SETS: Stand Eva uation Too

Composite Volume and Value Tables bov Hardwood Pulpwood

USBA FOREST SERVlCE RESEARCH PAPER NE-338 1376

FGREST SERVICE U. S. DEi 'hRTMEbIT Oc I.G",ICI'I'"JilE PdORTHEPiSTERN FCREST E X F E R r WENT S;PyIOY

MAPKET STREET G P P E R BARB'< FA. i"iCIS2 F. BRYAY CLARK, STATION DIRECTOR

T HIS IS ONE of a series of papers designed to help the forester estimate the value of timber stailcis, IVe call these papers SETS -

Stand Ekaluation Tools. The first three papers are being published concurrentt). They are:

SETS I, AX lYDlVlDV4L-TREE APPR01CH TO ;IfhKTXG S T A S D EVALV-

~rro-is (t'SDA Forest Service Researell Paper NE-33B), which describes a metl~od for using individt~al tree v&klues to make stand evalt~atinns.

SETS If, TREE VAL= COYtERflOZ' STAVDARDS FOR II?iRD\Vi1;00D SAW-

T I ~ ~ B E R (tiSL)iZ Forest Serr ice Re(;eareh Paper NE-337 ), which provides valr~es for it~dividual sawtimber trees.

SETS 111. COXIPOSITE: XOLLIIE: ilm ~'.=Lc'E TABLES FOR WARL-I\~OOD

PULPTVOOD i VSDA Forest Service Research Paper KE-333). which pro- vides values for indikriduat growing-stock trees.

The Authors

PAVL S. DeBALD is a research forester with the Xortbeastern Forest Experimerit Station's seconrnics project in Delawtlre, Ohio, where he specializes in forest tree and stand evaluation. '

JOSEPH J. XIENDEL, principal economist, received his bachelor of seicnee degree in forestry from the 'C"ni1ersity of hliehigar~ in 1941, and hir ma\ter" degree arid Ph.D, in ctgrieultural ecorzornic5 from Ohio State Cniver5ity in 1963 and 2965 respecti-vc.1~. He also studied at the tini- vcrsit) of t?tTia;eiinsin and tile Lini\ersity of Cincinnati. EIe joined the Xurtheastern Forcit Experinlent Station in 1946, working first on forest surteys, and i r r 19.72 trarlsferrcd to the Ur;lshington l g c e of the Forest Service as a photo interpretation specialist in tl:c Ditision of Forest Ec,,tlomies. After 6 )ears in Washingtori be accepted a positior~ as re- searoll forester with the Central States Forest Experiment Station at Coltrmbuc, Ohio, and in f 966 trarzsferred to the Northeastern Statitrn rvflrere he is now a specialist in forest ecclno~nies at the Station's research unit in Delau-are, Ohio.

~ ~ A K C S G R I I Y T RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATIOS 20 FEBRUARY 1975

SETS: Stand Evaluation Tools.

Ill. Composite Volume and Value Tables for Hardwood Pulpwood

ABSTRACT This paper presents 38 composite volume and value tables for hard-

wood pulpwood. Values are given for multiples of commonly used bolt lengths - 4, 5, and 8 feet - and may be applied, generally, to standing trees of all hardwood species. The volume tables resemble closely the Lake States Composite Volume Tables, but extend them to other units of measure: cubic feet, tons, cubic meters, and metric tons. The value tables give dollar values for individual trees at a wide range of pulp- wood prices. Both sets of tables may be used with either entire trees or the pulpwood portions of sawtimber trees. Examples of such applications are provided.

INTRODUCTION

THIS PAPER has three purposes :

( 1 ) to expand the usefulness of the Lake States Composite Volume Tables (Gevor- kiantx a%d Olsen 1 9 5 5 ) .

( 2 ) to provide a set of tree-value tables for pulpwood.

( 3 ) to serve as a companion paper to TREE VALUE CONVERSION STANDARDS FOR HARD-

WOOD SAWTIMBER, and AN INDIVIDUAL- TREE APPROACH TO MAKING STAND EVAL-

UATIONS, which are being published con- currently,

As Volume Tables

The Lake States Composite Volume Tables are widely used in the eastern United States because, being composite tables, they can be applied to the average run of timber, regard- less of species (Beers 1964, iwyers 1 9 7 2 ) . This is important in diverse eastern forests. But the Lake States Tables, as originally published, have a drawback : they may require considerable interpolation (Ek 197'1 ) .

Efforts have been made to overcome this drawback. Beers and Ek offer volume equa- tions for expanding several of the Lake States Tables with either a desk calculator or a computer. The Forest Service has published look-up volume tables based on the Lake States Tables: Region 9 CFI Newsletters 129 and 131 ( USDA Forest Service 1964, 1 9 6 5 ) .

In this paper we further extend the Lake States Composite Volume Tables by interpo- lating values for 4- and 5-foot bolt 1engt;hs and converting them into various measures of volume and weight: cords, cubic feet, cubic meters, Lons, and metric tons, We made the

metric conversions to provide a crosswalk htween English and metric units within the Lake States Tables.

Value Tables

A hardwood tree's value as pulpwood usually depends on its volurne, seldom on its species, so the Lake States Composite Volume Tables provide an excellent base for convert- ing tree volumes to standing tree values. All that is needed is to multiply the composite tree volumes by appropriate stumpage values. But this is a tedious and costly operation, one that could discourage a potential user. TiYe elected to lighten the user's job by making a number of such conversions for him, using our extended volume tables and a wide range of stumpage values per cord. The resulting composite value tables give individual tree values for pulpwood on the stump a t various stumpage prices. These value tables can be applied, generally, to all hardwood species.

Companion Tables

In recent years, Forest Service scientists have published a series of papers dealing with the rates of value increase for most of the important hardwood species. In the course of deriving rates of value increase, tree value conversion standards had to be calculated. That work has been summarized in TREE VALUE CONVmSION STANDmDS FOR HARDWOOD

SAWTIXBER which is being published concur- rently with this paper and which presents tree value conversion shndards for 12 species by butt log grade; dbh, and merchanlable height ( M e ~ d e l , DeBald, and Dale 1976) . The standards can be used in estimating the values and in evaluating the development of either individual sawtimber trees or the saw- timber portions of forest stands. The pulp-

wood tree values that we present here can be combined with those sawtimber standards to estimate the timber value of entire forest stands and to evaluate their development over time. This is discussed in a third paper- AN INDIVIDUAL-TWE APPROACH TO MAKING STAND EVALUATIONS - which is also h i n g published concurrently (DeBaZd and ivendel 1976).

APPLICATIONS

The composite volurne tables given here may be read directly. They may also be used to estimate the pulpwood volumes in the up- per stems of small sawtimber trees, although applying these composite tables to merchant- able heights that are measured above forks or large branches will lead to overestimation

Method of volumes. Take, for example, a 14-inch tree whose

The composite vo~ume tables in 'appendix sawlog portion contains two 16-foot logs and A were generated with the following equa- whose upper stem contains one 8-foot pulp tion : bolt. If i t were used strictly for pulpwood,

volume in cords =

where : D =dbh (in inches) and H -- merchantable height (in feet)

to a variable $-inch top. This equation is an adaptation of the one that Beers derived to approximate Lake States Composite Volume Table Number 6.

Cord volumes were converted to other units of measure by multiplying them by the fol-' lowing factors :

(a) 79, for cubic feet (b) 2.25, for tons of soft hardwoods (c) 2.50, for tons of hard hardwoods (d ) 2.212, for cubic meters (e) 2.04, for metric tons of soft hardwoods ( f ) 2.27, for metric tons of hard hardwoods Soft hardwoods include such species as

basswood, yellow-poplar, aspen, cottonwood, willow, and soft maple. Hard hardwoods in- clude such species as oak, hickory, hard maple, and beech.

The composite value tables (appendix B) were cornputed by applying dollar values to the cord volumes.

that tree's gross volume would be ,323 cords - the volume of a 14-inch tree with a 40- foot merchantable height (table 1 ) . The vol- ume of the sawlog portion is 276 cords - the volume of a 14-inch tree with a 32-foot merchantable height. The volume of the up- per stem would thus bea .047 cords - the difference between .323 eords and .276 cords.

The composite value tables make it possible to look up pulpwood values for individual trees, which may be either gross values on the stump (stumpage values) or net values a t any processing stage from stump to mill- yard (conversion values).

Finding a tree's stumpage value is easy. Just look up the tree's dbh and merchantable height in the appropriate pulpwood value table. Tables for a wide range of stumpage prices, from $1 to $25 per cord, are provided in appendix B.

Finding a tree's conversion value takes a n additional step. First, take the value of pulp- wood a t some point in its processing (a price a t roadside may be convenient) ; say, for example, $12 per cord. From that subtract the estimated costs of processing the p~llp- M ~ O O ~ to that point - felling, bucking, lirnb- ing, and skidding. Here, say the cost is $10 per cord. The difference, in this case $2, be- tween the pulpw~ood price a t roadside and the costs of getting the pulpwood there may be used as a base for estimating individual tree values. So, in this example, we would estimate conversion values for individual trees by using table 19 for a stumpage value of $2 per cord.

To estimak the value of pulpwood bolts in the upper stems of sad imber trees, we would use a n approach similar to the one we used to estimate the pulpwood volume in the upper stem of a 14-inch tree. So, let's look again a t that same tree: a 14-inch tree that contains two 16-foot sawlogs, topped with one %foot pulp bolt. If pulphvood stumpage were $2.50 per cord, the tree's upper stem would be worth $0.12 (table 21). This is the difference in value between a 14-inch tree that has 40 feet of merchantable height ($0.81) and one that has 32 feet of merchantable height ($0.69).

As noted earlier, the composite pulpwood values can be used in conjunction with saw- timber conversion standards to estimate the timber values of entire forest stands and evaluate their development. When used to- gether, the pulpwood and sawtimber values cover the entire range of merchantable diam- eters in a stand and reflect timber values in terms of the two most common timber products.

Many small sawtimber trees lack quality- just because of their small diameters - and will yield little value as 4/4 lumber. For some, even, conversion costs would exceed their lumber value. Many of these trees have more value as pulpwood, so it is important to be able to assign pulpwood values to small sawtimber trees, if for no other reason than to avoid working with negative tree value conversio~l standards.

To integrate pulpwood values with saw- timber value standards, we can simply com- pare the appropriate value tables and assign individual trees the higher of the two product values. The crossover point between pulpwood value and sawtimber value will vary with species, pulpwood and lumber prices, con- version costs, tree size, and tree quality.

We can also add a refinement by combining products in a single tree. Let's take the 14- inch sample tree that we have been using and, this time, say that it is a red oak with a Grade 2 butt log. We can combine pulpwood and lumber values for this tree as follows :

Pulpwood Pulpwoods Lumberb and

only only lumber combined

Sawlog portion (32') $0.69 $4.40 $4.40 Upper stem ( 8') .I2 - .I2

Total (40') .81 4.40 4.52

Table 21. b From TREE VALUE CONVERSION STANDARDS FOR

HARDWOOD SAWTIMBER.

This procedure can be used in hand compu- tations, such as cut and leave tallies, by look- ing up the values directly. It can also be in- corporated into computerized inventory sys- tems in much the same way as volume tables are. Either way, it can be applied both to individual tree tallies and to stand tables. The resulting values can then be totaled to obtain stand summaries.

LITERATURE CITED

Beers, T. W. 1964. COMPOSITE HARDWOOD VOLUME TABLES. Pur- due Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 787, 12 p.

DeBald, Paul S,, and Joseph J. Mendel. 1976. AN IKDIVIDUAL-TREE APPROACH TO MAKING STAND EVALUATIONS. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-336, 13 p.

Ek, Alan R,

Mendel, Joseph J., Paul S. DeBald, and Martin E. Dale.

1976. TREE-VALUE CONVERSION STANDARDS FOR HARD- WOOD SAWTIMBER. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE- 337, 74 p., illus.

Myers, Charles C. 1972. CUBIC-FOOT TREE VOLUME EQUATIONS USED I N VERMONT. Univ. Vt. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 668, 5 p.

1971. FORMUUS F'OR T H E TOTAL CUBIC FOOT VOLUME USDA ~~~~~t service, ~~~i~~ 9, TABLE FROM B U L L m I N 1104, Univ, ini'is, For. Res. Note 154, 3 p. 1964. LOOK-UP VOLUME TABLE, INTERNATIONAL. CFI

Newsl. 129, 16 p. . - Gevorkiantz, S. R., and L. P. Olsen.

1955, COMPOSITE VOLUME TABLES FOR TIMBER AND USDA Forest Service, Region 9. THEIR APPLICATION IN T H E LAKE STATES. USDA 1965. LOOK-UP VOLUME TABLE, CORDWOOD. CFI Tech. Bull. 1104, 51 p. Newsl. 131, 19 p.

APPENDIX A Pulpwood Volumes

Tab Ee

1, 2 Gross volume in cords 3 , 4 p F

' 9 " cubic feet 5, 6 '?

5 ? " cubic meters

7, 8 " "weight ' ' t on s for soft hardwoods 9, 10 " ? '

" tons for hard hardwoods 11, 12 '" 9 9 " metric tons for soft hardwoods

13, 14 " 97

" metric tons for hard hardtvoods

All volumes are to top diameters that are variable, but not less than 4.0 inches.

Odd-numbered tables are for 4-foot merchantable lengths.

Even-numbered tables are for 5-foot merchant-able lengths.

Ta

ble

2.

- G

ross

vo

lum

e in

co

rds

Dbh

M

erch

anta

ble

hei

gh

t in

fee

t --

(in

ches

) 10

15

20

2 5

30

3 5

40

45

50

55

60

65

Tabl

e 3.

- Gr

oss

vo

lum

e in

cu

bic

fe

et

Dbh

(i

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s)

Mer

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le h

eigh

t in

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t

Tabl

e 6.

- G

ross

vol

ume

in c

ub

ic m

eter

s

Dbh

Inch

es

Cen

ti-

met

ers

Mer

chan

tabl

e he

ight

in

feet

(fi

rst l

ine)

and

met

ers

(sec

ond

line

) ----

.------- 1

0

15

20

2

5 3 0

3 5

40

45

5 0

55

60

66

Tabl

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-G

ross

w

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t. in

ton

s fo

r so

ft h

ardw

oods

Dbh

M

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anta

ble

heig

ht i

n fe

et

(inc

hes)

-----

8

12

1

6

20

24

2 8

32

36

40

44

48

52

5 6

60

64

Tab

le

8. - Gro

ss w

eig

ht

in f

ans

for

soft

har

dwoo

ds

Dbh

N

ereh

anta

ble

heig

ht i

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et

(inc

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1

0

15

20

2 5

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Tabl

e 9.

- Gr

oss

wei

gh

t in

ton

s fo

r h

ard

har

dw

oo

ds

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anta

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heig

ht i

n f

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---"--

(inc

hes)

8

12,

16

20

24

28

32

3 6

40

44

48

52

56

60

64

Tabl

e 10

. - Gr

oss

wei

gh

t in

ton

s fo

r h

ard

har

dw

oo

ds

Dbh

M

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anta

ble

hei

gh

t in

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t P

P

(inc

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10

15

20

25

30

3 5

40

45

50

55

60

65

I O C C W N C O O ~ a n m a n m o a m w 0 m t - q o 0 4 d 0 0 W a * a a w 00FIawCrJ y * ~ q V?YY* 9 t ~ n 9 e v x ~ 0 d ddddd

Tabl

e 12

. - Gro

ss w

eigh

* in

met

ric

+ons

fo

r so

ft. h

ardw

oods

Dbh

M

erch

anta

ble

heig

ht in

fee

t (f

irst

line

) an

d m

eter

s (s

econ

d li

ne)

Cen

ti-

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

56

60

65

Inch

es

met

ers

3.05

4.

57

6.10

7.

62

9.14

10

.67

12.1

9 13

.72

15.2

4 16

.76

18-2

9 19

.81

Tabl

e 13

. - Gr

oss

wei

ght

in m

elri

c to

ns f

or h

ard

har

dwoo

ds

-

-

Dbh

M

erch

anta

ble

heig

ht i

n fe

et (

firs

t lin

e) a

nd m

eter

s (s

econ

d li

ne)

------

-- 8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

40

44

48

52

5 6

60

---"--

64

Inch

es

-

2.44

3.

66

4.88

6.

10

7.32

8.

53

9.75

10

.97

12.1

9 13

.41

14.6

3 15

.85

17.0

7 18

.29

19.5

1

APPENDIX Pulpwood Values

Table 15, 16 17, 18 19, 20 21, 22 23, 24 25, 26 27, 28 29, 30 31, 32 33, 34 35, 36 3'7, 38

Pulpwood values a t $1.00 per cord 11 ? ?

" 1.50 " "

9 9 1? '? 2-00 " "

? ? 11 '' 2.50 " " 9 9 , 9

" 3.00 " "

f ? 1, " 4.00 " "

9 7 7 ? " 5.00 " "

9 9 9 9 " 7.50 " "

,? 9 , " 10.00 " "

t ? ? f '? 15.00 " "

,? 9 9 " 20.00 " "

1 ? 9) " 25.00 " "

All values are to top diameters that are variable, but not less than 4.0 inches. Odd-numbered tables are for 4-foot merchantable lengths. Even-numbered tables are for 5-foot merchantable lengths.

Tab

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(i

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Tab

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22. - Pu

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Tabl

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per

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tabl

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in f

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------

(inc

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12

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u"

Ta

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33

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Tab

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a+ $

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Dbh

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(in

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10

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35

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i i 1x3 'qq;qg %gqqq C O N MWrnCDc- 00Q)ONcrg W C D W O N

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Ta

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-

- -- - - ---

--- --

- --

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---

--

- - --

-

1 0

15

2 0

25

3 0

3 5

40

4 5

50

55

60

6 5

Headquarters of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station are in Upper Darby, Pa. Field laboratories and research units are maintained at:

9 Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts.

9 Beltsville, Maryland. 8 Berea, Kentucky, in cooperation with Berea College. 9 Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University of

Vermont, Delaware, Ohio,

(b Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of New Hampshire, Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University.

@ Kingston, Pennsylvania, Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West Vir- ginia University, Morgantown.

8 Orono, Maine, in cooperation with the University of Maine, Orono, Parsons, West Virginia.

@ Pennington, New Jersey.

@ Princeton, West Virginia. @ Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State University

of New York College of Environmental Sciences and Forest- ry at Syracuse University, Syracuse.

QI Warren, Pennsylvania,