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Tourismis travel forrecreational,leisure or business purposes. TheWorld TourismOrganizationdefines touristsas people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usualenvironment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year forleisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated fromwithin the place visited".[3]Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2008, there

were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007.International tourism receipts grew toUS$944 billion (euro642 billion) in 2008, correspondingto an increase in real terms of 1.8%.[1]

As a result of theLate-2000s recession,international travel demand suffered a strong slowdownbeginning in June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2%during the boreal summer months,[4]and this negative trend intensified as international touristarrivals fell by 8% during the first four months of 2009.[1]Thereafter this declining trend wasexacerbated in some regions due to the outbreak of theinfluenza AH1N1 virus.[1]

Tourism is vital for many countries, such as theU.A.E,Egypt,GreeceandThailand,and many

island nations, such asThe Bahamas,Fiji,Maldivesand theSeychelles,due to the large intake ofmoney for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in theservice industriesassociated with tourism. These service industries include transportationservices, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxis,hospitality services,such as accommodations,including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos,shopping malls, variousmusic venuesand the theatre.

Recent developments

There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe,where international travel for short breaks is common.[citation needed]Tourists have higher levels of

disposable income and greater leisure time and they are also better-educated and have moresophisticated tastes.[

citation needed]There is now a demand for a better quality products, which hasresulted in a fragmenting of the mass market for beach vacations; people want more specialisedversions, such asClub 18-30,quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays or niche market-targeteddestination hotels.

The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such asjumbo jets,low-costairlinesand more accessibleairportshave made many types of tourism more affordable. WHOestimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.[22]There have also been changes inlifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated byinternetsalesof tourism products. Some sites have now started to offerdynamic packaging,in which an

inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.

There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as theSeptember 11 attacksand terrorist threatsto tourist destinations, such as inBaliand several European cities. Also, on December 26, 2004,a tsunami, caused by the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake,hit the Asian countries on theIndianOcean,including theMaldives.Thousands of lives were lost and many tourists died. This,together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism tothe area.
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edia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_packaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-cost_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-cost_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-body_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_hotelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_18-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_venuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism#cite_note-WTOjune09-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism#cite_note-WTOjune09-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism#cite_note-WTO2008-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism#cite_note-WTOjune09-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation


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The terms tourismand travelare sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has asimilar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourismandtouristare sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locationsvisited by tourists.

[edit]Sustainable tourism

Eco-tourism

Main article:Eco-tourism

[edit]Medical tourism

Main article:Medical tourism

When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure,

particularly inSoutheast Asia,India,Eastern Europeand where there are different regulatoryregimes, in relation to particular medical procedures (e.g.dentistry), travelling to take advantageof the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".

[edit]Educational tourism

Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning ofknowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroomenvironment.[citation needed]In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activityincludes visiting another country to learn about the culture, such as in Student ExchangePrograms and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a differentenvironment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.

[edit]Other developments

[edit]Creative tourism

Creative tourism has existed as a form ofcultural tourism,since the early beginnings of tourismitself. Its European roots date back to the time of theGrand Tour,which saw the sons ofaristocratic families traveling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences.More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and GregRichards[citation needed], who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education(ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for theEuropean Commission,including culturaland crafts tourism, known assustainable tourism.They have defined "creative tourism" astourism related to the active participation of travelers in thecultureof the host community,through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.[citation needed]

Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizationssuch asUNESCO,who through theCreative Cities Network,have endorsed creative tourism as
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Advantage(depending upon implementation some of these can turn into disadvantages)

employment (1 emp/1000 tourist) (labor intensive, few administrative positions, little

upward mobility.) infrastructure development (roads, water, electricity, telecom and cybercom, but not

necessarily local priorities.) cultural preservation (economic incentives to preserve food, fashion, festivals and

physical history, but these tend to be superficial elements of a culture.) environmental protection (econ incentives to preserve nature, wildlife and urban

cleanliness) foreign exchange (generates resources to import food, pharmaceuticals, technology,

consumer goods.) development of health care services (those these aren't always available to local people.)

Disadvantages(depending upon implementation some of these can turn into advantages)

cultural destruction, (modernization (world mono-culture), freezes culture as performers,loss: language, religion, rituals, material culture.)

primary products (sun, sand, surf, safari, suds, ski, sex) (little value added, neo-colonialism)

environmental destruction (game drives, resorts: golf, ski, beach, desert, world as playground,SUV.)

marginal employment (low skill, low wage, menial services, prostitution, drug trade,gambling, hustlers.)

low benefits (no job security, no health care, no organizing, no work safety rules or

enviro standards.) development of illegal and/or destructive economic activities (markets for drugs,

endangered species, etc.) outside hiring (skilled middle and senior management recruited out of the area and

transferred in.) concentration employment (walled resort enclaves.) seasonal employment outside decision making (decisions made outside of the area, corporate dollars corrupt

government.) unrealistic expectations (divert young people from school and brighter futures.) anti-democratic collusion (industry support of repressive governments)

land controlled by the elite (people relocated, agriculture eliminated, prohibited fromN.P.) negative lifestyle's (STD's, substance abuse, begging, hustling) diverted and concentrated development (airport, roads, water, electricity to tourist

destinations, development not accessible to locals), little forex stays in country (airplanes, vehicles, booze, hot air balloons, generally have

foreign owners), package programs
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thus be small indeed. Other kinds of tourist facilities provided by villages or financedlocally may be economically more interesting.

The social impacts of tourism may also be important. Most jobs for local people in thetourist industry are as servants, house maids, waiters, gardeners and other menial work

that may give people a sense of inferiority. At the same time the tourists come fromother societies with different values and lifestyles, and because they have come seekingpleasure, they may spend large amounts of money and behave in ways that even theywould not accept at home. Local people seeing the tourist example may want to live andbehave the same way. Tourists may also, out of ignorance or carelessness, fail torespect local customs and moral values. These and other social effects may be amongthe most important long-term impacts of tourism development.

Environmental impacts of tourism facilities

Tourism development usually starts with the construction of hotels, resorts and other

places for tourists to stay. In addition there may be restaurants, night clubs, andrecreation facilities such as golf courses, tennis courts, swimming pools, and marinas.These facilities require a lot of space, perhaps on land that has traditionally been usedby local people. Land and resources used for tourism are not available for other uses;developers may even want to keep local people away from beaches, reefs and lagoonareas reserved for tourists only. Whenever possible, tourism developers prefer to buildon the coast, where the hotel will front on a beach and perhaps a coral reef, yet thecoast is a fragile and vulnerable area with the greatest conflicts between uses.

The construction of these facilities can have the same kinds of impacts as any otherconstruction projects, such as soil erosion, changes in water runoff, and damage to

natural environments. If the resort is on the coast, the plans frequently call for changesin the coastline, such as the creation or improvement of a beach, the construction of anartificial island, or the dredging of a harbour or building of a dock for tour boats to use topick up and leave off the tourists. These changes may upset normal coastal processesand be very difficult to maintain. Coastal hotel sites themselves are often vulnerable tostorm damage, erosion and other problems because of their exposed location.

Tourist developments also require resources that may be scarce in a rural area. Watermay be in short supply, yet tourist use of water is usually much greater per person thanamong the local population. Tourists require large quantities of high quality food; if itcannot be produced locally, it will have to be imported.

The sewage from large hotels can be a source of pollution if it is not treated anddisposed of carefully. Most hotel projects include waste water treatment plants, butthese can be difficult to maintain in developing countries and need to be monitoredregularly. Tourist facilities also produce large amounts of solid waste which can add tothe existing solid waste disposal problems.

Infrastructure requirements


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Any major tourist development requires a good airport where large jets can bringtourists from overseas countries. Visits by tour ships may require improved dockingfacilities. Roads may have to be built to resort sites, or improved for tour buses. Waterand electricity supplies may have to be increased. All these kinds of infrastructurerequire investments which must be added on to the direct cost of a tourism project.

Building roads, airports and docks can have major environmental impacts which arebeyond the scope of this unit. Their overall effects, however, may be positive as well asnegative. Such facilities benefit local people as well as tourists, reducing the isolation ofremote areas and increasing the convenience of travel within the country and overseas.Tourism development can thus support useful expenditures that could not be justifiedfor the local people alone.

Damage from tourist use

Tourists are often unaware of how fragile some rural environments are. They may

trample vegetation and thus cause erosion, or disturb birds and wildlife. They may leavetheir rubbish behind, littering the environment. They are apt to break corals as the walkor swim over the reef. Even anchoring in a fragile reef area can result in significantdamage to corals. Tourists love to collect corals, shells, butterflies and other prettyobjects as souvenirs, but too much collecting can damage the natural environment.Fishing is sport for a tourist, but it may take away resources needed as food in nearbyvillages.

Where a few tourists may do little damage, thousands of them can be a disaster. Thinkof the difference between one tourist breaking off a piece of coral, and hundreds oftourists each taking a piece of coral; a reef could quickly be stripped of its corals and

shells. Areas subject to heavy tourist pressure should be protected from damagingactivities. Laws may be needed to protect wildlife and to control collecting.

The increasing demand for curios such as corals, stuffed turtles, turtle shell jewelry,mounted butterflies, and traditional objects made with rare bird feathers or animal skinscan threaten rare species with extinction. The manufacture and sale of such objectsshould be prohibited or strictly controlled. International trade in endangered species isillegal, and tourists can be fined and have such objects confiscated. Shells forhandicrafts or collectors, and trees used for carving can also be wiped out locally orreduced to low levels when too much is used to supply the tourist trade.

Planning tourism development

One major question to be answered in planning tourism development is what scale oftourism is appropriate for the local environment and culture. Every place has a carryingcapacity that cannot be exceeded without bringing about serious changes or even thecollapse of important resources or systems. While some small-scale tourism can be fitin almost anywhere, large scale tourism can cause major problems if it is not plannedvery carefully.


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