Complete the map of Europe in 1914. Use the map on page 700 as a guide

When you finish the map, read Chapter 27 beginning on page 698

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

Nations define strength as military power Nations increase size of militaries Development of new military technologies Nations develop plans for rapid mobilization of

armed forces

Definition: When nations form agreements with other nations for support

Two main alliances form:

Triple Alliance

Triple Entante

Triple Alliance Germany Austro-Hungary Italy

Triple Entente France Russia Great Britain

The Alliances of 1914

NOTE: Central Powers = Triple Alliance

Definition: expanding power by controlling foreign territories and establishing colonies

European nations control large territories in Africa and Asia

Colonies provide raw materials and markets for goods/services

European nations competing against each other to gain more colonies

Definition: An extreme sense of pride or loyalty to one’s nation

Leads to growing competition between countries

Leads to sense of paranoia between countries

Balkan Peninsula

has a history of violence & political instability,

Nicknamed “Powder keg” due to frequent uprisings

Balkan Peninsula gains independence from Ottoman Empire

Race of nations to extend borders or take over Balkan region

Austro-Hungary takes over Bosnia & Herzegovina

Serbia had planned on joining with Bosnia, angered by Austria’s actions

Russia supports Serbian claim to Bosnia

June 28, 1914, Austro-Hungarian heir, Archduke Franz-Ferdinand & his wife, Sofia, traveling in Sarajevo, Bosnia

Gavrilo Princip assassinates Franz & Wife

Princip was 19 year old Serbian

Member of The Black Hand, a society developed to remove Austrian rule in Bosnia

Austria’s demands to prevent war:

Serbia will outlaw groups that oppose Austrian control of Bosnia

Serbia will dismiss teachers & ban books that are not pro-Austrian

Serbia government officials who speak against Austrian rule

Austrian officials are to participate in the trial and execution of those who took part in the assassination

All attempts to negotiate peace fail

The War to End All Wars

From Section 1 (p 698)

Ultimatum Mobilize Belligerents

From Section 2 (p 704)

Propaganda Total War War of Attrition Atrocities U-Boats

Rivalries Militarism

Alliances Nationalism

World War I

1. Austro-Hungary declares war on Serbia 2. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary 3. Germany declares war on Russia 4. France declares war on Germany 5. Germany invades Belgium to get to France 6. Great Britain declares war on Germany As countries enter the war, so do their foreign

colonies pulling Africa, Asia, Australia, & Canada into the war

THE CENTRAL POWERS (FORMERLY TRIPLE ALLIANCE)

Germany Austro-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

THE ALLIES (FORMERLY TRIPLE ENTENTE)

France Russia Great Britain (+ Canada,

Australia, & India) Italy (formally sided

w/Germany) Japan Greece Portugal

1

2 3

4 5

6

Purpose: to avoid a two-front War (Germany lies between

France & Russia) Plan: Germany goes west to quickly strike at France & GB

to take Paris

THEN - rapidly move East and strike Russia before Russia is prepared

Based on two key assumptions easy victory in west

Russian military would be slow to mobilize (prepare)

The Western Front

The battle line that stretched from the North Sea to Switzerland

Crossed Belgium & Northern France (an area known as Flanders)

Describe this picture. What do you think is happening in this picture? What are conditions like for soldiers?

Map shows the major positions of the armies along the Western Front Lines. Blue denotes the Allies and Red denotes the Central Powers.

Along Western Front, armies dug deep trenches to provide protection from bullets

Soldiers lived in trenches, conditions were difficult Constant assault from the other side

Extremely muddy & wet

Limited food, malnutrition common

Poor sanitation, disease prevalent Fighting consisted of coming out of trenches into a

“no man’s land” to rush opposing sides trenches Faced heavy machine gun & artillery fire once out of

trenches

Poison gasses developed to fill trenches - becomes a “silent killer”

Huge loss of life, little territorial gain

Life on the Western Front

British soldiers in the trenches

Life on the Western Front

Soldiers trying to catch a little sleep in the trenches

Life on the Western Front

British soldiers crossing the no-man’s land during a lull in the fighting to search for casualties

Life on the Western Front

British-Indian Soldiers fighting along the Western Front in Flanders (Belgium)

Life on the Western Front

Soldiers preparing to launch an attack across the no-man’s

New military technologies made killing large numbers of people easier Poison Gases

▪ Introduced by Germans ▪ Most common: Mustard Gas (blister agent) & Chlorine Gas ▪ Gas masks quickly developed, but not always available

Machine Guns Flame-throwers Tanks

▪ Developed by Great Britain ▪ Could rush opposing trenches & cross all terrain types

Submarines ▪ Developed by Germany ▪ Undetectable (sonar not developed yet) ▪ Used against both military & non-military ships

Airplanes ▪ Developed on both sides to spy on other side’s battle lines ▪ Eventually guns added to planes

CLICK ME

Battle of Verdun, Feb. 1916

Germans attack French in Verdun, France

Massive loss of life, 300,000 per side

Germans gain only 4 miles

Battle of the Somme

July GB sends military into N. France to aid France

Attack Germany in Somme Valley

GB loses 20,000 in first hour

GB gains five miles, taking back territory claimed in Verdun

Stretched along German/Russian border Did not use trenches

armies more mobile/front lines move often Russian Army Poorly Equipped: Russia had little industrialization

Lacked military technology

Supplies unable to reach Russian Front ▪ German subs prevent ships from aiding in the North

▪ Ottomans prevent supplies from coming from the South

Russia’s greatest asset was its large numbers of people Could tolerate massive loss of life w/o depleting

armies

The World in Flames

The Central Powers Germany Austro-Hungry Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

The Allies France North Africa

West Africa Russia Great Britain Australia

Canada

India

Egypt

South Africa Japan United States

Reasons for wanting to take the Dardanelles: The Allies wanted to take a waterway connecting the

Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea known as the Dardanelles.

Would take the Ottoman Turks out of the war Would allow supplies to get from Allies in the west to

Russia The Campaign: Began in February 1915, lasted 8 months Allies made repeated assaults on the Gallipoli

peninsula Turks able to defend position

Allies withdraw

Fighting in Asia: Germany had many colonial outposts in China &

Pacific Islands Japan quickly took control of German outposts in Asia Heavy fighting breaks out in the Middle East in an

attempt to control strategic waterways India sends troops to support British war efforts

Fighting in Africa: Germany quickly lost its three African colonies to

British & French colonial militaries France & Britain recruited troops from colonial

outposts primarily in Africa ▪ Many colonists volunteered to fight in the hope it would lead

to independence from European rule

German blockade & U-Boats a threat to US commercial shipping Germany announce it would sink any Allied ship in British waters,

whether civilian or military (Unrestricted Submarine Warfare) May 7, 1915 German sub sinks the British passenger ship, the Lusitania.

Ship carried 128 Americans & ammunition for British troops

American public outrage, Wilson called for immediate end to policy/Germany complies

1917, Germany returns to practice & 3 American ships attacked

Germany recruits Mexico to attack US, Telegram intercepted by US between Mexico & Germany

▪ Known as the Zimmerman Note ▪ If US loses, than Germany would ensure Mexico gets back Texas, California, New Mexico, & Arizona

April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany

War affects more than just the soldiers WWI was a total war All involved nations gave all their resources to the war

effort Governments took control of national economies Forced factories into military production All able citizens put to work Instituted rationing programs to ensure military receive

necessary supplies first Opposition to war was restricted Anti-war protesters imprisoned Media reports from the fronts were censored

Governments created a “propaganda machine” to sell the war to the people & keep up morale for the soldiers

The role of women: Replaced men on the worksite and on

factory/assembly lines Volunteered to work as nurses on the front lines & in

military hospitals back home Kept the family together & the economy going w/o

their husbands African Americans: Volunteered to serve in the military/were not drafted Allowed to become officers for the first time The legendary 369th Infantry Regiment (Harlem

Hellfighters) saw more front line combat than any other US regiment

March 1917, Russia withdraws due to civil unrest Russia experienced largest loss of life/more than the

other Allies Due to German U-Boat blockade & failure of the Gallipoli

Campaign, food in short supply Russian army refuses to fight

Czar Nicholas abdicates Democratic government established under the

Menshevik Party New government fails after 8 months Lenin’s Bolshevik party takes control Lenin & Germany end eastern fighting w/the Brest-

Litovsk Treaty

Winning the War

US involvement brought over 3 million fresh troops & supplies into war effort

Germany now fighting a one front war w/Allies

Germany launches major assault on France/within 40 miles of Paris

US rapidly deploys 140,000 fresh & well-supplied troops to lead counter-offensive

July 1918 – Second Battle of the Marne

350 Allied tanks & 2 million American troops smash thru German lines

German troops undersupplied & tired after months of non-stop fighting

Germany begins a steady retreat

October 1918 – Central Powers fall apart

Ottoman Turks & Bulgaria pull out

Austro-Hungary experiences revolution/government collapses

German public overthrows Kaiser Wilhelm II

Armistice (cease fire) treaty signed on November 11, 1918 officially ending WWI

Eliminated nearly a generation of young men 8.5 million died in battle/another 15-20 million would die of

disease, starvation, or other war related cause Completely drained the economic reserves of Europe

Financial cost estimated at $338 billion Factories & businesses destroyed High post war unemployment

Property damage also in the billions Farmland, homes, villages, etc were destroyed Extreme starvation resulted from lack of usable farmland & that

all cattle/animals killed for military support Deeps feelings of resentment & hatred between faction

European Allies wanted someone to pay for war Literature & art following war extremely dark &

disillusioned

January 18, 1918 delegation of involved nations meets at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris

The Big Four delegates from the major Allied powers were”

▪ Woodrow Wilson (USA)

▪ Georges Clemenceau (France)

▪ David Lloyd George (Britain)

▪ Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

▪ Russia not represented due to civil war/Germany not invited!

Woodrow’s Fourteen Points Plan Goal was to create a

lasting peace & end resentment

Plan’s key provisions: End secret alliances Protect freedom on the seas Reduction of military power Address colonial issues divide disputed European

territories to create new nations w/democratic governments (self-determination)

Create a League of Nations whose sole goal was to promote peace.

The Versailles Treaty of 1919 France & Britain wanted Germany to pay

for war & wanted Germany to be punished

Place sole responsibility for WWI on Germany/ The War Guilt Policy

Disbanded German military

Germany could not create a new military

Confiscated German territories in Europe, Asia & Africa

Germany to pay monetary reparations to Allies to cover cost of war & rebuilding

Adopted Wilson’s League of Nations but ignored rest of 14 Points plan

Increased tensions & anger among involved nations, particularly Germany Many new nations created out of old Austro-Hungarian & Ottoman empires Much of the Middle East given to Britain & France

Palestine, Iraq & Jordan go to England Syria & Lebanon go to France Due to Russian pull-out, the Baltic republics & Poland confiscated from Russia

US rejects treaty Did not feel Germany should bare sole debt of war Did not like League of Nations/ wanted to stay out of European affairs

The War Guilt clause led to hatred between Germany & other European nations Reparations left Germany unable to rebuild economically Starvation & economic failure persisted long after other nation’s recovered

Africa & Asia destabilized By joining in war effort, many colonial nations hoped to gain independence Request for independence denied French & English colonial holdings expanded! Began open rebellion against colonial governments

League of Nations had no power to ensure peace or administer the treaty/ widely ignored by member & non-member nations