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Compressed mode handoverPublished: 23, March 2015

In order to avoid call dropping and poor quality of service,

ongoing call of mobile while leaving UMTS coverage needed to

be hand over to GSM. 3GPP standards have defined thenecessary signaling and a range of parameters which may be

used to perform intersystem handover from UMTS to GSM. But,

the decision on the condition for inter-RAT handover and the

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optimization of the handover parameters are network

dependent. Inter-System handover can be divided into the

following steps:

1) Decision to trigger measurement on GSM cells;

2) Measurement of different parameters and their reporting

3) Based on these measurements, decision to perform the

handover

4) Execution of handover procedure

Generally the criteria used to trigger measurements on the GSM

cells are based on the measurements performed by the mobile

on the current active cells. Parameters like CPICH RSCP and

CPICH Ec/Io of the cells in the active set is mainly taken intoaccount to decide whether the current UMTS coverage is not

good enough or not, and RXLEV of neighboring GSM cell to

decide whether GSM coverage is good enough or not.

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Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is a downlink channel broadcast

by Node Bs with constant power and of a known bit sequence.

And CPICH-RSCP is the power-per-chip received on a common

pilot channel. And Ec/Io is chip-to-noise (interference and

thermal) energy ratio. And RXLEV, the measurement quantity of 

neighboring cell is defined as the average of the received signal

level measured in dbm.

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Compressed mode consists in interrupting the transmission

and/or reception in order to allow the mobile to change the

frequency during the blanking. Depending on the UE

implementation and the measured frequency, compressed

mode may be activated in downlink only, in uplink only or both in

uplink and downlink. The interruption of transmission/reception

is called a transmission gap and it lasts from 3 to 14 slots. The

transmission gap distribution is defined by two Transmissions

Gap Patterns that are repeated successively a certain number of 

times. This succession of the two repeated patterns is called the

Transmission Gap Pattern Sequence (TGPS). At the end of the

TGPS, compressed is deactivated and the UE switches back to its

previous carriers uplink and downlink. Data shall not be lost

when the compressed mode is activated. Thus the data

transmission time is reduced in order to create these gaps.

Three methods can be used to create these gaps

a) Reduction of the spreading factor by 2

b) Puncturing (rate matching)

c) Higher layer scheduling

Puncturing cannot be used on the uplink, and can only create

short gaps. Scheduling cannot apply to real time services. Thus

the spreading factor halving method has been considered in

most of the paper that I have used for refrences. For this

method, the spreading factor is reduced by two during the

compressed frames. This enables data transmission in the

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remaining part of the frames but the data transmission power is

increased to compensate. These changes in compressed frames

have following impacts on:

1) Radio link performance: due to the transmission time

reduction, the data are less protected, the power control loop is

interrupted and the channel estimation is stopped;2) System performance: due to the increased power in

compressed frames, additional interferences are introduced

and system capacity is reduced;

3) Coverage: as more power is needed in the compressed

frames, the uplink coverage is reduced.

Other Impact of Compressed mode.

The compressed mode pattern impacts the measurement

duration: usually, the more frequent the gaps are, the faster the

BSIC is found, but as pointed out in this section, the more

degraded the performance is. On the contrary, if gaps are too

spaced out, measurements delays are longer, which could result

in delay for handover execution and loss of connection.

Therefore, finding a compromise is important as well as

challenging part to any network operator.

 

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