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Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
2
About the Report
What Does the Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report Provide?
The report provides
Inputs on the brief manufacturing process of key algae based nutraceuticals
Latest updates on the current and future market potential of algae based nutraceuticals
Stakeholders with a list of major producers of algae based nutraceutical products and its current and
emerging applications
Why Should You Buy the Report?
Business Oriented - It answers the most important questions that entrepreneurs, investors and
businesses have before investing in algae nutraceuticals.
Focus - It provides exclusive insights and intelligence about the various nutraceutical products of
algae, their production methods and end-uses
Written by Experts - It has been developed by Algae Industry Experts at Oilgae, the definitive and
most-referenced resource for the algae industry.
Key Questions Answered in this Report
What are the nutraceutical products obtained from algae and their applications?
What are the key stages in cultivation of microalgae for nutraceuticals production?
What are the current and future market potential for algae based nutraceuticals?
What are the manufacturing processes for key algae based nutraceutical products?
Which are the prominent companies worldwide for algae nutraceuticals?
How are the demand and supply scenarios and the market potential for the various algae
nutraceuticals for key geographies – North America, Europe, Asia, South America & Africa?
What are the key drivers and challenges for the growth of algae nutraceutical products worldwide,
and for specific geographies?
What are the latest research, innovations & partnerships in the algae nutraceutical domain?
What is Exclusive about this Report?
There is no other comprehensive report available specifically for algae nutraceuticals anywhere in
the world.
This report has been developed by a specialist in the algae industry, Oilgae. Our team has developed
this report based on extensive feedback and inputs we received from a number of industry
stakeholders in the past few years- manufacturers and processors, algae cultivators, algae
nutraceuticals users, government and trade bodies.
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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Algae Nutraceuticals Covered in the Report
Algae Nutraceuticals
Proteins
Spirulina
Chlorella
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
DHA
EPA
Carotenoids and Pigments
Beta Carotene
Astaxanthin
Lutein
Lycopene
Zeaxanthin
Chlorophyll
Phycocyanin
Fucoxanthin
Canthaxanthin
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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LIST OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 – Algae Nutraceuticals – Introduction & Production
1.1 Production Processes for Key Algae Nutraceuticals
1.1.1 Introduction to Algae
1.1.2 Use of Algae for Nutraceuticals
1.1.3 Algae Nutraceuticals Production
1.1.4 Algae Strains used for each Nutraceutical Product
1.1.5 Composition of Algae Nutraceuticals
Chapter 2 – Microalgae Cultivation & Processing
2.1 Processes, Cost Components and Equipment for the Three Main Stages of Microalgae Production
2.1.1 Cultivation
2.1.2 Dewatering
2.1.3 Drying
Chapter 3 – Algae Nutraceuticals Market
Insights and perspectives on current and future demand/supply estimates for algae nutraceuticals across
product types and geographies
3.1 Key Market Segments for Algae Nutraceuticals
3.1.1 Characteristics of the Market Segments
3.1.2 Drivers for Nutraceutical Consumption
3.2 Global Algae Nutraceuticals Demand & Supply
3.2.1 Trends in Demand & Supply for Prominent Nutraceutical Products
3.2.2 Trends in Demand & Supply for Geographies – North America, Asia, Europe, Middle East
3.3 Geographies with Attractive Markets for Algae Nutraceuticals – North America, Asia, Europe, Middle East
3.3.1 Highlights of Demand
3.3.2 Market Segment Characteristics for Key Geographies
Chapter 4 – Algae Nutraceuticals – End Uses
4.1 Current End Uses for Algae Nutraceuticals, for
4.1.1 Spirulina
4.1.2 Chlorella
4.1.3 Astaxanthin
4.1.4 Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA, DHA)
4.1.5 Beta Carotene
4.1.6 Canthaxanthin
4.1.7 Chlorophyll
4.1.8 Fucoxanthin
4.1.9 Lutein
4.1.10 Phycocyanin
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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4.1.11 Zeaxanthin
4.1.12 Lycopene
Chapter 5 – Emerging Trends in Applications, Partnerships & Research
5.1 Emerging End Uses for Algae Nutraceuticals
5.2 Prominent Partnerships
5.3 Algae Nutraceuticals – Insights from Past & Ongoing Research
Chapter 6 – Prominent Algae Nutraceuticals Producers
6.1 Detailed Profiles of Prominent Suppliers Categorized by Geography
6.1.1 North America
6.1.2 Europe
6.1.3 Middle East
6.1.4 Asia Pacific
6.1.5 Rest of World
6.2 List of Other Algae Nutraceutical Companies with Brief Profiles
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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Sample Content from the Report (Sample content provided for select chapters to enable prospective buyers appreciate the depth and
breadth of inputs)
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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Chapter Contents
1.1 Production Processes for Key Algae Nutraceuticals
1.1.1 Introduction to Algae
1.1.2 Use of Algae for Nutraceuticals
1.1.3 Algae Nutraceuticals Production
1.1.4 Algae Strains used for each Nutraceutical Product
1.1.5 Composition of Algae Nutraceuticals
=========================SAMPLE CONTENT=========================
Algae Nutraceuticals
Proteins
Spirulina
Chlorella
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
DHA
EPA
Carotenoids and Pigments
Beta Carotene
Astaxanthin
Lutein
Lycopene
Zeaxanthin
Chlorophyll
Phycocyanin
Fucoxanthin
Canthaxanthin
1. Algae Nutraceuticals – Introduction & Production
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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1.1 Production Process
Carotenoids
1. Astaxanthin
Product Ketocarotenoid
Other Current Sources Highest concentration in Wild Pacific sockeye salmon. It is also found in krill, algae, red trout, shrimp, crab and lobster.
Algae Strains Used Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata
Status of Commercialization
Commercialized
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring high-value ketocarotenoid pigment with excellent antioxidant effects
belonging to the xanthophyll group of carotenoids, or the oxygenated carotenoids. The hydroxyl and keto
functional groups present in the ending ionone ring of astaxanthin are responsible for its uniquely powerful
antioxidant activity. They differ from other antioxidants in its ability to penetrate the blood brain and retina
barriers. Therefore, it is believed to protect the brain and nervous system from neurodegenerative diseases
(e.g. cerebral thrombosis and stroke) and aging.
Natural astaxanthin production and commercialization is estimated to be a $1.2 billion annual market. Today,
essentially all commercial astaxanthin for aquaculture is produced synthetically from petrochemical sources,
with an annual turnover of over $200 million, and a selling price of around $2000 per kilogram of pure
astaxanthin. Natural astaxanthin is sold for over $7000 per kg.
Commercial Production of Astaxanthin
Natural astaxanthin is produced in a two-stage culture process and its concentration can reach 1.5% to 4%
of the dry weight.
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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Astaxanthin Production by Haematococcus pluvialis
Challenges in Astaxanthin Production
Although natural sources have long been exploited for astaxanthin production, it is still uncertain if
natural astaxanthin can be produced at lower cost than that of synthetic astaxanthin.
One of the major limitations with the H. pluvialis production system is that the astaxanthin gets
trapped behind thick cells walls, thus complicating the extraction process and the production yields.
Production capacity of H. pluvialis is constrained by its intrinsic slow growth, low cell yield, ease of
contamination by bacteria and protozoa, and susceptibility to adverse weather conditions. These
challenges are magnified as processes are scaled up, and therefore require advanced technology to
control.
H. pluvialis cannot be efficiently cultivated in dark heterotrophic mode, which requires high levels of
irradiance, making the process economically less reasonable.
Green Stage
•Indoor cultivation with a single colony of Haematococusfollowed by outdoor cultivation in PBRs.
•For the maximal prodcution of biomass
Red Stage
•Cells subjected to stress conditions (heavy doses of irradiation and changes in growth media)
•Cells form thick walled cysts
•Synthesize and accumulate astaxanthin in the esterified form.
Product Recovery
•Cell disruption and biomass extraction (Organic solvent mediated extraction)
•Purification
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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1.1.5 Spirulina Composition
Various Proximate Analysis Results of Spirulina (% dry matter)
Component FOI, France SAC Thailand IPGSR, Malaysia
BAU, Bangladesh
Crude Protein 65 55-70 61 60
Soluble carbohydrate
19 - 14 -
Crude Lipid 4 5-7 6 7
Crude FIber 3 5-7
Ash 3 3-6 9 11
Moisture - 4-6 6 9
Nitrogen free extract (NFE)
- 15-20 4 17
Sources: FOI = French Oil Institute; SAC = Siam Algae Co. Ltd; IPGSR = Institute of Post-graduate Studies and Research laboratory, University of Malaya; BAU = Bangladesh Agricultural University
Spirulina contains about 60 % (51–71 %) protein of its dry weight. The protein content varies by 10-15%
according to the time of harvesting in relation to daylight.
Spirulina contain about 15-25 % carbohydrates (dry weight).
In strains of spirulina used, the nucleic acid levels vary from 4.2-6% of dry matter.
Spirulina's lipid content is about 7% by weight, and is rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and also
provides alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), stearidonic acid (SDA), eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA).
Spirulina contains vitamins B1, B2 , B3 , B6 , B9 , vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin A and vitamin E. It is also
a source of potassium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus,
selenium, sodium and zinc.
Spirulina contains many pigments which may be beneficial and bioavailable, including beta
carotene, zeaxanthin, chlorophyll-a, xanthophylls, echinenone, myxoxanthophyll, canthaxanthin,
diatocanthin, 3’-hydroxyechinenone, beta-cryptoxanthin and oscillaxanthin, plus the phycobiliproteins
c-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin.
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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Chapter Contents
2.1 Processes, Cost Components and Equipment for the Three Main Stages of Microalgae Production
2.1.1 Cultivation
2.1.2 Dewatering
2.1.3 Drying
=========================SAMPLE CONTENT=========================
2.1.1 Comparison of Large Scale Systems for Growing Algae
Reactor Type Mixing Light Utilization Efficiency
Temp. Control
Gas Transfer
Hydro Dynamic Stress On Algae
Species Control
Sterility Scale Up
Unstirred Shallow Ponds
V. Poor Poor None Poor V. Low Difficult None Very Difficult
Tanks Poor V. Poor None Poor V. Poor Difficult None Very Difficult
Circular Stirred Pond
Fair Fair - Good None Poor Low Difficult None Very Difficult
Paddle Wheel Raceway
Fair-Good Fair – Good None Poor Low Difficult None Very Difficult
Stirred Tank Reactor
Largely Uniform
Fair - Good Excellent Low-High High Easy Easily Achievable
Difficult
Airlift Reactor Generally Uniform
Good Excellent High Low Easy Easily Achievable
Difficult
Bag Culture Variable Fair-Good Good(Indoors)
Low-High Low Easy Easily Achievable
Difficult
Flat Plate Reactor
Uniform Excellent Excellent High Low-High Easy Achievable Difficult
Tubular Reactor(Serpentine)
Uniform Excellent Excellent Low – High
Low-High Easy Achievable Reasonable
Tubular Reactor (Biocoil)
Uniform Excellent Excellent Low-High Low-High Easy Achievable Easy
2. Microalgae Cultivation & Processing
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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2.1.2 Pros and Cons of Various Harvesting Techniques
Technique Energy inputs Capital investment
Algae concentration (dry)
Other pros/cons
Centrifugation Energy intensive – 0.3 – 8 kWh/m3 depending on operation mode
Efficiency – 95% at 13000 g
High 10 - 22% Suitable for all algae species; high throughput rate achieved
Dissolved air floatation
- High capital and operational cost
7% Species specific, gravity separation process, success depends on instability of suspended particles
Lamellar decanter /sedimentation
- Low 0.5 – 3% Potential for use as a first stage to reduce energy input and cost of subsequent stages
Membrane filtration - - 2 – 27% Not suitable for large scale process, membrane fouling and clogging, suited for large algae cells
Flocculation (auto/chemical)
- - 3 – 8% Autoflocculation – species specific, slow, unreliable; Inorganic/organic flocculants – contamination & bio flocculants costly
Ultrafiltration - High capital and operational costs
1.5 - 4 O&M costs high, reduced algae concentrate due to backwashes, can handle delicate cells
Gravimetric dewatering
- - - -
Screening - Inexpensive - Used for large size algae
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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Chapter Contents
4.1 Current End Uses for Algae Nutraceuticals
4.1.1 Spirulina
4.1.2 Chlorella
4.1.3 Astaxanthin
4.1.4 Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA, DHA)
4.1.5 Beta Carotene
4.1.6 Canthaxanthin
4.1.7 Chlorophyll
4.1.8 Fucoxanthin
4.1.9 Lutein
4.1.10 Phycocyanin
4.1.11 Zeaxanthin
4.1.12 Lycopene
=========================SAMPLE CONTENT=========================
4.1.1 Spirulina
Applications of Spirulina
Spirulina spp. and its processing products are employed in agriculture, food industry, pharmaceutics,
perfumery and medicine. Spirulina has several pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial (including
antiviral and antibacterial), anticancer, metalloprotective (prevention of heavy-metal poisoning against Cd,
Pb, Fe, Hg), as well as immunostimulant and antioxidant effects due to its rich content of protein,
polysaccharide, lipid, essential amino and fatty acids, dietary minerals and vitamins.
The nutritional profile of Spirulina is very effective when combined with a healthy and balanced diet as part
of a preventive strategy for self-care. 1 kg of Spirulina has the same nutrients found in about 1,000 Kg. of
assorted vegetables. Some of the key health benefits of using Spirulina are:
4. Algae Nutraceuticals – End Uses
Boosts the immune system Controls appetite
Improve digestion Keeps a tab on cardiovascular function
Reduce fatigue Helps proper liver and kidney functioning
Build endurance Reduces inflammation and allergies
Detoxifier – cleanses the body Boosts energy levels
Spirulina is also believed to control ailments such as AIDS/HIV, arthritis, athletic nutrition, enhancing natural cleansing and detoxification, supporting cardiovascular function and healthy cholesterol, strengthening the immune system, improving gastrointestinal and
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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4.1.2 Chlorella
Chlorella is one of the most widely studied food supplements in the world. Aside from being the subject of
medical research in the USA, USSR, Germany, Japan, France, England and Israel, Chlorella has been
extensively studied as a food source since it is made up of a whopping 50% protein and is considered a
complete amino acid-based food. Even NASA has studied using chlorella as the one of first whole foods in
space on the international space station!
Studies in Japan have shown chlorella may help reduce body fat percentage and may be useful in fighting
obesity and weight related diabetes. It may also help reduce both cholesterol and hypertension. Chlorella's
cleansing action on your bowel and other elimination channels, as well as its protection of your liver, also
helps promote clean blood. And clean blood helps assure metabolic waste get efficiently carried away from
your tissues
Regular consumption of chlorella provides many health benefits as follows:
Reduced blood pressure and cholesterol levels
Helps prevent cardiovascular disease
Diminishes asthma and allergy symptoms
Helps protect the liver from toxins, including drugs
Binds to toxic heavy metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, uranium, arsenic and helps eliminate them
from your body
Helps control symptoms of ulcerative colitis
Anti-inflammatory properties of chlorella improve arthritis symptoms
Helps in enhancing digestion and bowel function
Promotes growth of colon flora
Improves immune system
Improves skin disorders
Helps in preventing cancers and growth of tumors
Stabilizes blood sugar
Assists in anti-aging efforts
Helps in healing skin wounds
Improves the immune system
Can be selectively used to cure anemia
Helps in aiding weight loss
Other niche uses/benefits include pollution control, where chlorella acts as biofilter - Organic chlorella
reduces mercury contamination efficiently by binding to those toxic ions.
digestive health, reducing cancer risks with antioxidant protection, general and long term health.
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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Chapter Contents
5.1 Emerging End Uses for Algae Nutraceuticals
5.2 Prominent Partnerships
5.3 Algae Nutraceuticals – Insights from Past & Ongoing Research
=========================SAMPLE CONTENT=========================
5.1 Emerging End Uses of Algae Nutraceuticals
Developments in 2017
April - Marine nutraceutical ingredients obtained from algae are finding place in new markets such
as beverage industry. Prinova has partnered with Oceans Omega to use algae DHA for liquid
applications. AstaReal Astaxanthin has said that with a special spray drying process, it is possible to
supply water dispersible AstaReal Astaxanthin powder called P2AF that can be incorporated in
instant beverages.
February - Researchers at the University of Cadiz UCA have collaborated with Technological
Aquaculture Centre (CTAQUA) for a project named EALGA which aims to optimize the harvesting and
cultivation of seaweed in the Bay of Cadiz. As part of the project, the researchers have developed
products which are made with the different types of seaweed collected from the marshes in the Bay
of Cadiz. To make the products attractive to consumers and easily affordable, they have added the
seaweed as a main ingredient.
February - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, which is headquartered in Kochi, India has come
up with a seaweed based nutritional drink. The new product is to be launched soon in Delhi.
The nutritional drink is essentially grape juice mixed with Sargassum, a marine brown seaweed
extract. According to CIFT scientists, edible seaweeds, including Sargassum are rich in natural
antioxidants, dietary polysaccharides, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
The nutraceutical drink does not contain any chemicals, hence it can be stored for six months without
any damage.
January - Holland and Barrett, a health food shop has launched the UK’s first algae based vegan eggs.
The vegan egg which comes in the form of powder can be used to make scrambled eggs, omelettes
and even cakes. Rich in 4.4g of fibre per serving and naturally high amounts of healthy fats, amino
acids and micro-nutrients, the vegan egg has half the calories of hen’s eggs. The product has been
on sale for a while in US but recently, Holland and Barrett has brought it to the British Streets.
5. Emerging Trends in Applications, Partnerships & Research
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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5.2 Prominent Partnerships
Partnerships Established in 2016 November – Cellana and PIVEG announced that they have signed a letter of intent for the joint
development and commercialization of Omega-3 oils and other high-value applications from algae
biomass.
May - Algae.Tec announced the signing of an exclusive supply agreement with Gencor, a leading
worldwide supplier of health supplements through its worldwide operations and group companies.
The supply agreement gives Gencor the exclusive rights to buy all of the algae oil and powders
produced by the Algae.Tec plant in Cummings, Georgia, for nutraceutical applications.
April - United Natural Products Alliance (UNPA) has entered a new Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU) partnership with the Natural Algae Astaxanthin Association (NAXA). As part of the formal
agreement, NAXA will work with UNPA to advance the state of natural algal astaxanthin dietary
supplement education, research, safety and quality, both nationally and internationally.
March - Astaxanthin supplier Algatechnologies has partnered with NaturaExtracta to distribute its
product AstaPure astaxanthin in Mexico for the first time. The product will be sold to companies in
the dietary supplements, cosmetics and personal care market.
February - Matrix Genetics and Proterro have announced a partnership to produce high value
nutritional products in Spirulina. Matrix will develop the Spirulina strains and Proterro will grow
these strains on their proprietary production system.
January - Frutarom Industries Ltd. signed an agreement to invest in Algalo Industries Ltd. Frutarom
will invest a total of NIS 10 million (approx. US$ 2.6 million) in exchange for the allocation of 50% of
Algalo shares to build a modern biotechnology facility that will specialize in cultivation, harvesting
and processing algae using advanced methods.
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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Chapter Contents
6.1 Detailed Profiles of Prominent Suppliers Categorized by Geography
6.1.1 North America
Cyanotech
Sun Chlorella
Cellana
Aurora Algae
Martek Biosciences
Earthrise Nutritionals
Valensa International
C.B.N Spirulina Canada Co., Ltd
Bioprocess Algae
Cargill
Terravia (Solazyme)
6.1.2 Europe
DSM NV
BM Energy Group and AstaNovo AS
CO2BIO
Allmicroalgae
6.1.3 Middle East
Qualitas Health
AlgaTechnologies
6.1.4 Asia Pacific
3W Botanical
Parry Nutraceuticals
Hydrolina Biotech
AstaReal AB
Australian Spirulina
Amicogen
BGG
Febico
FEMICO
Yaeyama Chlorella
Yigeda Bio-Technology
6.1.5 Rest of World
6.2 List of Other Algae Nutraceutical Companies with Brief Profiles
Algaecytes
Algisys
Ascenta Health
6. Prominent Algae Nutraceuticals Producers
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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Ayanda AS
Beijing Leili
Biotivia
Fenchem Biotek Ltd
Fuqing King Dnarmsa Spirulina
Gong Bih Enterprise
Green-A
Guangdong Runke Bioengineering Co Ltd
Jingzhou Natural Astaxanthin Inc.
JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation
Kunming Biogenic Co., Ltd.
MC Biotech
Nordic Naturals
NOW Foods
Pigmentos Naturales SA
Piveg
Polaris
Seven Seas Ltd
Shandong Wefirst Biotechnology Co Ltd
Shandong Enkang
Solutex GC, S.L.
Source-Omega LLC
Supreme Biotechnologies NZ Ltd
Taiwan Chlorella Manufacturing Company
Tianjin Norland Biotech
Unived
Vedan
Wilson
Wudi Luqi Biological Engineering
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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=========================SAMPLE CONTENT=========================
6.1 Detailed Profiles of Prominent Suppliers Categorized by Geography
Cyanotech
Headquartered at - Hawaii, USA
Main Line of Activity - Microalgae natural products
Company Profile
Cyanotech develops and commercializes natural products from microalgae. The company is currently
producing microalgae products for the nutritional supplement and immunological diagnostics markets in
addition to microalgae-based products and food coloring markets.
Algae Nutraceutical Products
Spirulina Pacifica® (a select strain of Spirulina platensis)
BioAstin (Hawaiian Astaxanthin)
Technology Employed
Cyanotech’s microalgae is cultured in shallow, open ponds (approximately 20 cm deep) adjacent to the
Pacific Ocean. A combination of fresh water and supplemental deep ocean water is used to fill the ponds.
The other major components required for growing Spirulina Pacifica are food-grade baking soda (sodium
bicarbonate) and carbon dioxide. Food grade fertilizers are used and the deep sea water is added as a rich
source of minerals and trace elements. Paddle wheels agitate the water, ensuring even exposure of the algae
to the sun for optimal growth and nutritional value.
Highlights
Cyanotech’s BioAstin product was the first source of astaxanthin for human nutrition reviewed
by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Hawaiian Spirulina is the only cultured microalgae grown with ultra pure deep ocean water as a
source of minerals and trace elements. The deep ocean water is pumped up from a depth of
2000 feet, supplying magnesium, calcium, and every trace element.
Comprehensive Algae Nutraceuticals Report
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The Price of the Report is US$ 1500
Oilgae’s Other Acclaimed Reports
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Treatment
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