Composite Materials Using Expanded Perlite as a … · Composite Materials Using Expanded Perlite...
Transcript of Composite Materials Using Expanded Perlite as a … · Composite Materials Using Expanded Perlite...
Composite Materials Using Expanded Perlite as
a Charge and Plastic Wastes as Reinforcement,
Elaboration and Properties
Sara AMRANI, Youssef HALIMI, Mohamed TAHIRI Laboratory Interface Materials Environment LIME,
Aïn Chock’s Sciences Faculty, University Hassan II. BP 5366- 20.100. Casablanca. Morocco
Email: mohtahiri @yahoo.fr
Abstract - The optimization and streamlining of
certain structures, parts manufacturing combined
with high technical qualities (mechanical strength
and physicochemical), recycling or reuse of solid
wastes, reducing maintenance costs ... have
motivated the use and development of specific
materials whose composition and characteristics
accommodate themselves to technological
constraints.
The composite materials based on expanded
perlite and unsaturated polyester resin (organic
resins regenerated), were developed for this
purpose. The basic idea is to combine in the same
mass of different materials by their chemical and
structural natures in order to increase
mechanical, physical and / or chemical
performance that can facilitate implementation.
The composite materials developed during this
study are developed from an organic resin
associated with expanded perlite and other
mineral fillers including marble powder and / or
plastic wastes fibers.
Different formulations are performed; taking into
account both the proportion of expanded perlite,
the nature of the inorganic fillers or
reinforcements. The various tests carried out as
mechanical and mechanic-chemical properties are
reported.
Keywords: Composite materials, expanded perlite,
plastic waste recycling, mechanic characteristics,
chemical properties
I. INTRODUCTION
The optimization and streamlining of certain
structures, parts manufacturing combined
with high technical qualities (mechanical
strength and physicochemical), recycling
and reclamation of industrial waste,
reducing maintenance costs ... have
motivated the use and development of
specific materials whose composition and
characteristics accommodate themselves to
technological constraints.
The composite materials based on expanded
perlite and unsaturated polyester resin
(organic resins regenerated), were
developed for this purpose. The basic idea is
to combine in the same mass of different
materials by their chemical and structural
natures in
order to increase performance mechanical,
physical and / or chemical that can facilitate
implementation [1].
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. The expanded perlite
a- petrographic aspect
Perlite is a volcanic rock of spheroidal
texture (Fig.1), formed of aluminum
silicates mainly of sodium feldspars and / or
potassium and quartz with 2 to 5 % of water
constitution. After grinding and heating
(900-1200 ° C), perlite expands,
significantly increasing the volume but
keeping the same mass (Fig. 2). The resulting product is a white powder
lumpy formed of vitreous kernels. The
expanded Character recognized of perlite,
unlike other siliceous volcanic rocks gives
its main exploitable properties in the
construction industry, horticulture,
environment and other industries including
ceramics.
DOI: 10.5176/2339-5060_1.2.11
Received 08 May 2014 Accepted 14 May 2014
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol.1 No.2, May 2014
©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF16
DOI 10.7603/s40837-014-0003-7
Figure 1. Polarized light microphotograph unparsed of
vitrous perlite.
Glass, containing a phenocryst of feldspars, is cut into
small beads (= perlites) by small cracks.
Figure 2. The perlite as a total rock under different forms,
grinded and expanded
b- Chemical composition and physic-
chemical characteristics
In Tables I and II below, are respectively the
chemical composition of perlite from
various occurrences and some physical,
chemical and mechanical characteristics.
TABLE I: Chemical composition of major elements
of perlite from various fields
Greece [2] USA [3]
(Arizona)
Hungary [3]
(Palhaza)
SiO2 73 75 73.60 72.80
Al2O3 12 14 12.70 12.46
Fe2O3 0.6 0.9 0.70 1.54
CaO 0.3 0.9 0.60 1.56
MgO 0.15 0.25 0.20 0.02
Na2O 34.9 4.5 3.20 2.95
K2O -- 5.8 5.00 4.12
TiO2 -- -- 0.10 0.10
MnO -- -- -- 0.10
PF -- -- 3.80 3.30
Morocco (Nador) [3]
Tidiennit Three Forks
SiO2 78.36 71 71
Al2O3 12.03 15 14.38
Fe2O3 1.38 -- 0.95
CaO 2.29 1.5 2.29
MgO 0.45 0.05 0.37
Na2O 2.84 1.50 3.85
K2O 4.98 3.80 4.08
TiO2 0.18 -- 0.90
MnO 0.059 0.05 0.06
PF 1.50 3.80 1.96
. Table II: Technical Specifications of expanded perlite [4]
2. Polyester resin
The table below lists some technical
specificities of resin polyester used in the
mixture.
Resin Thermoset Polyester
ρ (kg/m3
) 1300
E(MPa) 3800
v 0.37
R (MPa) 88
α μm/m°C 100
a- Preparation
- Polycondensation
1st stage: monoester
Porosity
PH
Density of expansion
specific surface
thermal conductibility
acoustic absorption
Water retention
Refraction index
Softening point
Melting point
Compressive strength
96% to 97%
6.9 to 7.5
30-200 kg/m3
110-135 m2
/kg
0.19 w/m°k
0.6-0.7
35% to 50%
1.5
871°C to 1093°C
1260°C to
1343°C
5-2.1 Mpa
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol.1 No.2, May 2014
©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF17
2nd
stage: poly esterification
The monoester can react with a molecule of
glycol acid, or on itself.
The equilibrium displacement
polyesterification occurs by three different
methods:
by vacuum action,
training by neutral gas,
training by solvent
- Copolymerization
The Curing of unsaturated polyester resin is
obtained by copolymerization of polycondensate
with the monomer. The reaction is conducted in
the presence of organic peroxide:
At ambient temperature, in combination
with accelerators
Or hot.
III-ELABORATION AND SYNTHESIS
Three operations are essential to the
implementation of a composite material:
1. Impregnation of reinforcement by the
resin.
2. Shaping the geometry of the part.
3. Curing of system.
There are various techniques for the
preparation of the composite material [5, 6]. One
used in this case is compression molding. This is
a artisanal method which involves manually put
in shape, parts based of marble powder more a
reinforcement or filler in form of a paste; all
mixed with a thermosetting matrix generally of
unsaturated polyester resin.
1. Description of the process
a- Preparation of the mold surface
The mold is spread with wax (de-molding
agent) uniformly to the buffer. This waxing
operation serves to protect the surface of the
molded part, for that, it’s recommended to
operate naturally in a dust free environment. [7]
b- The paste preparation
In a cylindrical enclosure equipped by a
mixer, we prepare the paste to mold, consists of
a mixture of polyester resin and a filler of
perlite, associated with the marble powder and
other ingredients as catalyst (methyl peroxide
ethyl cetone) and accelerator (cobalt octoate) to
the socket (Fig. 3).
Figure 3: The various ingredients entering into the
formulation of the paste c- Compression and formatting
The prepared viscous paste is cast onto
walls of the open mold according to the
chosen form and dimensions [8,9].
The mold closed and maintained under
pressure until fully curing, which usually
requires several minutes (Fig. 4). Then the
parts are de-molded delicately from the
periphery of the mold.
Figure 4. A device for shaping of the composite material
which the mold appears under pressure
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol.1 No.2, May 2014
©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF18
2. Formulations
The tables below detail the various
formulations undertaken in the manufacture
of parts distributed in groups of samples
(Tab.III)
Tab. III: Formulations of different tested parts for the
preparation of the composite material
IV- MECHANIC CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. The bending tests [10]:
The purpose of this test is to determine the load
and tensile strength and the bending resistance of a
tile of dimension 100 mm × 100 mm
according to the thickness, the rate of
expanded perlite and the nature of the used
reinforcement.
a- According to the thickness
For the group 1 of samples (Table IV),
more the piece is thicker, the load of rupture
and the applied stress are large (Fig. 5). The
variation does not follow a linear curve. TABLE IV: bending test measurement according to the
thickness of the composite parts
Group1
Thickness
(mm)
breaking
load (N)
Stress
(Mpa)
1 10 2
0
0
8.08
2 15 2
3
0
8.21
3 20 3
1
0
9.18
4 25 3
3
5
9.28
Fig. 5: Stresses applied to composite tile according to the
thickness
b- According to the rate of expanded
perlite
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol.1 No.2, May 2014
©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF19
Marble powder - expanded perlite
mixture:
TABLE V: Bending test according to the rate of expanded
perlite
Group
2
Thickness
(mm)
expanded
perlite %
breaking
load (N)
Stress
(Mpa)
1 10.00 4
5
30
0
9.08
2 10.03 3
5
31
0
10.01
3 10.01 2
5
32
4
9.88
4 10.04 1
5
31
5
9.94
Figure 6: Stresses applied to composite tile according to the rate
of expanded perlite
The lowest stress recorded by the materials
composed of the highest rate of expanded
perlite.
Sand - perlite mixture
TABLE VI: The bending test measurement according to
the rate of expanded perlite
Group
3
Thickness
(mm)
%
Perlite
Load of
rupture(N)
Stress
(Mpa)
1 10.4 45 640 16.9
2 10.4 35 649 17.13
3 10.3 25 680 17.95
4 10.2 15 676 17.85
Figure 7: Stresses applied to composite tile according to
the rate of expanded perlite
With perlite, the material possesses the
smallest elongation and the smallest stress
resistance. In addition, the introduction of
marble powder increases substantially this
property in comparison with a filler of sand.
The nature of reinforcement
Tab. VI: the bending test measurement according to a
reinforcement based of worn plastic filaments.
Group 4
Thickness
(mm)
Load of
rupture (N)
Stress
(Mpa)
1 10 300 8.28
2 15 350 8.51
3 20 380 9.38
4 25 395 9.58
The load of rupture is significantly
improved by reinforcement the mixture of
plastic fabric worn 2D (group 4, Fig. 8)
while the stress does not vary much (Table
VI).
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol.1 No.2, May 2014
©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF20
Figure. 8: Variation in tensile strength according to the
nature of the reinforcement.
2. The water absorption [11]:
The technique involves the impregnation
of the dry sample in an enclosure filled
water and its submission to the hydrostatic
weighing. TABLE VII: The absorption rate measurement in the
different samples of the composite material based
expanded perlite.
Initial
mass
(g)
Dry
mass
(g)
Wet mass
(g) %
Absorp
tion
Group 1
1 10.7 10.4 10.9 5,2
2 15.9 15.8 16,5 4.9
3 21.8 21.6 22.8 6.1
4 26,6 26.4 28.2 6,9
Group 2
1 13.8 13.7 13.8 2.4
2 15.5 15.4 16.5 1.7
3 17.3 17.1 17.3 1.1
4 19.4 19.2 20.7 0,8
Group 3
1 13.5 13.4 13.7 2.4
2 15.3 15.2 15.6 2.28 3 17.1 17.0 17.4 2.2 4 19.1 19.0 19.46 2.4
Group 4 1 10.5 10.4 10.8 4.1
Table VII shows the increasing of water
absorption with the quantity of expanded
perlite introduced into the material. This
variation is linked, all the more, to the
coarse particle size of the expanded perlite
which contains interstices or pores favor
draining of water molecules despite the
hydrophobic nature of the polyester resin
involved in the mixture.
1. The density [11]:
TABLE VIII: Density measurement in different samples of the composite material based on expanded perlite.
Initial
mass m0
(g)
Average
volume
(cm3)
density
Group 1 1 10.7 10.2 1.03
Group 2
1 14.2 10.1 1.41
2 15.9 10.4 1.53
3 17.8 10.3 1.73
4 20.1 10.4 1.93
Group 3
1 13.9 10.3 1.35
2 15.9 10.4 1.53
3 17.8 10.3 1.73
4 17.6 10.4 1.89
Group 4 1 10.3 10.1 0.98
Given the very low density of the
expanded perlite (0.08 to 0.12), the density
of the composite is even lower than the
perlite content is high. Table VIII shows in
addition, that the reinforcement plastic
(group 4) may also contribute to the
lightening of material.
3. Abrasion test [12]:
The abrasion resistance of the materials
prepared was quantified by measuring the
length of the imprint produced on a face by
a rotating disc, in the presence of an
abrasive.
TABLE IX: Abrasion Measurement for different types of
composite materials based on expanded perlite.
L (mm)
Group 1 31 32
Group 2 18-25 15-22
Group 3 20-26 21-25
Group 4 31 32
Materials containing marble powder and
sand to a less degree have a higher
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol.1 No.2, May 2014
©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF21
resistance to abrasion than the materials
containing only expanded perlite (Table IX).
5. Chemical resistance: [13]
The prepared tiles from different
formulations are subjected to the corrosive
solutions action (NH4Cl, NaOCl, HCl,
KOH) to assess their chemical resistance
degree. The attack period is defined
according to the use of the material; floor or
wall, but generally limited to 30'-1h.
Group
1
Group 2
Group
3
Group
4 Ammonium
chloride 100
g/l.
Visibl
e
effects
on cut
sides
no effect
no effect
no effect
Sodium
hypochlorite
20 mg/l
Visible
effects
on cut
sides
no effect
no effect
Visible
effects
on cut
sides
acids
HCl
3 %
no effect
Visibl
e
effect
s on
cut
sides
Visible
effects
on cut
sides
Visible
effects
on cut
sides
HCl
18%
Visibl
e
effects
on cut
sides
no effect
Visible
effects
on cut
sides
Visible
effects
on cut
sides alcaline
KOH
30g/l.
no
effect
no
effect
no
effect
no
effect
KOH
100 g/l.
No
effect
no
effect
no
effect
no
effect
The composite material remains generally
refractory to chemical attack which only
affects the cut sides that have available
interstices for corrosive solutions.
V. Conclusion
The composite materials developed in this
study, from an organic resin associated with
the expanded perlite and other mineral
charges such as marble powder and / or
sand.
Different formulations are produced;
considering both the proportion of expanded
perlite, the nature of the mineral used as
reinforcement and the thickness of the
plates. The different tests performed to
exhibit mechanical and mechanic- chemical
properties allow obtaining the following
conclusions:
Parts that offer the most strength is
thicker with have reinforcement in
plastic (wastes) and low rate of
expanded perlite.
Increasing the rate of expanded
perlite reduced the density of the
composite materials and gives them
lightness.
The fields of application of the composite
material developed herein are highly related
to characteristics mentioned above. Its
chemical mechanical strength gives it a
certain rigidity, which allows its use as soil
protection blankets. On the other hand, the
lightness of the product is indicated for use
in wallboard for thermal or acoustic
insulation.
References:
[1] L’industrie française des matériaux composites :
des enjeux prioritaires pour un développement
durable. Berreur L., Maillard B. & Nösperger
S. ; Etude Digitip., 129p -(2001)
[2] Fiche technique de perlite, PERLITE INC’’. Z.I
Berrechid, Casablanca- Maroc [email protected]
[3] Les perlites de Jbel Tidiennit, Rapport interne
BRPM, Mars 1987.
[4] Valorisation de la perlite expansée dans le secteur du
BTP, Rapport interne LPEE, 2006
[5] Matériaux composites à matrices organiques’’
Chrétien G. (1986) : Ed. Lavoisier, pp. 495
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol.1 No.2, May 2014
©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF22
[6] Pratique des Plastiques et Composites’’, Ouvrage
Collectif, Ed. Dunod. 1999.
[7] Reinforcement of Metallic Plates with Composite
Materials ; Mahmud M. Shokrieh, Majid J. Omidi ;
Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 39, No. 8, 723-
744 (2005)
[8] Interfaces fibre-matrice dans les matériaux
composites. Applications aux fibres végétales’ ’
Nardin M.:, Revue des Composites et des
Matériaux Avancés., 16, pp 1-9(2006)
[9] M a té r ia u x composites. Collection Technique
et Ingénierie’’ ; Bathias C., Ed . Dunod, 432 p.
(2005) Parts’’;
[10] L. Sorrentino; W. Polini ; Journal of Composite
Materials, Vol. 39, No. 15, 1391-1411 (2005)
[11] Norme Marocaine NM ISO 10545 -3’’ :
Détermination de l’absorption d’eau, de la
porosité ouverte, de la densité relative apparente
et de la masse volumique globale. Édition :
Service de normalisation industrielle marocaine
2000
[12] Norme Marocaine ISO 10545-6 : Détermination
de la résistance à l'abrasion profonde pour les
carreaux non émaillés. Édition : Service de
normalisation industrielle marocaine 1995
[13] Norme Marocaine NM ISO 10545 -13’’ :
Détermination de la résistance chimique. ‘
Service de normalisation industrielle marocaine
2000 [14] Norme Marocaine NM ISO 10545 -4’’ :
Détermination de la résistance à la flexion et de la
force de rupture. Édition : Service de normalisation
industrielle marocaine 2000
Head of Research Team: Prof. Mohamed TAHIRI
is currently a full professor of Chemistry,
environment engineering, Air Pollution, at Hassan II
University-Casablanca.
On 2012, he has been registered as a permanent
consultant of UNIDO, Vien-Austria on renewable
energies, biomass and biogas, Water engineering.
Since January 2010, he’s Chair holder of University
Chair on Innovation. He holds in his faculty a
Bachelor on sanitation management in urban areas.
Pr. Mohamed TAHIRI created new Master on
Innovation and is conducting R&D in partnerships
with various industries. He published around 40
papers in international reviews and registered some
3 patents at OMPIC.
GSTF International Journal of Chemical Sciences (JChem) Vol.1 No.2, May 2014
©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF23