Tectonic

Examples• Island Arc>>Aleutian Islands• Ocean trenches>>Marianna Trench• Fold Mountains>>The Andes (South America)• Submarine Volcanoes>>Surtsey Island (Iceland)• Continental Hotspot>>Yellow Stone National

Park(North America)• Shield Volcanoes>>Hawaii• Sea Floor spreading>>Mid Atlantic Ridge(Eurasian

plate and North American Plate )

Plate Boundaries• Conservative>>San Andreas Fault (North

American and Pacific Plate)• Constructive>>Iceland(North American and

Eurasian)• Destructive>>South American and

Nazca Plates • Collision>>India(Eurasian and Indianna plate)

Examples of Earthquake Impacts• Unconsolidated sediments>>Armenian

(1988)earthquake 95% of the buildings were destroyed in Leninakan

• Landslides>> 1964 Alaskan Earthquake had $1.26 billion worth of damage

• Aftershock>>Indonesian Earthquake (2004) 9.3 magnitude had an aftershock of 6.1

Earthquake prediction examples• Park Field centre (America) had

monitoring equipment to watch for any tell tale earthquake signs

• Quake Finder is a device that measures electromagnetic changes in the ground to sense if the earthquake is coming

Northridge Case Study Background:• Los Angeles sustains $1.07 billion damage per

year• MEDCPhysical aspects:• The Pacific Plate moves past the North

American Plate at 45mm• Happened along the San Andreas Fault• Conservative plate boundary• Depth of the focus 17.5 km• Occurred along a blind fault• Magnitude of 6.7 with aftershocks of 5.9 and

5.6• 17th January 1994Social:• 57 people were killed• 11 hospitals suffered structural damage• 9,000 people were injured• 20,000 people were displaced from their home

Environmental• 50 fires broke out in the San Fernando Valley• 11,000 landslides were triggered• Landslides blocked roads and damaged water

lines

Economical:• 12,500 buildings suffered• Roads were damaged up to 32km from the epicentre• 11 hospitals suffered structural damage• Three storeys of the Northridge Meadow apartment building

collapsed• 170 bridges were damaged• 2,500 multi-story car parks were damaged 3km from epicentre• 700,000 applications for financial help were made to FEMA• The football scoreboard at Anakeim Stadium collapsed over

several 100s of seats• Olive View hospital withstood the earthquake after building work

took place after the ?1974? earthquake• 82,000 homes and businesses were without electricity• 50,000 without water• It cost the US $20 billion dollars to recover the damage caused• Only 20% of the businesses in Northridge carried earthquake

insurance• Santa Monica freeway and Golden state freeway were both

damaged• Management:• Larse is mapping out all hidden fault lines to allow buildings to not

be built along them• Larse uses sound waves travelling near the earth’s surface to

detect fault lines• The ARC(American Red Cross) sheltered 22,000 people• The ARC spent $36 million looking after people after the

earthquake

Japanese earthquake Physical:• 9 on the Richter scale• Epicentre of the earthquake was 130km off the

coast of Japan• Northern Japan sits on the Eurasian plate and the

Pacific plate. The pacific plate moves westwards sinking underneath the Eurasian

• The subduction caused the ocean to move by 40 M creating the massive waves

• Highest wave was 30 m• 90/400 nuclear reactors are on plate boundaries

Social:• 15,400 people died• Half a million people lived in shelters

Economical:• Damage was estimated at $120 billion -$230 billion

>>2.5-4.0% of Japans GDP• Factories were damaged by the disaster meaning

there a was a direct decrease in supply exports• The draw back from nuclear power means an

increase dependence on fossil fuels• Increased government debt 225% of annual GDP

Environmental:• A dam in the North East of Fukishima

burst its banks causing water to sweep away many homes

• 400 millisieverts hour was the radiation level emitted by the nuclear reactor

Management:• Japan’s automated system managed

to shut down the reactors• They get mobile alerts for various

tectonic activity• At Mikato they had a 10m high sea

wall• 70,000 people were forced to migrate

35km away

Gujarat India earthquake Physical:• 26th January 2001• 7.9 on the Richter scale• 17 km focus

Social:• Death toll 20,000• 160,000 people seriously injured

Management:• 5,000 troops were deployed and 40 aircraft military to help clear rubble• A building regulation set up in 1998 to prepare was ignored

Economical:• 800,000 buildings suffered damage• Bhuj Bhachau Anja lost 90% of the buildings• Cost of the earthquake is around $4-5 billion•

Sichuan Earthquake China

Physical:• The earthquake happened on the 12 May

2008• 7.9 magnitude• Shaking lasted 5 minutes• Shallow focus of 19 km• Several aftershocks exceeding 6.0• 315 million tonnes of water could have

weakened the fault increasing stresses

Social:• Over 5 million homeless• 70,000 death toll• Landslides caused 1,000 deaths• Heavy rainfall triggered a mudflow killing 158

rescue people• Environmental:• A train in the Gansa area spilt 500 tonnes of

gasoline the fires it produced took 40 hours to put out

•

Economical:• 80% of houses collapsed• $150 billion estimated cost of the damage• 5.4 million buildings collapsed

Management:• Authorities had to evacuate 250,000 people for

fear of them drowning as a result of the water escaping from damns

• Earthquake building code set down in 1976 is mandatory in China however many have ignored it

• 1.3 billion dollars used to reconstruct 2,600 schools

• 169 new hospitals to be built and 860,000 new city apartments will be built

Sichuan extra 2013• 90% of houses damaged as building regulations still

ignored• 7 on the richter scale• Around 200 dead(figure debatable)• "100%" of houses in the 9 towns and townships and in

the county seat were damaged (Lushan area)• However, around 60 giant pandas in the Wolong National

Nature Reserve in Ya'an, were left unharmed by the devastating earthquake. (sorry this just made me laugh as it was on a genuine news report)

Christ Church New Zealand and aftershock Physical:• The earthquake struck on 4th September 2010• 7.1 on the Richter scale• 22nd February 2011 and after shock struck Christ

Church registering 6.3 on the Richter scale• The aftershock was 5km in depth of focus• It happened at12:51pm causing more deaths

Social:• Nobody died in the first instance• 181 people died as a result of the aftershock

Environmental:• Canterbury plains are made up of alluvial sediments

have a large water storage units so the earthquake caused significant liquefaction

Economical:• $16 billion New Zealand dollars’ worth of damage• Six storey Canterbury television building collapsed• 100,000 damaged buildings

Management:• Geonet detects and monitors

earthquakes can provide emergency services with info within a few minutes of an earthquake

• Earthquake commission funds Geonet it also funds programs for people Quakesafe their homes

• The AMI stadium has been reinforced by 10m stone columns which can stop liquefaction

Boxing day Tsunami 2004: Physical:• The earthquake occurred under the Indian

ocean• Measured 8.9 on the richter scale• Focus 10 km • The epicentre was 256km from Indonesia• The indian plate was pushed under the

Eurasian plate along a 1040km fault line

Social:• 5,395 dead in Thailand• 120,000 people have been effected by damage

caused to the fishing industry

• In India 9,000 people died• 12,500 people were displaced by the flooding

• Environmental:• 20/199 of the Maldive islands were destroyed

Economical:In thailand• The hotels only managed to fill 10% of

their rooms out 35,000• International passenger arrivals in

Phuket airport were reduced by 88%• Effected tourist areas stood to lose

about 5 million tourists• 1 in 5 hotels had to close

• In Somalia 1000 homes were destroyed • 240,000 fishing boats were lost

Kobe earthquake: Physical:• Epicentre Awaji Shima an island 20km from Kobe• 17th January 1995• Focus was 20km• Happened at 5:46 am meaning commuters were making their way to work

Social:• 4751 dead 59% of those people were old so more vulnerable• 236,899 people needed emergency shelter

Economical:• 85% of schools were damaged• Power failure lasting for 7 days• 25% of phone lines were damaged• 85% of gas was off for over 3 months causing more deaths to the elderly as the average

temperature was 2˚C

Management:• 1.13 million volunteers arrived to help local communities giving $50 billion dollars in the first • few years alone•

Haiti Case study Background:• Damage was increased by widespread poverty ,bad

infrastructure ,food insecurity• 80% live below the official poverty live• 86% people live in poorly built slums or concrete buildings• 80% are unemployed• Physical:• Magnitude 7 earthquake>>sedimentary shaking of rocks• Conservative plate boundary between the Caribbean and

north American plates• Focus 10km below the earth’s surface• Predominant composition of sedimentary which is more

prone to shaking• Aftershocks ranged from 4.5-5.9 • Slippage of 1.8m• Epicentre was 15km from the capitol Port Au Prince

Social• 230,000 people killed• 3,889 people died from the cholera endemic• 3.5 million people were affected by the earthquake 2.8

million of which in Port Au Prince• 60,000 people migrated from the capitol of Port Au Prince• ¼ of civil servants dead• Environmental• 20 million m³ of rubble on the ground less than 5% has been

cleared

Economical• $5.8 billion dollars’ worth of damage• A lot of corruption and lack of knowledge of which

people own land meaning no new houses can be built

• Port au prince is a very vulnerable capitol as building regulations are inadequate and it is over crowded

• 4000 schools were damaged• 1/5 of jobs were lost due to the earthquake• The international airport was unusable as power

controls were damaged• Management• In September 2011 one million people living in

temporary housing• 87% of homeless people are still in the temporary

housing• Within 24 hours a medical team from Iceland had

landed• 50 Chinese people followed to act as another

medical team• British search and rescue teams reached Haiti 5

days after the earthquake

Volcanic Examples• Evacuation>>5,000 residents of Montserrat were evacuated 3 times

between December 1995-August 1996 (63% of the population)• Hazard resistance design>>People in Hawaii have timber houses• In Iceland during the Heimaey(1973) they used 6 million cubic metres of

water to spray on the lava to avoid shutting the harbourExtrusive activity:• Geyser>>Strokkur geyser, Iceland• Hot Spring>>Beppu Japan• Fumaroles>>Four peaked Volcanoes Alaska• Boiling Muds>>Fountain paint pots (Yellowstone National Park)America

Intrusive activity:• Dykes>>Scottish isles of Mull and Skye• Batholiths>>Dartmoor and Isle of Arran• Metamorphic Aureole>>Henry Mountains in Utah America• Laccoliths>>Eildon Hills Scottish borders

Montserrat volcano Background:• LEDC• Part of the British Colony• Caribbean tourist hotspot

Physical:• Early activity like ash emissions, steam explosions and numerous

earthquakes• The steam and ash reached heights of 2500m• March 1996 huge ash cloud and pyroclastic flow happened• The climax occurred on the 25th June 1996 4.5 million m³ of ash

erupted from the volcano• 11th February 2009 40 million m³ of rubble from the north eastern

portion of the lava dome collapsed

Social:• A lot of post-traumatic stress disorder• The pyroclastic flow killed 19 people• Between 1995-1999 the population decreased from 10,000 -3,000

growing back to 5,000 after 2006• Silicosis a lung disease effected a lot of people

Environmental:• Only 40km² out of 100km² was safe to live on• The southern island was completely destroyed• The eruption in 1995 effected 63km around the island• 1/3 of the tropical rainforests were damaged• The soil was enriched with volcanic ash• Feral farm animals like cows have caused problems in the exclusions

zones destroying native species

Economical• Plymouth was eventually buried in over 10m of ash and mud

and the airport and docking facilities were destroyed• The construction a new airport cost £11 million known as

Gerald’s 2005• 1,500 people flocked to the island looking for jobs as they

were construction workers• Enrolment in all schools dropped from 2,672-620 between

1996-1998• 300 fulltime farmers lost their land as a result of the

explosions• Montserrat is now dependant on food imports• In 1997 annual tourists were at 4,000 when they should have

been 15,000• 400 students left the medical school (American University of

the Caribbean)• Money has also been invested into attracting new sets of

tourists to the Caribbean like families or travellers not just newlyweds or nearly deads

Management• They set up temporary shelters to the North• 7,000/01,000 inhabitants left for the UK or Antigua• A new observatory centre has been set up in Montserrat• UK government spent £100 million assisting migration• Stations with infra-red sensors which detect air pressure

which are set of as a result of eruptions have been set up• 2004 a 5 million grant from the UK was given by a

organisation called international development to build more hotels to boost the tourist industry again

• 2,000 new homes built as most of the population is still in temporary accommodation

Mount Etna Background:• Europe’s largest volcano• The mountain was 2368m high• One of the most active volcanoes in the world• Calderas surrounds Etna• Collision of the African and Eurasian >continental platesPhysical:• Eruption 14th December 1991

Environmental:• Effusive lava flows lasted 473 days• Lava destroyed the springs which provided the water supply for Zafferana

Economical:• Insurance claims ran into millions• Vineyards and chestnuts orchards were destroyed• Only one house was destroyed• Tourist industry boomed once the volcano was safe to visit• 25% of the population lived on the slopes of Mount Etna meaning they had to move• Ski station at Piano Provenzana was destroyed by lava flows

Management:• They constricted earth barriers perpendicular to the flow direction diverting 30% of the lava flow they did by using

concrete blocks to halt lava flow and then managed to dig a diversion channel• They sourced explosives to disrupt the lava flows away from Zafferana• The earth barrier built in 1992 was 400m long and 20m high managed to contain the lava for a month• US Marines operated the explosives

Mount Pinatubo Physical:• Typhoons created Lahars and flooding • 1991• Massive tropical storm of Yunya caused the

lahars

Economical:• 1,000,000+ farm animals died, many

through starvation. • 650,000 workers lost their jobs.

Social:• Disease spread quickly, Malaria, Chicken Pox

and diarrhoea. Also heavy treatment for respiratory and stomach disorders.

• 700 deaths: 6 as a direct result, 600+ from disease and 70 from drowning in lahars. 94% of the deaths were from the Aeta tribe. There were unaccustomed to being surrounded by modern day diseases and food. It was mainly children that died as a result of disease (Eg. Measles)

Environmental:• Ash cloud and sulphur compounds shielded

the Earth from the sun’s rays; the global temperature was reduced by 0.5Vc.

Management:• Some Indigenous Aeta tribe displaced. 58,000

people evacuated. • Philippine Institute of volcanology and seismology

(PHIVOLCS) was alerted when small steam eruptions were seen. Also USGS (United States Geological Survey) were called in to monitor the eruption and attempt to predict the activities.

• 7 seismic stations set up surrounding the volcano by May. (They were linked back to the Pinatubo Volcano Observatory (PVO) which had been set up on Clark Air Base).

• SO levels monitored every day. Closer to eruption, շup to 5000 tonnes were emitted every day. Measured by a COSEC machine.

• Deposit samples taken from previous eruptions. Tree remnants found showing only a previous 4/5 eruption in 2000 years. (Few eruptions usually mean they are more violent when they do happen).

• Alert Level 1 Small scale evacuations, villages within 10km of summit were evacuated. Expensive equipment removed from Clark Air Base.

• Alert Level 3 Predicted within 24 hours. 120,000 people evacuated from a 10 mile radius. By 10th June, nearly all of Clark Air Base was evacuated. Evacuation radius now extended 30km.

Nyiragongo Background:• Located in the Virunga mountains within Democratic

Republic of Congo.• Associated with the African rift valley.• 20km north Goma, just West of the Rwandan border.• 2002Physical:• Beneath Nyiragongo, the African plate is splitting apart

creating a rift valley.• Very fluid alkaline magma rises up through the gap

created by the rifting. • The magma that erupts from Nyiragongo has a low silica

content and can flow at speeds of up to 60mph.

Social:• 120,000 homeless• 147 people were killed• Eye irritation, respiratory problems and diseases caused

by contaminated water and fumes• Looting from abandoned homes and petrol store which

exploded, killing looters.Environmental:• 13km fissure opened in the south of the volcano• Lake Kivu, a major source of drinking water, was polluted

by sulphuric lava.• High temperatures caused fears of toxic gases releasing

from the lake bed. •

Economical:• From this lava formed a 600m wide, 2m deep

stream that reached Goma in a few hours, causing fires

• This destroyed 4500 (15%) of Goma’s buildings• Infrastructure, including communications and

transport links, was destroyed• Goma airport was partially covered in lava• Unemployment due to destroyed businesses

Management:• UN bring in humanitarian aid 2 days after eruption.• Rations included high energy food e.g. biscuits.• UN also set up refugee camps at a cost of $15

million (Repair cost was even higher)• Medical attention required – treatments for smoke

and fume inhalation. • Because advanced warning systems from wealthier

countries meant the population was warned in advance.

• The city of Goma was damaged, but was far enough from Nyiragongo to allow evacuation.

• If the eruption had happened 100 years ago, before organisations like the USGS, the death toll would have been much higher.

Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Background:• Puyehue volcano has a 2.4 km wide summit

caldera• The Cordón Caulle geothermal area has a 6

by 13 km wide depression and is the largest active geothermal area in the Andes

Physical:• Eruption began on the 4th of June, 2011.• It was caused by the Cordon Caulle, not

Puyehue• The ash cloud reached 12km high• 230 earthquake tremors occurred in one

hour• Social:• 3,500 people were evacuated

Environmental:• Sulphur and other gases were emitted• An estimated one hundred million tons of

ash, sand and pumice were ejected• The eruption produced lightning and strong

storms and some power cuts• The temperature of the Nilahue River rose

to 45 °C and killed an estimated 4.5 million fish

• Economical:• Bariloche, Buenos Aires, Neuquén and Melbourne

airports were closed due to ash• 4.5 million fish dead had a big impact on the fishing

economy• The cattle economy was also damaged• The ash cloud led Argentina to declare a state of

emergency for farmers as the eruption continued to effect the 2 million sheep that graze in Chubut

• Macquarie Equities placed the cost of disruptions to airlines at $21 million for Qantas and $11 million for Virgin Australia

Management:• The ONEMI put Chile on “red alert• Evacuees were moved into temporary shelters but by

the 19th of June the ONEMI decided that all 4,200 evacuees could return home, as the scale of the eruption continued to decrease

• The Argentinian government supplied $2.41 billion dollars to 1,400 farmers and businesses in the area affected and planned to spend $7 million on the cleanup operation

• 3,500 people were evacuated

Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia (5) Social:• Lahars killed 18,000 people in the town of Chinchina and 22,000 people in

Armero (nearly 70% of the population of Armero)• Most of the housing was destroyed and 8000 people were made homeless

Economical:• Livestock and crops were destroyed - over 3400 hectares of agricultural land was

lost• 60% of the regions livestock and 30% of sorghum’s rice crops were destroyed• Most roads, bridges, telephone lines and power supplies were destroyed and the

whole region was isolated• The cost of the eruption to the economy of Colombia was estimated at US$7.7

billion (about 20% of GDP that year

Management:• The hazards had already been mapped by scientists who had started gathering

data since early 1985 and the hazard map was due to be presented the day after the disaster

• In 1986 scienetists said people could return home however two days later there was a mud flow in Armero

•

World Cities and Urbanisation

Examples of Types of Cities• Megacities: Delhi(India),Dhaka(Bangladesh),

Lagos(Nigeria)• Metacities: Tokyo(Japan)World Cities:London(England),Chicago(America)

Mumbai: Back ground Problems:• 14,350,000 population• Indian Financial Centre and the centre of

Bollywood• Population due to read 26 million by 2025

Growth problems facing Mumbai• New migrants are coming in everyday wanting a

share of the new wealth• The port has enable India to become a exporter• Most of the migrants are uneducated and

therefore are not needed in a modern city• It has caused urban sprawl (cheap and poorly

built)• Massive overcrowding• Development of squatter settlements like

Dharavi• The Mumbai Suburban Railway, created in 1853,

links Mumbai to rest of India which is good for business and trade making it the best way of transport in Mumbai (7million/year). Means more people are being able to come to the area causing a shortage in houses.

Dharavi: • It is the biggest slum in Asia• Home to more than 600,000 people spread

over 175 hectares

Economical:• Industries are estimated to make

$700million dollars worth per year• There are 4,500 industrial units in Dharavi

producing leather,clothes,jewellry,food and soap

• Huge recycling industry employing 250,000 people

• Less than 10% is legal buisiness

Problems:• Dharavi restricts the growth of Mumbai• Dharavi sits south of the Mithi River not far

from Bandra Kurla Complex>Major buisiness hub

• Huge hubs or typhoid and cholera

Mumbai continued: SRA Development: • The slum dwellers whose names was

on the voters list of 1995 will be eligible for rehabilitation

• Each family will be allotted 225 square foot free of cost

• The residents will have to pay for their own water and electricity

• They gain wider roads,electricity,ample water,medical centres,and playgrounds/schools

• Dharavi will be divided into 10 sectors a developer responsible for each one

• Buildings will be 7 storeys high• The non polluting businesses in

Dharavi will be kept they will also be provided with modern technology

2004 Dharavi plan: • 1 million low cost homes will be built• Slum populations will fall to 10-12%

instead of 60%• There will be 325 open green spaces• 300 public toilets• The land that Dharavi is built on is

worth $10 billion dollars as it has a prime location

• For every sqft of new affordable housing built the developers will be allowed 30% commercial development e.g for shops

• By 2013 it is supposed to be a world class location

Examples of city areas• 1960-1981 1.6 million jobs were lost from

the inner city areas• 1994 the inner cites had an unemployment

rate of 50% higher than the rest of the country

• New Town>>Telford (west midlands)• Expanded Towns>>Bromsgrove and

Droitwich

Suburbanisation: (7)Why people moved:• Home to TV and film industry, so workers have

higher paid jobs• Higher disposable incomes means that car

ownership increases so commute to work• Other services locate here as people can afford

to use the service• Higher incomes means people want larger

houses with gardens and garages for family• Increased I.T technology allows people to work

from home• Only 7.8% in Beverly Hills do not own cars• Certain races forced out due to migration of

another race causes suburbanisation• E.g. Compton is a poorer district where 28% do

not own cars, populated with Hispanics. • When the Hispanic people moved into

Compton, the previous race, of white ethnic background moved out. Causes LA to spread further out = Urban sprawl

•

• Case Study: Los Angeles, USA:• Located south California, West USA• 3.8 million people in 2006• Young unskilled workers attracted to the

area due to Hollywood and Beverly Hills, film and TV industry

• Effects: the movement of people and excessive amounts of suburbanisation causes urban sprawl.

• Problems:• More congestion of cars travelling inner city• Pollution :air, noise, visual• Higher crime rates in poorer districts e.g.

Compton• Shortage of houses• Urban sprawl, loss of rural areas, country

side and villages. Social segregation, all wealthy in suburbs and poor are trapped.

Suburbanisation facts• In 2008 it was the plan to build 490,000 new

homes in the west midlandsLongbridge (brownfield) (4)• Birmingham City Council and Bromsgrove

District Council• a regional transportation interchange with

1,000 park and ride spaces, and the creation of at least 10,000 jobs.

• Birmingham CC lead on the project, and Worcestershire CC and Bromsgrove DC have been involved

• Huge plot - 468 acres• £1 billion Longbridge scheme is one of the

largest regeneration projects in the West Midlands

• 2,000 new homes

Brecon View housing – Gornal (greenfield):• There are four primary schools

and four secondary schools located nearby

• Sainsbury's Supermarket less than a mile away but Dudley town centre, located less than two miles away, has high street stores and boutiques.

• Tandon, Greens and Lower Gornal Medical Centres close by

Case Study: Notting Hill Gentrification London borough of Kensington and ChelseaWest London• During the Victorian times the area was rough and full of working class people• In the 1950’s it became a slum area of inner city deprivation• 1958 was the race riots between Afro Caribbean and the ‘Teddy Boys’ • 1959 The Notting Hill Carnival was started by Claudia Jones as a response to the riots and the state

of race relations in Britain at the time.• Area is famous for Portobello market and carnival What?• Past 30 years it undergone gentrification e.g. primrose Hill • Property prices have rose to £4million• Secluded communal gardens = more desirable for wealthy families with children • ‘Notting Hill’ movie helped popularise the area although gentrification had already happened• Now has 21 screen cinema opened in 2001• Many services such as boutiques, restaurants e.g. Feng sushi, wine bars etc.

Counter Urbanisation:Copmanthorpe: • Few km south west of York• Become commuter villages• The A64 provides a fast link between York and LeedsImpacts:• The population increased from 1,261 (1961)-4,008(1991)• 50% of the population have two or more cars• And 32% of the population is between 35-65• Gained a hair dressers, cooperative, and a fish and chip shop• Also has an improved toddler play group

Bayston Hill (48km from Shrewsbury): • Has a population of 5,500 in 2007• In 1971 1520 new homes were built• Before 1971 the population was 2000 it grew to

5345• The Meole Brace retail park was built in the

1980s to attract new shoppers• 97% of people still use local shops

Swardeston (7km south west of Norwich) • Has commuter services into Norwich(buses

and park and ride)• Many of the new homes are very expensive

7/9 of the houses are above the UK average of 168,000

• The village shop closed down as a result of a Tesco extra opening 5km away

Examples or re-urbanisation projects

• English Partnerships>>Milton Keynes• Local Enterprise

partnerships>>Northampton,Hereford• UDCs>>London Thames Gateway• Gentrification>>Islington ,Battersea

(London)

UDC Thames Gateway Case Study: • Starts on canary wharf>1988• 97 acres of pleasant working environment

(open spaces, parks)• 14.1 million sqft of office and retail space• 90,000 people work in canary wharf• Businesses are attracted to it as it is close to

HSBC, and Barclays which are international companies

• Close to London City Airport• Stratford City has gained 35,000 new jobs out

of the hoped 46,000• £1.5billion investment by DP World(Largest

Marine Terminal Operator)

Re-urbanisation Projects: Flagship project Cardiff Bay: • Ended in March 2000• 1250 new apartments were built• 5 star luxury hotel was built in

2000(St David’s)• Welsh Millennium Centre(national

opera centre)• 5780 new houses were built• 31,000 new jobs• £1.8 billion private finance was

invested• £700 million international sport

villageAims:• To reunite Cardiff with it’s

waterfront• To build a superb living and

working environment• Create a wide range of jobs

Re-Urbanisation continued

NDC Aston Pride : • Government funded operating

from 2001-2011• Designed to improve the lives of

17,300 residents• £8m investment in a brand new

health care with longer opening hours

• Key stage 2 performance improved from 49.1%(2002) of students getting through secondary school to 73%(2010)

• Key stage 4 performance went from 34.2%(2002)-83% (2010)

• 2,500 computers have been introduced into residents homes

• 1328 local residents found employment

• The areas has reached the 3rd safest in the UK and has a burglar rate of 265 per 1000

• Local area is now a much cleaner place as the number of residents reporting a problem went from 56%-32%

• £470,000 community chest project supported 4,100 residents,440 volunteers in new projects

• The project^ was supported by 405/500 of the local businesses in the Aston Pride area

• Over 8,500 have received support in the health service

• Over 3,000 people have received support for domestic abuse,welfare,materniry or healthy eating programmes

Re-Urbanisation Continued Continued

RDAs(Regional Development Agency) West Midlands:• 150,000 new businesses were assisted

to help improve performance • 10,000 businesses set up• 1,200 hectares of brownfield site was

built on• New Street Station (Birmingham) had

£100million invested in it creating 10,000 new jobs

• 392 inward investment projects by international companies managing to safe guard 12,161 jobs

NDCs• £5.8 billion of funding poured

into supporting 1,000 schemes across england

• The developed areas showed improvements in 32 out of 36 of the core indicators

Out of town Shopping Centre RetailTrafford Centre Manchester: • 5.5million people live 45 minutes away from it this is because people can travel from

Liverpool in the west and lees and Stoke on Trent to the north• In 2005 29.4 million people visited the centre with a peak during December• It has a 16,000 seat food court• Has a bowling alley and an ODEON cinema• UK's busiest cinema, attracting more than 28,500 visitors each week• It has a large furniture department created in 2006• It is very accessible as it is close to m6,m61,m62• 11,000 free car parking spaces• Also a bus station which sees 120 buses an hour• It is made up of 4 floors and a leisure village• 280 stores/services• total space for:,Retail: 185,000 m2,Leisure: 16,258m2,Dining: 13,935m2

• Construction took 27 months costing approximately £600 million, approximately £750M as of 2012

• 35 million visitors annuallyEffects of the CBD:• Leads to discount and charity shops in CBD

In town Shopping CentresBullring(Birmingham) : • In 2004 on it’s first year it had 36.5 million

visitors• 125,300 square metres or retail space• 4 floors• More than 160 stores and 25 restaurants• 37 million visitors are attracted to the

Bullring each year• Has attracted shops like Zara, Next,Top

Shop• The 15,000 aluminium discs on the

exterior make for a tourist spot• Open 11-5 on Sundays• 350,000 flocked to the Bullring boxing day

2012 for the sales• It has 1 of the 4 Selfridges stores in the UK• Attracts customers from New York• 4th largest Debenhams and the only

Forever 21 in Europe

Touchwood ( Solihull):• Created over 2,000 retail jobs• Close partnerships have been

developed with John Lewis and the Job Centre

• 20 restaurants and a Cine World• 265,000 sqft John Lewis

department store• There are 104 stores and services

Other small points• establishing theme areas, such as

the gay area in Manchester and• the cultural quarters in Sheffield

and Stoke• developing flagship attractions, for

example the photographic museum in Bradford• promoting street entertainment,

such as at Covent Garden in London

Sustainability Curitiba Brazil and Mumbai• South West of Sao Paulo • Jamie Lerner was elected mayor in 1971

and wanted it to become ‘a city of people not cars’

• It has 5 structural arteries that run east to west and are encouraged to have developed Areas along them

• This ^ diverts traffic from the city centre• In 1970 there was 0.5 km² of green space

per person now there is 5km²• There are 26 parks in the city and 1.5

million trees• There are 40 special features for feeding

street children

Transport: • There is a bus and sub way system• The transport is cheap and reliable as

75% of commuters us them• 25% less congestion and 30% lower fuel

consumption• The buses have three compartments each

bus can hold 270 people• 10% of your wage goes to transport

The green swap programme: • Citizens are asked to sort rubbish into organic

and inorganic the rubbish is then collected and taken to plants

• The plants employ recovering Alcoholics and Homeless people

• Recovered materials are sold to local industries

• The programme is voluntary and 70% of households are involved

• Highest recycling rate 70%• At collection point in Favelas dwellers receive

in exchange for their rubbish basic food bags from farmers of the state

Mumbai recycling Industry:• Dharavi turns round waste from 19 million residents• They recycle plastic, ball point pens, vats of waste of

soap• 15,000 single room factories processing 400 tins a

day• Dharavi’s recycling industry employs 250,000 people• 805 of Mumbai’s plastic waste is recycled• The plastic recycling industry employs 10,000 people

alone

London Congestion Charge: • London has a congestion charge to raise funds for London’s

transport system• £8 charge each day and £10 for a vehicle travelling 7am-6pm

Monday to Friday• Fine of £60-£180 for non-payment• Congestion was costing £2million a week for business• It has increased bus usage• 26% reduction in congestion since 2006• £137 million raised in 2007-2008 spent to improve London’s

transport system• Reduction in road accidents by 40%-70%

Weather and Climate

Examples of Urban heat Island • Precipitation>>5-15% more in urban areas• Temperature>>can be up to 5 degrees

warmer in urban areas• Thunderstorms>>25% greater chance of

thunder storms

Kuching Indonesia:• It has nearly 1 million inhabitants most of the city is 27m

above sea level

Weather:• it has daily temperatures in the shade ranging from 25

degrees in the morning and 33 in the afternoon• It is the wettest city in the world with an annual rain fall of

4,000mm• Ambient day temperatures can range from 28-40 degrees• Evaporation rates are high and lead to violent storms• The city's tarmac and buildings plus the heat from the outlets

air conditioning units can lead to torrential rainfall in the CBD whilst the suburbs 2-10km away stay dry

Urban heat island Case Study

Pollution control examples• Land use planning>>Curitiba (Brazil) separated zones for

heavy industry and housing• Acts>>in 1960s the USA introduced a series of clean air

acts and particulate emissions fell by 80%• Bad pollution>>Britain suffered 4,000 deaths in 1952 from

high incidence of coal particles in the air• Pollution reduction policies>>1956 (London) introduced

smoke free zones• In Athens they created a traffic free zone 2km²•

• Hurricane Sandy (2012) • Physical:• Category 3 hurricane• Largest Atlantic hurricane on record• 1,100 miles in diameter• On October 25, Sandy hit Cuba as a Category 3

hurricane• then weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. Early on

October 26, Sandy moved through the Bahamas Economic• Damage was $75 billion• In Jamaica, winds left 70% of residents without

electricity, blew roofs off buildings• $100 million dollars’ worth of damage in Jamaica• Cuba sustained $2 billion dollars’ worth of damage

Environmental• As a result of the flooding Haiti experience serious food

shortages• In Cuba, there was extensive coastal flooding and wind

damage inland, destroying some 15,000 homes• The remnants of Sandy produced high winds along Lake

Huron and Georgian Bay, where gusts were measured at (63 mph). A (72 mph) gust was measured on top of the Bluewater Bridge

Social• 285 people were killed• Killed one person in Jamaica• In Haiti, Sandy's outer bands brought flooding that

killed at least 54• 200,000 homeless in Haiti• 11 people died in Cuba

Management:• Disney–ABC Television Group held a "Day of

Giving" on Monday, November 5, raising $17 million on their television stations for the American Red Cross

• The United Nations and World Food Programme said they will send humanitarian aid to at least 500,000 people in Santiago de Cuba

• NBC raised $23 million during their Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together telethon.

• News Corporation donated $1 million to relief efforts in the New York metropolitan area.

Cyclone Orissa, North East India, Physical:• 29th October 1999 • Water reached 30km inland and the

heavy rains continued for 36 hours• 270 km/hr. wind speeds. Storm Surge

in Bay of Bengal, sea level rose by 9m. • 10 districts in Orissa were affected

Social:• People ignored evacuation warnings,

10,000 people died. However with disease and injury the total was much higher than this.

Economical:• 1,800,000 hectares of agricultural land

were damaged.• Several fishing villages on the coast

were washed away. • 1/3 of the state’s 2 million houses were

damaged and only well-built buildings remained.

•

Environmental:• Food shortages and lack of clean water. 40,000

wells were affected (Contaminated and broken). • 1,800,000 hectares of agricultural land were

damaged.

Management• Central Indian government allocated 96,000

tonnes of rice by March 2000. 50,000 tonnes of wheat was supplied to the state government for conversion to flour.

• 9000 cases of diarrhoea and over 160,000 ailments Ministry of health supplied medicines.

• Normal water supply has been restored in all the urban areas by early 2000.

• Mid 2000- power restoration varied between 4% and 85%. It was proving difficult because of massive damage to transmission lines.

• The United Nations prepared a long term action plan to undertake various measure in Orissa. These included programmes to develop several sectors including forestry, health and the environment.

Hurricane Mitch (1998)Physical:• winds reaching 180 mph.• Category 5 Hurricane.

Environmental:• Heavy rainfall, some areas

received as much as 18 inches in one day.

• Rivers overflowed causing flooding.

Social:• 19,325 deaths • 2.7 million people were left

homeless• The contaminated flood water

resulted in an increased number of malaria and cholera cases, 34 people died of cholera out of the 2328 people who caught it.

Economical:• Farm land was destroyed which affected 29% of Honduras’

arable land. • 70% of Honduras’ crops were destroyed by flooding.• An estimated 50,000 cattle were also killed. • 33,000 houses in Honduras alone were destroyed. • 50,000 houses in Honduras were damaged. • 25 small villages were thought to have been entirely

destroyed

Management:• The hurricane was predicted through the use of satellite

images from space while it was still at sea. • Predictions of heavy rainfall and flooding were also made • Countries from around the world donated a total of $6.3

billion (1998 USD) • US administration donated only $2 million which was a

shock to many; this was later increased to $70 million. The money was used in the long run to help the economy recover and so that houses could be rebuilt to withstand other hurricanes.

Cyclone nargis Background:• Since 1962 the country has been ruled by a

military junta with poor human right records they have a refusal to accept the scale of the problem and a reluctance to accept outside aid

Physical:• The tropical system developed from a low pressure

system in the Bay of Bengal• Winds reached 215 km• Storm surge of 7.6mSocial:• 2 million people were left with very little food and

water sources were contaminated by sewage, bodies and animal carcasses

• Death toll 140,000• 5 million people made homeless• 75% of hospitals were badly damaged• In Sri Lanka 3,000 families were displaced and

35,000 people were affected in all• 70% of the population had no acess to clean

waterEnvironmental:• Five coastal regions-Yangon, Ayeyarwardy,

Bago,Mon and Kayin were declared disaster zones by the gouvernment

• 600mm of rain destroyed low lying rice paddies of the Irrawaddy delta

Economic:• The cost was estimated at $10 billion worth of damage• 450,000 homes were destroyed• 600,000 hectares of agricultural land was damaged • 60% of farming implements were lost• 95% of houses in low lying lands were washed away• Cyclone destroyed 42% of Burma’s food suppliesManagement:• Association of South East Asian Nations intervened to

help facilitate exchanges of foreign aid into the country• UN planes carrying emergency supplies were first

allowed into the country on Sunday after days of negotiation and a consignment of high energy biscuits from the World Food Programme

• The UN and red cross declared that some 2.5 million people were in urgent need of assistance

• After international pressure the government eventually allowed aid into the country towards on the 23rd of May 2008

• Thailand sent US$100,000 in supplies including thirty tonnes of medical supplies

• Indian weather stations warned the cyclone was going to hit Burma 48 hours before it did

• French Navy ship carrying 1,500 tonnes of supplies was refused entry as they thought it was a war ship

• Aid was sometimes seized by the military before it reached the vulnerable people

Hurricane Katrina: (4),(1),(4),(3),(7)Background:• One of the poorest cities in America 1/3 of people are

below the poverty line• 1927 hurricane the levees broke and 246 people died• The city is surrounded by 350 miles of leveesPhysical:• New Orleans is 6-10ft below sea level• 80% of the town lies below sea level• The national hurricane centre had been monitoring

Katrina for 3 days• August 2005 Katrina made landfall in New Orleans• Category 5 hurricane• Winds 280km/h• Storm surges were 8.2m highSocial:• 1,836 deaths due to flooding• Rumours of looting and rape of homes

Environment:• The storm surge made it 20km inland• Mississippi levees broke in over 50 place 80%in the New

Orleans area• 5,300km² of forest was destroyed in Mississippi• Dauphin Island was breached by the storm and much of

the sand was transported into the Mississippi Sound• 20% of marshlands were inundated with seawater so

breeding grounds for turtles were lost

Economic:• Cost of damage estimated at $150 billion US dollars• 3 million people had no electricity• Thirty oil platforms were damaged in the Gulf and 9

refineries closed reducing production by 25%

Management:• In 2004 Hurricane Pam simulation was tested out and

the levees were seen to be breached• They predicted that 70% would migrate but 127,000

have no vehicles• At the Superdome there was food and water for 15,000

people but 26,000 people turned up• They would need to spend $20 billion on the levees to

protect against a category 5• Of the 60,000 people stranded in new Orleans 33,500

people were rescued by the Coast Guard• 58,000 of the national guard were activated to deal

with aftermaths of the storm• 60,000 people moved over 1,200km away and were

still there one month after the storm• FEMA paid for temporary hotel costs of 12,000

individuals but by July 2006 10,000 people still lived in trailer parks

• FEMA under Micheal Brown’s orders delayed aid agencies to go into the city

• Aid didn’t arrive until 3 days after the hurricane struck meaning people were suffering from dehydration

Hurricane examples• Lower Florida Key is 100 km long and has only one way to

the mainland would take 31 hours to evacuate• Hazard resilient design>>Galveston Texas was elevated by

3.5m• Land Use Planning>>US Growth Management (1985)asked

local councils to monitor the developments on the coasts• The National Hurricane centre in Miami use Geostationary

satellites• Bangladesh has concrete cyclone shelters designed to

provide refuge for people during cyclones

Global warming examples1. The UN estimate that average temperatures will rise by 3.5˚by 21002. Over 650,000 years CO2 levels have never reached 300 parts per

million3. More precipitation in fewer days>>37 inches of rain in 24 hours

Mumbai India 20054. Artic ice cap diminished by 40% in 40 years5. If Greenland melted it would raise the sea levels by 20ft6. Himalayas provides water for 40% of the world but if it melts there

will be major water shortages7. February 2000 the Japanese paid the government of New South

Wales in Australia £50 million to plant over 40,000 hectares of trees in 20 years

The African Savannah Statistics:• Savannah lands are likely to

experience and increase in temperature of 1.5˚by 2025

• Sea temperatures are due to rise by 0.8˚

• Precipitation due to increase by 15% near the equator

• Precipitation may decrease by 10% to the north and south of the equator>>Horn of Africa

• During the rainy season 25-50% more rainfall expected

• A rise in sea level by 25cm is predicted by 2050

Climate:• The tropical wet/dry savannah climate

is experienced over a huge area of western Africa ,the rainforests and equator

• an increase of variable rainfall could lead to floods and droughts

• With more frequent droughts there could be an increase in desertification

• Coral reefs along the east coast of Africa may be lost

• Higher rainfall in the savannah lands near the equator may lead to an increase in trees

• Increased rate of evapotranspiration may result in lower annual discharge in rivers like Nile and Zambezi

International Protocols • 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de janero the

developed countries agreed to try and reduce emissions by 60%

• In 1997 in Kyoto (Japan) 100 governments signed a climate change protocol

After the protocol:• In July 2005 the G8 world leaders and

delegates from China,India,Brazil,south Africa and Mexico attended a conference in Glengles

• The G8 countries are home to 13.5% of the total world population and 39% of the greenhouses emission per year

• UN Climate Change convention in Bali was attended by 180 countries

• When the G8 leaders met in 2008 in Japan they promised to halve their greenhouse gases by 2050

The 1997 the protocol:• Most governments agreed that by

2010 they should reduce their emissions so they were less than they were 1990

• The USA produces 15% more co2 than it did at the start of the 20th century

• President Bush failed to carry out the protocol as he said it was flawed

• In 1996 the USA released 21% of the global co2 even though it has 4% of the world population

National ResponsesClimate Change Programme(2006): • Building regulations tightened so

more insulation• Vehicle exercise duty and company car

tax changed so finical benefits come with low carbon cars

• The Carbon Trust was granted £65million from the government to help get small energy efficient businesses off the ground

• In Scotland woodland creation schemes were sponsored as they were designed to reduce the amount of nitrous oxide

Climate Change Bill(2008): • By 2020 the country hopes to have 26%

reduction in CO2 emissions from the 1990 records

• By 2050 they hope to decrease it by 60%• An annual review of targets by the

independent committee on climate change

• The creation of 5 year carbon budgets which set binding limits on CO2 emissions

• Expansion of the renewable transport fuels operation which will increase the proportion of biofuels used in transport

• Assisting local authorities to improve their household waste reduction and recycling scheme

• The UK has not reached it’s current target but has managed to meet the protocol target!:P

The Great Storm: The depression began over the Bay of Biscay as a result of south westerly winds carrying warm,wet air from the North Atlantic met with north easterly winds carrying cold air from the pole1. The depression deepened rapidly as a result of warm sea surface

temperature and a steep temperature gradient of the two air masses

2. The Polar Front jet stream was located further south then normal so the depression formed over northern France and southern England

3. On the 15th October pressure in the centre of the storm reached 953 mb

4. The storm hit the south coast of Cornwall and Devon shortly after midnight and moved over the midlands and reached the Humber estuary at 5:30 am on the 16th of October

5. The depression began to weaken and moved over the North Sea

Impacts:Social:• 18 people died in England and 4 in

Northern France• 150,000 homes lost their telephone

connections• Several hundred thousand people

were without power for 24 hours

Economic :• Shanklin pier in the Isle of Wight was

destroyed• Insurance claims totalled £1.4 billion• Gatwick airport closed and thousands

of boats were wrecked

Environmental:• 15 million trees were blown down• Some areas lost 97% of their trees

affecting ecosystems

Responses and Management:• Phone companies and electricity boards

worked round the clock to resume normal service

• Highway agencies began to clear roads and railways

• Forestry workers collected fallen trees as 4 million m³ of timber needed to be recovered

• The Forestry Commission established the Forest Windblown Action Committee to help advise people on how to recover fallen trees

• The Met Office were criticised as severe weather warnings were only given 3 hours before the storm hit

• The government has now established a national severe weather warnings system

• There was no prior warning given to the CGB the current power suppliers at the time

• The UK only had 8 stations for aerial monitoring which was not enough

British Climate• March 2013 coldest march since records

began more than 3 degrees lower than average due to polar continental air

• December 2010 was 4 degrees below the average it was caused by very high pressure blocking mild westerly winds so we received artic air masses

Tropical Climate (West Africa)Climate:• There is a distinct wet season (May-September) which is a result of the Inter Tropical Convergence

Zone(ITCZ) moving northward• During the dry season (October- April) the overhead sun migrates south and the ITCZ rain belt moves with

it leaving Kano dry

Temperature:• Temperatures are generally high and fluctuate slightly due to the fact that the sun remains high in the sky

most of the year round• During December temperatures do dip slightly as the sun is at a lower angle• Cloud covering from the wet season can reduce the temperature and is blocks incoming radiation• During the dry season the lack of cloud means that heat escapes during the night• The wet season brings a very small range in temperature

Precipitation:• During the wet season rain falls as heavy showers with thunder• Huge downpours are caused by high temperatures causing air to rise and meet the low pressure of the

ITCZ

Winds:• During the Dry season strong winds blows from the North knows as the west African trade wind or the

Harmattan• The Harmattan brings dusty conditions to Northern Nigeria as it has travelled over a lot of desert regions

FINISHED!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Have fun-_-