YoungSu, Sonindigoguru@gmail.com

Microsoft MVP

EvaCast LeaderDevpia Architecture Sysop

EvaCast (http://www.EvaCast.net)

Motivation

Composite Message Pattern

Focus on organizing the communication infrastructure used by components. Communication overhead is minimized. Be Easy added or removed with minimal

change.

When use marshaling / un-marshaling between components

Motivation (cont’d)

DataData

LayerLayer

Composite MessageComposite Message

MessagesMessages

UnMarshalinUnMarshalingg

MarshalingMarshaling

LayerLayer

Decomposite Decomposite MessageMessage

DispatchingDispatching

Motivation (cont’d)

Seed Paper

Composite Messages :

A Structural Pattern for Communication

between Components,

Aamod Sane, Roy Campbell,

In OOPSLA’ 95 Workshop on Design Patterns

for Concurrent, Distributed, and Parallel Object-Oriented Systems, 1995.”

Agenda Background Information

Problems Solution Applicability Diagram (Static / Dynamic) Benefits and Drawbacks

Implementation Sample Code and Usage Known Use Variations Related Patterns

Composite Pattern

Factory Method Pattern

Refactoring Introduce Parameter Object

You have a group of parametersthat naturally go together.

Refactoring

Preserve Whole Object You are getting several

values from an object and passing these values as parameters in a method call.int low = daysTempRange().getLow();int high = daysTempRange().getHigh();

withinPlan = plan,withinRange(low,high);withinPlan = plan,withinRange(daysTempRange());

Networked System

Forces Reflexibility

Packet Layout must be immune to addition and removal of layers.

Message Composition/Decomposition Packet Layout has to simplify marshalling,

fragmentation, reassembly, and unmarshalling of packets.

Efficient Memory Management Memory Management should be Efficient.

Virtual File System

Fault

Address Address SpaceSpace

(Page Table)(Page Table)ReadRead

Communicate

Communicate

Com

munic

aC

om

munic

atete

Page-FramePhysical Page

Disk BlockFile

Contents

Virtual File System (cont’d)

If this interaction is implemented using simple method call, the methods end up with

too many parameters and complex control flow. Resulting in programs that are brittle and hard to

change.

Thus, Simplify the interaction,

We have to package all the information. Introduce Parameter Object Preserve Whole Object

Virtual File System (cont’d)

Forces

Efficient Memory Management. Memory Management for communicate data

should be simple and efficient

Reflexibility If new components are added or exiting one

removed.Any changes to the set of components should be localized

Distributed Virtual System

Loosely Coupled Component Problem

Reflexibility Message Composition/Decomposition Efficient Memory Management

Loosely Coupled Component Solution

Create a standard interaction protocol.

Example Packet object defines method

for adding and removing headers and payload,

query packet size, and so on.

Loosely Coupled Component

Loosely Coupled Component

DataData

LayerLayer

pushPacket() callspushPacket() calls

makeHeader() / makeHeader() / marshal()marshal() MessagesMessages

UnMarshalinUnMarshalingg

MarshalingMarshaling

LayerLayer

popPacket() callspopPacket() calls

headerSize() / headerSize() / unmarshalunmarshal

DispatchingDispatching

Loosely Coupled System

CM helps with Efficient Memory Management CM is possible to query

each networking layer for the size of header.

CM will add, and allocate the memory all at once.

Reduces allocation overhead

as well as allocator heap fragmentation.

Loosely Coupled System

Message Composition/Decompositon Message Object can easy organize

DataSets DataSets = header + packet(payload)

It is easier to fragment the message for transmission and to later reassemble it.

Tightly Coupled System

Problem Avoid many parameters passing Complex Control Flow

Tightly Coupled System

Solution Reify the parameters passed into a single parameter

object Object is a “Message” specific to the interaction. Object provide simple methods

that support some parameter manipulation (e.g. RangeCheck).

Simplifies Memory Management Just passing a single pointer to the object instead of the

raw parameters

Localizing the parameter passing into a single object Makes it easy to assess the effect of adding or removing

components.

Static Participants Loosely Coupled System Tightly Coupled System

Dynamic Participants

Static Participants #1 - loosely Coupled System

Component

Generate a Message

Add or Remove other DataSets.

Marshal and fragment a message

Unmarshal and reassemble message

Message

Message is Composite that can contain other DataSets.

Defines standard method add and remove DataSets. Determine the sizes. Marshalling, unmarshalling, fragmentation, reassembly

DataSet and DataSetInterface

DataSet Each Layer generate DataSet. Real Data DataSet may be added or removed from a

Message.

DataSetInterface A Common Interface for DataSet and Message

Static Participants #2 - Tightly Coupled System

Component

Generate Parameter Object

Get and Set Parameter Info through Get()/Set()

Parameter Object

Encapsulates Parameters Provide high lever access to parameters get() and set() functions.

Know how to marshal() and unmarshal()

Dynamic Participants

Benefits

Loosely Coupled System Decouples Components by abstraction the

communication structure

Overcome Heterogeneous Environment. Define a meta-object protocol between the basic

code of a system and the communication meta-system.

Tightly Coupled System ParameterObject localizes components

interactions.

Drawbacks

The complete standard protocol for Message may be overly general for some application

ParameterObject entails considerable bookkeeping

overhead

CM pattern has several distinct implementation depending on Nature of System and

Expected System Performance

Tightly Coupled Components

Nature Usually interact by parameter passing.

To avoid long parameter lists, We encapsulate the parameters into a ParameterObject.

Parameter Object may support methods that provide a higher level access to parameters.

Instead of Timestamp value, Parameter object support operation such as isMessageOlder();

Tightly Coupled Components

Main Issue

Loosely Coupled Components

Nature Loosely Coupled Components communicate

by constructing message that are composite of DataSets.

To Implement Composite Message Pattern Link all DataSet together Create a layout suitable for network transmission Network Transmission Involves

Marshaling, Fragmentation, Unmarshaling and Reassembly.

Loosely Coupled Components The following Steps Show how to construct a composite message

suitable for network transmission and reception.

Loosely Coupled Components Step #1 - Composition using Linked List.

The simple way to implement CM pattern links all the data set into a lined list

If system supports Distributed Object, It would be possible to directly send and receive the

linked list object.

Loosely Coupled Components Step #2 – Marshaling with minimal memory usage.

To Allocate sufficient storage. Queries each recipient for the size of header and payload.

Extend header Each header points to the header of the next DataSet DataSet = Header + Payload.

Loosely Coupled Components Step #3 – Fragments and Headers

Simple allocation based on total size may not be sufficient. In real world, Message is too big! So We need Fragmentation, Reassembly

For message fragmentation, Use Header and Payload.

Loosely Coupled Components Step #3 – Fragment and Headers

Purpose of Header.

Payload may vary in size. Don’t want to encode size limit in our

code.

Loosely Coupled Components Step #3 – Fragment and Headers

To use header, need following preconditions.

Header that describes format are also required for packet send across the network .

Header have to be situated at the beginning of the packet .

The location of the header in the marshaled message may be mandated by networking protocol requirements.

Header format must be known to the receiver Receiver can determine the format of the payload simply

by looking ah the header.

Loosely Coupled Components Step #3 – Fragment and Headers

Fragment

H/W

Decomposed into Fragment.

Loosely Coupled Components Step #3 – Fragment and Headers

Fragment ( Decide Message Sequence )

Decomposed into Fragment.

Fragment Header have ID (identify location info). Replicate Message (Protocol) Header for each Frag Header. Message Header is filled in by actual protocol.

TCP, IP, raw ethernet, fddi and so on.

Loosely Coupled Components Step #3 – Fragment and Headers

Fragment ( Padding - Avoid splitting header info )

Decomposed into Fragment.

Header define payload format (especially payload size). It is prudent to avoid splitting any headers of DataSets. We need decriptors for header.

We pad the payload so that fragmentation boundaries occur on payload rather

than headers.

Splitting

Loosely Coupled Components Step # 4 – Reassembly

Receive Message sent by sender Just Extract Payload (ignoring headers and padding)

Because the size of padding , Untill all fragments arrive

Reassembly Message We Indicate the format of a fragment using auxiliary headers. Auxiliary Header just have information about Splitting Information

(Padding ..)

Choices (Distributed Virtual Memory) Operating System To Implement DVM,

we have to take contents of pages and ship them across the network.

For efficiency, DVM system use its own network protocol stack that supports fragmentations, reassembly, and reliable packet transfer.

The Stack can operate top of raw network like TCP/IP stack.

Since, Protocol Stack is customized for DVM Tightly Couple the stack layer. Communicate using Parameter Object.

DVMMessage Code

Class DVMMessage{ /* Network Protocol Header */ //Leave space for Underlying Protocol Header // such as the Ethernet Header; unsigned _underlyingHeaderSize; unsigned _packetSize;

//DVM Protocol using local identifiers DVMMessageType _type;unsigned _source;unsigned _destination;unsigned _timestamp;unsigned _checksum;

/* Header and Auxiliary Header */

//Page List Headerunsigned _totalNumberOfPages;unsigned _thisPageNumber;unsigned _offsetInPages;unsigned _pageFramentSize;}

// List of pages to marshal from and unmarshal to.Page * _pageList;Page * _pageBeingProcessed

/* Getter and Setter Functions */

//Expose using friend interfaces.….

public:

//add pages to the list similar to add() //for the abstract messagevoid addPages (Page * morePages);

//marshal to buffer from pagevoid marshal (unsigned *buffer, unsigned bufferSize);

//unmarshal from buffer into pagevoid unmarshal (unsigned* buffer, unsigned bufferSize);

};

Fragmentation Message Code

class Fragmenation{

public :

//calculate proper framents and ask message

// to marshal parts of itself into the buffer.

void makeFrags ( DVMMessage *m , unsigned * buffer,

unsigned * bufferSize);

Chocies Distributed Virtual System Aamod Sane, Ken MacGregor, and Roy Campbell, “Distributed virtual memory consistency protocols: Design and

performance” , In Proceeding of the Second Workshop on Workstation Operating

System, September 1989.

X-Kernel networking System Norman C. Hutchinson and Larry L. Peterson. “The x-kernel: An architecture for implementing network

protocols.” IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 17(1): 64-76, January

1001.

Parameter Object Kent Beck. Parameter Object. patterns@cs.uiuc.edu, 1995

Active Message Is a message that knows how to process itself.

When a message is received by the receiver The message contains the identify to the function that

will process the message. The receiver may directly dispatch the message as –is

to the Processor rather than spending time on the protocol stack.

is applicable to homogeneous environment. Include pointers to functions within the message

object. Use COM+, Enterprise Service

Composite Message Pattern

Factory Method Pattern