Competing For Advantage

Part I – Strategic Thinking

Chapter 2 – Strategic Leadership

Effective Leadership Style

Think about the characteristics of the leadership style of well-known CEOs are mentioned in the text, or in the business world. Who do you think has the most effective leadership style and why? What characteristics do these leaders possess?

Inspiring Others

The Language of Leadership

Language of Leadership

The Message Appeal - What’s said Expressive Communication - How it’s said The Setting - Where it’s said The Messenger Credibility - Who says it

Language of Leadership

The Message Appeal - What’s said Expressive Communication - How it’s said The Setting - Where it’s said The Messenger Credibility - Who says it

Key Components

Rhetorical Crafting – Use of symbolic language to give emotional power to the message

Framing – Defining the purpose of the organization in a meaningful way

Rhetorical Crafting

Metaphors & Analogies Sun Tzu – Moral law, Heaven, Earth Harrison Ford is like one of those sports cars that advertise

acceleration from 0 to 60 m.p.h. in three or four seconds. He can go from slightly broody inaction to ferocious reaction in approximately the same time span. And he handles the tight turns and corkscrew twists of a suspense story without losing his balance or leaving skid marks on the film. But maybe the best and most interesting thing about him is that he doesn't look particularly sleek, quick, or powerful; until something or somebody causes him to gun his engine, he

projects the seemly aura of the family sedan.

Rhetorical Crafting

Metaphors & Analogies Symbols Organizational Stories Focus on Audience Sounds

Repetition Rhythm Balance Alliteration

Framing

Amplifying Values – Identification and elevation of values basic to the mission

Belief Amplification – Ideas about which factors support or impede the achievement of those desired values Mission Importance – why important? Need for Mission – why arisen? Antagonist of the Mission – who’s against us? Efficacy of the Mission – why will we succeed?

“This conflict was begun on the timing and terms of others; it will end in a way and at an hour of our choosing.” alliteration, balance, rhythm

“Our responsibility to history is already clear: to answer these attacks and rid the world of evil.” values, mission, need, antagonists

“Today, we feel what Franklin Roosevelt called, ‘the warm courage of national unity’.'' metaphor, values

“They are the names of men and women who began their day at a desk or in an airport, busy with life. They are the names of people who faced death and in their last moments called home to say, Be brave and I love you. They are the names of passengers who defied their murderers and prevented the murder of others on the ground. They are the names of men and women who wore the uniform of the United States and died at their posts. They are the names of rescuers--the ones whom death found running up the stairs and into the fires to help others.” repetition, need, audience

“We see our national character in rescuers working past exhaustion, in long lines of blood donors …one man who could have saved himself stayed until the end and at the side of his quadriplegic friend. A beloved priest died giving the last rites to a firefighter. Two office workers, finding a disabled stranger, carried her down 68 floors to safety. A group of men drove through the night from Dallas to Washington to bring skin grafts for burned victims.” amplifying values, beliefs, stories

Winston Churchill

“ We shall not flag nor fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France and on the seas and oceans; we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island whatever the cost may be; we shall fight on beaches, landing grounds, in fields, in streets and on the hills. We shall never surrender and even if, which I do not for the moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, will carry on the struggle until in God's good time the New World with all its power and might, sets forth to the liberation and rescue of the Old.” efficacy

Videos: The Language of Leadership

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Col. Joshua Chamberlain

Martin Luther KingRhetorical Crafting Metaphors & Analogies Symbols Organizational Stories Focus on Audience Sounds

Repetition Rhythm Balance Alliteration

Col. Joshua ChamberlainFraming

Amplifying Values Belief Amplification

Mission Importance – why important? Need for Mission – why arisen? Antagonist of the Mission – who’s against us? Efficacy of the Mission – why will we succeed?

Individual Strategic Leaders and Influences on Their Decisions

Key Terms Strategic Leadership – the ability to

anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, and empower others to create strategic change as necessary

Qualities of Legendary CEOs

Visionary have a clear view of what they

want to accomplish

Transformational act as agents of change motivates others to do more organizational needs above

their own

Strategic Leadership

Multifunctional Managerial & InfluentialChange tolerantUncertainty tolerantMotivational

Skill Hierarchy

Level 5 Leaders

Self-confident enough to set up their successors for success

Humble and modest “Unwavering resolve“ “Workmanlike diligence - more plow horse

than show horse" Give credit to others for their success and

take full responsibility for poor results “Attribute much of their success to 'good luck'

rather than personal greatness"

How do these characteristics compare to the list of attributes:

… from Sun Tzu? … from the beginning of class? … for those associated with a “typical”

entrepreneur

Strategic Leadership Style

Directive approach

Collaborative approach

Delegation

Each has its own set of advantages & disadvantages

Managerial Discretion and Decision Biases

Discretion – latitude for action or decision making

Hubris – excessive pride, leading to a feeling of invincibility

Heuristics – rules of thumb used in decision making

Constraints on Decision Making

Decision-Making Biases

Reliance on previously formed beliefs

Focus on limited objectives

Exposure to limited decision alternatives

Insensitivity to outcome probabilities

Illusion of control

Reliance on a limited set of heuristics

Hubris

Excessive pride that leads to a feeling of invincibility

Magnifies the effects of decision-making biases

Implications for IBP

Be sure you don’t fall prey to decision making biases

Be sure you understand the effects of hubris Play the role of Devil’s Advocate. Question decisions constructively. Other ideas?

Top Management Teams

Group composed of the CEO and key managers who are responsible for setting the direction of the firm and formulating and implementing its strategies

Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Top Management Teams

Top management team heterogeneity

The CEO and top management team power

Executive succession processes

Heterogeneous Top Management Team

Introduces a variety of perspectives Has a greater propensity for strong

competitive action Tends to "think outside of the box," leading to

more creative decision making, innovation, and strategic change

Offers various areas of expertise to identify environmental opportunities, threats, or the need for change

Promotes debate

Heterogeneous Top Management Team Challenges

Cohesion

Communication

Comprehensive examination of threats and opportunities

The CEO and Top Management Team Power

CEO Duality - CEO also serves as chair of the board of directors to achieve power relative to the board

Independent Board Leadership Structure – the structure in which the board's ability to monitor top-level managers' decisions and actions (particularly in terms of financial performance) is enhanced by employing two different people to serve as CEO and board chair

CEO Duality

Is more common in the United StatesOccurs most often in the largest firmsReceives scrutiny from increased

shareholder activism Is criticized for causing poor

performance and slow response to change

Top Management Power

Members of top management can use their social and business ties with directors

Powerful CEOs can appoint members of the top management team or other sympathetic associates to serve on the board

CEO duality CEO tenure

Executive Succession Processes

Process can be internal or external

Benefits of Internal Labor Market

Continuity

Continued commitment

Familiarity

Reduced turnover

Retention of "private knowledge"

Benefits of External Labor Market

Since tenure with the same firm is thought to reduce innovation, outsiders can bring

diverse knowledge bases

new social networks

which may offer new synergies and new competitive advantages

Effect of CEO Succession and Top Management Team on Strategy

Key Strategic Leadership Responsibilities and Actions

Acquire, Develop, and Manage Key Resources

Key Terms Organizational Culture – complex set

of ideologies, symbols, and core values that are shared throughout the firm and influence the way business is conducted

HR Practices Linked to Strategic Success

Managing intellectual capital Investing in capital resourcesBuilding effective commitments to

organizational goals Incorporating international experience

into the skill sets of employees

HR Practices Linked to Strategic Success (cont.)

Employing effective training and development programs to promote strategic vision and cohesion

Establishing effective reward plans Instituting continuous learningLeveraging the firm's expanding

knowledge base

Effective Cultural Qualities

Entrepreneurial opportunism Employee autonomy Innovativeness Risk taking Proactiveness Competitive aggressiveness

Overcoming Cultural Difficulties

Effective communication

Effective problem solving

Effective staffing

Effective performance appraisals

Effective reward systems

Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles

Actions for an Ethical Culture

Employ ethical strategic leaders Establish and communicate specific goals to describe the

firm's ethical standards Continuously revise and update the code of conduct

based on stakeholder input Disseminate the code of conduct to all stakeholders to

inform them of ethical standards and practices Develop and implement methods and procedures to use

in achieving the firm's ethical standards Create and use explicit reward systems to recognize bold

acts that demonstrate ethical behavior and decision making

Create a work environment in which all people are treated with dignity

What is strategic effectiveness?

Consistent, long-termgoals and objectivesConsistent, long-termgoals and objectives

What is strategic effectiveness?

Consistent, long-termgoals and objectivesConsistent, long-termgoals and objectives

Reflects and understandingof the environment

What is strategic effectiveness?

Consistent, long-termgoals and objectivesConsistent, long-termgoals and objectives

Reflects and understandingof the environment

Takes resources into consideration

What is strategic effectiveness?

Consistent, long-termgoals and objectivesConsistent, long-termgoals and objectives

Reflects and understandingof the environment

Takes resources into consideration

Effectivelyimplemented

StrategicEffectiveness

(fit)

Strategic Vision vs. Mission

A strategic vision concerns “wherewe are going” or ”what do we want to be.” Markets to be pursued Future product/ market/

customer/ technology focus

Kind of company management is trying to create

The mission statement focuses on its “who we are and what we do” Current product and

service offerings Customer needs being

served Technological

and businesscapabilities

Mission Statements

Boundaries of the current business Fundamental purpose that sets it apart from

other firms of its type Conveys

Who we are, What we do, and Why we are here

Objectives Turns mission into performance outcomes Organizations produce what is measured Long and Short term

Control Systems

Financial Controls focus on short-term financial outcomes produce risk-averse managerial decisions

Strategic Controls focus on the content of strategic actions encourage decisions that incorporate

moderate and acceptable levels of risk

Current financial results are “lagging indicators” reflecting results of past decisions and actions—good profitability now does not translate into stronger capability for delivering better financial results later

However, meeting or beating strategic performance targets signals growing competitiveness & strength in the marketplace, thus developing the capability for better financial performance in the years ahead

Good strategic performance is thus a “leading indicator” of a company’s capability to deliver improved future financial performance

Leading versus Lagging Indicators

Controls in Balanced Scorecard Framework

Apple Tablet Exercise

1. What are the pros and cons of having Steve Jobs involved in the details of the tablet? More generally, why should Jobs rather than customer surveys form the basis of product development?

2. Why have tablet PCs previously fizzled? Why might the time be ripe now? Why might Apple succeed (if you think it will) where others have failed? What will Apple likely do differently?

3. If the Apple tablet PC is a hit, what transformative effects would it have on the way people use computers? Will this be a more or less significant product introduction than the iPhone?

4. Predicting the price and product features of the new Apple PC: not just the operating system, but also some of the ways this tablet will be different. How will issues of competition will shape the new tablet PC.

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