Complete Abap Basic

7/27/2019 Complete Abap Basic

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Basic ABAP


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On Completing this course, participants will be able to

Understand the Structure of ABAP Program

Work with ABAP Editor

Declare Data Types and Data Objects

Understand the internal tables and its types Work with internal tables

Understand modularization Techniques

Use message class

Use Open SQL Statements for processing

Objectives


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Advanced Business Application Programming

The programming language for SAP

Platform independent

Designed for dialog based Business Applications

Enables multi-language Applications

SAP R/3 written in ABAP

ABAP Editor (Tcode - SE38) is used for creating simple ABAP Programs.

ABAP Basics


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Structure of an ABAP Program

ABAP Processing logic is responsible for processing data in R/3

application Programming

ABAP Basics - Introduction

Declaration Part for

Global Data

Dialog

Modules

SubroutinesEvent

Blocks

etc..


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ABAP Programs cannot be constructed as a single sequential unit, butdivided into sections that is assigned to individual dialog steps.

To do this, ABAP Programs have a modular structure called Processing

Block

Processing Block consists of Set of ABAP Statements

Every ABAP Program has the following 2 parts

Declaration Part for Global Data , Classes and Selection Screens Container for Processing Blocks

Structure of ABAP Program


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Declaration Part for Global Data , Classes and Selection Screens

Contains all declaration Statements for Global Data

Global Data is visible in all internal processing blocks

Defined using Declarative Statements Appears before the first Processing Block

Cannot declare Global Data in Dialog Modules or Event Blocks

All Selection Screen Definition

All Local Class Definition

Local Classes are part of ABAP Objects (OO ABAP)


(Contd.).


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Container for Processing Blocks

Dialog Modules

Event Blocks

Procedures

Methods

Subroutines Function Modules


(Contd.).


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Calling Processing Blocks Using ABAP Commands , which is a part of

processing block

E.g. : Procedures

Outside the ABAP Program

E.g. : Dialog Modules and Event Blocks

Event Block Triggered by an Event


(Contd.).


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Go to Transaction Code : SE38 ( ABAP Editor)

Simple ABAP Program


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Simple ABAP Program

(Contd.).


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Type

Status

Application

Authorization Group

Development Class

ABAP Program - Attributes


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Specifies the Type of Program Created Executable Program

Controlled by Run-time Environment, which

calls the processing blocks in a fixed sequence

An Executable Program can be started in

another ABAP Program using the SUBMITStatement

Simple ABAP Program - Program Type


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Referred as Reports because the main task of

Executable program is to read data from the

Database, Process and Display the results.

Need not define Event Blocks

START-OF-SELECTION is a processing Block

which is available by Default

A Transaction Code can be assigned

Simple ABAP Program - Program Type


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Module Pool Program

Can Only Be controlled using Screen Flow Logic

Must Start them using a Transaction Code

Must Define Your own Screen

Contains Dialog module belonging to various Screens

Used when the program contains large number of screens

whose flow logic determines the Program Flow

ABAP Program Program Type

(Contd.).


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INCLUDE Programs To Divide Program code into Smaller , more

manageable Units

INCLUDE Statement is used to insert the coding of aninclude program

FUNCTION GROUPS

Special Procedures that can be called from ABAP

Programs

Cannot be started using a Transaction Code


(Contd.).


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Subroutine Pool

Containers for Subroutine which can be called from

ABAP Programs

Cannot Run using transaction Code or by entering

Program name

Cannot contain Screens


(Contd.).


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Interface Pool

Container for Global Interfaces in ABAP Objects

Creates in Class Builder

Cannot Run using transaction Code or by

entering Program name


(Contd.).


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Class Pool

Containers for Global Classes in ABAP Objects

Cannot Run using transaction Code or by entering

Program name

Type-Pool

Contains global type definitions and constant

declarations


(Contd.).


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Status Describes the status of Program Development

Application Contains the short form of application

Enables system to allocate the program to

correct Business area



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Authorization Group

Name of the program group

To group different programs together forauthorization checks

Logical Database Determines the Logical Database used by

Executable Program



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Selection Screen

To specify a selection-screen other than the

standard LDB selection screen.

Specify a screen number less than 1000 (

1000 reserved for standard selection screennumber)



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The following rules in general applies toABAP syntax

ABAP Programs comprises of individualsentences

The first word in the statement is the ABAPkeyword

Each statement ends with a period (.)

ABAP Syntax


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First ABAP Program

REPORT ZFIRSTPRG.

WRITE 'MY FIRST PROGRAM'.

In the above program REPORT and WRITEare keywords.

On Execution , this program displays a list on

screen which contains a line

ABAP Program


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Chained Statements Used to concatenate statements

The chain operator used is :

Example Statement sequence:

WRITE var1.

WRITE var2.

WRITE var3.

Chain Statement:

WRITE : var1, var2, var3.

ABAP Statements


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Chained Statements

Example

Statement Sequence

sum = sum + 1.

sum = sum + 2.

sum = sum + 3.

Chained Statement:

sum = sum + : 1, 2, 3.

ABAP Statements (Contd.).


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Define data types

Declare Data Objects

Examples

TYPES

DATA

TABLES

ABAP Statements - Declarative

Statements


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Define the processing blocks in ABAPProgram

Defining Keywords To define Subroutines, Function Modules, Dialog

Modules and Methods

Examples

METHOD...END METHOD

FUNCTION ......END FUNCTION

MODULE ..END MODULE

ABAP Statements - Modularization

Statements


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Control Statements Used to control the flow of program within the

processing block

Examples: IF, WHILE, CASE

Call Statements

Used to call the processing block

Examples:

CALL METHOD , CALL TRANSACTION,

SUBMIT, LEAVE TO

ABAP Statements


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Data Types

Elementary Types Smallest indivisible unit

Fixed Length

8 predefined types in ABAP

C Character

N Numeric Character

D Date

T Time

X Hexa Decimal Byte Field

I Integer

P Floating Point Number

F Packed Number

Variable Length

STRING

XSTRING

Data Types and Data Objects

St d d D t T


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Predefined Elementary Types

Standard Data Types

Data Type Initial Field

Length

Valid

Field Length

Initial Value

Numeric Types

I 4 4 0

P 8 8 0F 8 1-16 0.0000000E+0

0

Character Types

C 1 1 65535

N 1 1 65535 00

D 8 8 00000000

T 6 6 000000

Hexa Decimal

X 1 1-65535 X00

(C )


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Local Elementary Data Types are defined

with reference to predefined elementarytypes

Syntax:

TYPES [()] [TYPE |LIKE

] [DECIMALS ]

Where type is a predefined data type..

If TYPE or LIKE is not used , system takes the

default type C

Data Types (Contd.).


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Reference Types Describes Data Objects that contain

references to other objects

No predefined references

Complex Types

Allows to manage and process related data

under a single name

Data Types (Contd.).


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Structures

Sequence of any elementary types, reference types orcomplex data types

Used in ABAP Programs to group work areas that

logically belong together

Example:

TYPES : BEGIN OF address,

name(20) TYPE c,

street(30) TYPE c,

city(20) TYPE c,

END OF address.

Data Types - Complex Data Types


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Internal Tables

Consists of series of lines which has the same data

type

Characterized By

Line Type Elementary, Reference or Complex Type

The Key Unique or non-Unique.

Identifies Table Rows

Data Types - Complex Data Types

What are Data Objects?


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Physical units with which ABAP Statements work

Instance of an abstract Data type

Has a set of technical attributes

Length

Number of Decimal Places

Data Type

Always defined with the DATA keyword

Can refer to an existing data object

What are Data Objects?


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Defining Data Objects

ABAP PROGRAM

TYPES gty_type_name TYPE .

DATA gd_myvar1 TYPE type_name.

DATA gd_myvar2 LIKE gd_myvar1.

Predefined Data Types

C I

N P

D F

T X

Global

Types

ABAP

Dictionary

N d D t Obj t


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They are Data Objects which have a name

Various Types

Text Symbols

Pointers to texts in the text pool of the ABAP program

Variables Data Objects whose contents can be changed using ABAP

statements

Declared Using DATA, CLASS-DATA, STATICS, PARAMETERS,

SELECT-OPTIONS statements

Constants

Data Objects whose contents cannot be changed

Declared Using CONSTANTS Statement.

Example:

CONSTANTS pi TYPE p DECIMALS 3 VALUE 3.141.

Named Data Objects


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SPACE

Constant

Type C

Length - 1 byte

Contains Space Character

Pre-defined Data Objects


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SY-SUBRC

Return code for ABAP statements

0 - if a statement is executed successfully

SY-UNAME

logon name of the user

SY-REPID:

Current ABAP program

SY-TCODE

current transaction

SY-INDEX

Number of the current loop pass

System Fields from Structure SY

Determining the attributes of Data


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Syntax:DESCRIBE FIELD [LENGTH ]

[TYPE [COMPONENTS ]]

[OUTPUT-LENGTH ][DECIMALS ]

[EDIT MASK ] [HELP-ID

].


Objects



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Examples

DATA : text(8) TYPE c, len TYPE i, typ TYPE c.

DATA : fl TYPE f, out TYPE i, leng TYPE i.

DESCRIBE FIELD text LENGTH lenin CHARACTER MODE.

DESCRIBE FIELD text TYPE typ.

DESCRIBE FIELD fl LENGTH leng in BYTE MODE

OUTPUT-LENGTH out

Upon Execution, the value of len is 8 , typ is C, leng is 8 and

out is 24.


Objects Cont.d..


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Assigning Values

MOVE

MOVE source TO destination

Examples

MOVE 5.7 TO number.

DATA : num1 TYPE i, num2 TYPE i.

num1 = 10.

MOVE num1 TO num2.

Data Objects - Operations

D t Obj t O ti (C td )


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Assigning Values

MOVE-CORRESPONDINGMOVE-CORRESPONDING sourcestruct TO destinationstruct

Examples

DATA : BEGIN OF address,

fname(15) TYPE c VALUE Robert,

lname(15) TYPE c VALUE David,

compname(30) TYPE c VALUE WIPRO TECHNOLOGIES,

number TYPE i VALUE 72,

street(30) TYPE c VALUE Keonics Electronic City,

city(10) TYPE c VALUE BANGALORE,

END OF address.

DATA : BEGIN OF name,

lname(15) TYPE c ,

fname(15) TYPE c ,

END OF name.

MOVE-CORRESPONDING address TO name.

Data Objects Operations (Contd.).

D t Obj t O ti


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Assigning Values WRITE TO

WRITE TO [].

This statement converts to TYPE C and

places the string in

Example

DATA : number TYPE f VALUE 4.38,

text(10).

WRITE number TO text .

WRITE text.

Data Objects Operations

(Contd.).


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CLEAR var. Resets var to appropriate initial value for its type

Cannot use CLEAR to reset a CONSTANT

Has different effect for different Data Types

Elementary ABAP Types Sets the value of the variable to initial value

References Resets reference variable to initial value, so that it doesnt point

to any object Structures

Resets individual components of a structure to their respective

initial values

Internal Tables Deletes the entire contents of Internal Table

Resetting Variables to Initial Values

R tti V i bl t I iti l


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CLEAR var.

Example

DATA number TYPE i VALUE '10'.

WRITE number.

CLEAR number.

WRITE number.

Output : 10 0

Resetting Variables to Initial

Values(Contd.).

T C i


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When a Data Object is assigned to a variable

the data types involved must be compatible or

The source fields data type must be convertible into target fields

data type.

Two non-compatible data types can be converted to each other if

a corresponding conversion rule exists

Assignment Rules for Reference Variable

The content of a reference variable can be assigned only to

another reference variable.

Data references can be assigned only to data reference

variables

Object references can be assigned only to object reference

variables.

No Conversion takes place during this assignments

Type Conversions

Type Conversions (Contd )


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Conversion Rule for Structures

No Conversion Rule for Structures that contain internal tables orstrings

Only assignment between structures that are compatible is

possible

The system first converts all the structures concerned to type c

fields and then performs the conversion between the two

resulting elementary fields

Conversion Rule For Internal Tables

Can only be converted into another internal table

Internal tables which have internal tables as their line type are

convertible if the internal tables which define the line types areconvertible.

Type Conversions (Contd.).

N i l O ti


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COMPUTE = .

COMPUTE is optional

The interpretations of mathematical expressions are in

the following order

Expressions in parentheses

Functions

** (powers)

*, / , MOD, DIV (multiplication, division)

+, - (addition, subtraction)

Numerical Operations

Arithmetic Operations


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The following arithmetic operators are used in mathematical

expressions:

Arithmetic Operations

Operator Meaning

+ Addition

_ Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

DIV Integer division

MOD Reminder of Integer

Division

** Powers


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ADD-CORRESPONDING

SUBTRACT-CORRESPONDING MULTIPLY-CORRESPONDING

DIVIDE-CORRESPONDING

Example:DATA: BEGIN OF RATE,

USA TYPE F VALUE '0.6667',

FRG TYPE F VALUE '1.0',

END OF RATE.

DATA: BEGIN OF MONEY,USA TYPE I VALUE 100,

FRG TYPE I VALUE 200,

END OF MONEY.

MULTIPLY-CORRESPONDING MONEY BY RATE.

WRITE : MONEY-USA, MONEY-FRG.

Arithmetic Calculations Using Structures

Adding Sequences Of Fields


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ADD THEN UNTIL GIVING .

ADD THEN UNTIL TO .

Example:

DATA: BEGIN OF SERIES,

N1 TYPE I VALUE 10,

N2 TYPE I VALUE 20,

N3 TYPE I VALUE 30,

N4 TYPE I VALUE 40,

N5 TYPE I VALUE 50,

N6 TYPE I VALUE 60,

END OF SERIES.

DATA SUM TYPE I.

ADD SERIES-N1 THEN SERIES-N2 UNTIL SERIES-N5 GIVING SUM.

WRITE SUM.

ADD SERIES-N2 THEN SERIES-N3 UNTIL SERIES-N6 to SUM.

WRITE / SUM.

Adding Sequences Of Fields


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Date and Time fields are of Character types

But numeric operations can be performed

The system performs automatic type conversions

Example

DATA: ultimo TYPE D.

ultimo = SY-DATUM.

ultimo+6(2) = '01'. " first day of this month

ULTIMO = ULTIMO - 1. " last day of last month

WRITE ultimo.

Date and Time calculations

P i d t b t


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Data can be passed between programs using the

Internal Memory Areas

There are two cross-program memory areas to which

ABAP programs have access that can be used to pass

data between programs

SAP Memory

ABAP Memory

Passing data between programs

Passing Data between Programs - SAP


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SAP memory is a memory area to which all main sessions within aSAPgui have access.

SAP memory is used either to pass data from one program to

another within a session, or to pass data from one session to

another.

Application programs that use SAP memory must do so using

SPA/GPA parameters (also known as SET/GET parameters).

These parameters can be set either for a particular user or for aparticular program using the SET PARAMETER statement.

Other ABAP programs can then retrieve the set parameters using

the GET PARAMETER statement.

g gMemory


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Filling an Initial Screen using SPA/GPA Parameters

SPA/GPA parameters are values that the system stores in the

global, user-specific SAP memory.

SAP memory allows passing values between programs.

A user can access the values stored in the SAP memory during

one terminal session for all parallel sessions.

Each SPA/GPA parameter is identified by a 20-character code

which is maintained in the Repository Browser in the ABAP

Workbench.

The values in SPA/GPA parameters are user-specific.

SPA/GPA


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ABAP programs can access the parameters using the SET

PARAMETER and GET PARAMETER statements.

To fill one, use: SET PARAMETER ID FIELD .

This statement saves the contents of field under the ID

in the SAP memory.

If the ID does not exist, double-click in the ABAP

Editor to create a new parameter object.

SPA/GPA (Contd.).

SPA/GPA (Contd )


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To read an SPA/GPA parameter, use:

GET PARAMETER ID FIELD .

This statement fills the value stored under the ID into the

variable .

If the system does not find a value for in the SAP memory,

it sets SY-SUBRC to 4, otherwise to 0.

To fill the initial screen of a program using SPA/GPA parameters,

use the SET PARAMETER statement.

On a selection screen, link fields to parameters using the

MEMORY ID addition in the PARAMETERS or SELECT-

OPTIONS statement.

SPA/GPA (Contd.).


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ABAP memory is a memory area that all ABAP programs within the

same internal session can access using the EXPORT and IMPORT

statements.

Data within this area remains intact during a whole sequence of

program calls.

To pass data to a program which you are calling, the data needs to

be placed in ABAP memory before the call is made.

The internal session of the called program then replaces that of thecalling program. The program called can then read from the ABAP

memory.

If control is then returned to the program which made the initial call,

the same process operates in reverse.

ABAP Memory

S i D t Obj t i M


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Any number of internal data objects of any complexity from an

ABAP program can be stored temporarily in ABAP memory

ABAP memory is a memory area within the internal session (roll

area) of an ABAP program

ABAP memory is independent of the ABAP program or program

module from which it was generated.

An object saved in ABAP memory can be read from any other ABAPprogram in the same call chain.

Saving Data Objects in Memory


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Data can be passed

From an executable program (report) to

another executable program called usingSUBMIT.

From a transaction to an executable program

(report).

Between dialog modules.

Data Objects in Memory

Saving Data Objects in


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EXPORT [FROM ] [FROM ] ... TO MEMORY ID .

Example

EXPORT text1 TO MEMORY ID text'.

Saving Data Objects in

ABAP Memory

Reading Data Objects From


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IMPORT [TO ] [TO ] ...FROM MEMORY ID .

Example:

IMPORT text1 to text2 FROM MEMORY ID

'text'.

Reading Data Objects From

Memory


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Controlling the Program Flow

Logical Expressions

Operand1 operator operand2

Several Logical Expressions can be linked

together with a condition

Checking For Initial Values

... IS INITIAL ...

Control Structures


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Conditional Branching The IF Control Structure

The Case Control Structure

Loops

Unconditional loops using the DO..ENDDO.

Conditional Loops Using the WHILE

.ENDWHILE.

Control Structures (Contd.).


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Terminating Loops

Terminating Loop Pass Unconditionally

CONTINUE

EXIT

Terminate Loop Pass Conditionally

CHECK

Loops


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Processing Character Strings FIND

FIND [{FIRST OCCURRENCE}|{ALLOCCURRENCES} OF] pattern IN dobj.

REPLACE

REPLACE [{FIRST OCCURRENCE}|{ALL

OCCURRENCES} OF] pattern

IN dobj WITH new

Character Strings

Processing Character


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TRANSALATE

TRANSLATE text TO UPPER CASE.

TRANSLATE text TO LOWER CASE.

TRANSLATE text USING pattern

CONDENSE

Processing Character

Strings


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Placeholders or symbolic names for aData Object.

To Access Data Objects Dynamically in

ABAP Programs Do not Physically reserve space for a field

but points to its Contents

Can point to any Data Object Allows the access of Data Objects whose

name and attributes are not known till

runtime

Field Symbols


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Declaring Field Symbols

FIELD-SYMBOLS [typing].

Angle brackets are part of declaration

Typing specifies the type of field symbol

Assigning Data Objects to Field Symbols

Field Symbols (Contd.).


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TYPES: BEGIN OF LINE,

COL1,

COL2,

END OF LINE.

DATA: WA TYPE LINE,ITAB TYPE HASHED TABLE OF LINE

WITH UNIQUE KEY COL1,

KEY(4) VALUE 'COL1'.

FIELD-SYMBOLS TYPE ANY TABLE.ASSIGN ITAB TO .

READ TABLE WITH TABLE KEY (KEY)

= 'X' INTO WA.

Field Symbols - Example

Assigning Data Objects To


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To assign a data object to a field symbol,use the ASSIGN statement

ASSIGN TO .

When the data object is assigned, the

system checks whether the technical

attributes of the data object correspond to any type specifications for

the field symbol .

Assigning Data Objects To

Field Symbols


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Simple output lists on the screen can becreated by using the ABAP statements

WRITE

ULINE

SKIP

When an executable program is

Creating Simple Reports


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Output Format of Predefined


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Output Format of Predefined

Data Types

Data

Type

Positioning

I Right-Justified

P Right-Justified

F Right-Justified

C Left-Justified

N Left-Justified

D Left-Justified

T Left-Justified

Positioning WRITE Output


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Syntax

WRITE AT [/][][()] .

the slash '/' denotes a new line,

is a number or variable up to threedigits long denoting the position on the screen

is a number or variable up to three

Positioning WRITE Output

on the List

Formatting Options for all


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WRITE .... .

Formatting Options for all

Data Types

Option Function

Left-Justified Output is left-justified.

Centered Output is centered.

Right-Justified Output is right-justified.

Under Output starts directly under field

.NO-GAP The blank after field is omitted.

Using Edit

Mask(m)

Specifies format template .

Using No Edit Deactivates a format template

Formatting Options for


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Formatting Options for

numeric fields

Option Function

NO-SIGN The leading sign is not

displayed on the screen.

DECIMALS

defines the number of digitsafter the decimal point.

EXPONEN

T

In type F fields, the exponent is

defined in .

ROUND

Type P fields are multiplied by10**(-r) and then rounded.

CURRENC

Y

Format according to currency

in table TCURX.

UNIT The number of decimal places is

< >

Displaying Symbols and


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WRITE AS SYMBOL.WRITE AS ICON.

Example

INCLUDE .

INCLUDE .

WRITE: / 'Telephone symbol:', sym_phone AS SY

MBOL.

WRITE: / 'Alarm icon: ', icon_alarm AS ICON.

Displaying Symbols and

Icons on the List

D i Li


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Horizontal lines

ULINE [AT [/][][()]].

WRITE [AT [/][][()]] SY-ULINE.

WRITE [AT [/][][()]] '-----...'.

Vertical Lines

-

Drawing Lines

Modifying the Structure of


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Individual Page Header

To layout a Page Header the event keyword

TOP-OF-PAGE must be defined.

The TOP-OF-PAGE event occurs as soon as

the system starts processing a new page of a

list

The system processes the statements

following TOP-OF-PAGE before outputting the

Modifying the Structure of

Lists

D t i i Th Li t Width


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LINE-SIZE option of the REPORTstatement is used to determine the width

of the output list.

REPORT LINE-SIZE

.

If the is set to zero, the system

uses the width of the standard list.

Determining The List Width

Determining the Page


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Page length of an output list, is determinedusing the LINE-COUNT option of the

REPORT statement.

REPORT LINE-COUNT

[()].

This statement determines the page length

of the output list of program as

lines.

Determining the Page

Length

D fi i P F t


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END-OF-PAGE event is used todetermine the footer

This event occurs if the system reachesthe lines reserved for the page footer, or if

the RESERVE statement triggers a page

break

The system only processes the processing

block following END-OF-PAGE if the lines

Defining a Page Footer


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P i P B k


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The NEW-PAGE statement is used toprogram unconditional page breaks.

NEW-PAGE [NO-TITLE|WITH-TITLE] [NO-HEADING|WITH-HEADING].

Ends the current page and does not triggerthe END-OF-PAGE event

System does not output a page footer even if

one is defined.

Programming Page Breaks

Si l R t E l


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REPORT DEMO_LIST LINE-SIZE 40 LINE-COUNT 5(1).

END-OF-PAGE.

ULINE.

START-OF-SELECTION.NEW-PAGE LINE-COUNT 5.

DO 4 TIMES.

WRITE / sy-index.

ENDDO.

WRITE: / 'Next Loop:'.

NEW-PAGE LINE-COUNT 6.

DO 6 TIMES.

WRITE / sy-index.

ENDDO.

Simple Reports - Example

M


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Single texts stored in table T100

Maintained in Transaction SE91

Provides a way to communicate with the

user

Mostly used for error handling

Messages

Messages (Contd )


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The message class and number are usedto identify the message in table T100.

The message types are one of thefollowing:

A : Termination Message

E : Error Message I : Information Message

S : Status

W : Warning

Messages (Contd.).

Messages Statement


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Using a Global Message Class

MESSAGE tnnn [WITH f1 ... f4] [RAISING exc].

Specifying the Message Statically

MESSAGE tnnn(id) [WITH f1 ... f4] [RAISINGexc].

Specifying the Message Dynamically

Messages Statement

Creating Message Class


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Creating Message Class

Messages Examples


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MESSAGE i001(zmsgs).

MESSAGE i003(ZMSGS) WITH 'This is th

'

Messages - Examples

Selection Screen


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Selection screens are a standardized userinterface.

It is used when the user has to give datainput.

Input parameters are primarily used tocontrol the program flow, while users can

enter selection criteria to restrict the

amount of data read from the database.

Selection Screen

Defining Selection Screens


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PARAMETERS for single fields

SELECT-OPTIONS for complex selections

SELECTION-SCREEN for formatting the

selection screen and defining user-specific

selection screens

Defining Selection Screens

Defining Input Fields for


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Enables the user to enter values for singlefields on the selection screen

Each parameter declared with thePARAMETERS statement appears as an

input field on the relevant selection screen.

PARAMETERS p[(length)] [TYPE

type|LIKE obj] [DECIMALS d].

g p

Single Values

Internal Tables Introduction


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Two ways to process large quantities ofdata

Internal Tables

Dynamic sequential dataset in which all records

have the same structure and a key

Individual records can be accessed by index or

keys

Internal Tables - Introduction

Internal Tables (Contd )


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Line Type

Can be any data type

The data type of an internal table is usually a

Structure

Each component of a structure is a column in

internal table

Internal Tables (Contd.).

Internal Tables Key


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Standard Key Tables with Structured and non -structured

row type : all Character Type columns

Tables with Elementary line-type : entire line

is the default key

If line type is an internal table : no default key

Tables with non-structured row type :

Internal Tables - Key

Internal Tables Table Type


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Determines how ABAP accesses theindividual entries

Three Types

Standard Tables

Sorted Tables

Hashed Tables

Internal Tables - Table Type

Internal Tables - Standard


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Have an internal linear index

Records are accessed by index or keys

The response time for key access is

proportional to number of entries

The key is always non-unique

Tables

Internal Tables - Sorted


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Always saved sorted by the key

Have an internal index

Records can be accessed by table index

or key

Uses Binary Search for access

Tables

Internal Tables - Hashed


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Has no linear index

Only accessed using its key

Key must be Unique

Uses Hash Algorithm for accessing

records

Tables

Creating Internal Tables


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Syntax:

TYPES type TYPE|LIKE tabkind OF linetype

[WITH key] [INITIAL SIZE n].

DATA itab TYPE type|LIKE obj.

Example:

DATA : BEGIN OF str_mat,

matno(18),

matname(30),

Creating Internal Tables

Internal table objects


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Internal tables are dynamic variable dataobjects.

Like all variables, declare them using theDATA statement.

Internal table objects

Reference to Declared


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Like all other data objects, declareinternal table objects using the LIKE or

TYPE addition of the DATA statement.

DATA TYPE |LIKE [WITH

HEADER LINE].

Here, the LIKE addition refers to an existing

table object in the same program.

Internal Table Types

Reference to Declared


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Use it as a work area when working withthe internal table.

When using internal tables with headerlines, the header line and the body of the

table have the same name.

If there is an internal table with header

line, to address the body of the table,

place brackets after the table name

Internal Table Types

Operations on Entire Internal


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The entire body of the table is addressedas a single Data Object

The following operations are done on theentire Internal Table

Assigning Internal Tables

Initializing Internal Tables

Table



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Syntax:

MOVE itab1 TO itab2. or

itab2 = itab1. Example:

DATA : it_mat LIKE TABLE OF str_mat,it_mat1 LIKE TABLE OF str_mat.

str_mat-matno = 'm01'.

str mat-matname = 'Notepads'.




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CLEAR itab.

The memory space required for the table is

released, except for the initial memory

requirement.

REFRESH itab

This always applies to the body of the table.

With REFRESH, too, the initial memory


Processing Internal Tables


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Sorting Internal Tables Syntax

SORT itab [ASCENDING|DESCENDING] [AStext] [STABLE].

Determining the Attributes of Internal

Tables

Processing Internal Tables

Access Methods to


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2 ways to access the individual tableentries

Access Using a Work Area

While accessing individual table entries, the data in

the table is not directly accessed but through

another Data Object like a Work Area

Work Area is an interface to the entries in the

Internal Table

Work Area must be compatible with the line type of

Individual Table Entries

Access Methods to


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Access using Field Symbols

A line of the Internal Table is assigned to the

Field Symbol i.e., the Field Symbol will have

the same line type as the Internal Table

Once an entry is assigned to the Field

Symbol, working with it is like accessing theline of the Internal Table directly.

Individual Table Entries

Filling Internal Tables Line


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To Insert Individual Row at a SpecificPosition

INSERT wa INTO TABLE itab.

To Append Rows to the Internal Table

APPEND wa TO itab.

By Line

Filling Internal Tables


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Standard Tables

Lines are always Appended to the end of the

Internal Table.

Sorted Tables

The lines are inserted into the table according

to the table key

Filling Internal Tables

Inserting Lines


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Inserting Several Lines

To insert several lines into the internal table

use

INSERT LINES OF itab1 [FROM n1] [TO n2] INTO TABLE

itab2.

Inserting Lines Using The Index

Inserting a Single Line

Inserting Lines

Appending Lines


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Appending a Single Line

APPEND line TO itab.

Appending Multiple Lines

APPEND LINES OF itab1 TO itab2.

Appending Lines

Reading Lines of Table


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To Read a Single Line

READ TABLE itab key result.

If the system finds an entry it sets the system

field SY-SUBRC to 0 and if not, it sets the

value to 4.

Specifying The Search Key

Reading Lines of Table

Processing Table Entries in

L


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Syntax:LOOP AT itab result condition.

statement block

ENDLOOP.

The sequence in which lines are processed

depends on the table type

Standard and Sorted Table

The lines are processed according to linear index

Loops

Processing Table Entries in

L (C td )


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Loop blocks can be nested

After the ENDLOOP, SY-SUBRC = 0 , if

at least one table entry is processed.

The loop may not contain any operations

which may change the contents of theentire table

Loops (Contd.).

Changing Lines


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Changing Lines of an Internal Table

MODIFY TABLE itab FROM wa [TRANSPORTING

f1 f2 ...].

Changing Table Lines Using a Condition

MODIFY itab FROM wa TRANSPORTING f1 f2 ...

WHERE cond.

Changing Lines

Deleting Lines


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DELETE TABLE itab FROM wa.

Deletion Using Table Key

DELETE TABLE itab WITH TABLE KEY k1 = f1 ... kn

= fn.

Deletion Using a Condition

DELETE itab WHERE cond.

Deleting Lines

Deleting Lines Contd..


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Deleting a line specifying the Index

DELETE itab [INDEX idx].

Deleting Several Lines

DELETE [FROM n1] [TO n2] [WHEREcondition].

Deleting Lines Contd..

Control Level Processing


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Its for internal tables accessed usingLoops

Internal tables are divided into groupsaccording to the sequence of the fields in

the line structure.

The first column defines the highest

control level and so on.



(C td )


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Within the processing block of the loop,the control level statement AT is used to

react to a control level change

The SUM statement to calculate totals

from subsets of all lines

The AT statement introduces a statement

block that is end with the ENDAT

statement

(Contd.).


(C td )


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Control Level Statements are used toreact to control breaks in internal tables

instead of programming them with logical

expressions

According to the hierarchy of the control

levels , the AT-ENDAT statements must be

placed within the Loop.

All character fields to the right of the

(Contd.).

Open SQL


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Subset of Standard SQL

Enable the ABAP programs to access data

irrespective of the database systeminstalled

Open SQL consists of the DataManipulation Language (DML)

O en SQL allows to read SELECT and

Ope SQ

Native SQL


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Loosely integrated into ABAP

Allows access to all of the functions

contained in the programming interface ofthe respective database system

Native SQL statements are not checkedand converted, but sent directly to the

database system

Q

Open SQL


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Open SQL consists of a set of ABAPstatements that perform operations on the

central database in the SAP Web AS

ABAP

Open SQL provides a uniform syntax and

semantics for all of the database systems

supported by SAP

ABAP programs that only use Open SQL

p Q

Keywords used in Open

SQL


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SQLKeyword Function

SELECT Reads data from database

tables

INSERT Adds lines to database tablesUPDATE Changes the contents of lines of

database tables

MODIFY Inserts lines into database tables

or changes the contents ofexisting lines

DELETE Deleting Lines from Database

Tables

OPEN Reads lines of database tables

Open SQL - Return Codes


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All Open SQL statements fill the followingtwo system fields with return codes:

sy-subrc

After every Open SQL statement, the system field

sy-subrc contains the value 0 if the operation was

successful, a value other than 0 if not.

sy-dbcnt

p

Open SQL - Client Handling


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Open SQL Statements use automaticClient-handling

The condition for the client field cannot bespecified in the WHERE clause of the

open SQL statement.

If the client has to be specified in an Open

SQL statement, use

CLIENT SPECIFIED Directly after

p g

Open SQL - Reading Data


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Select Statement Syntax:

SELECT result

INTO target

FROM source[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY fields]

[HAVING cond]

[ORDER BY fields].

p g

Open SQL Select

Statement (Contd )


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Statement (Contd.).Clause

\Description

SELECT

result

The SELECT clause result defines the

structure of the data that is to be read. i.e.,

single or several lines, column to be read,

and for identical entriesINTO target Determines the target area into which the

selected data is to be written

FROM

source

Specifies the Database Table or View from

which the data is to be selected.

WHEREcond

Specifies the condition for Selection

GROUP BY

fields

Produces a single line of results from a

group of several lines.A group is a set oflines with identical values for each column

listed in fields

Open SQL - Defining a

Selection


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Defines the structure of a result set whichis to be read from the database

A single SELECT statement can performfunctions ranging from simply reading a

single line to executing a very complicated

database query

Aggregate functions can be applied to

individual columns.

Selection

Open SQL - Example


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Specifying a flat work area as the target.

SELECT ... INTO [CORRESPONDING

FIELDS OF] wa ...

DATA wa TYPE spfli.

SELECT * INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS O

F wa FROM spfli WHERE carrid EQ 'LH'.

WRITE: / wa-carrid, wa-connid, wa-

cityfrom, wa-cityto.

p p

Open SQL - Example


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Specifying an internal table as the target.

SELECT ... INTO|APPENDING [CORRESPONDING

FIELDS OF] TABLE itab [PACKAGE SIZE n] ...

DATA wa TYPE spfli.

DATA it_spfli LIKE TABLE OF wa.

SELECT * INTO TABLE it_spfli FROM spfli WH

ERE carrid EQ 'LH'.

LOOP AT it_spfli INTO wa.

p p

Open SQL - ReadingAggregate Data for Columns


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SELECT lines agg( [DISTINCT] s1) [AS a1]

agg( [DISTINCT] s2) [AS a2] ...

The expression agg represents one of the

following aggregate functions:

MAX: supplies the maximum value of the column

MIN: supplies the minimum value of the column

AVG: supplies the average value of the column

Aggregate Data for Columns

Open SQL Aggregate

Functions


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Example

DATA: average TYPE p DECIMALS 2,

sum TYPE p DECIMALS 2.

SELECT AVG( luggweight ) SUM( luggweight ) INTO

(average, sum) FROM sbook.

WRITE: / 'Average:', average, / 'Sum :', sum.

Functions

Open SQL - Specifying

Columns Dynamically


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Examples

DATA: itab TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF spfli,

wa LIKE LINE OF itab.

DATA: line(72) TYPE c, list LIKE TABLE OF

line(72).

line = ' CITYFROM CITYTO '.

APPEND line TO list.

SELECT DISTINCT (list) INTO CORRESPONDING

FIELDS OF TABLE itab FROM spfli.

Columns Dynamically

Open SQL ReadingIndividual Line


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Example

DATA wa TYPE spfli.

SELECT SINGLE carrid connid cityfrom cityto INTO

CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF

wa FROM spfli WHERE carrid EQ 'LH' AND connid EQ

'0400'.

IF sy-subrc EQ 0.

WRITE: / wa-carrid, wa-connid, wa-cityfrom, wa-

cityto.

ENDIF

Individual Line

Open SQL - Disable

Automatic Client Handling


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Example:

DATA wa TYPE spfli.

DATA name(10) TYPE c VALUE 'SPFLI.

SELECT * INTO wa

FROM (name) CLIENT SPECIFIED

WHERE mandt = '000'.

WRITE: / wa-carrid, wa-connid.

ENDSELECT.

Automatic Client Handling

Open SQL - Inner Join


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Data From more than 1 table is read in asingle select statement, such that the data

in all tables has to meet the same

condition.

SELECT ... ... FROM tab [INNER] JOIN

dbtab [AS alias] ON cond options

Open SQL - Inner Join


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Example

SELECT p~carrid p~connid f~fldate b~bookid INTO

CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab

FROM ( ( spfli AS pINNER JOIN sflight AS f ON p~carrid =

f~carrid AND

p~connid = f~connid )

INNER JOIN sbook AS b ON b~carrid =f~carrid AND

b~connid = f~connid AND

b~fldate = f~fldate )

' '

Open SQL Left Outer Join


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Specifying Two or More Database Tablesas a Left Outer Join

In an inner join, a line from the left-hand

database table or join is only included in the

selection if there is one or more lines in the

right-hand database table that meet the ON

condition cond.

The left outer join, on the other hand, reads

lines from the left-hand database table or join

Open SQL - Left Outer Join


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Example

SELECT s~carrid s~carrname p~connid INTO

CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab

FROM scarr AS sLEFT OUTER JOIN spfli AS p ON

s~carrid = p~carrid

AND p~cityfrom =

'FRANKFURT'.

Open SQL


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Values in Intervals

SELECT... WHERE s NOT BETWEEN f1 AND

f2...

Checking List of Values

SELECT... WHERE s NOT IN (f1,......,

fn)...

Open SQL (Contd.).


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Checking for Null Values

SELECT... WHERE s IS NOT NULL...

Negating Conditions

SELECT... WHERE NOT cond...

Linking Conditions

Open SQL - DynamicConditions


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SELECT... WHERE (itab)...

SELECT... WHERE cond AND (itab)...

Conditions

Open SQL DynamicConditions


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Example

DATA: cond(72) TYPE c, itab LIKE TABLE

OF cond.

PARAMETERS: city1(10) TYPE c, city2(10)

TYPE c.

DATA wa TYPE spfli-cityfrom.

CONCATENATE 'CITYFROM = ''' city1 ''''INTO cond.

APPEND cond TO itab.

CONCATENATE 'OR CITYFROM = ''' city2

Conditions

Open SQL - Grouping Lines


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The GROUP-BY clause summarizes

several lines from the database table into

a single line of the selection

To use the GROUP-BY clause, all of the

relevant columns in the SELECT clause

must be specified.

Example

Open SQL - SelectingGroups of Lines


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The HAVING clause uses conditions to

restrict the number of groups selected.

The HAVING clause can be used only inconjunction with the GROUP-BY clause.

SELECT lines s1 [AS a1] s2 [AS a2]... agg sm[AS am] agg sn [AS an]...

GROUP BY s1 s2.... HAVING cond.

Groups of Lines

Open SQL - Sorting


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Specifying a Sort Order

The ORDER BY clause sorts the lines in the

selection according to the contents of their

columns

Sorting by the Primary Key

SELECT lines * ...ORDER BY PRIMARY KEY.

Sorting by any Columns

Open SQL - SubQueries


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A sub query is a special SELECT

statement containing a sub query within

particular conditions of the WHERE or

HAVING clauses

It cannot be used in the ON condition of

the FROM clause

SELECT carrname INTO TABLE name_tab FROM

scarr WHERE EXISTS

( select * FROM spfli WHERE carrid =

Open SQL - Insert


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Inserting Lines into Table

INSERT INTO .

One or more lines can be inserted into the

database table .

Inserting a Single Line

INSERT INTO VALUES

Open SQL Insert


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Inserting Several Lines

INSERT FROM TABLE

[ACCEPTING DUPLICATE KEYS].

Open SQL - Update


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To Change data in the Database Table

UPDATE .

UPDATE SET ...

[WHERE ].

UPDATE FROM .

UPDATE FROM TABLE .

Open SQL - Delete


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To delete Lines from the Database Table

DELETE [FROM] .

DELETE FROM WHERE .

DELETE FROM .

DELETE FROM TABLE itab .

Open SQL - Modify


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Inserting or Changing Lines

To insert lines into a database table

regardless of whether there is already a line in

the table with the same primary key

MODIFY .

MODIFY FROM

MODIFY FROM TABLE .

Open SQL CommitRollback


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Committing Database Changes

For confirming or undoing database updates

COMMIT WORK always concludes a

database LUW and starts a new one

ROLLBACK WORK always undoes all

changes back to the start of the database

LUW.

Rollback

Native SQL


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Native SQL statement begins with the

EXEC SQL statement, and ends with the

ENDEXEC statement.

There is no period (.) after Native SQL

statements.

Using inverted commas () or an asterisk

(*) at the beginning of a line does not

introduce a comment as it would in normal

Native SQL - Example


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DATA: BEGIN OF wa,

connid TYPE spfli-connid,

cityfrom TYPE spfli-cityfrom,

cityto TYPE spfli-cityto,

END OF wa.DATA c1 TYPE spfli-carrid VALUE 'LH'.

EXEC SQL PERFORMING loop_output.

SELECT connid, cityfrom, cityto INTO :wa

FROM spfli WHERE carrid = :c1

ENDEXEC.

Modularization Techniques


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ABAP programs are modular in structure

and made up of processing blocks

Two kinds of processing blocks

Called from outside a program by ABAP

runtime system

Event Blocks

Dialog Modules

Modularization Techniques(Contd.).


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The modularization of ABAP programs in

event blocks and dialog modules serves

for general execution of ABAP programs

Modularization in procedures and source

code modules serves for

Improving the readability

Maintainability of ABAP programs,

(Contd.).

Defining Processing Blocks


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Event Blocks

Introduced by an Event Keyword

Ends when the next processing block begins

Event keywords have the same name as the

events to which they react

Dialog Modules

Procedures


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Contains a set of statements, and are

called from other ABAP programs

Procedures are defined in ABAP Programs

When the program is generated, they

remain as standalone modules.

Procedures have an interface for passing

data and can also contain local data

Subroutines


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Used for local modularization

Generally called from the program from

which it is defined

Use subroutines to write functions that are

used repeatedly within a program

Defining Subroutines

Subroutines - Example


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FORM header.

WRITE: / 'Program started by',

sy-uname,

/ 'on host', sy-host,

'date:', sy-datum, 'time:',

sy-uzeit.

ULINE.

ENDFORM.

Subroutines - ParameterInterface


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The USING and CHANGING additions in

the FORM statement define the formal

parameters of a subroutine

When a subroutine is called, all formal

parameters must be filled with the values

from the actual parameters

At the end of the subroutine, the formal

parameters are passed back to the

e ace

Subroutines (Contd.).


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Subroutines has the following formal

parameters

Parameters Passed by Reference

Parameters passed by Value

Parameters Passed By Reference

Parameters are listed after USING or

CHANGING without VALUE addition

Subroutine - Example


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DATA: num1 TYPE i, num2 TYPE i, sum TYPE i.

num1 = 2. num2 = 4.PERFORM addit USING num1 num2 CHANGING

sum.

num1 = 7. num2 = 11.

PERFORM addit USING num1 num2 CHANGINGsum.

FORM addit USING add_num1TYPE any add_num2

TYPE any CHANGING add_sum TYPE any.

add_sum = add_num1 + add_num2.

PERFORM out USING add_num1 add_num2

add_sum.

Subroutines - Pass by Value


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The formal parameter occupies its own memory

space

The value of the actual parameter is passed to the

formal parameter

If the value of the formal parameter changes, this

has no effect on the actual parameter

Pass By Value - Example


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DATA: num TYPE i VALUE 5, fac TYPE i VALUE 0.

PERFORM fact USING num CHANGING fac.

WRITE: / 'Factorial of', num, 'is', fac.

FORM fact USING value(f_num) TYPE I

CHANGING f_fact TYPE i.

f_fact = 1.

WHILE f_num GE 1.

f_fact = f_fact * f_num.f_num = f_num - 1.

ENDWHILE.

ENDFORM.

Function Modules


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Function modules are procedures that are

defined in special ABAP programs called

function groups

Function groups act as containers for

function modules that logically belong

together.

Function groups and function modules are

created in the ABAP Workbench using the

Types of Function Modules


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Normal Function Module

Remote Function Module

Update Function Module

Function Groups


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Function groups are containers for

function modules

Function Groups cannot be executed

When a function module, is called the

system loads the whole of its functiongroup into the internal session of the

calling program

Function Modules


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INCLUDE LTOP.

INCLUDE LUXX.

INCLUDE LF.

INCLUDE.

FUNCTION-POOL

TABLES : ..TYPES:.....

DATA:.

INCLUDE LU01.

INCLUDE LU02.

INCLUDE LU03.

FORM ..

..

ENDFORM.

FUNCTION

.

ENDFUNCTION

Main Program

SAPL

Include Programs

S f

Function Modules (Contd.).


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The main program SAPLfgrp contains

nothing but the INCLUDE statements for

the following include programs:

LfgrpTOP : This contains the FUNCTION-

POOL statement (equivalent for a function

group of the REPORT or PROGRAM

statement) and global data declarations forthe entire function group.

LfgrpUXX : This contains further INCLUDE

E ti h dli i th i t l t f

Exception Handling


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Exception handling is the integral part of

the designing the application.

By raising the exception, we are providing

the opportunity to the Caller program to

handle the exception in its own way.

When creating a reusable component like

the Function Module,

Create the exception,

I th F ti d l th

Exception Handling (Contd.).


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In the Function module, there are

situations when it is not advisable to

process further because of, for example,

missing data, conversion, etc.

At that point of time, raise the excepetion.

For this, we need to define the Exception

under the tab "Exception" in the Function

Builder.

RFC I t f

Remote Function Module


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RFC Interface

A remote function call is a call to a function

module running in a system different from the

caller's.

The remote function can also be called from

within the same system (as a remote call), butusually caller and callee will be in different

systems

RFC i t f th f ll i i t f

RFC Function Module -Interfaces


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RFC consists of the following interfaces:

A calling interface for ABAP programs

Any ABAP program can call a remote function

using the CALL FUNCTION.. DESTINATION

statement.

The DESTINATION parameter tells the SAP

System that the called function runs in a system

other than the caller's.

RFC communication with the remote system

happens as part of the CALL FUNCTION

C lli i t f f SAP

RFC Function Module -Interfaces


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Calling interfaces for non-SAP programs

When either the caller or the called partner is

a non-ABAP program, it must be programmed

to play the other partner in an RFCcommunication.

To help implement RFC partner programs innon-SAP Systems, SAP provides External

Interfaces

It i f E ti i U d t T k

Update Function Module


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It is for Execution in Update Task

The update Function is not Remotely

Callable

All database updates are processed at the

end of the SAP LUW in contrast to normalFM call where the database updates are

done and commited at the time of call

(Database LUW).

Wh th F ti M d l i t d th

Update Function Module(Contd.).


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When the Function Module is created, the

Process Type Attribute is set to

Start Immediately

Set this option for high priority ("V1") functions that

run in a shared (SAP LUW). These functions can

be restarted by the update task in case of errors.

Immediate start but no restart

Set this option for high priority ("V1") functions that

run in a shared (SAP LUW). These functions may

not be restarted by the update task

S f ABAP St t t l d

Source Code Modules


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Sequence of ABAP Statements are placed

in a module

When the program is generated, the

source code in the modularization unit is

treated as though it were actually

physically present in the main program

ABAP Contains two source code modules

When the same set of statements has to

Macros


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When the same set of statements has to

be reused more than once in a program,

it can be included in a Macro.

Macro can only be used within the

program in which it is defined.

These statements can contain up to nine

placeholders (&1, &2,...., &9).

DATA: result TYPE i n1 TYPE i VALUE 5 n2

Macros Example


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DATA: result TYPE i, n1 TYPE i VALUE 5, n2

TYPE i VALUE 6.

DEFINE operation.

result = &1 &2 &3.output &1 &2 &3 result.

END-OF-DEFINITION.

DEFINE output.

write: / 'The result of &1 &2 &3 is', &4.

END OF DEFINITION

They are global R/3 Repository objects

Include Programs


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They are global R/3 Repository objects

The functions of Include Programs are

Library

It allows the usage of same source code in

different programs

Order

The names of specific developed objects

Naming Standards


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The names of specific developed objects

are identified, at the beginning of the word

(mostly), by characters Y or Z.

First character Y is reserved for Core system

First character Z is reserved for Localsystems

When standard SAP object will be copied,original name will be preceded by Y for a

core development and Z for a local one.

Packages allow a grouping of

Naming Standards -Packages


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Packages allow a grouping of

development objects and facilitate the

configuration management.

They guarantee that all objects of a topic

are correctly transported.

Every specific object must be linked to a

development class if it must be

transported.


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Data Dictionary

Data Definitions are created and Managed

Data Dictionary


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Data Definitions are created and Managed

in ABAP Dictionary

Describes the logical structure of objects

use in application development

Provides standard functions for editingfields on screens

Object Types in ABAP Dictionary are

ABAP Dictionary


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Object Types in ABAP Dictionary are

Tables

Defined in Dictionary

Independent of Database

Views Logical Views

Types

Data elements

Structures

Table Types

Domain

Integration in ABAP Workbench

Data Dictionary


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Integration in ABAP WorkbenchDEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

ABAP

Tools

Data

Modeler

Screen

Painter

ABAP

Dictionary

Runtime Environment Of The Application

ABAPInterpreter

ScreenInterpreter

Interfaces.

DialogControl

Integration with ABAP Runtime

Data Dictionary


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Integration with ABAP Runtime

Environment

Changes can be made to the Dictionary

Objects before being activated

Objects can both be Active and Inactive in the

ABAP dictionary

Inactive Objects have no effect on runtime

System

Domain

Basic Objects


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Domain

Contains Technical Characteristics of a Field

Field Length

Data Type

Defines a Value Range

Can be restricted by defining Fixed Values

Domain


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Fixed Values

Used to restrict the values in the Domain

Used in input check in screen templates

If no other help is defined in field, Fixed Values

are offered in F4 help.

Value Range or Intervals can be defined by

specifying the upper and lower limits

Domain


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Fixed Values

Fixed Values are defined only for the following data

types

CHAR

NUMC

DEC

INT1 INT2

INT4

Relationship between Field Data Element

Domain


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Relationship between Field, Data Element

and Domain

DOMAIN

DATA ELEMENT 1 DATA ELEMENT 2

TABLE 1 TABLE 2 TABLE 3

Data Type and Field Length are consistent

Value Tables

Tables


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Value Tables

When a domain is defined, all the table fields

or structure component referring to this

domain can be checked against a table, theValue Table

A check is not implemented by simplyentering a value table.

The check against the value table only takes

Specifies the Semantic Characteristics of

Data Elements


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Specifies the Semantic Characteristics of

a Field

Describes an elementary type or a

Reference Type

Elementary type is defined by built-in data

type and length

These attributes can be defined directly or

Contains Field Label

Data Elements


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Contains Field Label

Field Labels are used to display a screen field

F1 Documentation

The text appearing in the Field Help (F1 Help)comes from the documentation

If there is no Documentation, the short text

Defined Independent Of Database

Tables - Introduction


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Defined Independent Of Database

Fields are defined with Data types and

Length

On activation of the Table, a physical table

definition is created in the database

Table Types

T t T bl

One-to-one relationship with tables in

Transparent Tables


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One to one relationship with tables in

database

Most commonly Used

Holds Application data

Master data or Transaction data Used by an

application

Many-to-One Relationship with the table in

Pooled Tables


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Many to One Relationship with the table in

Database

SAP Proprietary Construct

Stored in a Table Pool

Table Pools Hold large number of small

Tables

Holds CUSTOMIZING data

Pooled Tables (Contd.).


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Holds CUSTOMIZING data

Codes, Field Validations, number ranges,

parameters

Country Code table, Exchange Rate Table,

etc..,

Data in Customizing Table is set by

Functional Consultant during the initial

I l t ti

Definition of table pool contains 2 Key

Pooled Tables (Contd.).


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Definition of table pool contains 2 Key

fields

Tabname

Varkey (Contains Entry from all key fields)CA B

Pooled Table TAB A

E FD

Pooled Table TAB B

Key

Key

Data

Data

Table Pool in Database

TAB A

TAB B

A B C

E FD

Tab name Var Key DataLn Vardata

Many-to-One relationship with table in

Cluster Table


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Many to One relationship with table in

database

Cluster tables are stores in Table Cluster

in Database

Used when the tables have a part of

Primary Key in common

D t d Si lt l

Restrictions

Pooled and Clustered table


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Restrictions

Secondary Indexes cannot be created

Cannot Use ABAP/4 Constructs

Select DISTINCT

GROUP BY

Cannot Use Native SQL

C t S if Fi ld i ORDER BY

Components

Tables


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Components

Table Fields

Technical Settings

Foreign Keys

Indexes

Field Name

Table Fields


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e d a e

Should begin with an Alphabet

Key Flag

Determines the Primary Key

Field Type

Data Type

Field Length

Decimal Places

Number of Decimal Places

Sh t T t

Reference Fields required for the following

Reference Tables andReference Fields


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q g

Data Type

QUAN

CURR

Reference Fields should of Type

UNIT

CUKY

Reference Fields can be in the same table

Data Class

Technical Settings


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Defines the physical area of the database in

which tables should be created

Size Category

Defines the Expected Space for the table inthe Database

Buffering Permission

Define whether and how a table is buffered

Buffering Type

Full-Buffering

Types

Tables Buffering Types


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yp

Full Buffering

Either the Full table is Buffered or

The full table is not buffered

Buffered Data Records Sorted by Table Key

When to Use

Tables up to 30KB

Table Accessed Frequently

Most Read Access

Types

Tables Buffering Types(Contd.).


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yp

Generic Buffering

When a record of the table is accessed, all the

record whose generic key field match that record

is buffered

When to Use

When Certain areas of table are normally used for

processing Client-Specific Tables

Language Specific Tables

Types

Tables Buffering Types(Contd.).


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yp

Single Record Buffering

Only records that are actually read

Requires less storage space

More DB accesses are necessary to load therecords

When to Use

Select SINGLE is used mostly

Record Size Between 100 200 KB

Creation of Tables

Tables - Transparent


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Top-Down Approach

Table is first created

Domain and Data element are created after

creation of Table Easier to Use

Bottom-Up Approach

Domain and Data element are created

More intuitive for first timers

Cumbersome

Key Fields must be stored at the beginning

Constraints of TablesCreation


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y g g

of the field list

Non-Key fields may not occur between two

key fields

Maximum of 16 key fields per table is

allowed

T bl h h 249 fi ld


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Copy of Database Table reduced to certain

Indexes


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y

fields

Always in sorted form

Provides faster access to data records

Contains a pointer to corresponding record

of actual table

Indexes

Tables


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The Primary index of the Table

Secondary Index

Tables - Index


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Created if the table is frequently accessed

using fields which is not a part of primary key

Index distinguished with a three place

identifier

For certain database systems, the index

improves performance


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Important in client/server environment

Tables - Buffering


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Buffers reside in each application server

Improves Performance

Buffers are filled by

Program accesses data of a buffered table

If Program changes data in a table on

Buffer Synchronization


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Application Server, it is noted in log tableby Database Interface

A synchronization Mechanism runs at a

fixed time interval

Log table is read and buffer contents are

invalidated

Only Transparent and Pooled Tables

Buffering Tables


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Table that is frequently read and rarely

changed

The key fields of the buffered table should

of the Character data types ( C, N, D, T)

By pass the buffer if table data should be

read from Database

Select . BY PASSING BUFFER

Statements that by passbuffer


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Select FOR UPDATE

Select With Aggregate Functions

Select DISTINCT ..

Select . WHERE . IS NULL

Defines Relationship between Tables

Foreign Keys


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Create Value Checks for input fields

Link several tables in a view or a Lock

Object

Tables Foreign Keys


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Foreign Key Table T1

Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4

PrimaryKey

Check Table T2

Field 5 Field 6 Field 7

Primary

Key

Comparison

Check Table and Value Table


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Check Table Value Table

Field Level Data Validation Domain Level Data Validation

Maintained at a client level Maintained as a customization

Object

The contents of the check will

be used as an input help(F4

Help) for a particular field on

which a check table is

assigned.

The contents of Value Table are

not used in Input Help.

Checks are done for the foreign

key table against the check

table entries, once the foreign

key relationship is established.

All table fields referring to the

domain which has a value table

can then be checked against

the corresponding field of this

Text Tables

Tables


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The table has a additional key field of type

LANGK

1

K

2

F

1

F

2

1 1 X

X

Y

Y

1 2 Y

Y

X

X

K1 K2 L TEXT

1 1 D

E

Text 1 (

German)

1 1 E

N

Text 1

(English)

1 2 D

E

Text 2

(German)

Text Table A for B

Key Fields k1, k2 and L (Type

Lang)

Table B

Key Fields K1, K2

Table Types

Tables


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Describes the Structure and functional

attribute of an internal table in ABAP

DATA statement in ABAP is used to Reference

the table type

A user interface tool which is used to

What is a Table MaintenanceGenerator


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change the entry of the table or delete anentry from the table or create an entry for

the table.

To make this feature work care should be

taken while creating the database table

that in the 'Delivery & Maintenance' tab,the 'Table View Maint.' should have the

"Maintenance allowed" property defined.

Choose the table in SE11 for which Table

Table MaintenanceGenerator


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Maintenance Generator is to be defined.

Generate Table MaintenanceDialog


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In the Maintenance Screen, the

Maintenance Type


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Maintenance Type can be

One Step

One Screen is created for Table Maintenance

In SM30, after specifying the table name, the

overview screen is displayed and when choosing

New Entries, the records are entered in the same

screen

Multiple records can be entered at the same time

Generally used as it is user friendly

Structures

About Structures


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Contains Fields

Fields can refer to

An elementary data type

Another structure

Table type

Types :

Flat Structures

Maintain Foreign Keys if required

Creating Structures


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Save

Activate the Structure

To add fields of another structure in Tables

Includes


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or Structures

F1 F2 F3 F4

F5

F3

F4

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

Structure

Tabl

e

Includes

Database

Only Flat Structures can be included

Structures


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A Structure can be included more than

once

The field name of the structure should not

be longer than 16 places

Append Structures

Append Structures


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Used for Table Enhancement

Structure that is assigned to exactly one table

The possible enhancements are

Insert New fields Define Foreign Keys for fields of table

Attach Search Help

View is data derived from one or more

About Views


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tables

Used in ABAP Program for data selection

Data is not stored physically

F1 F2

F3 F4

F5

F6 F7

F8

Table

T1 Table

T2

Table

T3

F1 F2 F4 F7

F8

View on tables

Database View

Types of Views


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Projection View

Maintenance View

Help View

Provides application specific view on data

Database View


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distributed in tables

Created in the database

accessed using Open SQL and Native

SQL

If there is only one table in the view , write

access is ossible

Used to hide fields of a table

Projection View


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Contains exactly one table

Selection conditions cannot be defined

Pooled and Clustered tables can beaccessed as the projection view is not

stored in the database

Allows To maintain data of an Application

Obj t

Maintenance View


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Object

All the tables in this view must be linked

with foreign keys

Join Conditions cannot be directly

specified

Im lements Outer Join

Created if a view with outer join is needed

l ti th d f h h l

Help View


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as selection method of search help

All tables in help view must be linked with

foreign Key

Implements Outer Join

Used to Display list of all possible input

l f fi ld th f F4

About Search Help


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values for a screen field on the press of F4

Useful when the field requires the input of

a formal key

Has to be assigned to the screen field

Types of Search Helps

Elementar

Selection Method

Selection Method


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Possible input values are determined at

runtime by database selection

If the values are from a single table, the

corresponding table is selected as selection

method

If the values are from multiple tables, they

must be linked with a view (Database or Help

Defines the fields of selection method that

h ld b d i i t h l

Search Help Parameters


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should be used in input help

Data element should be assigned to

Search Help Parameter

Import and Export Param

Complete Abap Basic

Documents

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