes violently: Wounded Knee, SD – 200 Sioux led by AIM seized the town and took hostages. Led to a shoot-out and negotiations with the FBI. In the end the government promised to reexamine Native American treaty rights.

United Farm Workers (UFW)

Gray Panthers

191. Union of migrant farm workers founded by Cesar Chavez and others. Wanted better wages and living conditions. Organized strikes and boycotts – leading to laws protecting migrant farm workers.

192. Group that fights against ageism – discrimination against older Americans. Around since 1972, they have fought for affordable housing, national health care, and environmental protections. Also sued major drug companies for blocking generic drug production.

American Indian Movement (AIM)


Camp David Accords

193. President Carter helped forge peace between Israel and Egypt (long-time enemies) in 1977. Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula and Egypt recognized Israel’s right to exist.

194. A diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States when 52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981), after a group of Iranian students took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, Iran.

195. Group of oil exporting Middle Eastern countries formed in 1960 to coordinate policies. In the 1970s, they boycotted the U.S. and other countries for trading with Israel and this led to shortages and rationing.

196. Formed in 1964 to create an independent state of Palestine. Responsible for terrorist actions against Israel in the 1970s and 1980s. Entered into peace negotiations in the 1990s.

Iran Hostage Crisis

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)


Glasnost

Apartheid

197. Openness in the Soviet government. Citizens could criticize and make suggestions without fear. Led to demands for independence and Gorbachev (leader of the Soviet Union) granted the Baltic countries their freedom. Along with perestroika (restructuring) – helps to dissolve the Soviet Union and end the Cold War.

198. Laws segregating the white citizens of South Africa from the black majority. Opponents of apartheid boycotted South African goods leading South Africa to end the practice. Anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela was released from prison and South Africa moved toward majority rule.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Globalization

199. Designed to remove tariff barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico over a fifteen-year time span. Most comprehensive regional trade agreement ever negotiated by the United States.

200. More countries participate in global trade – World Trade Organization. Communication and transportation technology make it quicker and easier to communicate and ship items. Lowered prices, but also creates more competition for jobs. Increases in production increase pollution, use of natural resources, and affects the environment.

Compromise of 1850 Long-term Causes of the Civil War€¦ · 1882 law banning Chinese immigration...

Documents

Transcript of Compromise of 1850 Long-term Causes of the Civil War€¦ · 1882 law banning Chinese immigration...