Comprehensive study of building energy renovation ... · non-residential building through an...

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Comprehensive study of building

energy renovation activities and the

uptake of nearly zero-energy

buildings in the EU

Country reports

European Commission: Comprehensive study of building energy renovation activities and the uptake of nearly zero-energy buildings in the EU

November 2019 1


November 2019 2

Prepared by:

Ipsos Belgium

Public Affairs

Rooigemlaan 2

9000 Gent

Belgium

www.ipsos.com

Authors: Anne Esser, Allison Dunne, Tim Meeusen, Simon Quaschning, Denis Wegge

Navigant

Am Wassermann 36

50829 Cologne

Germany

www.navigant.com

Authors: Andreas Hermelink, Sven Schimschar, Markus Offermann, Ashok John, Marco

Reiser, Alexander Pohl, Jan Grözinger

Prepared for:

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Directorate-General for Energy

Directorate C, Renewables, Research and Innovation, Energy Efficiency

Unit C3, Energy Efficiency

Contact Person: Dimitrios Athanasiou

E-mail: [email protected]

This study was ordered and paid for by the European Commission, Directorate-General

for Energy under contract No ENER/C3/2016-547/02/SI2.753931.

The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not

guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor

any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use

which may be made of the information contained therein.

More information on the European Union is available on the Internet

(http://europa.eu).

© European Union, November 2019

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.


November 2019 3


November 2019 4

Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 6

Austria ......................................................................................................................................................... 8

Belgium ..................................................................................................................................................... 12

Bulgaria ..................................................................................................................................................... 16

Croatia ...................................................................................................................................................... 20

Cyprus ...................................................................................................................................................... 24

Czech Republic .......................................................................................................................................... 28

Denmark ................................................................................................................................................... 32

Estonia ...................................................................................................................................................... 36

Finland ...................................................................................................................................................... 40

France ....................................................................................................................................................... 44

Germany................................................................................................................................................... 48

Greece ...................................................................................................................................................... 52

Hungary .................................................................................................................................................... 56

Ireland ...................................................................................................................................................... 60

Italy .......................................................................................................................................................... 64

Latvia ........................................................................................................................................................ 68

Lithuania ................................................................................................................................................... 72

Luxembourg ............................................................................................................................................. 76

Malta ......................................................................................................................................................... 80

Netherlands ............................................................................................................................................... 84

Poland ....................................................................................................................................................... 88

Portugal ..................................................................................................................................................... 92

Romania ................................................................................................................................................... 96

Slovakia .................................................................................................................................................. 100

Slovenia .................................................................................................................................................. 104

Spain....................................................................................................................................................... 108

Sweden ................................................................................................................................................... 112

United Kingdom ...................................................................................................................................... 116


November 2019 5


November 2019 6

INTRODUCTION

This report presents findings from the 2018-2019 “comprehensive study of building

energy renovation activities and the uptake of nearly zero-energy buildings in the EU”

at EU Member State level.

The overall aim of this study is to deliver a comprehensive analysis of the renovation

activities and nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEB) uptake in the EU and Member

States from 2012 to 2016. For this purpose, a combination of sound statistical

analyses was applied, including the conduction of surveys with consumers, architects,

installers and main contractors, and the purchase and analysis of market data on sales

of relevant components. A set of quantitative and qualitative indicators was developed

in line with the indicators of the Building Stock Observatory (BSO). The development

of a EU28 building stock inventory and the collection of new construction data in the

EU further informed the analysis. Data was collected and analysed separately for

residential and non-residential buildings. The findings will be used to inform the

design, monitoring and evaluation of energy efficiency policies.

Each Member State report includes the following:

Population size (Eurostat, demo_pjan)

Cooling/heating degree days: “Heating degree day (HDD) index is a

weather-based technical index designed to describe the need for the heating

energy requirements of buildings. Cooling degree day (CDD) index is a

weather-based technical index designed to describe the need for the cooling

(air-conditioning) requirements of buildings. HDD and CDD are derived from

meteorological observations of air temperature, interpolated to regular grids at

25 km resolution for Europe.” (Eurostat, nrg_chdd_a)

Dampness damages in buildings as percentage of the population: This

information is based on the EU statistics on income and living conditions (EU

SILC question HH040): “Do you have any of the following problems with your

dwelling/accommodation? A leaking roof; damp walls/floors/foundation; rot in

window frames or floor”. As different sources such as Eurostat (mdho01) and

the Healthy Homes Barometer 2017 have shown, adults living in a damp

dwelling have a significantly higher probability to report poor health.

Emission mitigation [ktCO2e/a], residential/non-residential (average

2012-2016): This is the average reduction of all residential / non-residential

building stock’s total annual GHG emissions - from heating, cooling, ventilation,

domestic hot water, lighting (only non-residential buildings) and auxiliary

energy - that was achieved compared to the previous year during the period

2012-2016 by means of energy renovation.

Jobs maintained by building renovations [FTEs], residential and non-

residential (average 2012-2016): This number indicates the total number

of fulltime employees (FTE) in the construction sector involved in renovations

per year on average for the period 2012-2016. A factor of 8.52 FTE per million

Euro spent has been applied based on Janssen and Staniaszek (2012) and

Amélie Cuq et al. (2011).


November 2019 7

Total building stock [floor area, m²] shares (2016): Different sources

were used to determine the EU and Member State building stock, obtaining

data per building floor area and number of buildings.

Renovation rate [%/stock] (average 2012-2016): This is the cumulated

affected building floor area [m2] of all buildings that underwent an energy

renovation in calendar year x (e.g. 2013) divided by the total floor area [m2]

of the building stock in the same period. The unit is [%]. The total energy

renovation rate is defined as the sum of all renovation rates of the covered

depths: “below threshold” (x < 3% savings), “light” (3% ≤ x ≤ 30% savings),

“medium” (30% < x ≤ 60% savings) and “deep” (x > 60% savings).

Total investments [Euro in million] (average 2012-2016): The approach

for calculating the investment costs is based on the investment cost database

for building construction products, and direct cost information obtained from

the surveys.

Primary energy savings total [TOE] (average 2012-2016): This is the

average reduction of all residential / non-residential building stock’s total

annual primary energy use - from heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot

water, lighting (only non-residential buildings) and auxiliary energy - that was

achieved compared to the previous year during the period 2012-2016 by

means of energy renovation.

Specific primary energy savings [kWh/(m².y)] (average 2012-2016):

This is the average improvement of the energy performance of a residential /

non-residential building through an average energy renovation (before- after

comparison). It is expressed as kWh primary energy savings per m2 floor area

and year.

Definition of nearly-zero energy buildings (NZEB): The numbers

presented reflect a market perspective, meaning how market players perceive

the uptake of a building standard, which in the local market is commonly

understood to be “nearly zero-energy building”. Therefore, the numbers should

not be understood as the rate of buildings being compatible with an official

NZEB definition that may exist today. The factsheets also provide a numerical

indicator of primary energy use for NZEB which could reflect the official

Member State’s definition or be representative for what is expected for this

Member State based on different sources.

Total number of nearly-zero energy buildings and their share of the

construction market [%] by year: This information is based on survey data

and represents the perceived uptake from the perspective of architects. This

may differ from an uptake based on current definitions of NZEB by Member

States.


November 2019 8

AUSTRIA

Population (2018) 8,822,267

Cooling/heating degree days (2018)

32.6/3196.5

Dampness damages in buildings [% of

population]

12%

Emission mitigation

[ktCO2e/a], residential/non-

residential (average 2012-2016)

310/180

Jobs maintained by building renovations

[FTEs], residential (average 2012-

2016)

125,000


[FTEs], non-

residential (average

2012-2016)

29,000

Total building stock [floor area, m²] shares, 2016


November 2019 9

Renovation rate [%/stock], average 2012-2016

Total investments [Euro (million)], average 2012-2016


November 2019 10

Primary energy savings total [TOE], average 2012-2016

Specific primary energy savings [kWh/(m2.y)], average 2012-2016


November 2019 11

NZEB1

Indicative numerical indicator of

primary energy use:

Residential:

125 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

125 kWh/(m².y)

Total number of nearly-zero energy buildings and their share of

the construction market [%] by year

1 The numbers presented reflect a market perspective, meaning how market players

perceive the uptake of a building standard, which in the local market is commonly

understood to be “nearly zero”. Therefore, the numbers should not be understood as the

rate of buildings being compatible with an official NZEB definition that may exist today. The

factsheets also provide a numerical indicator of primary energy use for NZEB which could reflect the official Member State’s definition or be representative for what is expected for

that Member State based on different sources. For further information see annex to the

final report, section 1.3.


November 2019 12

BELGIUM

Population (2018) 11,398,589


33.1/2513.9


population]

18%

Emission mitigation



394/580



2016)

152,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

51,000



November 2019 13




November 2019 14


Specific primary energy savings [kWh/(m².y)], average 2012-2016


November 2019 15

NZEB2


primary energy use:

Residential:

30-70 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

45-100 kWh/(m².y)

Total number of nearly-zero energy buildings and their share of the

construction market [%] by year









November 2019 16

BULGARIA

Population (2018) 7,050,034


125.5/2357.9


population]

14%

Emission mitigation



151/214



2016)

28,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

20,000



November 2019 17




November 2019 18




November 2019 19

NZEB3


primary energy use:

Residential:

40 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

40 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 20

CROATIA

Population (2018) 4,105,493


144.6/2148.2


population]

13%

Emission mitigation



142/118



2016)

28,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

13,000



November 2019 21




November 2019 22




November 2019 23

NZEB4


primary energy use:

Residential:

55 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

90 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 24

CYPRUS

Population (2018) 864,236


805.7/476.9


population]

30%

Emission mitigation



37/17



2016)

19,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

2,000



November 2019 25




November 2019 26




November 2019 27

NZEB5


primary energy use:

Residential:

100 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

125 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 28

CZECH REPUBLIC

Population (2018) 10,610,055


45.8/2996.4


population]

11%

Emission mitigation



314/312



2016)

56,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

25,000



November 2019 29




November 2019 30




November 2019 31

NZEB6


primary energy use:

Residential:

50 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

75 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 32

DENMARK

Population (2018) 5,781,190


14.0/3051.1


population]

18%

Emission mitigation



137/235



2016)

102,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

52,000



November 2019 33




November 2019 34




November 2019 35

NZEB7


primary energy use:

Residential:

20 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

25 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 36

ESTONIA

Population (2018) 1,319,133


25.6/4064.7


population]

19%

Emission mitigation



33/29



2016)

5,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

1,000



November 2019 37




November 2019 38




November 2019 39

NZEB8


primary energy use:

Residential:

65 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

110 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 40

FINLAND

Population (2018) 5,513,130


8.8/5363.5


population]

6%

Emission mitigation



118/209



2016)

98,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

41,000



November 2019 41




November 2019 42




November 2019 43

NZEB9


primary energy use:

Residential:

90 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

100 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 44

FRANCE

Population (2018) 66,926,166


64.9/2183.6


population]

13%

Emission mitigation



1,670/1,148



2016)

640,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

297,000



November 2019 45




November 2019 46




November 2019 47

NZEB10


primary energy use:

Residential:

80 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

110 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 48

GERMANY

Population (2018) 82,792,351


51.2/2775.8


population]

14%

Emission mitigation



1,988/1,966



2016)

858,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

429,000



November 2019 49




November 2019 50




November 2019 51

NZEB11


primary energy use:

Residential:

40 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

75 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 52

GREECE

Population (2018) 10,741,165


306.2/1382.7


population]

15%

Emission mitigation



171/457



2016)

41,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

37,000



November 2019 53




November 2019 54




November 2019 55

NZEB12


primary energy use:

Residential:

80 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

85 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 56

HUNGARY

Population (2018) 9,778,371


124.5/2471.6


population]

24%

Emission mitigation



153/335



2016)

35,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

21,000



November 2019 57




November 2019 58




November 2019 59

NZEB13


primary energy use:

Residential:

105 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

90 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 60

IRELAND

Population (2018) 4,830,392


0.0/2756.0


population]

13%

Emission mitigation



75/54



2016)

28,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

9,000



November 2019 61




November 2019 62




November 2019 63

NZEB14


primary energy use:

Residential:

15-30 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

40-55 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 64

ITALY

Population (2018) 60,483,973


232.7/1753.7


population]

21%

Emission mitigation



893/1,038



2016)

405,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

265,000



November 2019 65




November 2019 66




November 2019 67

NZEB15


primary energy use:

Residential:

45 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

60 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 68

LATVIA

Population (2018) 1,934,379


23.5/3890.7


population]

28%

Emission mitigation



51/51



2016)

5,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

2,000



November 2019 69




November 2019 70




November 2019 71

NZEB16


primary energy use:

Residential:

95 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

95 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 72

LITHUANIA

Population (2018) 2,808,901


24.7/3696.1


population]

18%

Emission mitigation



85/65



2016)

11,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

3,000



November 2019 73




November 2019 74




November 2019 75

NZEB17


primary energy use:

Residential:

60 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

80 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 76

LUXEMBOURG



47.2/2669.6


population]

17%

Emission mitigation



7/5



2016)

5,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

2,000



November 2019 77




November 2019 78




November 2019 79

NZEB18


primary energy use:

Residential:

45 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

60 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 80

MALTA



625.7/366.1


population]

11%

Emission mitigation



9/13



2016)

5,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

2,000



November 2019 81




November 2019 82




November 2019 83

NZEB19


primary energy use:

Residential:

55 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

175 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 84

NETHERLANDS

Population (2018) 17,181,084


31.4/2526.8


population]

16%

Emission mitigation



277/494



2016)

271,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

96,000



November 2019 85




November 2019 86




November 2019 87

NZEB20


primary energy use:

Residential:

25 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

40 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 88

POLAND

Population (2018) 37,976,687


29.7/3125.4


population]

11%

Emission mitigation



1,027/925



2016)

188,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

67,000



November 2019 89




November 2019 90




November 2019 91

NZEB21


primary energy use:

Residential:

75 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

125 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 92

PORTUGAL

Population (2018) 10,291,027


233.2/1304.6


population]

22%

Emission mitigation



73/111



2016)

71,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

26,000



November 2019 93




November 2019 94




November 2019 95

NZEB22


primary energy use:

Residential:

35 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

130 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 96

ROMANIA

Population (2018) 19,530,631


84.9/2749.1


population]

15%

Emission mitigation



336/96



2016)

64,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

24,000



November 2019 97




November 2019 98




November 2019 99

NZEB23


primary energy use:

Residential:

120 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

90 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 100

SLOVAKIA

Population (2018) 5,443,120


53.0/2922.0


population]

9%

Emission mitigation



77/126



2016)

21,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

12,000



November 2019 101




November 2019 102




November 2019 103

NZEB24


primary energy use:

Residential:

45 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

65 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 104

SLOVENIA

Population (2018) 2,066,880


51.1/2583.8


population]

32%

Emission mitigation



50/59



2016)

9,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

5,000



November 2019 105

Residential: Renovation rate [%/stock], average 2012-2016



November 2019 106




November 2019 107

NZEB25


primary energy use:

Residential:

80 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

55 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 108

SPAIN

Population (2018) 46,658,447


239.2/1799.7


population]

12%

Emission mitigation



641/719



2016)

360,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

119,000



November 2019 109




November 2019 110




November 2019 111

NZEB26


primary energy use:

Residential:

50 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

100 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 112

SWEDEN

Population (2018) 10,120,242


4.5/5162.8


population]

8%

Emission mitigation



253/408



2016)

309,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

99,000



November 2019 113




November 2019 114




November 2019 115

NZEB27


primary energy use:

Residential:

85 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

100 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 116

UNITED KINGDOM

Population (2018) 66,273,576


1.1/2936.3


population]

17%

Emission mitigation



1,112/824



2016)

673,000


[FTEs], non-


2012-2016)

197,000



November 2019 117




November 2019 118




November 2019 119

NZEB28


primary energy use:

Residential:

45 kWh/(m².y)

Non-residential:

150 kWh/(m².y)











November 2019 120

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