Complete Stratus Presentation - Spinner II · STRATUS DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS. Diesel emissions...
Transcript of Complete Stratus Presentation - Spinner II · STRATUS DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS. Diesel emissions...
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Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Technologies
Part 1Diesel Emissions and Their Hazardous Pollutants
STRATUSSTRATUSDIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERSDIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS
Diesel emissions and their hazardous pollutants
Diesel Emissions and Their Hazardous Pollutants Carbon Dioxide
• colourless• odourless• greenhouse gas
Water
• colourless • odourless • harmless
Nitrogen Oxides
• colourless � brown• acrid-smelling • greenhouse gas, acid rain
Particulate Matter (PM)
• gray or black cloud • burnt-smelling • greenhouse effect• carcinogenic
Carbon Monoxide• colourless • odourless• greenhouse gas • danger of suffocation
Hydrocarbon
• colourless • fuel-smelling• greenhouse gas• carcinogen
CO
CO2
NOx
PM
H2O
HC
DIESEL
Environmental Hazard
Toxic
Toxic
Very Toxic
Very Toxic
Diesel Particulate Filter
Diesel Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Technologies – Overview
DieselEmissions
Particulate Matter(PM)
Hydrocarbon (HC)Carbon Monoxide (CO)
ExhaustTechnology
CRT + SCR = SCRT®
�� �
� �
��
�
� > 95 % Reduction of HC and CO
� > 99 % Reduction of PM
� up to 90% Reduction of NOx
CRT System Stage 1 SCR System Stage 2
Stufe 1Stage 1
Stage 2
Nitrogen Oxides(NOx)
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Diesel-Oxidation-Catalyst(DOC)
What is Particulate Matter (PM)?� The term particulate matter (PM) is used to
describe airborne solid particles and/or droplets. The particles vary in size, composition & origin.
� The definition was established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1987: “National Air Quality”-Standard for PM.
Electron micrograph of PM sampled on a filter near a street; diesel soot (small grey spheres) dominates the sample
Source: World Health Organization (WHO): “Health Aspects of Air Pollution – Results from the WHO Project “Systematic Review of Health Aspects of Air Pollution in Europe” / Federal Environment Agency (C. Trimbacher), Vienna
Salt
Minerals
Gey area diesel soot:
Minerals
Particles fromcombustion
1st scope: PM10 (coarse & fine particles)� PM10 => Basis for EC limit values (since 01.01.05) � Used for description of particles with aerodynamic
diameter < 10 m� PM10-sized particles may reach the upper part of the
airways and lung
2nd scope: PM2.5 (fine particles)� Smaller particles penetrate more deeply into the lung� Alveolar
Fuel, unburned6%
Sulfates12%
Ash10% Other
5%
Oil, unburned23% Carbon
44%
Typical Soot Composition:
The composition depends on:- Operating conditions - Fuel (S)- Lubricating oil
Chemical Composition of Diesel Particles
Effects of Particulate Matters on Climate and Health
• Diesel particulate matter is one contributor to global warming
• Diesel exhaust gases are carcinogenic (WHO 06/12)
Consequences:
• Regulations to limit emissions• Europe: Low emission zones• Activities to improve working
conditions
Irritation of mucous membrandes
Ultrafine particles
Enter the circulatory system
(Higher risk of cancer)
Damage to alveoli
Constriction of bronchial tubes
Lungs‘ capacity for
self-cleaning is impaired
Parts of the body attacked Particle sizeNose and pharynx 5 – 10 m
Airways 3 – 5 m
Bronchial tubes 2 – 3 m
Bronchioles 1 – 2 m
Alveoli 0,1 – 1 m
Negative Health Effects Caused By The Pollutant - PM
Effects related to short-term exposure Effects related to long-term exposure
Lung inflammatory reactions Increase in lower respiratory symptoms
Respiratory symptoms Reduction in lung function in children
Adverse effects on the cardiovascular system Increase in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Increase in medication usage Reduction in lung function in adults
Increase in hospital admissions �Reduction in life expectancy, owing mainly to cardiopulmonary mortality and probably to lungcancer (2 % caused by air polution)
� Increase in mortality � Increase in mortality WHO: 2,4 Mio. death rate / year)
Source: World Health Organization (WHO): “Health Aspects of Air Pollution “ – Results from the WHO Project “Systematic Review of Health Aspects of Air Pollution in Europe” / Federal Environment Agency (C. Trimbacher), Vienna
Diesel exhaust gases are definitely carcinogenic.
They are as hazardous as arsenic, asbestos and mustard gas.
Now it is clear that exhaust gases from diesel engines causes cancer.
(Scientists from the WHO in June 2012)
Publication in June 2012
Particulate Matter
(PM)
DieselEmissions
Hydrocarbon /Carbon Monoxide
(HC / CO)
Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx)
ExhaustTechnology
Diesel Particulate Filter
(DPF)
Selective CatalyticReduction
(SCR)
Diesel-Oxidation-Catalyst
(DOC)
Reduction of Soot Particles
Diesel Pollutants and Exhaust Technologies
Diesel Particulate Filter
DieselEmissions
Particulate Matter(PM)
Nitrogen Oxides(NOx)
Hydrocarbon (HC)Carbon Monoxide (CO)
ExhaustTechnology
CRT SCR
CRT + SCR = SCRT®
�� �
��
� �
�
� > 99 % Reduction of PM
� > 95 % Reduction of HC + CO
� Up to 90% Reduction of NOx
CRT System Stage 1Stufe 2SCR System Stage 2
Stage 1
Stage 2
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Diesel-Oxidation-Catalyst(DOC)
Diesel Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Technologies – Overview
Diesel Particulate Filters – Applications
Diesel Particulate Filters
Wall flow filter(closed system)
Partial flow filter(open system)
Regeneration
Filtration Efficiency Efficiency: 90 - 99,9 %
Description
Efficiency: Ø 50 %
Active Regeneration-Supporting measures:
• post-injection (engine modifications)
• Fuel-borne catalyst (Addition of additive)
• Heating elements• Catalytic coating• Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC)• Continuously Regeneration
Technology = CRT
• Continuously RegenerationTechnology = CRT
• Catalytic Regeneration• No intervention in
engine management system• No sensors
CRT-System
City-Filter®
Wall Flow Filters and TheirPhenomenoly of Soot Loading• Ceramic• SMF® - Sintered Metal Filter
Phenomenology of Soot Loading – Ceramic versus SMF®
Sieving effect 2: Filter cake tends to clueing and blocking. This may lead to back pressure. Therefore regeneration is strictly required (Burn-off soot).
Sieving effect 1: Filter cake is still porous. This effect can especially be detected with ash loading. Less back pressure drop for ash accumulation .
Sieving effect 3: Larger particles stick to narrow parts of pore channels. Larger soot agglomerates may be filtered this way. Regeneration also burns those off.
Adsorption: Particles that are not kept back by the sieving effects, adhere to the surfaces of the pore channels. This mechanism mostly affects particles < 1 µm. This causes high efficiency - even for new filters!
The porous medium works as a surface filter
Capability to deep filtration increases filter performance – especially in case of “clean filters”
5 Min
10 Min
60 Min
First areas are covered within 5 min. Mostly found on the surface ( p �).
After 10 min a nearly complete closed soot cake can be detected ( p �).Filter efficiency reaches final value. Pores in soot layer are very small.
Phenomenology of Soot Loading – Ceramic versus SMF®
Examples of Closed Systems
Emission Technology
Range of Application:LDV, Bus, Non-road Machinery
Regeneration:- AR- FBC- CRTType of Filter: Sintered Metal
SCRT® System
General System Description of Sintered Metal Filter -Open Design
The exhaust from the engine passes the porous sintered metal and soot particles are retained by the filter media. By installing an overflow area (bypass) the filter efficiencycan be adjusted between 30 and 80 %.
Porous Sintered Metal
Bypass: Adjustable between 30 - 80% filtration efficiency at constant backpressure
Engine exhaust gas Cleaned exhaust gas
Materials for Filtration:- Ceramic � Cordierite for Example
Materials for Soot Filtration
� SiC: Wall flow filter silicon carbide
� Cor.: Wall flow Cordierite
� SMF®: Sintered metal filter
SMF® SiC Cor.
Ceramic filter
SMF® Cordierite SiC% 48 50 50μm 15 20 12
g/cm³ 4.2 1.3 1.5
ppm/K 17 1 4W/m/K 15 1.8 100
J/cm³/K 4.2 2,8 3.6J/cm³/K 2.2 1.4 1.8
Heat Capacity, system, 500 °C J/l/K 550 540 630
Heat Capacity, dense, 500 °CHeat Capacity, porous, 500 °C
PorosityMean Pore Size (Mercury)
Density, porous
Thermal ExpansionThermal Conductivity, dense
Application AdvantagesComparing Material Properties:
0,5 mm
Micrograph, Cordierite
Micrograph, SiC
Micrograph, SMF
Application Advantages
Cordierite, Flow in / Flow out side Cordierite, Flow in side on top
Application AdvantagesDifferent Porous Structures:
Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Technologies
Part 2Diesel Emissions a Hazardous Pollutant
STRATUSSTRATUSDIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERSDIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS
SiC, Flow in / Flow outside SiC, Flow inside on top
Application Advantages and Range of Applications
Different Porous Structures:
CRT System with ceramic filter � Cordierite
Particulate filter
Engine exhaust gas
Cleaned exhaust gas
Particle reduced exhaust gas
Engine exhaust gas
Particle reduced exhaust gas
Cordierite Filter Construction
1
2
4
3
5
Engine exhaust gas
Cleaned exhaust gas
Filter plug
Retained particles + ash
Filter wall
Blockage of Cordierite Channels / SiC-Monoliths by Ash Accumulation
• High increase of backpressure due to narrowed ducts by ash accumulation.
• Duct diameter works with power of 4 for the partlypressure drop.
• Reduced filtration area.
Materials for Filtration:– Sintered Metal Filter SMF®
SMF® – Sintered Metal Filter
Step 1: For further processing the high alloy metal powder is mixed with a binder
Step 2: The pourable powder mix is applied to reinforcing expanded metal
Step 3: After the sintering process the powder particles are bonded with each other and the expanded metal
Step 4: Sheets are punched out of the porosemetal foil and reinforced with a hem band
Step 5: A spacer is inserted into the filter pocket for stabilization purposes
Step 6: After welding the individual filter pockets to a filter module, the module is inserted into the a housing and complemented with further components to a particulate filter system (e.g. pipes, conuses)
Filter box Original-DPF City-Filter®
Satellite-filter
Filter element
SMF® Sintered Metal Filter - Various Designs
Filter Material: Process Steps
Expanded Metal
Coating
Sintering
Filter Pocket Assembly Product
Mixing
Metal Powder Binder Additives
Due to heat and presure the metal powder is strongly fixed on the Expanded Metal
Surface of Sintered Metal SMF®
SEM-Picture, Detail
SEM-Picture, Surface - Flow inside
Materials for Filtration:– Coated Sintered Metal Filter CSMF®
Application Areas and Regeneration Technologies
Arbeitsbereiche verschiedener Regenerationstechnologien
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Nacheinspritzung (OE-Systeme)
Thermoelektrische Regeneration
CRT®-System
Katalytisch beschichteter Filter
Additiv-Systeme
Ruß ohne Regenerationshilfe
Abgastemperatur [°C]
Zusatznutzen CSF Arbeitsbereich
Passive Regeneration
Additive-System
Catalytic coated SMF®
SMF® -AR System
Post-Injection (OE-Systems)
Application areaAdditional value CSMF®
Application Areas and Regeneration Technologies
Exhaust gas temperature (oC)
CRT-
Without DOC and NO2� O2-Reg.
Without DOC � NO2-+ O2-Reg.
With DOC � NO2-Reg.
Catalytic Coated SMF® FilterBenefits:
• Coating was a special development for HJS‘s sintered metal filters
• Coating based on new nano-technologies
• Coating is done with complete filter after welding with a dip-coating
• No increasing of pressure drop after coating – coating is <1 µm thin
• Pressure drop improvement in CCRT® application due to soot free pores
• Further improvement of corrosion behavior after coating
• 20 g/cft Pt for optimum CCRT® functionality
• Thermal durability equal to other coatings
• Short delivery time, due to in-house coating
Catalytic Coated SMF® - Sintered MetalNearly noblockingof poresafter nano-coating
SEM-Picture, Surface – flow inside
Materials for Filtration – Benchmark:- Ceramic � Cordierite- Sintered Metal Filter SMF®
SMF® Filter Ceramic Filter� Cordierite
Ceramic filter with ash loading
SMF®-Filter: Lower Risk of BlockageHigher ash storage capacity � low-maintenance � Cost savings
SMF® – ash storage capacity is three to four times higher than ceramic wall flow
Application Advantages and Range of ApplicationsAsh Distribution Model:
parallel(soot)
parallel(soot)
bottomto top
bottomto top
Ash
Ash
Access for Ash Storage and CleaningSMF® 100 cpsi
Cleaning from ash sideand from clean side
Cleaning from clean side – losingpressure due to filter media
6 mm2 mm
AshFilter
AshFilter
Water
Particulate Matter
(PM)
DieselEmissions
Hydrocarbon /Carbon Monoxide
(HC / CO)
Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx)
ExhaustTechnology
Diesel ParticulateFilter
(DPF)
Selective CatalyticReduction
(SCR)
Diesel-Oxidation-Catalyst(DOC)
Reduction of HC + CO
Diesel Pollutants and Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Technologies
Diesel Particulate Filter
DieselEmissions
Particulate Matter(PM)
Nitrogen Oxides(NOx)
Hydrocarbon (HC)Carbon Monoxide (CO)
ExhaustTechnology
CRT SCR
CRT + SCR = SCRT®
�� �
��
� �
�
� > 99 % Reduction of PM
� > 95 % Reduction of HC + CO
� up to 90% Reduction of NOx
CRT System Stage 1Stufe 2
SCR - System Stage 2
Stage 1
Stage 2
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Diesel-Oxidation-Catalyst(DOC)
Diesel Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Technologies – Overview
SCR System Stage 2
Cordierit substrate
Wash coat
Catalytic activeprecious metal
(Platinum Pt)
Diesel-Oxidation-Catalyst (DOC) � Construction
Cordierite substrate: - Porous material with a huge surface
Wash coat: - For increasing the surface 1 Gramm = 100 m2
- Carrier of precious metal
Transformation of: � Cabon monoxide (CO) in carbon dioxide (CO2)
� Hydrocarbon (HC) in water (H2O)
Additional functions:
� Transformation of nitrogen monoxide (NO) in Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
� Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is needed for the continuously soot oxidation � CRT Principle
Diesel-Oxidation-Catalyst (DOC)
2 CO + O2 � 2 CO2
2 NO + O2 � 2 NO2
4 HC + 5 O2 � 4 CO2 + 2 H2O
Carbon Dioxide
• colourless• odourless• greenhouse gas
Water
• colourless • odourless • harmless
Nitrogen oxides
• colourless � brown• acrid-smelling • greenhouse gas, acid rain
Particulate Matter (PM)
• gray or black cloud • burnt-smelling • greenhouse effect• carcinogen � ?
Carbon Monoxide• colourless • odourless• greenhouse gas • danger of suffocation
Hydrocarbon
• colourless • fuel-smelling• greenhouse gas• carcinogen
CO
CO2
NOx
PM
H2O
HC
DIESEL
Environmental Hazard
Toxic
Toxic
Very Toxic
Very Toxic
Diesel Emissions and TheirHazardous Pollutants � The Results of
the DOC
X X
Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Technologies
Part 3Diesel emissions and their hazardous pollutants
STRATUSSTRATUSDIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERSDIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS
CRT System� Continuously Regeneration Technology
Reduction of:- Carbon monoxide- Hydrocarbon- Particulate matter
� Passive Regeneration
Particulate Matter
(PM)Diesel
Emissions
Hydrocarbon /Carbon Monoxide
(HC / CO)
Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx)
ExhaustTechnology
Diesel Particulate Filter
(DPF)
Selective CatalyticReduction
(SCR)
Diesel-Oxidation-Catalyst(DOC)
Reduction of Soot Particles + HC + CO
Diesel Pollutants and Exhaust Technologies
Diesel Particulate Filter
Diesel Exhaust Technologies – Overview
DieselEmissions
Particulate Matter(PM)
Hydrocarbon (HC)Carbon Monoxide (CO)
ExhaustTechnology
CRT + SCR = SCRT®
�� �
� �
��
�
� > 95 % Reduction of HC and CO
� > 99 % Reduction of PM
� up to 90% Reduction of NOx
CRT System Stage 1 SCR System Stage 2
Stufe 1Stage 1
Stage 2
Nitrogen Oxides(NOx)
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Diesel-Oxidation-Catalyst (DOC)
Oxidation cat
• of carbon monoxide (CO) and uncombusted hydrocarbons (HC)to form water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
• of nitrogen monoxide (NO) to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• Particulate matter (PM) is trapped by the filter material
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) generated in the oxi-cat continuously oxidizes the accumulated PM = CRT® Principle
SMF® particulate filter
CRT® System
Oxidation PM reduction
Inlet Outlet
CRT® Continuously Regenerating Technology
Design and Operating Principle
The Modular CRT System � (Continuously Regeneration Technology)
Output Module Input ModuleSilencer
Particulate Filter Oxidation-Catalyst
SMF® CRT System (Continuously Regeneration Technology)
1. > 95% Reduction of HC + CO 2. > 99% Reduction of PM (In number)
Passive Regeneration�Continuously Regeneration > 260 C
Filter System for
HDV & Bus ApplicationsOxi-CatInput Module
Output ModuleCRT System
12
12 SMF® Particulate Filter
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst SMF® Sintered Metal Filter
CRT Description of Function (Continuously Regeneration Technology)
4HC + 5O2 � 4CO2+2H2O 2NO2 + C � 2NO + CO2
2CO + O2 � 2CO2
2NO + O2 � 2NO2
Engine exhaust gas Cleaned exhaust gas
Carbon Dioxide
• colourless• odourless• greenhouse gas
Water
• colourless • odourless • harmless
Nitrogen Oxides
• colourless � brown• acrid smelling • greenhouse gas, acid rain
Particulate Matter (PM)
• gray or black cloud • burnt-smelling • greenhouse effect• carcinogen � ?
Carbon Monoxide• colourless • odourless• greenhouse gas • danger of suffocation
Hydrocarbon
• colourless • fuel-smelling• greenhouse gas• carcinogen
CO
CO2
NOx
PM
H2O
HC
DIESEL
Environmental Hazard
Toxic
Toxic
Very Toxic
Very Toxic
Diesel Emissions and TheirHazardous Pollutants � The Results of
the CRT System
X XX
Fuel Borne Catalyst (FBC)
Fuel additive assisted regeneration� Passive Regeneration
Fuel Borne Catalyst (fuel additive assisted regeneration)
How It Works
- A dosing system is used to add an additive to the diesel fuel combusted in the engine. The combusted additive is deposited on the particulate filter together with the particulate matter (PM).
- This reduces the ignition temperature of the PM on the filter from normally 600 – 650 Cto 380 – 400 C and the system is able to regenerate itself periodically or intermittently by means of the exhaust gas temperature of the engine.
- The sintered metal particulate filter, SMF®, traps approx. 99% of the particulate matter.
- Advantages: NO2 neutral, suitable for low exhaust gas temperatures
- Disadvantages: FBC ash deposited in filter in addition to oil ash also has to be cleaned out
- Applications: commercial vehicles, buses, construction machinery, mining equipment
Fuel-borne catalyst (FBC) – Fuel Additive Assisted Regeneration
SCRT® System�Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology
Reduction of:- Carbon monoxide- Hydrocarbon- Particulate matters- Nitrogen oxides
� Passive Regeneration
Particulate Matter
(PM)Diesel
Emissions
Hydrocarbon /Carbon Monoxide
(HC / CO)
Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx)
ExhaustTechnology
Diesel Particulate Filter
(DPF)
Selective CatalyticReduction
(SCR)
Diesel-Oxidation-Catalyst(DOC)
Reduction of NOx
Diesel Pollutants and Exhaust Technologies
Diesel Particulate Filter
Diesel Exhaust Technologies – Overview
DieselEmissions
Particulate Matter(PM)
Hydrocarbon (HC)Carbon Monoxide (CO)
ExhaustTechnology
CRT + SCR = SCRT®
�� �
� �
��
�
� > 95 % Reduction of HC and CO
� > 99 % Reduction of PM
� up to 90% Reduction of NOx
CRT System Stage 1 SCR System Stage 2
Stufe 1Stage 1
Stage 2
Nitrogen Oxides(NOx)
Selective Catalytic Reduction(SCR)
Diesel-Oxidation-Catalyst(DOC)
SCRT® System (= SCR + CRT®)
Urea (AdBlue®) Doser
SMF® Sintered Metal Filter Oxi-Cat
SCR Catalyst
SCRT® SystemCRT System Stage 1
SCR System Stage 2
&AmmoniaSlip Catalyst
Soot
Nitrogen Oxidesfree
free
SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction
Urea Dosing SCR CatalystHydrolysis of Urea
NOX Reduction by ammonia (NH3) under oxidizing conditions
SCR Transformations: 4 NO + 4 NH3 + O2 � 4 N2 + 6 H2O2 NH3 + NO + NO2 � 2 N2 + 3 H2O6 NO2 + 8 NH3 � 7 N2 + 12 H2O
SCR System Stage 2
AdBlue® Drops NOx ReductionAmmonia Production
In Out
Engineering – SCRT® (Technology for PC and CV Applications)
Engineering – SCRT® (Technology for PC and CV Applications)
Carbon Dioxide
• colourless• odourless• greenhouse gas
Water
• colourless • odourless • harmless
Nitrogen Oxides
• colourless � brown• acrid-smelling • greenhouse gas, acid rain
Particulate Matter (PM)
• gray or black cloud • burnt-smelling • greenhouse effect• carcinogen � ?
Carbon Monoxide• colourless • odourless• greenhouse gas • danger of suffocation
Hydrocarbon
• colourless • fuel-smelling• greenhouse gas• carcinogen
CO
CO2
NOx
PM
H2O
HC
DIESEL
Environmental Hazard
Toxic
Toxic
Very Toxic
Very Toxic
Diesel Emissions and TheirHazardous Pollutants � The Results of
the SCRT® System
X XX
X
Active RegenerationThe SMF®-AR
SMF®-AR 100% Diesel Particulate Filter(SMF®– Technology for Light CV and Non-Road Applications, e.g.)
General Description of Function- The SMF®-AR system is comprised of a sintered metal filter with a fully automatic
regeneration unit (AR).
- This is capable of regenerating the soot accumulated in the filter, in any engine operating states, without any support from the engine and without intervention by the driver. For regeneration a upstream catalyst is not necessary.
- The sintered metal filter retains particles produced while the engine is running with an efficiency factor of almost 100%.
- The sensors mounted on the filter constantly monitor the exhaust temperature and exhaust back pressure in the filter. This determines the increasing quantity of soot in thefilter as the engine time lengthens.
- When sufficient soot has accumulated in the filter, the control unit automatically triggers a regeneration.
- In this case, the electrical heater elements are switched on for approximately two minutes.
- In order for all the soot to burn-off in a short time leaving practically no residue, an additive is added automatically to the diesel fuel by the dosing system which lowers theignition temperature of the soot and increases the burn-off speed.
SMF®-AR
SMF®-AR 100% Sintered Metal Filter – Active Regeneration
� Suitable for OE applications and retrofitting � > 99% reduction of soot particles incl. fine particles � Suitable for urban traffic („Stop-and-go“) � Automatic � active regeneration � Modular system � Reliable system and low maintenance
Filter System forLDV + Non-Road
Applications
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T.F. Hudgins, Incorporated
Phone 713-682-3651Fax 713-682-1109
Email: [email protected]: www.spinnerii.com
Thank You