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Penguin Conservation

The Penguin TAG Newsletter Volume 16; Number 1 March 2012

In This Issue

From the Editors 1 Little Penguin Conservation and Research 2 Saving Yellow-eyed Penguins 3

Novel Relapsing Fever Borrelia Detected in African Penguins 7

Saving Wildlife From Our Oil Habits 8

Going the Extra Mile, or Sometimes 2,000 Miles, to Save Penguins 10

Welcome to the Zoological Lighting Institute 14 Recommended References 15

News and Updates 19 Events and Announcements 20

Penguin Conservation is supported by the Penguin TAG and published electronically bi-annually. For subscription, article submission and all other inquires contact the editors.

Editors: Linda Henry, [email protected]

Jessica Jozwiak, [email protected]

Archived issues are available on the Penguin TAG website: www.zoopenguins.org

From the Editors

This issue features information about the conservation and research efforts of two New Zealand penguin reserves, the

Oamaru Blue Penguin Colony and the Katiki Point Penguin Charitable Trust. Jessica visited New Zealand in June 2011

and saw first-hand the great conservation work ongoing at both reserves.

Phillipa Agnew describes blue penguin foraging behavior and population biology studies ongoing at the Oamaru Blue

Penguin Colony. It is her hope that this important research will not only benefit the Oamaru colony but blue penguin

colonies elsewhere. The OBPC provides wonderful educational and viewing opportunities. Visitors are able to view blue

penguins in their nest burrows during the day and as they come ashore at dusk, and are encouraged to interact with

research staff.

Rosalie Goldsworthy describes conservation efforts of the Katiki Point Penguin Charitable Trust, and the supportive care

given to sick and injured penguins (yellow-eyed and other species). The Katiki Point Penguin Charitable Trust maintains

two yellow-eyed penguin reserves, at Barracoutta Bay and Katiki Point, and operates the Penguin Hospital. Staff and

volunteers work tirelessly throughout the yellow-eyed penguin breeding season, and beyond, to ensure that these en-

dangered penguins are given the best chance for survival.

Dr. Nola Parsons provides valuable information on novel relapsing fever Borrelia sp. discovered in blood smears of Afri-

can penguins admitted to SANCCOB for rehabilitation. Ongoing studies will help determine whether the emergence of

this pathogen will adversely affect the declining African penguin population and other seabird populations.

Vanessa Strauss describes the impact of oil spills on wildlife and the set of factors necessary to effectively respond to a

devastating oil spill. Collectively, SANCCOB and other first responders have accumulated decades of knowledge, which

enables them to identify strategies that will be the most effective, not only for rehabilitating oiled wildlife, but protect-

ing breeding areas and wildlife from oil exposure.

Paul Leonard of New England Aquarium describes his recent experience assisting with the African penguin Chick Bolster-

ing Project at SANCCOB, and assisting researchers from the University of Cape Town and the South African Department

of Environmental Affairs, as they conducted penguin population studies on Dassen Island. His efforts exemplify how

zoos and aquariums continue to support in situ penguin conservation efforts.

And finally, we present information on the Zoological Lighting Institute which focuses on photobiology and photo-

ecology, and serves to raise awareness of the importance of light to exotic animal husbandry and welfare. As promoters

of bird-friendly architecture, they partnered with the American Bird Conservancy and RIBA-USA in 2011 to launch the

“Save a Billion Birds” campaign. The Zoological Lighting Institute is an AZA Conservation Partner and an affiliate mem-

ber of AAZK (American Association of Zookeepers). They support research by providing scholarships and grants to stu-

dents and zookeepers working on projects related to lighting in relation to animal husbandry and crucial environments.

Linda was recently appointed to the Zoological Lighting Institute Board of Directors and serves as the Director of Animal

Husbandry Programs.

We thank all contributors to this issue: Phillipa Agnew (OBPC), Rosalie Goldsworthy (Katiki Point Penguin Charitable

Trust), Dr. Nola Parsons (SANCCOB), Vanessa Strauss (SANCCOB), Paul Leonard (New England Aquarium) and Dr. James

Karl Fischer (ZLI).

We also want to mention that the Penguin TAG website www.zoopenguins.org is currently unavailable due to mainte-

nance but should be online soon. Issues of PCN, including those edited by Cynthia Cheney, are now available on the

ASAG (Avian Scientific Advisory Group) website www.aviansag.org/Newsletters/Penguin_TAG_Newsletter.html.

Penguin Conservation Volume 16; Number 1 March 2012 Page 1

Penguin TAG Steering Committee Chair: Tom Schneider, Detroit Zoo

Vice Chair: Heather Urquhart, New England Aquarium Secretary: Gayle Sirpenski, Mystic Aquarium

Members: Sherry Branch, SeaWorld of Orlando, Ed Diebold, Riverbanks Zoological Park, Steve Sarro, National Aviary, Ric Urban, Newport Aquarium, Susan Cardillo, Central Park Zoo, Karen Waterfall, Indianapolis Zoo, Stephanie Huettner, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo, Diane Olsen, Aquarium at Moody Gardens, Cheryl Dykstra, John Ball Zoo, Mike Macek, St. Louis Zoo, Lauren DuBois, SeaWorld San Diego, Alex Waier, Milwaukee County Zoo

TAG Mission: To provide leadership for the management of pen-

guins ex situ in order to maintain healthy, sustainable populations for the purpose of:

• Engendering appreciation for these charismatic species that

are indicators of the health of marine and coastal environ-ments.

• Promoting conservation concern and conservation action

through education programs and internet resources.

• Furthering in situ conservation and research in support of ex situ management.

Penguin TAG Website: www.zoopenguins.org

Little Penguin Conservation and Research

Phillipa Agnew, Researcher, Oamaru Blue Penguin Colony, Oamaru, New Zealand

Oamaru is located on the south-eastern coast of the South Island, New Zealand. The Oamaru Blue Penguin

Colony (OBPC) is situated approximately 2km from the centre of the township at the south-eastern corner of

the Oamaru Harbour. The site where the OBPC

is now located was originally a harbour-side

quarry operating from 1865 until its closure in

the mid-1980s. Little penguins (Eudyptula mi-

nor) began nesting at the site in the 1970s and

were viewed as a pest by the quarry owners.

The OBPC was later established in 1992-93 with

the aim of providing little penguins with a safe

breeding habitat, free both from introduced

predators and disturbance by people. The site

was cleaned up and nest boxes installed at the

outset. The colony has increased in size from

33 breeding pairs in 1993 to 150 in 2011. Visi-

tors to the colony can view the penguins arriv-

ing home each evening or ashore in their boxes

during the day.

Currently at the OBPC we are undertaking research into the foraging behaviour and reproductive success of

the little penguins. The research is examining a number of factors that represent the penguins’ foraging ef-

fort, using both GPS and Time-Depth Re-

cording devices. The research will examine

how variations in foraging behaviour relate to

breeding success and determine how this re-

lationship varies across breeding seasons.

Previous research elsewhere has shown that

the nearby sea surface temperatures may

influence the penguins by affecting their food

supply, so we will also look at this during the

current research. The objective is to deter-

mine how the penguins respond to environ-

mental fluctuations and predict how long-

term environmental change will affect little

penguin populations.

Monitoring of the penguins at the OBPC began in 1993, so the second phase of the research project is to ex-

amine the data that has been collected during the period from 1993 to the present. The objective is to look

for trends in breeding success and survival of the penguins and to examine how the population has changed

over time. Then we can use a population model to try and predict future trends in the population at Oamaru

and potentially apply this research to little penguin populations elsewhere. The overall project is unique in

that it combines analyses of foraging behaviour, population biology, and environmental variability in an in-

creasing population that appears free from the density-dependent or anthropogenic impacts faced by little

penguins elsewhere. The research is the first major project in an on-going research programme at the colony.

Find out more about OBPC at www.penguins.co.nz.


Saving Yellow-eyed Penguins (Megadyptes antipodes)

Rosalie Goldsworthy, Manager, Katiki Point Penguin Charitable Trust, New Zealand

Yellow-eyed penguins are an endangered species restricted to the New Zealand region. The Moeraki penin-

sula, on the east coast of the South Island, is near the northern limit of their breeding distribution. Two colo-

nies on the peninsula are managed by the Katiki Point

Penguin Charitable Trust. Here are the main threats to

the species (in order listed by the IUCN Red List):

• Loss of breeding habitat through land clearance

• Loss of chicks to introduced predatory mammals

• Periodic population crashes due to disease

• Periodic population crashes due to food shortages

• Human disturbance by tourists

Because yellow-eyed penguins are coastal dwellers that

return to the shore most nights, their life style offers op-

portunities for people to intervene positively without re-

moving them from the wild. By identifying the times that

individual birds are at the most risk of harm and providing

necessary support, members of the Katiki Point Penguin

Charitable Trust believe the species can be returned from the brink of extinction. The approach of combining

penguin rehabilitation with habitat management has been successful. Yellow-eyed penguin nest numbers on

the Moeraki peninsula have increased from 4-6 annually in the early 1980s to 40-50 today.

The first opportunity to make a difference to the viability of the penguin population is to increase the number

of suitable nest sites available through provision of nest boxes for penguins. Nest boxes provide shelter from

the rain and consequent wetting of the ground that leads to egg chill and embryo death. Nest boxes typically

are surrounded by a planting of shrubs that seclude the site and provide further shelter and shade. Planting

and habitat management is ongoing work for the Trust. Nest boxes also reduce predator access to chicks by

providing a barrier around three sides of

the nest.

The threat from introduced mammalian

predators is a reality throughout New Zea-

land and cats in particular, are a problem

on the Moeraki peninsula. We control the

predators by a combination of methods.

Trapping and shooting are used to control

cats; dogs are excluded from the reserves,

and trapping and poisoning are used for

mustelids and rodents.

The next opportunity to make a difference

is to monitor the nests during incubation.

Sometimes parents will abandon eggs. If the eggs are found while still warm, they can be fostered out to an-

other nest and survive. Yellow-eyed penguins can safely incubate three eggs in a nest. Here on the Moeraki

peninsula, we replace the viable eggs with porcelain dummies and if the parents return and incubate reliably, (Continued on page 4 )


(Continued from page 3)

their chicks are returned to them when they

hatch. A regular nest check while the birds are

incubating provides this opportunity and habitu-

ates the penguins to being visited at the nest.

These visits are best short – fewer than 10 sec-

onds are required to determine that all is well yet

it makes a big difference to the next stage.

The next risky stage in the life of a yellow-eyed

penguin is from one to three weeks after hatch-

ing. At this time they are vulnerable to infection.

Autopsies of dead chicks show combinations of

viral and bacterial infections. Here on the Mo-

eraki peninsula, we have had significant success treating any sick chicks with a course of antibiotics (Baytril)

administered orally at the nest.

Sick chicks present with a number of symptoms,

the most obvious being dehydration. A quick

glance at a tiny chick can determine if it is well

without causing too much stress to the brooding

parent. If a chick is compromised, the parents will

often take measures to separate it from its sibling,

sometimes even to the point of ejecting the sick

chick from the nest, resulting in death. This high-

risk phase passes when the chicks are able to ther-

moregulate and stand up. At this stage the chicks

may still get ill, and benefit from treatment, but

they are likely to survive without such assistance.

The main problem at this stage occurs if there is a

big size difference between the chicks and the lar-

ger one outcompetes the smaller chick for food. If

this occurs chicks can be supplementary fed at the nest or successfully fostered out during the first 5 weeks.

Most chicks that make it to 3 weeks of age will survive to fledge at about 12 weeks if both parents remain

healthy.

The adult female parent is the more vulnerable

during chick-rearing and as a result we here on

the Moeraki peninsula usually need to rescue at

least one female each season due to injury at sea

or emaciation. If this happens, we bring one chick

into care and leave only one for the male to rear

alone. The female is treated and released back

with her mate as soon as possible to ensure the

pair bond remains.

If there is a food shortage when the chicks are

about to fledge, we can detect the problem when

catching the chicks to micro-chip them. If the

chick weighs less than 4.5 kg by early February, something is amiss and we bring the chick into care. In most (Continued on page 5)



cases, a course of antibiotics is required be-

fore the chick will begin to gain weight. These

chicks are released when they reach 6 kg.

Generally, they go on to fledge successfully.

The first season at sea is a time of great risk

for the young penguins. Only a small propor-

tion of these juveniles survive and survival

rates vary with the season, however there is

currently no land-based response possible

except to ensure that the chicks fledge at a good weight.

The next opportunity to make a positive intervention is

when they return to moult for the first time.

A chick’s first set of feathers needs to insulate them for

about 14 months. The first feathers begin to emerge from

the chick fluff during January and the young penguins usu-

ally moult in February / March. A healthy juvenile yellow-

eyed penguin will return to the colony site more than a

year later to complete a successful moult process that lasts

about 3 weeks and then return to sea.

Often the first sign of difficulty seen in a juvenile penguin

starts when it comes ashore in a place outside any colony

site. These birds are usually underweight for a bird prepar-

ing to go into the moult and their feathers are often de-

graded, evidenced by a bald patch on their back. About

half of the rehabilitation patients treated at Katiki Point are

pre-moult juveniles. Such birds may receive treatment for

parasites, antibiotics if required, good feeding for several weeks, and a post-moult health check before they

are returned to the wild. Most of these juveniles are not from this area and we find that they do not stay.

Adult penguins come into care as a result of injury, usually sustained at sea. Yellow-eyed penguins are prone

to foot lacerations and eye injuries. With the majority

of their bodies covered in feathers, they are able to

escape a lot of damage. Over the last 10 years, the

total number of penguins requiring rehabilitation has

ranged from 40 to 90 penguins annually. Of these,

about 90% are yellow-eyed penguins but we have re-

habilitated 8 different penguin species in that time.

Adult penguins can live for more than 20 years; we

have some here in the colony that were rescued as

young birds. The oldest breeding male was rescued

after becoming oiled in Moeraki Harbour and then

again when he had a foot injury. He has since raised 40

chicks with 2 partners, both of whom have required

rehabilitation after being injured at sea. (Continued on page 6)



The work required to support a healthy yellow-eyed penguin col-

ony changes with the seasons and summer is the time for the

most intensive work with the birds. A beach search for compro-

mised birds begins in February and continues until June. Members

of the public help with this by reporting penguins found on the

beaches. All the work done on the Moeraki peninsula to save the

yellow-eyed penguin is voluntary.

Summer is also the time when most tourists visit the colony to see

the penguins. They come from all around the world and struggle

with the concept of respecting the penguins when they get here.

We ask them to stay at least 5 m away from penguins, not use the

flash on their camera and not surround or chase penguins. Be-

cause of the severity of this problem, we close the reserve at sun-

set. This gives the penguins the chance to feed their chicks undis-

turbed and minimises the impact of camera flash usage. Fences are used to protect nesting habitat but the

penguins often choose to roost in the open area of the reserve. Temporary fences are used to isolate pen-

guins that choose to moult out in the open.

Much more could be done to control tourist impact with

legislative changes and capital investment. In 2000, the

New Zealand Department of Conservation published the

Hoiho (Megadyptes antipodes) Recovery Plan http://

www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-

technical/TSRP35.pdf that was to guide the conserva-

tion of yellow-eyed penguins for the next 25 years. The

goal was to increase the hoiho population and have ac-

tive community involvement in their conservation. The

management of yellow-eyed penguins by the Katiki Point

Penguin Charitable Trust achieves both outcomes. More

information and a weekly blog are available at

www.penguins.org.nz.


Novel Relapsing Fever Borrelia Detected in African Penguins

Dr. Nola Parsons, Veterinarian, South African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), South Africa

The African penguin is classified as endangered and various threats to the species have included possible dis-

eases such as aspergillosis and avian malaria. A paper describing the identification of a Borrelia sp. seen on

blood smears of African penguins admitted for rehabilitation, has been published in the journal Parasitology

Research. The full article can be viewed online at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/515778617347l164/

fulltext.pdf.

The study looked at thin blood smears from penguins admitted to rehabilitation centres in the Western and

Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa from 2002 to 2010. The spirochaetes visible on blood smear were

morphologically consistent with Borrelia with a prevalence of 1.4% of all African penguins (a total of 8,343

birds were examined). There were significantly higher prevalence rates among chicks and juveniles compared

with adults and among birds sampled during summer months compared with winter months. The majority of

infected birds were released, despite lack of antibiotic treatment, however one bird died from borreliosis

based on gross and microscopic pathological lesions.

Analysis of gene sequences indicated that this is a relapsing fever Borrelia, similar to a Borrelia sp. detected in

soft ticks from a seabird colony in Japan. This represents the fourth report of a relapsing fever Borrelia sp. in

an avian species. There are several other species of Borrelia reported from numerous avian species, including

the causative agent of Lyme disease in people, which vary in their ability to cause disease in their hosts and

are spread by tick species. Exposure of seabirds to Borrelia sp. depends on the behaviour of the birds, the

habitat suitability for ticks and the host reaction to infection.

Tick-borne relapsing fever of humans is a zoonotic infection caused by 15 species of Borrelia and has been

identified in many parts of Africa. In South Africa, relapsing fever Borrelia has been reported but the species

has not been genetically characterised so it is undetermined whether there is a relationship between the re-

lapsing fever Borrelia seen in the African penguin and that seen in people.

The pathogenicity of this relapsing fever Borrelia in African penguins is likely not highly pathogenic but may

be important in immune-compromised individuals. It is unknown whether the African penguin is the natural

host, what the specific vector is in this species, and the prevalence and distribution through the birds’ range.

Because populations are declining significantly, the emergence of any potential pathogen represents a threat

to the population.

SANCCOB is in a unique position to continue monitoring for any disease which may affect the wild seabird

populations, and through the benchmark Health Survey study currently underway, we aim to increase our

knowledge of diseases present in the wild, as well as to hopefully increase our ability to ensure early detec-

tion and treatment.


Saving Wildlife From Our Oil Habits

Venessa Strauss, CEO, South African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), South Africa

The planet and the eco-systems that depend on it have many challenges to face. People sometimes find it

hard to relate to a matter that does not affect them directly, for example the effect on freshwater fish in

Madagascar due to invasive exotic species. Oil, on the other hand, is a different story. The world is very aware

of the modern society’s increased dependence on oil, gas and various other petroleum products, and people

do give an occasional thought to ‘what would the world be like without oil’. South Africa is ‘only’ the 32nd

biggest oil consumer in the world, but globally only 4% of the world’s people use 25% of the world’s oil.

The shipping route around the tip of Africa is an important one from a global perspective, and this fact in-

creases the risk from oil spills to South Africa’s coastal biodiversity. Spills can happen due to accidental causes

such as collisions and groundings which generally result in incidences with large quantities of oil being spilt,

from dumping oil at sea, or from sunken wrecks continuously leaking oil. The impact of oil on wildlife could

be devastating. Since 1968, 15 oil spills have occurred along the South African coast line with 60% of these

spills affecting 1,000 seabirds or more. Close to 50,000 seabirds have been rehabilitated by SANCCOB as a

result of these spills – and this is not counting the approximately 500 birds treated as a result of chronic oil

pollution, or birds not captured dying at sea.

Oil mostly floats on the surface of the water and technology exists whereby the information on currents and

wind direction can be used to predict how the oil is likely to react in the ocean. This is a useful tool in the

toolbox for oil spill responders to either protect sensitive areas and animals, or to coordinate appropriate re-

sources for a response in a specific area likely to be impacted. However, when oil ends up in the ocean, most

marine mammals, sea turtles, sea- and shorebirds are highly susceptible to becoming oiled as they do not

naturally avoid the oil.

With the recent Gulf of Mexico spill, images of the damaging effects of oil are fresh in our minds. The impact

of the oil on the wildlife and the environment can be influenced by many factors, including the location of the

spill, the kind of animals making use of the area affected by the spill and the specific time of their life cycle,

e.g. breeding or migration, the type of oil and the weather conditions during and after the spill. The physical

effects of the oil on the animals are severe. The oil sticks to the feathers of the birds and the fur of seals and

the animals quickly lose their ability to maintain their waterproofing resulting in them suffering from hypo-

thermia which could lead to mortality. As the animals are not able to feed or hydrate themselves they quickly

become weak and dehydrated. Ingestion of the oil while the animals attempt to clean themselves also leads

to physiological issues such as anemia and ulcers.

Responding to wildlife is not as simple as having a toothbrush in one hand and a tasty fish in the other! Con-

cerned individuals and organizations, including SANCCOB, have been responding to wildlife affected by oil

spills for over four decades and huge amount of work, dedication and expertise have been invested in this

industry to ensure that we can provide a professional service to countries, responsible parties and most of all,

the environment which we choose to serve. SANCCOB is one of a network of responders around the world

with the capabilities to respond to wildlife affected in major spills and support each other during interna-

tional incidences.

A crucial first step is to have plans in place that specifically address the response to wildlife during a spill –

this process includes engaging with all stakeholders in a country or region that would be involved, performing

risk assessments to determine which animals are susceptible to oiling, defining strategies and objectives for

responding in specific areas, and ultimately ensuring that the wildlife plan is integrated into the overall Inci-

dent Command System and overarching plan during an incident. (Continued on page 9)



The actual response consists of a complex set of factors (mostly unknown!) to be considered to ensure that

the best decisions are made during a devastating event such as a spill. Responding to wildlife does not always

mean cleaning oiled birds, but strategies to protect the breeding areas of wildlife or preventing wildlife from

becoming oiled in the first place can also be considered. An example of this is when SANCCOB and its part-

ners re-located cleaned African penguins during the infamous MV Treasure oil spill in the year 2000 – when

close on 19,000 oiled penguins were already in care for rehabilitation, the decision was made to move 19,000

clean, adult birds 800 km east of the spill site, and the world followed their epic swim back to their breeding

colonies in the Western Cape. Wildlife response teams and veterinarians always consider the welfare of ani-

mals affected by the oil spill, and this remains front of mind during all decision making and response tech-

niques undertaken.

With the world’s biodiversity shrinking, our ability to effectively respond to wildlife affected by oil spill inci-

dences may be the saving grace for many endangered species.


Going the Extra Mile, or Sometimes 2,000 Miles, to Save Penguins

Paul Leonard, Senior Penguin Biologist, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA

For nine years, as a Senior Penguin Biologist at the New

England Aquarium in Boston, Massachusetts, I have reared

and cared for the aquarium’s impressive penguin colony.

NEAq’s penguin exhibit is currently home to over 90 birds

consisting of four different species: Little Blue, Northern

Rockhopper, Southern Rockhopper, and African penguins.

My team has dedicated itself to educating our visitors

about penguins and penguin conservation issues. NEAq

also supports various penguin research and conservation

missions around the world.

In 1979, the aquarium established the John H. Cunningham Award. This annual endowment provides tenured

aquarium employees the opportunity to explore a project or topic that will enhance their professional devel-

opment. In 2005, I was a member of a small team sent to Cape Town, South Africa to collect HD Video foot-

age of wild African penguins. While there I was able to interact with the staff of the Southern African Foun-

dation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB).

The team spent only a few days at the center, but it left a

lasting impression on me. As a penguin biologist, this visit

fostered my desire to one day collaborate with

SANCCOB’s staff. In 2011, as a recipient of the John H.

Cunningham award, I was honored to be given the oppor-

tunity to embark on this endeavor.

My goals for this award were: 1) to offer my years of ex-

perience in hand-rearing African penguin chicks to the

Chick Bolstering Project at SANCCOB; and 2) to team up

with researchers from the University of Cape Town and

the South African Department of Environmental Affairs as

they conduct penguin population studies on Dassen

Island.

First Stop: Cape Town

SANCCOB is situated on the edge of the Rietvlei Wetland

Reserve just outside Cape Town. November and December

are considered to be the beginning of the Southern Hemi-

sphere’s summer and the end of the breeding season for

most of the African penguin colonies around South Africa.

During this change in seasons SANCCOB tends to see a

surge in abandoned or orphaned chicks; therefore, I sched-

uled my arrival to the Western Cape at that time so that I

could better assist the SANCCOB staff. This was also a great

time to visit Dassen Island’s African penguin colony. Unlike

the other colonies, the penguins on Dassen breed and nest

all year round. This award and my resulting research from

my visit to South Africa are significant in that they contrib-

ute to the applications of hand-rearing techniques of penguin chicks in a natural setting. (Continued on page 11)


NEAq Penguin Exhibit. (Photo Courtesy of the New England Aquarium)


Like many husbandry programs, SANCCOB has an immense

amount of work that must be completed. Their daily sched-

ule is full of feedings, swims, scrubbing, medical treatments,

laundry, and maintenance projects. They have a great sup-

port team of volunteers to assist them. Their staff briefly

meets each morning to assign jobs and discuss any major

developments that must be immediately addressed. I spent

10 days at the SANCCOB facility, which consists of a labyrinth

of holding pens and pools. Each pen contains birds that are

at different stages of recovery. It is very important for the

staff to stay updated because the animals’ conditions change

daily. During my time with the organization I was exposed to

nearly every facet of their program. It was great to see

the similarities in husbandry techniques, and exciting to

exchange new ideas and learn new concepts. SANCCOB’s

staff works tirelessly day-to-day to insure that every bird

gets the best treatment.

SANCCOB’s efforts are paying off. Since 2006, SANCCOB

has admitted 2,407 penguin chicks who were either aban-

doned or orphaned and has successfully released 82% of

those birds into the wild (Roestorf et al., 2011). Emerging

data suggests that SANCCOB’s efforts in hand-rearing

chicks (Chick Bolstering Project) result in increased sur-

vival rates.

Next Stop: Dassen Island

Located 34 miles north of Cape Town, Dassen is a fairly small island only measuring about a square mile. It is

flat and sandy with a very rugged coastline. Numerous sailors and fishermen have become stranded on its

shores over the centuries. Dassen is rich in both wildlife and history.

Thousands of seabirds call this island home with some of the most

notable being the African Oystercatcher, the Great White Pelican,

and of course, the African penguin. In the early 1900s, the island

was primarily used for guano and egg harvesting. Hundreds of thou-

sands of penguin eggs were collected during this period vastly affect-

ing the population for future generations.

All of the harvesting was banned in the late 1960s. Wild African pen-

guin populations all around South Africa have been in serious decline

in recent years. Dassen’s population was estimated to be about

20,000 birds in the year 2000. Today that number has dropped to

roughly 9,000 penguins (J. Visagie 2011). Dassen’s penguin colony

has always been considered one of the largest in the world. For

these reasons, I focused the second part of my project goals on ex-

amining current field methods by accompanying wildlife biologists

Leshia Upfold of the South African Department of Environmental Af-

fairs and Dr. Antje Steinfurth from the University of Cape Town on a research expedition to Dassen Island.

(Continued on page 12)


(Photo Courtesy of Johann Visagie)


Dassen Island is currently managed by CapeNature

Reserves and is completely off-limits to the public.

Anyone wishing to visit the island must first obtain

permission. Long term population studies and

monitoring programs can be conducted on the pen-

guin colony with minimal interference because the

island has very little human contact. Leshia Upfold’s

research concentrated on collecting data about bur-

row occupancy, nesting conditions, and molting

penguins. These projects usually last ten days and

are performed monthly. We would venture out into

the colony each day inspecting nests all over the

island, weighing chicks and taking other important

measurements.

Dr. Steinfurth’s research was equally important. She was collecting data on the foraging behavior of Dassen’s

penguins. My job was to assist her with deploying and retrieving GPS data loggers from designated birds.



Dassen Island’s penguins in the 1900s. (Photo Courtesy of Johann Visagie)

Dassen Island today.


Assisting in this fieldwork definitely tested my penguin

handling abilities and my endurance for penguin bites.

However, despite these “challenges” seeing firsthand

how these animals live in the wild was an extraordinary

opportunity; one that afforded me the chance to share

my knowledge of penguin breeding behavior with tal-

ented colleagues in the field.

Overall, my journey to South Africa was an incredible

experience and I have a newfound respect for the peo-

ple who are on the frontlines. It is my hope that every

penguin biologist and keeper has the opportunity to

assist in the fight to save the African penguin from

disappearing.

Upon my return to NEAq, many have asked how they can get involved. My answer is: “Support SANCCOB.

Live a greener lifestyle. Allow for adaptation.” Our climates is changing, there is no doubt about that; how-

ever, we have the power to slow these changes, which in turn could allow animals like the African penguin a

chance to react and adapt.

Roestorf, Margaret, et al. African Penguin Chick Bolstering Project: Project Update 28 November 2011: page 4.

Visagie, Johann, CapeNature, Personal Conversation, 2011

Unless otherwise noted, all photos are courtesy of Paul Leonard.


Welcome to The Zoological Lighting Institute (ZLI)

Dr. James Karl Fischer, Zoological Lighting Institute

The Zoological Lighting Institute maintains a mission, “Supporting research on the effects of artificial light

on animal life and ecosystems, and advocating ecologically sensitive lighting practices for animal welfare,

wildlife conservation and healthy environmental development.”

What ZLI Does:

ZLI helps organize and assist curators, collection managers, and keepers to meet their husbandry, population

management, conservation and education responsibilities by:

• Linking ex-situ research to dedicated in-situ wildlife initiatives.

• Organizing workshops on topics at AZA and AAZK Conferences on the importance of light for animal hus-

bandry and the relationship of animal husbandry to wildlife conservation in matters pertaining to light.

• Gathering and disseminated information related to photobiology and animal welfare.

• Publishing keeper research at www.zoolighting.org and other social media outlets.

• Providing scholarships for photobiology research in higher education and independent projects.

• Managing virtual resources, groups and list serves for timely and efficient information exchange.

ZLI History:

The Zoological Lighting Institute began in 2010 as an initiative of Zoological Lighting Services™,

a lighting design company specializing in zoos, aquariums and environmental centers. Although the

initial aim of Zoological Lighting Services™ was to improve the visibility and impact of exhibits, it

soon became apparent that much more was necessary to align contemporary architecture with

wildlife conservation goals.

The Zoological Lighting Institute™ addresses the impact of light on life and living ecological

systems. By connecting research in animal care with environmental studies, The Zoological Lighting

Institute is well positioned to foster new discoveries and the implementation of ecologically sensitive

lighting practices. The Institute does so by linking best practices in animal husbandry with wildlife

conservation initiatives in communities across the globe. The Zoological Lighting Institute™

sponsors research, public outreach campaigns, programming initiatives, and provides consultations.

Our ultimate goal is to understand and alleviate the impact of luminous regime modification on

ecological systems and animals maintained in active husbandry care, so as to celebrate and support

wildlife conservation. For more information visit www.zoolighting.org.



Recommended References

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gatus infection in captive penguins. Vet. Microbiol. 144(3-4): 444-9.

Bechert U, Christensen JM, Poppenga R, Le H, Wyatt J, Schmitt T (2010). Pharmacokinetics of orally administered ter-

binafine in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) for potential treatment of aspergillosis. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 41(2):

263-74.

Bergen DJ, Gartrell BD (2010). Discospondylitis in a yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes). J. Avian Med. Surg.

24(1): 58-63.

Brasso RL, Abel S and Polito MJ (2011). Pattern of Mercury Allocation into Egg Components is Independent of Dietary

Exposure in Gentoo Penguins. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol DOI 10.1007/s00244-011-8714-7.

Buckle KN and Alley MR (2011). Bilateral coxofemoral degenerative joint disease in a juvenile male yellow-eyed pen-

guin (Megadyptes antipodes). Avian Pathol 40(4): 371-5.

Bueno MG, Lopez RP, de Menezes RM, Costa-Nascimento Mde J, Lima GF, Araújo RA, Guida FJ, Kirchgatter K (2010).

Identification of Plasmodium relictum causing mortality in penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from Sao Paulo Zoo,

Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. 173(1-2): 123-7.

Bunting EM, Abou-Madi N, Cox S, Martin-Jimenez T, Fox H, Kollias GV (2009). Evaluation of oral itraconazole admini-

stration in captive Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 40(3): 508-18.

Cardoso LG, Bugoni L, Mancini PL, Haimovici M (2011). Gillnet fisheries as a major mortality factor of Magellanic pen-

guins in wintering areas. Mar Pollut Bull. 62(8):1932 .

Cipro CV, Taniguchi S, Montone RC (2010). Occurrence of organochlorine compounds in Euphausia superba and un-

hatched eggs of Pygoscelis genus penguins from Admiralty Bay (King George Island, Antarctica) and estimation of bio-

magnification factors. Chemosphere 78(6): 767-71.

Clarke JA, Ksepka DT, Salas-Gismondi R, Altamirano AJ, Shawkey MD, D\'Alba L, Vinther J, DeVries TJ, Baby P (2010).

Fossil evidence for evolution of the shape and color of penguin feathers. Science 330(6006): 954-7.

Corsolini S, Borghesi N, Ademollo N, Focardi S (2011). Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident

seabirds from East and West Antarctica. Environ Int 37(8): 1329-35.

Cray C, Stremme DW, Arheart KL (2010). Postprandial biochemistry changes in penguins (Spheniscus demersus) includ-

ing hyperuricemia. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 41(2): 325-6.

Cray C, Wack A and Arheart KL (2011). Invalid measurement of plasma albumin using bromcresol green methodology

in penguins (Spheniscus species). J. Avian Med. Surg. 25(1): 14-22. (Continued on page 16)


Crossin GT, Trathan PN, Phillips RA, Dawson A, Le Bouard F, Williams TD (2010). A carryover effect of migration under-

lies individual variation in reproductive readiness and extreme egg size dimorphism in macaroni penguins. Am. Nat.

176(3): 357-66.

D'Alba L, Saranathan V, Clarke JA, Vinther JA, Prum RO, Shawkey MD (2011). Colour-producing β-keratin nanofibres in

blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) feathers. Biol. Lett. 7(4): 543-6.

Deem SL, Merkel J, Ballweber L, Vargas FH, Cruz MB, Parker PG (2010). Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in Galapagos

Penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecua-

dor. J. Wildl. Dis 46(3): 1005-11.

Dehnhard N, Poisbleau M, Demongin L, Chastel O, van Noordwijk HJ, Quillfeldt P (2011). Leucocyte profiles and corti-

costerone in chicks of southern rockhopper penguins. J. Comp. Physiol. B, Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. 181(1):

83-90.

Eichhorn G, Groscolas R, Le Glaunec G, Parisel C, Arnold L, Medina P, Handrich Y (2011). Heterothermy in growing king

penguins. Nat Commun 2: 435, doi:10.1038/ncomms1436.

Emmerson L and Southwell C (2011). Adelie penguin survival: age structure, temporal variability and environmental

influences. Oecologia 167(4):951-65. Epub 2011 Jun 21.

Erbrech A, Robin JP, Guérin N, Groscolas R, Gilbert C, Martrette JM (2011). Differential muscular myosin heavy chain

expression of the pectoral and pelvic girdles during early growth in the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus)

chick. J. Exp. Biol. 214(Pt 11): 1829-35.

García-Borboroglu P, Boersma PD, Ruoppolo V, Pinho-da-Silva-Filho R, Corrado-Adornes A, Conte-Sena D, Velozo R, My-

iaji-Kolesnikovas C, Dutra G, Maracini P, Carvalho-do-Nascimento C, Ramos-Júnior V, Barbosa L, Serra S (2010). Magel-

lanic penguin mortality in 2008 along the SW Atlantic coast. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60(10): 1652-7.

Hill AG, Howe L, Gartrell BD, Alley MR (2010). Prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp, in the endangered yellow-eyed pen-

guin Megadyptes antipodes. Parasitology 137(10): 1477-85. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%

2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0027765

Jerez S, Motas M, Palacios MJ, Valera F, Cuervo JJ, Barbosa A (2011). Concentration of trace elements in feathers of

three Antarctic penguins: geographical and interspecific differences. Environ. Pollut. 159(10): 2412-9.

Kokubun N, Kim JH, Shin HC, Naito Y and Takahashi A (2011). Penguin head movement detected using small acceler-

ometers: a proxy of prey encounter rate. J. Exp. Biol. 214(Pt 22): 3760-7.

Le Maho Y, Saraux C, Durant JM, Viblanc VA, Gauthier-Clerc M, Yoccoz NG, Stenseth NC, Le Bohec C (2011). An ethical

issue in biodiversity science: The monitoring of penguins with flipper bands. C. R. Biol. 334(5-6): 378-84.




Mercado JA, Wirtu G, Beaufrère H, Lydick D (2010). Intraocular pressure in captive black-footed penguins (Spheniscus

demersus) measured by rebound tonometry. J. Avian Med. Surg. 24(2): 138-41.

Metcheva R, Yurukova L, Teodorova SE (2011). Biogenic and toxic elements in feathers, eggs, and excreta of Gentoo

penguin (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) in the Antarctic. Environ Monit Assess 182(1-4): 571-85.

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loides in captive penguin chicks. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 153(3): 117-21.

Ninnes CE, Waas JR, Ling N, Nakagawa S, Banks JC, Bell DG, Bright A, Carey PW, Chandler J, Hudson QJ, Ingram JR, Lyall K,

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endocrinology, and chick survival. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 173(1): 139-47.

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species with reversed hatching asynchrony. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 170(3): 622-8.

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journal.pone.0027765.

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1901-6.

Ruoppolo V, Woehler EJ, Morgan K, Clumpner CJ (2012). Wildlife and oil in the Antarctic: a recipe for cold disaster.

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Smith JA, Papich MG, Russell G, Mitchell MA (2010). Effects of compounding on pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in

black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 41(3): 487-9.

Spée M, Beaulieu M, Dervaux A, Chastel O, Le Maho Y, Raclot T 2010). Should I stay or should I go? Hormonal control

of nest abandonment in a long-lived bird, the Adelie penguin. Horm Behav 58(5): 762-8.

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abandonment: a study in a long-lived bird, the Adelie penguin. Horm Behav 60(4): 362-70.

Spée M, Marchal L, Thierry AM, Chastel O, Enstipp M, Le Maho Y, Beaulieu M, Raclot T (2011). Exogenous corticosterone

mimics a late fasting stage in captive Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae). Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.

300(5): R1241-9.

Suepaul RB, Alley MR, van Rensburg MJ (2010). Salt gland adenitis associated with bacteria in Blue Penguins

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Swinger RL, Langan JN, Hamor R (2009). Ocular bacterial flora, tear production, and intraocular pressure in a captive

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Thomazelli LM, Araujo J, Oliveira DB, Sanfilippo L, Ferreira CS, Brentano L, Pelizari VH, Nakayama C, Duarte R, Hurtado R,

Branco JO, Walker D, Durigon EL (2010). Newcastle disease virus in penguins from King George Island on the Antarctic

region. Vet. Microbiol. 146(1-2): 155-60.

Williams CL, Meir JU and Ponganis PJ (2011). What triggers the aerobic dive limit? Patterns of muscle oxygen depletion

during dives of emperor penguins. J. Exp. Biol. 214(Pt 11): 1802-12.

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penguins (Spheniscus demersus) admitted to two rehabilitation centers in South Africa. Parasitol Res.

Zenteno-Savin T, St Leger J, Ponganis PJ (2010). Hypoxemic and ischemic tolerance in emperor penguins. Comp. Bio-

chem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 152(1): 18-23.

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guin huddle. PLoS ONE 6(6): e20260.


Updates Since the October 2011 Issue:

Attendees of IPC7 will recall the sneak peak of the movie FROZEN PLANET. The U.S. premiere of this seven-

part series is scheduled for March 18 on the Discovery Channel (8 PM ET/PT). As an introduction to this

highly anticipated event, the Discovery Channel has teamed with SeaWorld San Diego to launch a Pen-

guin Cam of another frozen habitat. The live look into the daily life of SeaWorld’s penguins, which in-

clude macaroni, Adelie, gentoo, king and emperor penguins, will be available through April 30. http://

seaworldparks.com/en/seaworld-sandiego/Animals/Webcams/Penguin-Cam

BirdLife International released findings this month that show that “overall, seabirds are more threatened

than other comparable groups of birds and that their status has deteriorated faster over recent dec-

ades.” This information is based on a review of seabird conservation status using BirdLife International’s

data and assessments for the 2010 IUCN Red List data. The key threats listed in the report are similar to

those already known to readers of PCN as affecting penguin populations: commercial overfishing, by-

catch and pollution at sea and introduced predators, habitat degradation and human disturbance on

land. For a link to the review Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assess-

ment, as well as a summary of the paper visit http://www.birdlife.org/community/2012/03/new-review-

reveals-worrying-declines-in-the-worlds-seabirds .

Aquarium of the Pacific is opening a new penguin exhibit in May, the June Keyes Penguin Habitat. Modeled

after an area near Isla Magdalena, Chile, the exhibit will include a 15,000 gallon saltwater pool, a rocky

shore and nesting dens. Starting in June visitors will also be able to participate in a behind-the-scenes

“Animal Encounter-Penguin”. Learn more at http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/give/info/

member_penguin_previews .

The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology will publish its findings in March about a giant prehistoric penguin

(genus Kairuku) said to be taller and heavier than an emperor penguin. The skeleton has been fully re-

constructed using additional information from recent discoveries. See more at http://

blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/02/27/giant-prehistoric-penguin-was-bigger-than-an-

emperor and at http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/feb/29/giant-penguin-new-zealand-kairuku .

It has been one year since the bulk carrier MS Oliva ran aground near Tristan de Cunha. The cargo included

bunker fuel, a dense and highly polluting distillate of crude oil, which was released into the ocean as the

ship broke apart in the rough seas. The oil ultimately reached Inaccessible Island and Tristan where a res-

cue and rehabilitation effort was undertaken to save northern rockhopper penguins and other wildlife.

Recently, a count of northern rockhoppers suggests that the population may not have been as adversely

affected as was feared. However, scientists warn that more data are needed to better understand the

long-term impacts of the oil event. Already, the rock lobster fishery in the area appears to be producing

catches well below normal. Read more on the results of the population survey at http://

www.birdlife.org/community/2012/02/first-assessment-of-endangered-northern-rockhopper-penguins-

since-2011-oil-spill .

The new Penguin Plunge exhibit at the Calgary Zoo debuted in mid-February. The exhibit features Hum-

boldt, gentoo, king and rockhopper penguins in a state-of-the-art facility. The zoo plans to share the

conservation status of penguins with visitors via the Zoological Society of London’s Penguin Lifelines pro-

gram (in cooperation with the ZSI and Oxford University http://www.zsl.org/conservation/regions/

antarctica ) and by supporting Sphenisco (http://www.sphenisco.org/ ). Read Dr. Tom Hart’s journal en-

tries as he works on South Georgia at http://www.calgaryzoo.com/penguins/index.php?p=4 .




The Rena, which ran aground on Astrolabe Reef, North Island, New Zealand, last October, split in half January

8, sinking and releasing additional oil and cargo. The New Zealand government has said that the ground-

ing of the Rena, off the coast of Tauranga, was the worst maritime environmental disaster to hit New

Zealand. By November of last year, shortly after the last issue of PCN, approximately 340 little blue pen-

guins had been rescued, cleaned and returned to the sea. All released birds were identified in order to

monitor their long-term survival. Unfortunately, more than 2,000 dead birds were collected from the Bay

of Plenty coastline in the days following the spill and overall estimates are that more than 20,000 sea-

birds were killed.

The Global Penguin Society (www.globalpenguinsociety.org ) has been selected by Disney’s Club Penguin

(www.clubpenguin.com ) to receive “Coins for Change” in 2012. Coins for Change is a virtual charity that

allows children to make donations to help communities and the environment. Congratulations to GPS on

this success.

Dr. Alejandro Simeone, (Director, Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos

Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello) wrote PCN last October with an update on some preliminary results

of his artificial nest burrows for Humboldt penguins, “You might like to know that shortly after I sent

you the note, we recorded a new incubating bird into our artificial nests. Many others were prospected

in the following days. I will keep you updated”.

SANCCOB’s Development Director, Margaret Roestorf, sent out an urgent request in December for moneta-

ry donations to help support Penguins Eastern Cape (PEC). SANCCOB has already forwarded some funds

but Margaret says, “As always hand-rearing chicks is expensive”. She asks that people make “cash contri-

butions, however small, to enable us to raise the US$15,000 that PEC needs to save these chicks”. Send

funds directly to SANCCOB via the SUS FUND. Contact Margaret directly at [email protected]

for more information or visit SANCCOB’s webpage at http://www.sanccob.co.za .


Events and Announcements

March 28, 2012 Penguin TAG meeting, AZA Mid-Year Meeting, Palm Springs, CA

April 25, 2012 World Penguin Day

June 8, 2012 World Oceans Day

June 11-20, 2012 Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM)

November 2012 Convention of the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)

September 26, 2012 Humboldt Penguin Management, AAZK National Conference, Rosamond Gifford

Zoo, Syracuse, NY, https://reservations.rosamondgiffordzoo.org/Info.aspx?

EventID=5#Wednesday

September 2-6, 2013 8th International Penguin Conference, Bristol, UK, http://combine.cs.bris.ac.uk/ipc/

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