Complete Thesis

A comparative study of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of different age groups

SUPERVISOR Dr. nishan singh deolProf. Dept of physical educationPunjabi university, PATIALA Punjab (India)

INVESTIGATOR chamkaur singh Class m.p.ed. iind Dept of physical educationPunjabi university, PATIALA Punjabi university,patialaPunjab (India)

A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT Of PHYSICAL EDUCATION PUNJABI UNIVERSITY PATIALA PUNJAB (INDIA)FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION2014

DECLARATION

I hereby affirm that the work presented in this dissertation entitled as A comparative study of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of different age groups is exclusively my own and there are no collaborators. It does not contain any work for which a degree has been awarded by any other university.

DATE: CHAMKAUR SINGH

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work embodied in the dissertation entitled as A comparative study of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of different age groups has been carried out by Mr. Chamkaur Singh under our supervision and it is worthy of consideration for the award of the M.P.Ed.

SUPERVISOR Dr. nishan Singh deolProf. Dept of physical educationPunjabi university, PatialaPunjab (India) DATE:

DEDICATEDTO

DR. NISHAN SINGH DEOL PROF. AND HEAD DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, PUNJABI UNIVERSITY PATIALA ACKNOWLEDGMENTI am ever grateful to God, the Creator and the Guardian, and to whom I owe my very existence. My deepest gratitude is to my esteemed guide Dr. NISHAN SINGH DEOL, Professor, Department of Physical Education, Punjabi University, Patiala. I have been amazingly fortunate to have guide who gave me the freedom to explore on my own and at the same time the guidance to recover when my steps faltered. Dr. N.S. Deol taught me how to question thoughts and express ideas. His patience and support helped me overcome many crisis situations and finish this dissertation. I hope that one day I would become as good an advisor to my students as Dr. N.S. Deol has been to me. It gives me immense pleasure in expressing my heartiest thanks Mr. Manoj Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Punjabi University, Patiala. Their constructive suggestions and discussions helped me in the completion of this piece of research. I am heartily thankful to all basketball and handball players of Punjabi university, Patiala who served as subjects for this study and without whose help this study could not have been completed. I am extremely grateful to all my seniors Mr. Gurvir Singh, Mr. Lakhwinder Singh, Pushpinder Singh, Navdeep singh, gurupreet singh and Harmandeep singh brar. It was impossible for me to complete this work without the precious assistance, constant encouragement and cooperation rendered given by them. I would like to thank my parents S. Darbara Singh and Smt. Sukhwinder Kaur . The constant inspiration and guidance kept me focused and motivated. I am grateful to my dad for giving me the life I have dreamed. I cant express my gratitude for my mom in words, whose unconditional love has been my greatest strength. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to my dear brother Pargat Singh and his wife Dimpal who constantly provide emotional support and took care of me in many aspects. Finally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my respected sir Dr. Nishan Singh Deol. The relationships and bonds that I have with my respected sir hold an enormous amount of meaning to me. I admire them for all of their accomplishments in life, for their independence, for their hierarchical role in our department.

DATE: CHAMKAUR SINGH Table of contents

CHAPTER NO.NAME OF THE CHAPTERPAGE NO.

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

Statement of the problem

Objectives of the study

Hypotheses

Delimitations

Limitations

Definitions and explanations of terms

Significance of the study

CHAPTER - IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER IIIMETHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

Selection of Subjects

Selection of variables

Selection of tests

Administration of test

Statistical Procedure

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

Analysis and Interpretation of data

Analysis of data

Discussion of the findings

CHAPTER VSUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

Conclusions

Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.CONTENTSPAGE NO.

Table No. 3.1The subjects were purposively assigned into three groups

Table No. 4.1Comparison of mean, S.D and t-value of the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 19 22 years age group.



LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.CONTENTSPAGE NO.

Figure No.4.1Comparison of mean, S.D and t-value of the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 19 22 years age group.

Figure No. 4.2Comparison of mean, S.D and t-value of the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 22 25 years age group.

Figure No. 4.3Comparison of mean, S.D and t-value of the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 25 28 years age group.

CHAPTER-IINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION: Physical activity is an important ingredients in the quality of life, when we do physical activity or physical exercise, blood will circulate in all the parts of our body even for brain nerves system also very effectively so that our concentration capacity as well as memory capacity will be improved much better because it increases energy and promotes physical, mental and psychological well being Through systematic training programmed one can improve both physical and mental fitness. Most physical movements incorporate the elements of force, quickness duration, complexity and a range of motion to a certain extent further it can distinguish individual motor aspects and physiological components such as speed, strength and endurance. The physical fitness plays a vital role in the performance .An individual physical fitness and performances depend in the co-coordinative functions of the various factors such as physical, physiological abilities, nutrition, technique, tactics, physique, body size and composition. For the physiological system of body to be fit they must function well enough to support the specific activity the individual is performing.Moreover different activities make different demands upon the organism with respect to circulatory, respiratory metabolic and neurological process which are specific to the activities. Fitness is a healthy state of body and mind .It means feeling healthy, attractive energetic and happy. Fitness is important at all levels of the game whilst being essential for top level players. It is beneficial for beginners who will improve both their effectiveness and enjoyment through good standards of fitness. Fitness enables a player to cope with the physical demands of the game as well as allowing the efficient use of his various technical and tactical competencies throughout the match Basket ball is one of the top participation sports is likely to strengthen in years to come with basket ball playing integral part of the college communities program, which provides free and structured physical activity to children after school hours, Basketball players need a combination of technical, tactical and physical skills in order to succeed. Improving aerobic capacity and overall fitness boosts performance on the Basketball field. Cricket is a deceivingly demanding sport players spend a long day on their feet, there are periodic fast sprints when batting, chasing down a ball, and bowling, plus various dynamic movements such as leaping, throwing, and turning quickly. It really is vital that all players should increase their fitness. Integrated development of rural areas is one of the abiding tasks before the government of India. The central government reiterates the cardinal importance of villages to the overall development of the country and commits to work towards development of rural areas which for various reasons could not keep pace with urban areas in the past. A number of initiatives have been taken in the recent years for creation of social and economic infrastructure in rural areas to bridge the rural-urban divide as well to provide basic amenities of the rural populace.

Basketball was invented in 1891 by a Canadian born physical education instructor, James Naismith. Basketball has gained worldwide popularity and fascinated players and spectators with its dynamic characteristics as a team sport (Hoffman and Maresh, 2000). In this sport, players cover about 4500 - 5000 m during a 40-minutes game with a variety of multidirectional movement such as running, dribbling, and shuffling at variable velocities (Crisafulli et al., 2002). In order to execute running, dribbling and shuffling like movements during performance, both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic systems appear to be involved throughout a game (Ciuti et al., 1996). High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a form of fitness training in which a pair or group of various workouts are grouped together to form a circuit in which you engage in each individual exercise within the circuit once before going through for a second, third, fourth or as many times as you need to. The very labels of HIIT suggest that this form of training is characterized by a high intensity pace, with little to no breaks in between each exercise within the circuit. HIIT is a great way to not only knock out a work out session in a very time efficient manner but to also ensure that, because of the fast pace in which you are moving through workout that your heart rate is elevated throughout the duration. This will help you burn fat in addition to working out more quickly. Sports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs. Physical events such as scoring goals or crossing a line first often define the result of a sport. However, the degree of skill and performance in some sports such as diving, dressage and figure skating is judged according to well-defined criteria. This is in contrast with other judged activities such as beauty pageants and body building, where skill does not have to be shown and the criteria are not as well defined. Cardiovascular endurance is the most important aspect of fitness. It is basically how strong your heart is, which can potentially add years to your life. The heart is the most important muscle in the human body and if it is kept healthy then you can avoid numerous health problems. Another reason that cardiovascular endurance is important is because your heart controls the oxygen flow to all your muscles - meaning cardiovascular health has a direct impact on your performance. Both endurance and strength wise. Cardiovascular endurance is also frequently called cardio-respiratory endurance, cardiovascular fitness, aerobic capacity, and aerobic fitness or is sometimes more broadly termed endurance. Although endurance may also refer to the ability of the muscle to do repeated work without fatigue. Flexibility is definitely one of the most important aspects of fitness and has a very substantial role in every other part. It is extremely important to maintain a high flexibility, as it will reduce the risk of injury in any sport ten-fold and will also improve your performance. Flexibility is determined basically by how for a muscle can stretch its fibres. As the fibres can stretch more, the muscles become more flexible. In general, flexibility means the range of movements around the skeletal joints of the body. Precisely, flexibility may be defined as the range of motion around a joint as determined by the elasticity of the muscles, tendons and ligaments associated with the joint under consideration. In other word flexibility is the ability of a person to move the parts of the body through as wide a range of motion as possible without undue strain to the joints and its muscle attachments. Physical fitness is more than cardio-vascular fitness. Most of the experts agree that fitness has many different components of which cardio-vascular fitness is only one. From a public health perspective, strength, muscular endurance, speed, flexibility, agility and body composition form the components of physical fitness. The element of specific basis of selection is being inducted in the procedure of selection of athletes at various levels in some advanced countries. To excel in a physically competitive sport, the player must possess such dimensions of body characteristics are known to be of fundamental importance for individual development to achieve Olympic level performance in a sport. The physique which includes the evaluation of size, shape and form of an individual is of prime importance as to know how far an individual can succeed in becoming a top athlete. Studies have also shown that champions of different sports require different qualities with respect to their events. In the Morden era with the advancement of scientific knowledge, techniques and methods even en the field of physical , health, recreation and sports it is realised and observed on objective basis that the performance of an individual depends on various personal physiological, physical, sociological and psychological factors. It is now frequently pointed out, mentioned and recorded by the personal in the fit of physical education and sports that performance of physical education even depends on various factors and it is not the outcome of a single quality. It means performance is a multi-dimensional process not an undimensional. Factors which affect the tenure are efficiency of participant, in on event are participants attitude towards activity. Aptitudes, intense physical fitness, physiological setup including capacities of various system in a body, and then functioning knowledge of fundamentals of the event, level of growth and development of various part of a body, social, emotional and individual adjustment in the activity. It is further found that determines success or level of performance or achievement of an individual are developed and are also influenced by environmental situation, nature of training and practice done and cultural set up of the society. It is well known fact that human biological system do not behave in the human at all ages. The development pattern of various motor ability factors factors is different ages. As the requirement of each sportive event is not same so keeping in view the development pattern of various motors ability factors the age for talent selection for different event is not same. Not only physiological parameters but physical parameters are also important for any sportive events e.g. large height weight ratios are required for volleyball and basketball. There are studies related to the prediction of adult played parameters at young age and maximal physiological response of children to exercise but these studies are not sufficient to illustrate the implicit factors regarding sportive performance and no literature is available to know the influence of cardio-vascular fitness and vital capacity of the participant or the performance of various physical activities especially regarding the influence of cardio-vascular fitness. Therefore more appropriate efforts are required to analyse these implicit factors to project a general and authentic understanding of the underlying physiological process of exercise performance. So in the direction the present study is an effort to explore some more significant parameters regarding physical exercise and cardio-vascular fitness. In addition to these factors like vascular capacity, respiratory system, vital capacity, circulatory system and other system of body are also important in the field of physical education to judge or predict the performance of an individual in physical, recreational and sports.STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The problem entitle was A comparative study of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of different age groups.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY1. To find out the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 19-22 years age group.2. To find out the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 22-25years age group.3. To find out the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 25-28 years age group.HYPOTHESESBased on different research findings, experts opinion and scholars own understanding of the problem, it was hypothesized that: 1. There will be a significant difference between cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 19-22 years age group.2. There will be a significant difference between cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 22-25years age group.3. There will be a significant difference between cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 25-28 years age group.DELIMITATIONS1. The study was delimited to male basketball and handball player of Punjabi university Patiala at inter college level.2. The data was collected in the academic session of 20013-2014.3. The study was delimited to different age group of 19-22years, 22-25 years and 25-28 years.4. The study was delimited to 10 players of each age group.5. The study was delimited to 30 players of each game.LIMITATIONSFollowing factors were considered as limitations of the present study.1. On the days of testing the aptitude of the subjects may have influenced the results of the study. This was considered as the limitations of the study.2. No special motivation technique was used during the test and training program, therefore the difference that may how occurred in performance due to lack of motivation, was recorded as the limitation of the study.3. As the subjects come from different socioeconomic groups their dietary habits, life style, routine of training is different which was considered as limitations of the study.DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF TERMSIt is very clear from the statement of the problem that the study wishes to find out the relationship between cardio-vascular fitness and the age factor on which it depend. There will be used certain technical terms and words. So to avoid the possible ambiguity in understanding theses terms and words, they are explained one by one as follows:Cardiovascular Fitness:-Socialistic have not yet come to any final conclusion regarding the definition of cardio-vascular fitness. Generally, they pointed out it pertains to heart and blood vessels. In this study, cardio vascular fitness has been used in the sense of fitness to perform some physical task, requiring muscular work and measured through the modified form of Harvard step test. Performance:- Actual accomplishment as distinguished from potential ability, capacity or aptitude.Running:-A formal exercise consisting in making successive connection.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY1. The study may also give knowledge about the development aerobic training program for basketball and handball players.2. The results of this study will be of enormous support to the sports scientists, physician, teachers and coaches to frame or modify the existing schedules of aerobic training.3. The result of the study will give an additional knowledge to the area of research in aerobic capacity of handball and basketball players.

CHAPTER-IiREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREA serious and scholarly attempt has been made by the scholar to go through the related literature. Although literature specified related to the present study but some of the vital and valuable information in support of present study were gathered. A brief review of the studies related to the present problems has been described in this Chapter.

Ghosh (2002) conducted a study on selected coordinative abilities on 15 male sprinters and 15 male jumpers of Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior with the purpose to find out the coordinative ability between the track events and fields events. The variables selected for the study were orientation ability, differentiation ability, reaction ability, balance ability and rhythm ability. t ratio on all the variables was applied and on the basis of the results the following conclusions were drawn:1. In case of orientation ability and reaction ability there was a significant difference between the sprinters and jumpers.2. On the other hand in differentiation ability, balance ability and rhythm ability there was no significant differences between the sprinters and jumpers.3. It was observed that the sprinters and the jumpers did not differ completely.

Prakash and Dureha (1998) assessed the physical, physiological and psychological variables as predicting factors in Kho - Kho performance. The subjects were 150 male university level players of India. Their age ranged from 17 to 25 years. The judgment of Kho - Kho playing ability of each subject was based on the four point scale, which was evaluated by the three experts according to the players achievement levels of performance. The KhoKho performance predicting factors were assessed by the selected physical variables(speed, explosive strength, agility, speed endurance, speed of movement, height and weight), physiological (heart rate, vital capacity and cardiovascular endurance) and accuracy variables. The mean, standard deviation, correlation, partial correlation and multiple correlation was employed for the analysis of data at 0.05 level of significance. Within the limitations of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: The selected physical variables (speed, explosive strength, agility, speed endurance and speed of movement), physiological variables (vital capacity, and cardiovascular endurance) and psychological variables (visual perceptual accuracy can be used as predicting factors to assess the KhoKho performance.

Toner (1982) investigated the relationship of selected physical fitness and mood variables to success in female high school basketball players. The study examined the relationship of physical fitness, skills and mood variables success in female high school basketball players being chosen to become varsity players. Mc Nairs profile of Mood States, Coopers 12 minutes run test, AAHPER Jump and Reach test, AAHPER Shuttle run test, 30 yards dash, AAHPER under basketball test, speed dribble test were administered to eighty one female high school basketball players. Each of the three teams was treated on three separate occasions during the regular afternoon practice time for the teams. At the end of the testing and evaluation period, the few of coaches on the basis of their observations during drills and scrimmage competition independently related each candidate as either a successful or an unsuccessful performer. Discriminate analysis procedures supported the following hypothesis (a) The fitness factor, skill testing and personal factors, (known together as pre-season variables) were successful indicators of group membership while the POMS did correlate with coachs ratings.

Hammes (1979) found the relationship of bio-rhythm to selected aspects of basketball performance. In all 13 members were selected from 1976-77 UW-Ean Claire, Green Bay, and La Crosse Mens Inter- Collegiate Basketball teams who played were evaluated on field goal percentage, free throw percentage, rebounds, assists, blocked shots, turnovers and fouls, completed bio-rhythm charts were computed for the season. A three way ANOVA revealed no significant difference between the players game performance and his bio-rhythmic cycles.

Garden (1978) predicated basketball playing ability of college women by selected tests. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of cardio-vascular capacity measure (Coopers 12 minutes Run), leg power measure (Modified Ssargent Jump, Jump and Reach test) or upper body muscular strength and endurance flexed arm hang, a percentage of body fat measure (Skin fold thickness), and measure of body height as predictors of basketball playing ability and to develop a statistical equation for predicating success in playing college basketball. The basketball playing ability or criterion measures were an ability rating, a personality ability rating, composite ability/personality rating, null comparative rating scale, and a ranking of the players by the coaches. The sample was twenty female basketball players from the 1976-77 University of Arkansas and North Eastern Oklahoma State University teams. Ten players from each school participated in the study. The step-wise multiple regression programme was utilized to form prediction equations by the five tests or predictor variables being correlated with each of the five basketball playing ability measures. The prediction equations were selected using a criteria only those variables which had the lowest standard error of estimate and the greatest `F` value. The equation produced a correlation coefficient of 0.786 and a standard error of estimate of + 0.392. The prediction equation form step-wise multiple regression programme was basketball ability = 9.0532 + 1.36421 (12 Minutes Run) 0.11303 (Height).Cureton (1951) reported that the cardiovascular condition as tested by five minutes step- test of Olympic swimmers and track and fieldsmen was found to be much better than that of the normal proper. Moreover, these result showed that the distance swimmer runners showed better cardiovascular condition then other athletes this improved cardiovascular efficiency has keep attributed mainly to improved economy in the working of athletes.Khehr et at. (1942) reported that when upright positions was assumed and during exercise the trained heart accelerated less than the untrained heart, and in another group the average heart rate, after two months of training decreased from 66.8 to 62.8 beats per minute and after six months of training the decline was from 62.8 to 61. 8 beat pr minutes. No details of the training method and significant level of the result were given. Copper at all. (1937)- Observed that the amplitude of R and T waves in the ECGs of two subjects increased greatly after playing a game of squash .in an ECG;s study of corsmem they found an increase in the amplitude of I- waves.Patterson and Patterson ( 1935)- Studies the ECGs of a group of athletes immediately after competition in thirty one mile walking marathon and reported that PR and aRS in intervals were unchanged in most of the tracings.

CHAPTER-IIiMETHODOLOGY AND PROCEDUREIn this chapter procedure and methods applied in selection of subject, selection of variables, instrument reliability, reliability of the data, orientation of the subjects, training program, and collection of data, administration of tests, and experimental design and statistical procedures are being explained. Selection of Subjects The purpose of present study was to compare the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of different age groups. To achieve this purpose total sixty (N=60) handball and basketball players of three different age group from Punjabi University, Patiala were selected as subjects. Table no. 3.1The subjects were purposively assigned into three groups as following: GameAge groups

Basketball19 22 years (N =10)22- 25 years(N =10)25 - 28 years(N =10)

Handball19 - 22 years (N =10)22- 25 years(N =10)25 - 28 years(N =10)

Selection of Variables Researcher had gone through the available literature and had discussions with various experts and his guide before arriving at a conclusion. The availability of the techniques, feasibility and reliability of the procedure and the outcome were extensively analyzed and on various factors associated with the problem, cardiovascular fitness variable was selected to test during the study.

Selection of TestsTo measure the cardiovascular fitness level of handball and basketball players at different age level, 600 run/walk tests was used. ADMINISTRATION OF TESTField and equipment used: Track or marked area and stopwatch. Test Administration: The subject was asked to take a standing start. At the single Ready? Go! The subjects start running the 600 yard distance. Walking was permitted but the performer was to cover the distance in the shortest period of time. Scoring: The time taken to run 600 yards in minutes and seconds was the score of this test item.Statistical Procedure After the collection of relevant data, to compare the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of different age groups t-test was employed on mean values of cardiovascular fitness with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0. The level of significance was set at 0.05 percent.

CHAPTER IVANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTSAfter the collection of relevant data, to compare the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of different age groups t-test was employed on mean values of cardiovascular fitness with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0. The level of significance was set at 0.05 percent. This chapter is devoted to analysis and interpretation of the results for reaching at definite conclusions.ANALYSIS OF DATATable No. 4.1Comparison of mean, S.D and t-value of the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 19 22 years age group. (N=20)

Game Age group MeanS.D t - values

Basketball players19-22 years (N-10)2.470.331.34

Handball players19-22 years (N-10)2.320.15

*t.05 (18) = 1.96 The findings of table no. 4.1 shows the comparison of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 19 22 years age group are shown in table no.4.1. The table statistically reveals that the calculated t value 1.34 of cardiovascular fitness of 19 22 years age group male basketball and handball players is less than tabulated value 1.96. Therefore the values of table no. 4.1 show that, there was insignificant difference between cardiovascular fitness of 19 22 years age group male basketball and handball players. The results of table no 4.1 are also illustrated in figure no. 4.1.

Figure no. 4.1 Comparison of mean, S.D and t-value of the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 19 22 years age group. Table No. 4.2Comparison of mean, S.D and t-value of the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 22 25 years age group. (N=20)

Game Age group MeanS.D t - values



*t.05 (18) = 1.96 The findings of table no. 4.2 shows the comparison of Cardiovascular Fitness Of Male Basketball And Handball Players Of 22 25 Years Age Group are shown in table no.4.2. The table statistically reveals that the calculated t value 1.76 of cardiovascular fitness of 22 25 years age group male basketball and handball players is less than tabulated value 1.96. Therefore the values of table no. 4.2 show that, there was an insignificant difference between cardiovascular fitness of 22 25 years age group male basketball and handball players. The results of table no 4.2 are also depicted in figure no. 4.2.

Figure no. 4.2 Comparison of mean, S.D and t-value of the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 22 25 years age group.

Table No. 4.3Comparison of mean, S.D and t-value of the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 25 28 years age group. (N=20)Game Age group MeanS.D t - values



*t.05 (18) = 1.96 The findings of table no. 4.3 shows the comparison of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 25 28 years age group are shown in table no.4.3. The table statistically reveals that the calculated t value 0.57 of cardiovascular fitness of 25 28 years age group male basketball and handball players is less than tabulated value 1.96. Therefore the values of table no. 4.3 show that, there was an insignificant difference between cardiovascular fitness of 25 28 years age group male basketball and handball players. The results of table no 4.3 are also illustrated in figure no. 4.3.

Figure no. 4.3 Comparison of mean, S.D and t-value of the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of 25 28 years age group.

DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGSThe statistical analysis of comparison of physical fitness components of male basketball and handball players of different age groups (19-22years, 22-25years, 25-28 years) are affiliated with Punjabi University, Patiala. The level of confidence is 0.05 and the significant difference value of t-test is 1.96. The t-test shows that there is insignificant difference between cardiovascular fitness of different age groups (19-22years, 22-25years, 25-28 years) of male basketball and handball players. The found results were eye opening that the male basketball and handball players of different level of age groups had significant difference of cardiovascular fitness at 0.05 level of confidence. Thus, the hypothesis taken for study that there would be a significant difference of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of different level of age groups had rejected.The statistical analysis of comparison of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball player age group (19-22 years) were insignificant difference because their computed t-test value is 1.34 at the 0.05 level of confidence which is below the significant value 1.96 shown in table no.4.1.Hence, the hypothesis that there would be significant difference of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball player age group (19-22 years) had rejected.

The statistical analysis of comparison of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball player age group (22-25 years) were insignificant difference because their computed t-test value is 1.76 at the 0.05 level of confidence which is below the significant value 1.96 shown in table no.4.2.Hence, the hypothesis that there would be significant difference of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball player age group (22-25 years) had rejected. The statistical analysis of comparison of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball player age group (25-28 years) were insignificant difference because their computed t-test value is 0.57 at the 0.05 level of confidence which is below the significant value 1.96 shown in table no.4.3. Hence, the hypothesis that there would be significant difference of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball player age group (25-28 years) had rejected.

CHAPTER-VSUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSLife in the computer age is not less than the blessing of GOD. Scientific discoveries have changed the face of our planet. The science changed the thorny life into the bed of roses. The use of scientific devices machineries and computerization is making the man dependent and comfortable. It is acting like sweet poison. Man is losing his physical efficiency and becoming weaker day by day. Health and Fitness is a Prerequisite of every person irrespective of caste, creed and colour and can be accomplished through the medium of exercise.As human beings evolved culturally, emotionally, and socially, physical activity also evolved. As the society became more and complex leading towards the modern age, physical education came to be recognized as an organized and supervised from of education, and was termed as physical education. The importance of physical activity was recognized by Plato when he said, "lack of activity destroys the good conditions of every human being, while movement and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it".Physical education, an integral part of the total education process, is a field of endeavour that has as its aim the improvement of human performance through the medium of physical activities that have been selected with a view to realizing this outcome says Charles A. Bucher.Physical education is an education of an individual through human movement where many of the educational objectives are achieved by means of big muscle activities involving sports, games, gymnastics, dance and exercise, opined Harold M. Barrow.Man in the present world is full of modern gadgets and implements for utmost comfort. Man is busy in making his life more and more pleasurable. Man has become largely dependent upon automotive equipments and thus inviting many fatal diseases and susceptibilities. The diseases mostly engulfing the modern society are 'Hypo kinetic' type, i.e. diseases caused due to less movement of body parts. The diseases like Coronary Hearth Disease, Hyper Tension of High Blood Pressure, Diabetes, arthritis, are all hypo kinetic type mostly caused due to less movement of human body parts. In this regard knowledge of physical education should be compulsory for every individual not only for professional approach but also to a large extent for the benefit of the society.The field of sport and exercise continues to expand rapidly. This is evidenced by the fact that sport is now considered a multi-billion dollar industry (Park house, 2001). As the field of sport experiences increased growth, numerous career opportunities are becoming available for students trained in sport and exercise related majors. Historically, universities have trained physical and health education majors to pursue careers in education and coaching. However, in the 1960's individuals suggested that the field of physical education should develop various academic sub disciplines (Henry, 1964).Physical education has a major role to play in the school system. Without physical education program we can never hope for a child's wholesome development. Now a days professionals in the field of Physical Education and Sport have a good opening in this area. In the C.B.S.E. curriculum Physical Education is compulsory subject in the +2 level. Moreover physical education is of equal importance for all students from classes nursery to tenth standard. Thus with respect to job opportunity schools are lucrative and wide ranging. Most of Government, Semi-Government, Public and Private Institutions recruit Physical Education teachers for handsome pay and perks.Physical Education occupies a dignified position in the higher education sector; apart from teaching in training colleges Physical Education has been included as an elective subject in the degree course (B.A. B. Sc) level. Professional scope of Physical Education and Sports Science is vast and vivid. (i) In Spas, Fitness and Health Clubs: In our country Spas have grown like mushroom in most of the urban, suburban and semi-urban areas. This is the area where we should seek expertise from professionals in the area of Physical Education and Sport because they have best knowledge regarding rehabilitative and therapeutic modalities like Cryotherapy, Thermotherapy, and Electromagnetic Therapy etc.They are well equipped with the massage therapy most popular in the Spas and Fitness centres. But the fact is that most of these Spas. Health and Fitness centres are managed by unskilled personnel. (ii) Yoga Centres: The most popular and widely accepted therapeutic aspect is the concept of Yogic Science which is considered to be a part of Physical Education and Sports Science. Though a traditional concept of India which has its origin in the early Vedic period has now become a global affair. Many experts in this area are engaged in foreign countries attracting mass with the theory and practice. (iii) Physical Education experts in the Tech. Institutes : Most of the government and non-government technical institutes like IIT, NIT etc. recruit Physical Education Professionals as Sports Officers, Physical Instructors, Physical Trainers to manage the various sporting events. (iv) In mass media: Sports Journalism is an area where the Physical Education and Sports Science experts can be worthwhile.Not only this Physical Education is presently one of the best job generating professional area. There are many areas where we can get the service of Physical education experts. Some of them are as follows: (i) There should be a connecting link between the Doctors and Physical Education experts, for exchange of views with regard to therapeutic and rehabilitative measures. A scientific combination o the two may benefit the society further. (ii) The Gymnasiums and health clubs should encourage trained personnel to manage the health and fitness programs. (iii) Trained physical Education personnel should get priority in defence and police services with special recruitment drives. (iv) Military training should be laid to the hands of trained Physical Education personnel for better outcomes.The present status was done to compare the cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball players of different age groups at inter college level of Punjabi university Patiala.The data was collected on randomly selected ten players of every group. Total sixty players were randomly selected of both games. The age of subjects ranged between nineteen to twenty eight years. They were studying in colleges of affiliated to Punjabi University, Patiala.

CONCLUSION:1. The result shows that there was significant difference of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball player (19-22 year) age group. 2. After analysis the data the result shows that there was significant difference of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball player (19-22 year) age group. 3. The result shows that there was significant difference of cardiovascular fitness of male basketball and handball player (19-22 year) age group.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

It is said, Large scale innovations in education have often failed to produce the expected results. 1. Apart from developing evidence-based education policy, this also means that policy should be implemented in a way that facilitates its proper evaluation.2. The innovation is must from time to time. It is good to keep curriculum up to date. 3. The Management Committee, Principal, teachers, researchers and government would be represented within the body to ensure improved alignment of the proper implementation of prescribed syllabus, and improved alignment, implementation and evaluation of practice. 4. Similar study may be undertaken as longitudinal for all the variables taken in the present study.5. Similar studies may be conducted on Female and both the gender subjects 6. The study may be applied on large sample of same population across the nation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Akbar Sazvar, Mohammad Mohammadi, Farzad Nazem & Nader Farahpour (2012) Effect of morning aerobic exercise on hematological parameters in young active males. Iranian Journal of Health and Physical Activity 4 (1), 23-28. Retrieved December 15, 2013from https://www.google.co.in/#q=Iranian+Journal+of+Health+and+Physical+Activity+4+%281%29%2C+23-282. Asra Askari , Babisan Askari, Ayub Mahdivand, Mohammad Ali Samavati Sharif (2013) effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on VO2max and hematologic indices. Iranian Journal of Health and Physical Activity 4 (1), 29-36. Retrieved 2013 from https://www.google.co.in/#q=Iranian+Journal+of+Health+and+Physical+Activity+%282013%29+4+%281%29%2C+%2829-36%293. Blood Basics (2013). American Society of Hematology. Retrieved 2013 from http:// www. hematology.org/Patients/Blood Basics/5222.aspx database 4. Bodary (1999) Effects of acute exercise on plasma erythropoietin levels in trained runner Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 31(4), 543-46. Retrieved April, 1999 from http://www.kines.umich.edu/biblio/effects-acute-exercise-plasma-erythropoietin-levels-trained-runners5. Casoni (1983) Hemoglobin concentration of runners Foods, Nutrition and Sports Performance: An International Scientific Consensus 54-55. Retrieved February 6, 1991 from http://www.amazon.com/Foods-Nutrition-Sports-Performance-international/dp/0419178902 6. Copper at all. (1937)- European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 64 (6), 497-502. Retrieved 1992 from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF008437577. Cross Country Running (2014) Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 15, 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running database. 8. Cureton (1951) Hemoglobin concentration of runners Foods, Nutrition and Sports Performance: An International Scientific Consensus 54-55. Retrieved February 6, 1991 from http://www.amazon.com/Foods-Nutrition-Sports-Performance-international/dp/04191789029. D.P. Lokwani (2013). The ABC of CBC Interpretation of Complete Blood Count and Histograms (1st ed.). Beatrice: JPB Publications. 10. Erin Digitale (2008). Running slows the aging clock. Retrieved August 11, 2008 from http://med.stanford.edu/news_releases/2008/august/running.html database 11. Evrim Cakmakci, Ahmet Sanioglu, Husamettin Vatansev & Kamile Marakoglu (2010) Effects of 8-week step-aerobic exercise on the body composition and hematologic parameters in the obese and overweight females. Annals of Ovidius University Constanta-Series Physical Education and Sport/Science, movement and health, 10, 808-814. Retrieved 2010 from http://www.analefefs.ro/anale-fefs/2010/issue-2-supplement/files/105..pdf12. Garden (1978) Essentials of Medical Physiology(4th ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd.13. Ghosh (2002) Effects of acute exercise on plasma erythropoietin levels in trained runner Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 31(4), 543-46. Retrieved April, 1999 from http://www.kines.umich.edu/biblio/effects-acute-exercise-plasma-erythropoietin-levels-trained-runners14. Hammes (1979) Jumping rope is cheap, portable, and burns more calories than you might think. WebMD Retrieved 2007 from http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/features/skip-rope-not-your-workout database15. Huey-June Wu, Kung-Tung Chen, Bing-Wu Shee, Huan-Cheng Chang, Yi-Jen Huang, Rong-Sen Yan(2004) Effects of 24 h ultra-marathon on biochemical and hematological Parameters world Journal Gastroenterology. 10(18),2711-14. Retrieved September 15, 2004 from http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/10/2711.pdf?origin=publication_detail16. Jogging (2014). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 15, 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging database.17. Sembulingam & Prema Sembulingam (2006). Essentials of Medical Physiology(4th ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 18. Khehr et at. (1942) European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 64 (6), 497-502. Retrieved 1992 from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF0084375719. Lauralee Sherwood(2006). Fundamental of Physiology - A Human Perspective (3rd ed.). Belmont: Thomson learning Academic Resource Center. 20. Leanna Skarnulis (2007). Jumping rope is cheap, portable, and burns more calories than you might think. WebMD Retrieved 2007 from http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/features/skip-rope-not-your-workout database. 21. M.L Kamlesh(2006). Methodology of research in physical education and sport (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Metropolitan Book Co. Pvt. Ltd.22. Moosavizademonir (2011) Effect of one period of training on hemoglobin, hematocrit and RBC of athlete girls. Annals of Biological Research 2 (6), 642-644. Retrieved 2011 from http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/ABR-vol2-iss6/ABR-2011-2-6-642-644.pdf23. Patterson and Patterson ( 1935)- Fundamental of Physiology - A Human Perspective (3rd ed.). Belmont: Thomson learning Academic Resource Center. 24. Prakash and Dureha (1998) Methodology of research in physical education and sport (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Metropolitan Book Co. Pvt. Ltd25. Physical Activity (2014). World health organization. Retrieved 2014 from http://www. who.int/dietphysicalactivity/pa/en/Database 26. R. A. Kielar, P. Teraslinna, D. G. Rowe & J. Jackson (1975) Effect of standardized aerobic and anaerobic exercise on blood pH level of male athletes. Investigative Ophthalmology,14, 782-785. Retrieved February 27, 1979 from http://www.researchgate.net/directory/publications/27. Rashida Bhatti & Din Muhammad Shaikh (2007) The effect of exercise on blood parameters. Pakistan Journal of Physiology 3(2), 44-46. Retrieved Jul, 2007 from http://www.pps.org.pk/PJP/3-2/28. R. Candau, T. Busso & J. R. Lacour (1992) European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 64 (6), 497-502. Retrieved 1992 from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF0084375729. Natale VM, Brenner IK, Moldoveanu AI, Vasiliou P, Shek P, Shephard RJ(2003) Effects of three different types of exercise on blood leukocyte count during and following exercise. Sao Paulo Med Journal. 121(1),9-14. Retrieved July 4, 2003 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12751337

30. Neil M. Johannsen mail, Damon L. Swift, William D. Johnson, Vishwa D. Dixit, Conrad P. Earnest, Steven N. Blair, Timothy S. Church (2012) Effects of 3 different doses of aerobic exercise on changes in total WBC count. journal.pone 3 (1), 87-92. Retrieved February 17, 2012 from http://www.ploso ne.org/article/ info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031319

31. Toner (1982) Haematological status in elite long-distance runners: Influence of body composition Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 16 (6),563-65. Retrieved November, 1996 from http://onlinelibrary.w iley.com/doi/10.1111 /cpf. 1996.16.issue-6/issuetoc

32. Sahaya Latha Rani (2012) Effect of yogic practices on selected physical, physiological, hematological, psychological and performance related variables among college level women Volleyballers. Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre. Retrieved 19 December, 2012 from http://shodh ganga.inflibne t.ac.in/ha ndl e /1 0603/5629

33. Sasi Kumar (2012) Effect of varied packages of yogic practices on selected motor ability components, physiological, hematological and bio chemical variables among college men students. Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre. Retrieved March 15, 2012 from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/3348

34. Sharon A. Plowman & Denise L. Smith (2002) Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance (2nd ed.). St. San Francisco: Daryl Fox.

35. Skipping Rope (2014) Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February, 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipping_rope database.

36. Spodaryk (1993) Haematological and iron-related parameters of male endurance and strength trained athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 67 (1), 66-70. Retrieved 1993 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8375368

37. Stair climbing (2013) Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 13, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stair_climbing database.

38. Stationary Cycling (2014) Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February, 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_cycle equipment database.

39. Suetta (1996) Haematological status in elite long-distance runners: Influence of body composition Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 16 (6),563-65. Retrieved November, 1996 from http://onlinelibrary.w iley.com/doi/10.1111 /cpf. 1996.16.issue-6/issuetoc

40. Steve Parker (2007). The human body book (2nd ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley publication.

41. Teh Kong Chuan & Aziz Abdul Rashid (2002). Heart rate, oxygen uptake, and energy cost of ascending and descending the stairs. Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(4), 695 699. Retrieved April, 2002 from http://journals.lww.com database.

42. Walking (2014). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 8, 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking database.

43. Yoga P (2012) Effect of varied packages of yogic practices on selected motor ability, physiological, hematological and bio-chemical variables among college men students. Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre Retrieved January 24, 2012 from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/3335

Complete Thesis

Documents

Transcript of Complete Thesis