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Transcript of Complex Prepositions 1
THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS IN EVERY WOMAN KNOWS A
SECRET BY ROSIE THOMAS
BY:NI WAYAN TINA YULIATI
0418351127
EXTENTION PROGRAM ENGLISH DEPARTMENTFACULTY OF LETTERSUDAYANA UNVERSITY
2008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Almighty God, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi
Wasa for His blessing and mercy upon the completing of this paper which entitled
“THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS IN EVERY WOMAN
KNOWS A SECRET BY ROSIE THOMAS.”
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. I Nyoan Sedeng, M.Hum
who become my first supervisor and I Made Netra, S.S. Hum who became my
second supervisor who has giving me so many valuable guidance and correction
during completing this writing.
I am eternally grateful to my beloved family for all their patience, advices,
support, and love. My special thanks to Tini, Onic, Runa, Dewi, and all of my best
friends that I cannot mentioned name by for their friendship, encouragement, and
also support.
The last but not least, any suggestion or comment will be highly appreciated
and honestly I wish that this paper will be useful for those who may need
information that related with this study.
Denpasar,August 2008
Ni Wayan Tina Yuliati
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Problem
1.2 Aims of Writing
1.3 Scope of Discussion
1.4 Research Method
1.4.1 Data Source
1.4.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
1.4.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Review of Literatures
2.2 Concepts
2.2.1 Preposition
2.2.3 Types of Preposition
2.2.3.1 Simple Prepositions
2.2.3.2 Marginal Prepositions
2.2.3.3 Complex Prepositions
2.3 Theoretical Framework
2.3.1 Structure of Complex Preposition
2.3.1.1 Two-Word Sequences
2.3.1.2 Three-Word Sequences
2.3.2 Functions of Prepositional Phrase
2.3.2.1 Postmodifier in a Noun Phrase
2.3.2.2 Adverbial
2.3.2.3 Complementation
CHAPTER III THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS IN
EVERY WOMAN KNOW A SECRET BY ROSIE
THOMAS
3.1 Structure of Complex Prepositions
3.1.1 Two Words Sequences
3.1.2 Three Words Sequences
3.2 Syntactic Function of Prepositional Phrase
3.2.1 Postmodifier in Noun Phrase
3.2.2 Adverbial
3.2.3 Complementation
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Problem
People use language as a means of communication. They use any
kind of languages in daily communication to express their idea or feeling to
other people. The communication itself can be done in written or spoken, and
usually in the form of sentence. Sentence is a set of words expressing a
statement, command and question (House and Harman, 1950:16). It consists
of a complete, independent unit of thought and consists of two main parts, a
subject and a predicate. A sentence may consist of five unit of sentence’s
elements are subject, verb, complement, object, and adverbial and we must
combine each other correctly. The spoken and written sentences are
commonly consists of some language component.
“Preposition” is one of the language devices that build up a sentence.
In English this component is called a connective word or function word, and
also part of speech. Preposition expresses a relation between two entities, one
being that represented by the prepositional complement (Quirk, et. al,
1985:673). The prepositions are normally placed before noun or pronouns,
but the position itself could be change depended on their function. In English
grammar, there are several points of similarity between prepositions and other
word classes and construction, in particular conjunctions and adverb, but also
participles and adjectives.
Prepositions are indicated a relation between things mentioned in a
sentence and that introduces a prepositional phrase which is having a
syntactic function. Prepositional phrase is looked similar with complex
preposition but grammatically it was different by seeing from the structure.
Complex preposition is other kind of prepositions which are consist of more
than word such as along with, because of, and away from, but there are
several words of simple preposition that are derived from complex forms
such as into, within, and beside. Based on the structure, complex preposition
may be subdivided into two- and three-word sequences (Quirk, et. al,
1985:669).
The problems that arise related to the complex preposition in novel
entitled Every Women Knows a Secret by Rosie Thomas in 1996 can be
formulated as follow:
1. How is the structure of the complex prepositions that are mostly used
in the novel?
2. What is the syntactic function of the complex preposition in the
novel?
1.2 Aims of Writing
Based on the problems above, the aims of the study are:
1. To find out the structure of the complex prepositions that mostly used
in the novel.
2. To analyze the syntactic functions of the complex prepositions in the
novel.
1.3 Scope of Discussion
The scope of discussion in this study will be limited to the structure
of complex prepositions whether two word sequences or three word
sequences and also understanding the syntactic function by using tree
diagram from the sentence that found most in the novel Every Women Knows
a Secret, based on the theory proposed by Quirk, et. al. (1985).
Therefore, the discussions are formulated as follows:
1. The structures of the complex prepositions that are mostly used in the
novel
2. The syntactic functions of the complex prepositions in the novel.
1.4 Research Method
Research method is a system or procedure that is used in order to
examine certain objects. It includes what are the sources of the data, the
method and the technique of collecting the data\which explains how the data
are taken from the sources and how those data are analyzed.
1.4.1 Data Source
In this writing, the data were taken from a novel. The title of the
novel is Every Woman Knows a Secret by Rosie Thomas in 1996. This novel
is used as the data source because there are many examples of complex
prepositions that can be found and since this novel is a roman novel, so it is
very interesting to be read.
1.4.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
In this research, the data will be collected from the novel Every
Woman Knows a Secret. The method that applied in collecting the data is
documentary method because the data will be taken from a novel and also
other books that related with the topic of the study. There are several steps in
collecting the data. First by reading the novel carefully to find out the data
that related with the topic, then note down the data and will be followed by
classify the data according to the types.
1.4.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
The data will be analyzed descriptively based on the theory applied
in this study. There are some steps that will be taken in analyzing the data.
First, the analysis will be started by finding out the complex prepositions that
used in the novel. Second, the complex preposition’s data which is found in
the data source will be classified to find their structure based on the theories
because the complex prepositions were subdivided into two- and three-word
sequences. Finally, the tree diagram will be used in analyzing the data in
order to finding out their syntactic function in the sentence. For example:
One of the complex prepositions that are mostly found in the novel is “in
front of.”
The man in overalls passed in front of them.
The tree diagram of the sentence is:
S
NP VP
Det. N PP V pp
The man in overalls passed in front of me
Based on the tree diagram above:
The structure complex preposition of the sentence is in three word form.
“in front of” --------- ( in + noun + of) or (prep1 + noun + prep2)
The syntactic function of the complex preposition is as an adverbial
( adjunct) in the sentence, because some place and time adverbs were
functioned as complement of a preposition and the words ‘in front of’
were explained the position or movement of the subject .
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Review of Literature
Linguistic is very interesting to be analyzed and several students
who study in English Department Faculty of Letters in Udayana University
are take linguistics as the topic of their writing. Those paper are gave a lot of
inspiration in writing this study. There are three previous study that are
reviewed.
Most of the writings that the writer found are about simple
preposition and prepositional phrase, because of that the writer decided to use
several writings which are related with preposition that including the data
about complex preposition in it.
The first writing entitled “The Analysis of Prepositional Phrases in
Sidney Sheldon’s the Other Side of Midnight” in 2007 which is written by Ni
Made Sri Indrawati. In her writing, she found that the structure of
prepositional phrases which is considered as the same structure of noun
phrase, except they can proceed by preposition. The structure of it consists of
preposition as the head and noun phrase as their complement. Most of the
prepositional phrases in the short story have locative meaning, directional
meaning, and meaning of time.
The second writing entitled “The Analysis of Types, Syntactic
Function and Prepositional Meanings of Prepositional Phrase found in the
Bali Times News Paper” in 2007 which is written by I Putu Suprayasa. In his
writing, he describe about the types of Preposition include the prepositional
phrase, the syntactic function and the prepositional meaning which are found
in the news paper.
The third writing entitled “The Use of English Prepositions and
Their Translation into Indonesian with reference to Surf Time Magazine” in
2005 which written by Ni Putu Titin Indrayathi. In her writing, she analyzed
and discussed the use of English simple preposition “in, of, to” and their
equivalence into Indonesian. In this writing, the theories that have been used
based on the theories of translation and also theories of grammar.
The discussion that related with prepositions also can be found in
International Journal which entitled “Gramatialization and English Complex
Preposition: A Corpus-Based Study. This journal described about the nature
of grammatical unit, the evolution of grammatical structure, and the best way
of investigating the mental representation of grammar were explored, which
makes extensive use of language corpora and focuses, via a usage-based
approach, to argue that complex prepositions are a discrete grammatical class,
forming meaningful elements of grammar.
2.2 Concepts
The basic concepts are intended to gives some ideas which are
having relation with the study. The concepts more precisely as follows:
2.2.1 Preposition
In the most general terms, a preposition expresses relation
between two entities, one that being represented by another part of the
sentence. The prepositional complement is characteristically a noun
phrase, a nominal, wh-clause, or a nominal –ing clause (Quirk, et. al,
1986: 657). For example: He was surprised at her remark. The sentence
express a noun phrase “her remark” as the prepositional complement of the
preposition at.
2.2.2 Types of Preposition
Quirk, et. al (1985:665-673) propose that the type of preposition
can be divided into:
2.2.2.1 Simple Preposition
Simple preposition is a preposition, which is consisting of one
word. It is most of the common English preposition. For example: at, in,
on, for, of, etc.
Simple preposition is subdivided into: monosyllabic preposition
and polysyllabic preposition. Monosyllabic preposition are normally
unstressed, but on the other hand polysyllabic preposition whether simple
or complex are normally stressed. Monosyllabic preposition such as at,
but, by, for, down, as, from, in, or, out, of, off, with, till, to, etc.
Polysyllabic prepositions such as a’bove, a’bout, after, a’long, a’mong,
a’gaints, a’round, be’fore, be’hind, be’tween, in’side, into, etc.
2.2.2.2 Marginal Preposition
Preposition has three morphemes and they also have affinities with
other word classes such as verb or adjective. Marginal prepositions consist
of: ‘barring, ex’cepting, ex’cluding, con’sidering, re’garding, re’specting,
‘touching, ‘failing, ‘wanting, ‘following, ‘pending, ‘given.
2.2.2.3 Complex Preposition
Complex preposition may be subdivided into two- and three-word
sequences. In two word sequences, the first word (which is usually is
relatively stressed) is an adverb, adjective or conjunction and the second
word is a simple prepositions usually: from, for, of, to, or, with.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
This study is referred to the English grammar study especially
concern with preposition. Some referential books were used as a guideline
to analyze the preposition. The main theory which is used in this study is
adopted from Randolph Quirk, et. al (1985), in their book entitled A
Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.
2.3.1 Structure of Complex Preposition
Quirk et. al (1985) stated that complex prepositions may be
subdivided into two and three word sequences.
2.3.1.1 Two-Word Sequences
In two word sequences, the first word (which usually is relatively
stressed) is an adverb, adjective, or conjunction, and the second word a
simple preposition (usually for, from, of, to, or with). For example:
Except for Margareth, every body was in favour of the idea.
We had to leave early because of the bad weather
I sat next to an old lady on the train
Here is a list of some two-word prepositions:
up against as per
as for but for
except for
apart from aside from
away from as from
ahead of as of
back of because of
exclusive of devoid of
instead of inside of
off of irrespective of
outside of out of
upward of regardless of
void of
according to as to
close to contrary to
due to near(er) to
next to on to [cf:onto]
owing to preliminary to
prepatory to previous to
prior to pursuant to (formal)
subsequent to thanks to
up to
along with together with
2.3.1.2 Three-Word Sequences
The most numerous category of complex prepositions is the type
consisting of three words, as in:
Prep1 + Noun + Prep2: in view of the election
With three-word sequences we also included complex prepositions
where the noun is preceded by a definite or indefinite article:
In the light ofthe election
As a result of
Complex preposition may be subdivided according to which
prepositions function as Prep1 and Prep2, e.g.:
In + noun + of:
in aid of in back of
in behalf of in case of
in charge of in consequences of
in (the) space of in favour of
in front of in (the) light of
in lieu of in need of
in place of in (the) process of
in quest of in respect of
in search of in spite of
in view of
in + noun + with:
in accordance with in common with
in comparison with in compliance with
in conformity with in contact with
in line with
by + noun + of:
by dint of by means of
by virtue of by way of
on + noun + of:
on account of on behalf of
on (the) ground of on (the) matter of
on pain of on (the) part of
on (the) strength of on top of
Other types:
as far as at variance with
as the expense of at the hands of
for (the) sake of for/from want of
in exchange of in return for
in addition to in relation to
with/in regard to with/in reference to
with/in respect to with the exception of
2.3.2 Functions of Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional phrases may function as: post modifier, adverbial,
and complementation.
2.3.2.1 Postmodifier in a Noun Phrase
As an open word class in English, noun can be modified by two
kinds of modifiers. They are premodifiers and postmodifiers. Premodifiers
of noun consist of determiners, enumerators, adjective, noun, and genitive
phrase. Postmodifiers of noun consist of prepositional phrases, relative
clause and various other types of modifiers including adverbs and
adjectives. The example below shows how the preposition modifies the
noun.
For example:
The people on the bus were singing. (Quirk, et. al, 1985: 657)
2.3.2.2 Adverbial
Adverbial may be integrated to some extent into the structure of the
clause or they may be peripheral to it. If integrated, they are termed
adjunct.
(a) Adjunct
For example:
The people were singing on the bus.
In the afternoon, we went to Boston
(b) Subjunct
For example:
From a personal point of view, I find this is a good solution to the
problem.
(c) Disjunct
For example:
In all fairness, she did try to phone the police.
(d) Conjunct
On the other hand, he made no attempt to help her.(Quirk, et. al, 1985: 657)
2.3.2.3 Complementation
(a) Complementation of a verb
Complementation in this case refers to the use of prepositional
phrases in which their presence is needed to complete the structure
of the sentence. The function of prepositional phrases as a
complementation of a verb, it is because the preceding word of
preposition is a verb.
For example:
We were looking at his awful paintings. (Quirk, et. al, 1985: 657)
In this and the following function, the preposition is more closely
related to the preceding word, which determines its choice, than to
the prepositional complement.
(b) Complementation of an adjective
The function of prepositional phrase as a complementation of an
adjective, because it preceding by an adjective.
For example:
I’m sorry for his parent. (Quirk, et. al, 1985: 657)
CHAPTER III
THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS IN EVERY
WOMAN KNOW A SECRET BY ROSIE THOMAS
This chapter described about the structure of complex preposition and their
syntactic functions in the sentence. It will be discussed according to several
theories which are explained in the previous chapter. There are two types of the
structure of complex prepositions which is two word sequences and three word
sequences. The function will be dealing with the syntactic function of
prepositional phrase in the structure of the sentence. The complex preposition will
be analyzed from the data sources.
3.1 Structures of complex preposition
3.1.1 Two word sequences
In two word sequences, the first word (which usually is relatively stressed)
is an adverb, adjective, or conjunction, and the second word a simple preposition
(usually for, from, of, to, or with). (Quirk, et. al. 1985:669)
After read the novel, the writer analyzed that the types of complex preposition
which is two word sequences mostly found are:
Jess looked up at her. (Thomas, 1996: 2)
‘Coming for a pint?’ Rob asked. (Thomas, 1996: 5)
Out of three games, Danny won two. (Thomas, 1996: 7)
Jess left herself in, switching on the light. (Thomas, 1996: 11)
Rob was afraid of violence. (Thomas, 1996: 19)
He crawled out on to the grass and saw a car stopped behind him.
(Thomas, 1996: 21)
Rob put his hand up to his face. (Thomas, 1996: 24)
She ran down the stairs. (Thomas, 1996: 27)
Your friend’s being looked after. (Thomas, 1996: 32)
She sank down on to the chair. (Thomas, 1996: 37)
Lizzie had pulled on a sweater and jeans. (Thomas, 1996: 43)
Rob went out into the rain. (Thomas, 1996: 51)
Beth leapt up and ran to him with a cry of relief. (Thomas, 1996: 55)
The Indian family timidly looked on. (Thomas, 1996: 59)
He bent over him for a moment. (Thomas, 1996: 59)
At the door he tore off the plastic apron. (Thomas, 1996: 60)
They guided her away from the unit. (Thomas, 1996: 65)
‘He’s gone off properly at last,’ Lizzie explained. (Thomas, 1996: 69)
She looked down at her white knuckles. (Thomas, 1996: 112)
Tears squeezed out beneath her closed eyelids. (Thomas, 1996: 113)
Rob stood up politely. (Thomas, 1996: 115)
Carry on that was what had to be done. (Thomas, 1996: 133)
Rob was taken away. (Thomas, 1996: 345)
‘Look after my Beth for me, will you?’ (Thomas, 1996: 354)
Rob was led away for the last time. (Thomas, 1996: 354)
Rob came out into the day light. (Thomas, 1996: 365)
I’m going to take some time off. (Thomas, 1996: 365)
3.1.2 Three word sequence
The most numerous category of complex prepositions is the type
consisting of three words, as in:
Prep1 + Noun + Prep2: in view of the election (Quirk, et. al. 1985:670)
After read the novel, the writer analyzed that the types of complex preposition
which is three-word sequences mostly found are:
Danny did not want to seem to need a respite. (Thomas, 1996: 4)
The man in overalls passed in front of them. (Thomas, 1996: 7)
She turned her head to look at their photograph. (Thomas, 1996: 13)
I’ll be able to take you to see him as soon as the scan is done. (Thomas,
1996: 30)
She was on the way to becoming modestly successful. (Thomas, 1996: 47)
She looked up as soon as the door opened. (Thomas, 1996: 57)
Ian was glad of the interval of quilt. (Thomas, 1996: 67)
Jess sat on the edge of the bed. (Thomas, 1996: 79)
She had persuaded Danny to come to the theatre with her. (Thomas, 1996:
87)
At the end of a row she saw Graham Adair. (Thomas, 1996: 90)
She had lied in order to preserve a separate place for herself. (Thomas,
1996: 116)
The villages were too distant for them to be able to distinguish people.
(Thomas, 1996: 128)
The few vehicles on the hedged ribbons of road were only visible as
moving specks in the stillness. (Thomas, 1996: 128)
I’m sleepy now but I’m afraid to go to sleep. ( Thomas, 1996: 137)
As soon as she was fully conscious she knew she was happy that the boy
was here. (Thomas, 1996: 137)
I’m just on my way to meet someone. (Thomas, 1996: 320)
3.2 Syntactic Function of Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional phrases have the following syntactic function:
3.2.1 Postmodifier in Noun Phrase
As an open word class in English, noun can be modified by two kinds of
modifiers. They are premodifiers and postmodifiers. Premodifiers of noun consist
of determiners, enumerators, adjective, noun, and genitive phrase. Postmodifiers
of noun consist of prepositional phrases, relative clause and various other types of
modifiers including adverbs and adjectives.
Type of postmidifier in noun phrase that can be found in the novel is:
The few vehicles on the hedged ribbons of road were only visible as
moving specks in the stillness. (page 128)
The tree diagram:
S
NP VP
NP PP V Adv.P Adv.P PP
The few on the hedges ribbons of were only as moving in the stillness vehicles road visible specks
The complex preposition in this sentence is on the hedges ribbons of. It
gives a specific information about the noun phrase before it, which is the view
vehicles. In this case
3.2.2 Adverbial
3.2.3 Complementation