Composting Manure September 2007 ENTSC Manure Management Team Net Meeting #1
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Transcript of Composting Manure September 2007 ENTSC Manure Management Team Net Meeting #1
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Composting ManureComposting ManureSeptember 2007September 2007
ENTSCENTSCManure Management TeamManure Management Team
Net Meeting #1Net Meeting #1
Composting is the controlled Composting is the controlled aerobic biological conversion aerobic biological conversion
of manure and other of manure and other agricultural wastes into a agricultural wastes into a
stable material.stable material.
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Composting RulesComposting Rules
C:N from 25:1 to 40:1
Moisture ~ 40 to 65%
Oxygen > 5 ppm
Temperature 130-160 oF for total of 5 days
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Why do it? Dry matter/volume reduction ~
50%
Cheaper transportation
Land apply at farmer’s convenience
Reduced odor
Reduces fly and disease problems
Enables P removal from farm
Can help manage storage capacity
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What’s in the pile?What’s in the pile?
High-nitrogen material [“greens”]—
Manure– Dairy, beef, horse, poultry, swineManure– Dairy, beef, horse, poultry, swine
Hatchery waste– shells, washing, rejectsHatchery waste– shells, washing, rejects
Food processing waste (vegetable or fruit) Food processing waste (vegetable or fruit)
Fish processing wasteFish processing waste
• High carbon material [“browns”]---• Yard trimmings, leaves, woodchipsYard trimmings, leaves, woodchips• Sawdust, shavings, straw, old hay, seed Sawdust, shavings, straw, old hay, seed cleaning wastecleaning waste• Shredded Paper and Un-waxed CardboardShredded Paper and Un-waxed Cardboard
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Controlled
aerobic
biological
decomposition
BIOLOGBIOLOGYY
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The processPsychrophilic---Mesophilic---Thermophilic
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Psychrophilic-mesophilic--Psychrophilic-mesophilic-- Microbes multiply exponentially; give off heat; pile warms up.
Thermophilic or “hot” phaseThermophilic or “hot” phase ---- Bacteria consume ‘easy’ food; pile heats rapidly; H2O, heat, CO2 given off in large amounts.
Cool-down – Microbes run out of food and/or oxygen; pile cools; may be re-activated by turning, introducing air, and/or adding water.
Curing – At ambient temps; actinomycetes and fungi multiply; slow breakdown of cellulose & lignins. Humic compounds form. Mineralization of N to NO3.
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Bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi
How to eat something bigger than you are…..
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Respiration Oxygen in – bugs oxidize carbon sources
Energy used to build cellsEnergy used to build cells
CO2 and heat outCO2 and heat out
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Starters & Inoculants—do you really need them?
~Microbes & Enzymes ~Lime & fertilizer ~ Foo-foo dust~ No need for steamed worms!
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Windrows-turning
METHODMETHODSS
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Passive aeration, Vermont
Forced aeration, Idaho
Continuous turning, Supersoils, NC
Composting under roof
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Compost sausage, Alberta CA
Tidy horse manure managementLayering dead chicks in forced air bin
Caged layer droppings
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Tower system in the UK
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Is a few days enough?
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Composting bedded pack dairy barn, MN, is tilled twice a day
Pigs in hoop structure
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESRunoff & Leachate
•Phosphorus•Nitrogen•Pathogens
Air Emissions•Odor•Ammonia
•Methane, CO2, N2O
•Dust [particulates & pathogens]
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Phosphorus
It’s still theeeere……
Concentration increases because volume decreases
P taken into bug bodies, inorganic converted to organic
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Nitrogen Loss Some ammonia will be
produced
Volatilization rate depends on pH, temperature, rate of air exchange
Why we care:
•Particulates
•Health issues
•Atmospheric deposition in surface water systems
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Carbon Loss
CO2 major product of bio activity
Loss of carbon cause of volume and mass loss in pile
Rate of C conversion depends on C:N balance, oxygen, bio activity
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Pathogens
~ Attenuation during composting
~ Never say never…. There is always some risk
~ Minimizing risk: get it all hot, get it hot long enough, let it age
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Odor
~ Why does it smell?
~ Odor reduction
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CH4, CO2, N2O
While these are greenhouse gases, they could occur when
raw manure is land applied-- just a slower delivery.
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Planning Considerations
Solids separation / drying / mixingMaterial transportMachinery movementSpace LaborDrainage Fire preventionMaintenance
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I’ve got compost--- now what?
Using compost on-farm BeddingBedding Soil amendment/fertilizerSoil amendment/fertilizer
Marketing Local, casual marketsLocal, casual markets Competing with the big boysCompeting with the big boys Screening, packaging, etc.Screening, packaging, etc. Making other productsMaking other products
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Where to go for more info…
http://www.info.usda.gov/CED/ftp/CED/neh637-http://www.info.usda.gov/CED/ftp/CED/neh637-ch02.pdfch02.pdf [Chapter 2, National Engineering [Chapter 2, National Engineering
Handbook]Handbook]http://www.ams.usda.gov/NOP/indexIE.htmhttp://www.ams.usda.gov/NOP/indexIE.htm [USDA [USDA
National Organic Program]National Organic Program]
Bill Boyd – Bill Boyd – [email protected]@gnb.usda.gov or 336-370-3334or 336-370-3334
Manure Management Information Sheets: Manure Management Information Sheets: #1- Composting Manure-What Goes on in the Dark#1- Composting Manure-What Goes on in the Dark
#2 – Managing for Better Compost#2 – Managing for Better Compost#3 – Composting Bedded Pack Barns#3 – Composting Bedded Pack Barns