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COMPREHENSIVE EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

COMPREHENSIVE EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Edited by

CANDICE A. ALFANO

DEBORAH C. BEIDEL

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Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Comprehensive evidence-based interventions for children and adolescents / edited by Candice A. Alfano, Deborah C. Beidel. 1 online resource. Includes bibliographical references and index. Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed. ISBN 978-1-118-48756-3 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-118-86498-2 (epdf) ISBN 978-1-118-86482-1 (epub) 1. Child psychopathology. 2. Adolescent psychopathology. 3. Evidence-based psychiatry. 4. Child mental health services. I. Alfano, Candice A., editor of compilation. II. Beidel, Deborah C., editor of compilation. RJ499 618.92'8914—dc23 2013049602

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is dedicated to my first love, my mother, Diane Ragusa Alfano, who passed away during its development. I have had many brilliant mentors throughout

my schooling and years of training but no better teacher of how fundamentally important it is to prioritize and nurture the dreams of children.

LYD MYM,Candice

vii

Contents

Preface xi

About the Editors xiii

Contributors xv

I Treatment Considerations and Contextual Issues 1

1 │ DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATIONS IN ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT 3Amy Przeworski and Kimberly Dunbeck

2 │ ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT AND INTERVENTIONS WITH SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 15Adam L. Fried and Celia B. Fisher

3 │ CONTROVERSIAL THERAPIES FOR CHILDREN 31Gerald P. Koocher, Madeline R. McMann, and Annika O. Stout

4 │ EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENTS FOR MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS IN ETHNIC MINORITY CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 43Lindsay E. Holly, Amanda Chiapa, and Armando A. Piña

5 │ NEW METHODS OF SERVICE DELIVERY FOR CHILDREN’S MENTAL HEALTH CARE 55Jonathan S. Comer, R. Meredith Elkins, Priscilla T. Chan, and Deborah J. Jones

6 │ DISSEMINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENTS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 73Michael A. Southam-Gerow, Cassidy C. Arnold, Carrie B. Tully, and Julia Revillion Cox

viii Contents

II Disorder-Focused Interventions 91

7 │ ANXIETY DISORDERS IN CHILDREN 93Laura D. Seligman, Erin F. Swedish, and Thomas H. Ollendick

8 │ ANXIETY DISORDERS IN ADOLESCENTS 111Michael A. Mallott and Deborah C. Beidel

9 │ DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN 129Winnie W. Chung and Mary A. Fristad

10 │ DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN ADOLESCENTS 147Megan Jeffreys and V. Robin Weersing

11 │ BIPOLAR DISORDERS 163Amy E. West and Amy T. Peters

12 │ EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 177Heather A. Jones and Annie E. Rabinovitch

13 │ TREATMENT OF CONDUCT PROBLEMS AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS 195Nicole P. Powell, John E. Lochman, Caroline L. Boxmeyer, Luis Alberto Jimenez-Camargo, Megan E. Crisler, and Sara L. Stromeyer

14 │ AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 213Susan W. White, Nicole L. Kreiser, and Matthew D. Lerner

15 │ EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR EATING DISORDERS 231Peter M. Doyle, Catherine Byrne, Angela Smyth, and Daniel Le Grange

16 │ ELIMINATION DISORDERS 243Jaclyn A. Shepard, Lee M. Ritterband, Frances P. Thorndike, and Stephen M. Borowitz

III Other Interventions for Children 259

17 │ TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA AND NIGHTTIME FEARS 261Michelle A. Clementi, Jessica Balderas, Jennifer Cowie, and Candice A. Alfano

18 │ PROBLEMATIC SCHOOL ABSENTEEISM 275Christopher A. Kearney and Emma Ross

Contents ix

19 │ TRAUMA-RELATED PROBLEMS AND DISORDERS 287Brian Fisak

20 │ BULLIED CHILDREN 301Juventino Hernandez Rodriguez, Samantha J. Gregus, James T. Craig, Freddie A. Pastrana, and Timothy A. Cavell

21 │ ADHERENCE TO MEDICAL REGIMENS 317Alan M. Delamater, Ashley N. Marchante, and Amber L. Daigre

22 │ OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY 335Anna Vannucci and Marian Tanofsky-Kraff

23 │ OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AND TRICHOTILLOMANIA 353Jennifer Cowie, Michelle A. Clementi, Deborah C. Beidel, and Candice A. Alfano

Author Index 371

Subject Index 389

xi

Preface

Child mental health disorders do not discriminate. They affect boys and girls of all ages, ethnic/racial backgrounds, socioeconomic sectors, and regions of the world. In the United States alone, 13%–20% of children (up to one out of five) are diagnosed with a mental disorder in any given year (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2009) and rates appear to be on the rise (Centers for Disease Control, 2013). By translation, this means that millions of young people struggle with depression, anxiety, conduct disorders, autism, eating disorders, substance use, and a host of other emotional and behavioral problems every day. In comparison to youth without a men-tal health disorder, these children are also more likely to suffer from health-related, interpersonal, and school-based problems such as sleep disturbances, peer rejection and victimization, and school absenteeism. Clearly, child mental disorders are a significant public health concern for individuals, families, and society.

On a more optimistic note, the range of professionals who receive training in providing mental health services to children continues to expand. This list includes psychologists, child psychiatrists, social workers, school counselors, nurse practitioners, and family therapists, among others. However, just as the training and clinical experiences of these professionals can vary, so too might the inter-vention approaches adopted to treat various childhood disorders. The overarching goal of this book is to provide professionals, researchers, and students in clinical psychology and allied disciplines a comprehensive resource for understanding, selecting, and delivering the most effective, evidence-based treatments for school-age children and adolescents. The term evidence-based treatment specifi-cally refers to psychosocial interventions that have been subject to scientific investigation and have been empirically demonstrated to produce beneficial effects in the form of symptom reduction and/or improvements in daily functioning.

In Section I, chapters cover a range of issues and topics central to treatment delivery, includ-ing developmental and cultural considerations, ethical concerns, and efforts toward the broad dis-semination of evidence-based treatments. In line with the book’s focus on interventions grounded in science, we felt it important to include a chapter focused on unproven or “controversial” therapies, since awareness of treatments that are not clearly effective (and might even be harmful) should be considered equally essential for the child mental health professional. Finally, in the ever-evolving age of media and technology, we believe that readers will find Chapter 5, “New Methods of Service Delivery for Children’s Mental Health Care,” to be both timely and relevant.

Each chapter in Sections II and III focuses on a specific childhood disorder or problem. The decision to structure the book in this way was guided by the proliferation of evidence-based child interventions that have emerged over the past two decades. In fact, based on criteria defined by the American Psychological Association (APA), several of these treatments are now considered “well established” or “probably efficacious” interventions for children. Accordingly, rather than inviting authors to submit narrowly focused chapters describing individual treatment programs, our vision was to provide readers with in-depth coverage of a range of validated interventions and strategies for discrete types of childhood disorders/problems. We believe that this breadth of content will serve professionals and students well, both in understanding the existing research base and in developing individualized treatment plans for child patients. Chapters in Sections II and III also follow the same

xii Preface

basic format. For example, in each chapter the same subsections appear describing core features of the disorder/problem, available evidence-based interventions, the role of parents in treatment, and circumstances where treatment modifications may be necessary to ensure effectiveness. Additional sections include review of state-of-the-art assessment tools for measuring treatment progress and clinical examples that provide valuable descriptive information and sample treatment plans.

When this book was conceptualized, DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) was the standard reference for diagnostic classification. By the time of publication, DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) had been introduced. In some cases, new disorders were introduced and new categories devised. We had to make decisions about how to integrate new material into the nearly completed book. For some new disorders, few data were available, suggesting that a chapter would not yet make a meaningful contribution. In the case of the newly introduced diagnostic cat-egory of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, there was a strong empirical database and we made a decision that a separate chapter was warranted. Because the book was already in final production, we placed this chapter at the end of the volume rather than what would seem to be a more logical placement, that is, near the anxiety disorders chapter.

Even with a clear vision for the final product, we knew that the readability and utility of this book ultimately rest upon the quality of its individual chapters. We could not have wished for a more impressive list of child interventions scientists and professionals as authors. The collective expertise they brought to this shared project is immeasurable and we offer them our deepest thanks. We also wish to thank Patricia Rossi, Amanda Orenstein, and Kara Borbely from John Wiley & Sons for their guidance, support, and patience throughout the entire process. Finally, to the hundreds of child and adolescent patients we have worked with over the years, you inspire us every day!

Candice A. AlfanoDeborah C. Beidel

REFERENCES

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.) Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Centers for Disease Control. (2013). Mental health surveillance among children—United States, 2005–2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(2), 1–35.

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

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About the Editors

Candice A. Alfano, PhD, is associate professor of psychology and director of the Sleep and Anxiety Center for Kids at the University of Houston. She received her PhD in clinical psychology in 2005 from the University of Maryland at College Park. She previously held a faculty position at the George Washington University School of Medicine and founded and directed the Child and Adolescent Anxiety Program at Children’s National Medical Center in Washington, DC. Dr. Alfano serves on the Scientific Council of the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, the board of directors of the Society for Behavioral Sleep Medicine, and is associate editor for the Journal of Anxiety Disorders. She has authored more than 50 publications including journal articles, book chapters, books, and edited books. Her academic, research, and clinical interests focus on child-hood anxiety disorders, pediatric sleep disorders, and effective interventions for these problems. Dr. Alfano is also a licensed clinical psychologist.

Deborah C. Beidel, PhD, ABPP, is professor of psychology and director of the Anxiety Disorders Clinic at the University of Central Florida. She received her PhD in clinical psychology in 1986 from the University of Pittsburgh and has held faculty positions at the University of Pittsburgh, the Medical University of South Carolina, the University of Maryland–College Park, and Penn State College of Medicine. She holds the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) Diplomate in clinical psychology and behavioral psychology and is a fellow of the American Psychological Association and the Association for Psychological Science. She is the editor in chief of the Journal of Anxiety Disorders and has authored more than 200 publications including journal articles, book chapters, books, and edited books. Her academic, research, and clinical interests focus on child and adult anxiety disorders, including their etiology, psychopathology, and treatment. Dr. Beidel is also a licensed psychologist.