Compartive Studies in Class Structure

8/12/2019 Compartive Studies in Class Structure

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/compartive-studies-in-class-structure 1/22

Annu v 224 4 v

COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN

CLASS SRUCUR

John MylesDeptmen of Siolog, Floda Stae Uversity Tallahassee Flora 2

Adnan urguDeprtment o iolog arleon Univesit, Otawa Ontario anaa

KORD casss iait saticati caati si

Abstact

In his paper we review the empirial legay hat developed out of he theoeal and mehogia aendas f css aysis d ompatve meodsf he 1970s ad 1980s. Our review i restrtd to studies hat examne evaant he lass srutures of te developed apitalist demoraes The

paper is rganized into four mai seins I part one, we exame vriatinsin he orgazato of apitl; prt two takes up the stil little-studied resurenef etit bourgeisie nd small pial in part tee we reviw studiesat ave examined natioal variations i he size ad omposion of the newddle lass d prt fur reviews e pstidusal ad gedered ature of

te wrng lass ur nluson gligts impoant labr mrket develpnt f e 198s tat have lrgel ben mssed by ventnal lass moelsand ments heir sigane fr the ture f empial researh i lassanalsis

INRODUCO

Dun the 1970s the ghost of Mrx retued to dminate silogial deatein b Euope and North Ameria Rare ws the student who ud passtug graduate sool utoued he renaissae i lass aalysis Sutedffrnes betwee the lass models of Carhedi Poulatzas ad Wght andques of ese "stturist Mrxists from "eWeeias like Giddes

0360057294815-0103$05.00

g

b y U n i v e r s i d a d d e C h i l e o n

0 8 / 2 9 / 1 2 . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .



104 MYS &

Godorpe, and Parn, provided he fder or coee room debate and theivitable souce of inteogation at doctor exanatons.

T modoogica dpaes of the 97s and 98s wer qay

stikin. If not abandoned the sarch for nivera aws standard are in thetextbooks of the 9s, was tempered by a renewed emphasis on he historical and the contngent e niversaizing moe shad by bothmodization theory and "scientic arxism increasingy gave way to hesarc or expanaon o he mipe trajectoris o chane and deveopmentvidnt in indstra/capiaist sietis and counries of the Third Word.aricar natons were no onger undrstood merey as an instance of e fod of th gra aws of eihr aiaism or indsalism. Th pshotas a rewed emphasis on compaatve-hstoica metods o invstiatio

ad a s from nera theory to exlanation o acta historica seqcesas a rferred anaytica sategy

Nitr tendency, of course has gone unchaened, but our purpose heres not to debate e reativ mts of tese contervain rends Raher ouroa is to xamne the empirica egacy that deveoped ot of he eoreticaad modooica agendas of cass analysis and compaative mtods in th19s and 98s Dbates over theoy and metho are fruitf to the extnttat y ive birth to nw qstions to ide empirica resarch Th agndasai dbates of the 97s gave bir in t 98s to a considrabl rsach

ts rai from indepth historica cas anaysis to cossnationa comarativ srveys. Or ocs here lis almost exclsivly on tose stdis thatxai te vaans i th class stctres of the dvod caitaist dmocracis

n t body o h pa we hhiht wha has been d fom sdao d o am is maly dscpve. n he cocsio w tu ourattntio to the iits o (now) conventona mtods of cass analysis. As thFordist wod o waes emoymnt conacts and socia programs ban toav i te 9s inabiity o ot cas anaysis and convtioastratication studies to account or, or even detect, this transition ecameaart his ailre of the sitiona approach (akin 9) common to bot taditions indicates that reformationboth theoretica and mtodooicais ow in ordr

VARIETIES OF BOURGEOSES ADVANCEDCAPITISM

T main arumnts that informed stdis o the caitalist cass di theostcond Wold Wa era were in fact ormuated in e rst half o tecntury One o ese auments rst dveope by Hirdin (98) andatr oarzed by Lenin ([97] 95) conceed he fusion of indstra

g





10

and nancial capital to fo nace capital The econd agenda-etting argument wa tat of te eparation of ownerp and conrol in jointtock cone (Bee Mens 32) Athough later generaton woul ebate esesses s hough ey were unvesl ens in ciist economes, bhargument eerged wihn a pecic htorical contextpreFirt Wold Wrmeal Gea in e rt cae ad te ogreiveea Uited Stte in tesecon As we shall see the recovery of hitoical contxt and intence onnatonal varit proved to b aong te aor coniution of te reearchgenerated by thee debate

Neolberal nd neoMrxit cme up wi upringly iilar view one "epaaon of ownerip d conrol alough for ve dfferent reaonAs one of te leading neolieral iologit in te potSecond World War

eod Dahrendorf 5) propoed at the eergence of the jointtckcompany signed the "decomiton of capital into two ditnct artsnme owners n contol he ost impotnt conequence of thi ecmstn he furher gue was he sh of the wer in prduction frmlegal owner to manager who do not neceril derive their "authority fromlegl ownershp Such rguments abonded on the neoMxist sie as wellAccorng to Poulantza (75, p. 8), for example what mattered was noteg ownerhp but "re economc ownersh by whch he ment e "werto asign the ean of production to given ue and o to dipose of the

roduct obtaind Thu neoarxit ad nlbral alke tued on it heade clscal ait tei wich tated that in newl emergent jointstockcomnie the emploer of capita had come a uordinate of the "ownerf ct.

nie the ebate on eron of ownerhip nd control that emphaizdvsn wihn te capitalit clas the nacecapial argument referred totse nterectoral lnkage tat ake e capitalist cla coheive. Wereate fer debate conceed the centralzaton of control nd the ffuion ofwnersp the latter wa aut the inter an intra)ectoral centalizaton of

t in generl Empiclly mnde iologit ed mny in AngoAmecn countres ted to resolve the issue b investigatng the "networksof interng dirctohi in the corpate world Hean 8 intz Schwartz 85 Otein 8 Scott 85 86 Ueem 8). Though oftenstocl and ecptive e reultant ubindusry of corrate reserchhowe ht mong the advanc capitlit econoie of Wete EuroNh Ameica d Japa the extnt of coorate interlking in te ofownershp ad/or contol varied o croectorally and cronatonal Inte remner of this ection we fu on the comrave plticaleconomyterature which reate th cronatonl vration in ciaitca chactestics in general to ivergent patte of caiist eveopment an einteention

g





10 MYS &

hi Modem apitalis 6) honed contrated the itica econme o France and the United ingdom He ound in he French cae an etatistmode o tate inteventon in the economy charactezed by dirigise and

indcative anning In contrat U ieraim avor govement at "arment in economc aar. Later work ned t dichotomy and added a diviion. Katzentin 85) or exae identied thee ai itcao at contera caitaim ha tan on: (a) ierai in th UitdStat ad the Uited Kingdom; tam in France ad to a extet Jaan;ad (c) cororatm in ome ma ate o Euroe and to ome extenteray Cororaim i ditinguihed rom the oher two ae by anideooy o ia artnerh tween abor and caia a ceaied ytemo interet rereentaton and a "cuture o comrome (ee ao Kazentein

98 987 8)Zyman 8) made an imotant contrbutio to thi tyoogy by high

ihti he nancia act o he divergence i tateeconomy interaction.e ditinuihed hee main naona nancia ytem (a) e caita ma

et-bad ytem in the United tate and he United Kngdom the credit baed ytem ith oveent-adnitered rce ound in France and Jaanand (c) the German creditbaed ytem domnated by nancia inttutionder e caita marketbaed ytem he aation o reource i baed oncoetivey eabihed rice and the reationhi among ban indutria

ad h ovent are "at enh. Wherea th crditbadyt o Frace ad Jaa encourae ovement to itevee i idute Ga yt ive e b eou aet oer to have a ay iidutry and to neoiate wih ovement

But even amon hee tye there are inicant dierence The majordivid in ibera itca econome i between the United tate on the onehand ad he United Kingdom Auraia and New eaand on the oher wiCanada omewhere in he mdde In te United Kngdom a htorca "gaha dned reatonhi between indutria ad nancia caita To hi daythe "Citya uare me o bank and dicount houeremain a erahc ereion o te "heemonic ower o nancia caia withn e catait ca (Coate 989, Scott Gri 985)

e ricatio o U comercia-banig att in Canada Auaiaad N aand ao reuted in a nancia-indutra divid n hee "WitDonion bank adotd a hando aroach toward induy which intu and a a reut wa neated by oreign caita to varyin deree. InCada or eae ancia-commercia caita idenied i a ae

ctrd ba a had no interet at or reent in indutria nancinhich ha been done intead mainy by US caita articuary in extractiveand manuacturn indutre (Cement 75 77, Nayor 75) Conequety the caitait ca in Canada wa bo and evoved ractured aon

g





10

both sectoral and natonal lines (fo a ctque of ts thess from the antagepot o the lterature on corrate nterlks ee Brm 8 Oste 8).

he Uted Ste, he dal-cal dde ha eer bee a wdeas t was he Unted Kingdom nd its "ite Donons. As a latecomer,e Uted tts develod a syste of inestment baning tat acceleratedindustralization substantially, and e nancial and industral fractons ofte capalst class we more congenal to each oter's conces ta teywould be der e regn of commeal bans (ntz Schwartz 85 cott86) Fnctionally, howeer, te U capitlst class is more dferetated ts UK countert Wat s ofn called nageialis n e Untedtates (Usee 8) tus efes to te searation of e function of cnrolom tat of ownershp n te corporate sector (Zetln 8)

Te statsm of Frace Ial and Jaan s more a mater o regulaon thanof ownersh Altough e French and Italan (but not Jaanese) states doow d opeate a mr o lge oldg compae e ma cactetco stam n all tree ltcal econome at goemet e ter acalad adtate me to pck we ad loer wh d etwector or ee goa pae o elece teeo rooted he talpeod o daato Japee daato oowg he Mej Retorato was a poltcd process (Lade 6) where addo to prepgte acal ad teccal codto or prate estmet e te esab

led model factores later tued oer to pvate entrepreneurs The capalstcla at emerged om th teled dalato wa eall coheead extel ted to goemet regulato mechasm ad he te Jaa ctne tday to lead e capilst cla (on the reglatoy role o theM o Iteatonal Trade and Indus see Jonon 82, Mooa8).

I France relatonshps tween the stae and prate busnes n whchal-owed holdg companes are predomnat hae conormed or mcof e postcond Wod W i to ttst atte wit casionalventures to indcatve plannng (chalet , wartz 85) The natonalchans ced by te state ay bac her sonsors hrough pnoufgie te aser of senor cvl servants nto to poston n te prate sector(Mceau 8) In comparson w Frace Ial has a larger state sectorwc le amlowed big bsesse, s orgaed to oldg compaes(Chesi 85, Prod ) etng attes estblshed durng sogmentoad acsm the Italan captalst class s dvided th along clas (prvatestaad smallbg busnesses) and regonal (nort-south) lnes (Mnell Ces8)

atete (985) dde he cooratt ltcal ecooe to

go lral (elgm e Nehed d Swtad) (a emar and Norwa) and med (Swede) on the bass o the

g





08 MYS & G

strength of e labor movemen and te market orienation of te businesscony. Whereas he bera ar has a reatey we abor moemenand a foren marerened busness communy, e socal varan has a

reaty son labor movmn and a domsc marketrnd busnesscommunit In te mixed (Sedsh) varian labor is sron and e businesscommuniy s inteaonall orened B Kazenstein's crieria German isan insance of mixed corasm whereas Denmark s closer to he lberan The imin of ndusalizaion s a major factor accounn for sivergence: lra corporaism as forged b eary industraers; and hesoa and mxd pas by late ndusriaizrs

No ne he Uned Kndom and he seter Donons he Neheladsand Sweand whose sate scors ey sma deeoed a commerca

bann sysem hch ddes e nancal and ndusral functons of captal(se Stoman et a 1985a for he Neterands Ruserhoz 1985 for Swzerland) n Belium an earl ndusrializer developmen ook place under aninestmen-banking sysem hose indusrial and banking functions wouldaer sepraed hoh a honcompay scre (Cuyers Meesen1985). n co nas n he aecomer counes where sa coorasm root he levels of stae ownership and ndstrialfnancal fuson hae beeney hgh The prme example s Ausa where he sae secor accouns forabou one ird of nonariculra GDP (Zegler e a1985)

In the mxed corporatism of Gerany and Sweden e sate has ony anma ownershp roe Thouh he Swedsh mode has recen shown snsof unraveln (e & emen 992) bo captals and orkn classeshave ratonall displaed an unusual ere of compactness (se Kazensen987 989 for Germany Ohln 1974 for Sweden). at these man cassesare eqay compac in organtonal erms forms he basis of a cenaizdsysm of represenaon One facor accounn for he secora and casscoheson of e capitalis class n bo counries is e nvestmenbankin

ssem ch develod as a soluon to e problems of late ndustraaonThs comparaive lteraure has shon a e universalzin satemens ofthe eary and mdtwenieh cenury regarding he secoral fusion and functonal dfferentaton of capal ere bult on and lmed o the partcuarraecoes of caps deeopmen n reny safer grond for nersasm has een he fa of he e ourose n any such ajecoy

HE EUN F E EE BUGES

For cassca sooy Marxan and Weberan ae the sory of te pete boreose was a foreold one Indenden producers who own and oraeheir own means of prucion ould gh a losing batle under e condtionsof an ndusrial eonomy The prediced gradual erosion of he te bour

g





CLSS SRUCURE 1

geoisie's econoc bases was attributed to te increasing lrization of propery relatios, n Marxs words, the concentratio and centralizaton of capitalTe e borgeose was a phenomenon of e pas, no he fe As asolos n o bde Ma ad Webr, Mlls (1951, pp 14, 2) aplysarzed clascal sologys stance on the isse when he declared ate ceralization of proprty, ending the union of property nd work,"soded te deathknell of te old ddle classes which had been clognge heels of press

Te resod prformace of he advanced capals ecoomes, esecially after the Second ord ar, tk more nd more pople ot of theranks of te rural nd urbn ptit bourgoisie into te rnks of bot teworking class and te new iddle class Consequenty, te tit-bourgeois

sae of he labor force dclnd, hoh vaably across he naos, dos of e psar rd For boh Werans (Bhhofer Ello 196,1976, 197, 195) ad Mariss (Bs 19), ths developme mrked heremoval of e petite rgeoisie from the min xis of class relations inadaced captalist sieies

Hoeer, oad he close of he 19s h he posa b a an end,socoloss of vaos rsasios bea o rehk e radoal ve ado eso long-establshed conceptions on he storcal ajector and sialposition of the petite borgeoisie incuding teir marginality to capitalism,

techological backwardness, conoc ineciency, ad uninterrupted declinea Brros 196, Scase Goffee 192) A ceral heme of herefoed rscve was he deolocal, lcal, and economc fnconsof small comodty prcton in he reprction of advanced monopolycapalsm This wold accordngly set e research agenda in the la 197sad early 19s

Tose ho sa conemrary economes as dvdd no he radoalad mode sector conceaed on te mechanisms of articlaion anderao beeen he two her sdes of Italy ad France, he only major

ropea economies which contain a sizable petitboureois poplation, erger (19 191) ied to mke sense of he resiliece of he smallscaleadoal secor n erms of s fncos for he laescale mode secore prodcon of highdemand gds that large rms do not prodce, ecsho of he econoc mpact of hard times on the me sector byredc employment, and provdi he (me) econoes of a riid kid exly hroh sonract Polcal facors were also ven a roleThe Gallst partes in France and hristan Demras n aly have historcally bee prottve of the class of small prodcers for boh shor-termelectoral ad longterm alliance prposes (see also Weiss 194 for Iay)

Porayng te ptie boreosie as a passve resource readily usd by thelager forces of he society s not obviosly a radcal break ith he adiional

g





110 M & G

perspecve But now he self-induced dyncs of small prucon ere alsohghlighte he case of France, fo instance, begnnng wth the Poujaistmovement o aisans a shopkrs in he 1950s, he tte bourgeoisiesucce in exacing a nubr of nancil concessions rom goveens.An ue to e hstorical prsge it has eoye among consumers, rencharsaal baers wer able to eeat "iusal brea at the mket leel(Beru BeuWame 1981) Anoher emple of successul tbourgeos moblzaon aganst goement polces as e mushrmng o rghting populist paries in Scaninavia (ecept Se) urng the late 1960sa eary 970s rolled by a sense of the eroson of the pette urgeose'secoomic bases, ese paes sought and naged to inuence the policies othe maiseam pares (Hof 82)

The 1980s pro to a tung nt in he ptite bourgeoisies (mis-)ortune, both sialy an acaecally Nonservative govements whichcame to oce ih n unambguous anti-lar an probusness agena targete e smal business sector s a test case of heir mrketbase initiavesin policy an, most conspicuously ieology t as against ths litcal bacgrou hat a ne generation o stuies on the petite bourgeoisie begano appe Te cental eme o e ne sream o research as e aest ohe eie selemployment or, more arguaby, he resurgece o he ptite bourgeoise An implcity, his amouts to nothng less than a claim that the

cetraiaton, not concentato, of captal has come to an enI he pas o ecaes he le of he ol le cass n smal

capia in general has been reverse n many captlist econoes To trendsdemonstra his fact The st is a ise self-employment in countries asierse as Canada, he Utd States, the Unted Kngom, tay, Belgium,inlnd, and eland (Steie & ght 8, OECD ) Until hem80s, uly dramatc groth rates n selfemployment leels er ltdto the Ago-Amercan demraciesAusala, Canada, the Unted States,a e United Kingoml o which ebked on ambitious progrs oeoibera economc resructuring hat avored he growh o smal enterprseut snce e i-1980s, eve sial emratic Seen has witnesse aemabe se n se-employmet fom 45% of e oagcutural laroe i 195 to % i 99 og me om 6 o 2% (ED 1992)l e 1980s rp employmet groh i he public sor ha e eouation o Sesh ull employment policy (EspngAnersen 1990) Sncehen grater emphasis has n plac on lal mploymet programs ansmal busness staups a sategy hat has enhacd the space or smallscale

captal n Seden (Johansson 89)The secon en llusatng the changing founes o small captl s hersing share of employment in sall rms an a dline n average rm sBy the 980s he ECD (98) had notd declnng rm sie in Austria,

g





CSS SU 111

Belgium, France and Japan, and when only manufacturing is considered, inDenmark, Luxembour and the United Kngdom as well. By the end of the980s, substantial downsizin had en noted in both Canada (Wannell 99 l )

and the United States (Granovetter 984, avis & Haltiwanger 989, Brnjolfsson et al989)These developents suggest nothng less than a reversal of the long-te

ted toad te cealiation of capital and a resurgence of the pette urgeoisie and sall capital. Not srprisinly, reactions to these developments have been cautious. In Britain, for example, many of those who ae ofciallyclassied as selfeployed do not ee the usual citea of selfemployment,such as autonomy in the worlace or he owneship of the meas of producto; tey in fact cotactual orkers ale 96). I te ted tates, a

sigican poon of the ocially selfemployed (espcilly in sevice cupions) experience subproletarian conditions in terms of income, sial secuy sll and autonoy inder & oughton 1990) ince ocial classcaton methods are not able to make an unambiguous dstnction betweente selfemployed and employees, coporations may register employees asselfemployed to avoid taxes and sial security payments. Nevereless asSteinmetz & Wright (990) obsee, selfeployent rowth in incorporated businessesthe ost el site of real tite bourgeois expansionhas enmore rapid than in unincorad businesses where the maginal selem

loyed ae likely to foundogress in idetfyi the causes of ths reversal and its natioal vaats

has scarcely gun Traditionally, selfemployment has grown as a shorttermcyclicl response to recession and hih unemployment National studies sugst that ts is e ase i soe idustes, su as osto ades, butoverall the couercyclical effects of inceasig ueloymet o selfemloyet have been declning (hae 93, teinmet ght 989)Rie (195) offers a classical Maxst explanation for ths "relatve reteatof the process of concentrtion and centraliation When lage rms foundhemselves in a crisis sitation durin e late 970s, the rment s, they began to experment to avoid high wages, union mlitancy, and the high costsof ovaon, by agmentng some of their oratons nto smaller unts and by "cotacting out others to sall rms However it has en inted outhat ths corporae strategy of downsizin and devolvement (e. franchising,licesig, and suonacting) can account for only part of the sallbusinessrevivl (Shutt & ittinton 987)

the now bundant lteatue on stordsm (eg Pore Sabel 984),

e resurgence of small capital is assiated wi the end of the Fordist melof mass production The emergent ad inceasingly successful technologies,it is agued, combine skilled lar with enera purse achinery to prucesmall btches for specialized arkets (Busco 982, Bsco & Sabel 98)

g





2 MS &

Econome of co, not of cale, are now he order of the day but ee Murray1983, 1987). Te sift t services�scially cnsumer ad business ser vices-is a cnribuing factr But again it is clear frm nanal tudes at

t acount for only a mall hare of he toal hft in elfemployment(Stenme Wrght ) and declnng m e (Wanne ) Bnolfon et al (99) how hat nceae nvetment n nformaton technologereult n a decrease in verical integaion ad greater reliance on markettrasactins t bain inpus d disibute utputs s te reducedanaon o rought aout y new echologe ng a hft fom "heache to "maret

f te caue of th development are amiguou, the conequence foworker are more apparent Thoe empoyed in mall rm ten to have lower

wages, fewer benets, are less likely to be uninized, ad tend t have ighertuver ratesissue t whch we ret in ur concluin

IN SEAH O HE NEW MILE LASS

Few queton in me iology are a dputed a thoe urroundng he"new ddle class W is in it? Wat are its boundares? What is its future?In potwar scilogy e dividing line was frequently drawn between whecoll and lue collr woer ung onventonal an elatvely mple occupaonal lacaton he "workng cla wa compoe of facto ore,trck drivers, a oer blue cllr wage eers who did manual workanager, chool teacher, ad even cleks and secrearies-nonmanualemploee wh worked fr aares raher ha wages ad in oce ad storesae an on the hop oomade up the ne and expnn le laFor ll, W pove a moe than aquate ttle fo h major uof le cla lfe n potwar Amerca

h te passage f ime, e bundares f e new iddle class were

cnceptually wiled away Te arie f largely female) clers, secreares,retal ales and service workers are n longer accorded "mddle clas atus e maot of ether onventional or Mxt ologt (ut Galan9) y virtue of ther typcal eng o euirement, an poton nthe relatns f rling f he cntemprary enterprise, tey are mre likelyto e counted among he lower echelon of a new tndurial polearatntead At the othe end of the pectrum, thoe corporate executiveo eece tatonal enepreneual functon of invetment and allocation(aeg eonmng to ue A Chanle' tem e no pall

counte among hoe who eercie "real economic onerhp, that , a afrcton of the rulng class r bourgeosey he 970 virtually all cla heoritMarst an Weeranhad

g





LSS S 11

converged on the centrality of two boad strata for understanding the classsrcture of advanced capitalist sieties: the gowing rmy of mid-level coporate ocials engage in the ytoday adinisation of the mode rm

on the one hand nd te pofessional and technical "knowledge workers whohave become virtually synonymous wit osndusialism, on te othe. Justhow to reat te lae goup wa a mate of consideable contention. Fo he Ehrenreichs (Eheneich & reneich 1979), these employes ecame pat ofhe "professionalmanageial class, fo Goldthop (1982) prt of the "serviceclass nd fo Poulanzas (1975), p of the "new pit bougisie In

Wright's (1978) initial class schema he new "owledge workers outidet aditional s of manaeal autrty wer allocatd to a "contradictorclass locationsemiautonomous workerwhile in his later version (Wright

198) the cedenils of e "expt class e seen as a new asis of classexploition.

resptie of heoeicl pilecton oth goups had to taken seiosly if for no oher reason than nmers together, "new iddle classadnisrative professiona and related cuations made up tween aqer and a id of e lr force in he developed capilis economesby the beginning of the 1980s. And despite e plethora of case studiesshowing presses of "deskilling in piular occupations and the expansionof low wage "jnk os in the service secto, "new middle class posiionscontned to grow disproportionately to the rest of the economy through e970s ad 1980s

n what could count as a "st geneation of compative studies toiscuss naional iffeences in he size nd gowh of e new middle classathos sch as Bus (1980) Livingstone (1983) Caboni (194), and Ostin (193) followed te expedient of adjusting occupational disributions otinly published by the Inteational Labo Organiation to appoximatea dention of he "new iddle class Tese studies pinted to the fact that

he Unted Sates and the Unied Kingdom countries hat "have cupied adominant position within the capialist world economy (urrs 1980 p. 167)wee also whee e new middle class had attained the most signiicant dimensons. st as he decline of the old middle class was assiated wih thetansiion fom feudl-agian to a capitlistindustial economy, the ise ofhe new middle class could undertoo as "e poduct of developmenttenncies scic to the advance stage of monopoly capitalism (is1980 p. 164) specially notable was the lage size of the managerial stataarbonis esimates (1984, p 136) showed he United States and ritain with

05% and 94% of e la foe in mnagement cupations, espectively,comped to 3% to 5% in most othe countres at the end of the 1970s Swedena late indusralize, was also notable fo its elatively lage new middle

g





4 MYS & G

lass-ndeed the lgest in Bus' esmates, but this was entiely due to thelage num of pofesional nd tehnil employees. Ths was a esult asBu gud (1980, p 172), f "fu dcad f Sial Dmcatic rul

which had cate a lar kt dmnate by health, eduation and othesate welfae seviesThese autos offeed a vety of plausible inteetations fo the patte

ey obseve but lae ny t to evaluate the laims awing on Hyme's (1972) la essay, Bui agued hat te hgh enge of managesn e Uned ates labo foe e e onenaon of e admnsaeplaing, an research functions in he metropolita center of a Americandomnated multnatonal economy (see also Jonson 982) For Lvingstone(98 62) the fat at Canada had fewe manages tan the Unte tates

eeted Canada's oson as a "seonda mpalst fomaton and netmoe of foegn apal Fo Bs and Cbon, Geat Ban's elaelylage manageal sata was a esdue of t its mal ast nd ts ontnuedmone as an inteatona nanl ente

I onast Boles et a 98) agd at Ameas gh admnsaeoehead is lagely a esult of merca forms of lao onol tat empasizntensve suvion nd gulation of woe te Unted ates teygue the aeleated goh of te adnstative omponent of e Ameaneonomy ate the eond Wold Wa eets inesing intensty of suevson oe Amean woes a snse by employes to gowng esstaneon te shop floo

EsngAndesen (1990) added a dstnt pstindustal twst to heseews Beause the publ welfae te i undedeveloped n he Unitedtates, the opote welfae sytem must omnsate: Moe mnages eequed to admnste te huge and omplex fnge net pogams hatonsttute Ameia pivate "welf tte And ause the Unted Sttelas a well develod sytem of la exhnge and woetanng

nttutons mean s qu ve lge sonnel dement torecit an rain lar.To adjuicate among these interetatons with cupational ata was

impossibe for e simple reason that cupational ces tell us little aboutwat people actually o in their jobs A mnmal euement fo undestanding wy Amean workers aa to oemanaged fo example is kowedge of what so-calle magers actually o when hey mage. Areey engage in making highlevel licy ecisions (Burris) regulatingworkers (Bowles et al) or aministerng corrate welfre trining

progrms (Espingneren)?Mny of these dultes wee oeome by a seond geneaton o

omaatie stude initated by O Wight at the Univerity of Wionnwic rather than lying on the vagares of cupatonal ttles ue a complex

g





SS SU 115

set of direct havioral measue to detemne what people do in thei job.1 addition to the uul elf-re cptionl title, repondent in theComaative Class Sucture Surveys (CCSS) were asked detailed questionsabout teir involvement in organizational decision-mang, e forms of

thority they exercise over oher emloyees and their lace in the organizationalhierchy (see Wrght Cosello Hachen and prague 982).

The dvntge of irectly meung wht ople do in heir jobs wasilustrated by one of the rst studies to emerge from his set of crossnationalsuveys. I a comrison of Sweden nd the Unit Sttes e Wright93 demonstrated at the Americn labor force was indee "overmanagednot beause America ha more seior exectives admiistering the Americanuintionl empi but case Americn empoyers hire more labor to

spevise and regulate the activity of other workers In a followu study atinluded ada Blac Myles 986) were able to show that his Americanattee merica Waywas aso caracteristc of tose secors o eain economy rdonally controlld by America caitl ad orgizd by Aericn union nmely manufacturng and reource etrction nncil socil, and other services the cla organization of the Candian worklace resembles hat of Sweden

These studies also demonstrated hat the other side of the "middle classrights "semautonomou employewere proportonately twce nu

eros in weden as in he United States, bt not simply or even mainly becue of weden' large pbc ctor and develod welfare tate Rthereoyers in all sectors of the wedih economy employ disproportiontelymoe owedge workers2 and such emloyees less liely to b involvedin exercising thority over other employes. The Uited tates d hve arge "new middle cla by inteational tadards but he eason fo thi liein its distinctive indutral reltion ytm not its poiton the world

'Designed expiiy measu naoa ieens in ass sruur, a ee-oun daa nudn Un Sas Swn Fd) avab n h ry 980s, foowdy a e-oun (add Cad Noay) at n of ad a IQoun now addn Grat Bran foer Wst Gay Ausaa k ad lapan). Th ae we known ad hav n drd n ta whr A u nuon to pojtcn e und n Wht (5) to th deat it nendred n Wriht ()

i wi he deas on Wrihts ass tyoy w awa o e espey ete tue o his ategoy o "semiautoomous wokers Two ints were at isue: st te teet sus o h ao as a paa (onatoy ass ation; and seond thmesuemen poes o h pu u t n suh os As a sut o a ssuppment to te Caadan sion o suey, Cmnt Myes (4 Apni we ae

t en at he tt one is unwnted e pedu used to ieniyunmos empoys n hts oina sey poides a id ineed oospedue o ideniing kowge woks a aeg o woks haezd y gh ees dion and os with hih es o oniti rumns

g





6 MYS & G

economy or ause of is underdevel welfe s ndeed, cntrr tohe evience derived fm IO cpatinal daa Cleent Mye (1994)

have hn hat a ne na he den f what i eant by a naget incue only highe level executive iin natinal ieence viallyisapper. Even wit Wrght's roade denitio f management Holtmn& Sasser (990) sow a rather nrrw rnge f vriation, wit mnagersakng p tween 122% ad 148% he eplyed lab fce

Depite ipvemen in meaueent quality he Cmprative Clacte vey quckly pv limed in ei aility to accot o eieences ey identi Bcause thei rs-sectinl esign explnatnas imited to differences that ould acounted fr y comsitinl differences i industry x t level f stt ploymet Su avenues were

ckly exhate cae cny-pecic pae n t na eecpsinal eect The eut a in e t geneain f ie aeversion t plausile ut a hoc istrl interpreios or wic ee wasitte iet evidene Aslia for exmple as s mn survisr emploees as te Uitd Stts nd even more mnagers (poliymkers) a fatatibte t an hitical atacin t "ueacatic ltin to ecnicpe ea et alI99) Gat Biain a e nit s egeaet esemlnce in eir cl cte (a e O aa a gget)espite raialy ierent patts o eonomi gowt n eveopment in

the tentie centur (Hotmann Ssser 1990 p 19)

PSTNUSTALSM, WMN AN T WKNGC

One o e oities he class eates o the 197s nd ery 19s is tattheoreticaly hee was more one i drawing lass boundries (wo was he e cas ho wa not) hn wih explaning the resuls once he

es ee an eveal cence lle i peccpa

ti Fit nce e a ee gae ee a lile in e ay eyto guie empirical investigaions o lass stes tere was evenes conce wit naional dieences d changes in the composiion o heking ca w fo the mst pt wee deined s a esidual categoy ncenkg (a ecially "new le) cla potin ee ieneg e 9 heve all i e t chge ne e c pt-Fis "ptiii aentin ete ely t ieeate to he ynics o lass sucure in genel n its conseqences othe woing as in prticulr hi context e questio gee as a

cas ie could no longe be ignede teeotypical oker wo emeges fom he page of he hitoy f

ial capiali a a le ecllae ke eplye i e p

g





CLSS SU 11

ducon of gos mnng manufaturg, conscton and the dsbuton(ralways, ckng, shppng He was typcally employed by a captalst fo he sae, and was the aw mateal fom whch the labo moveme wasfomed e elave d ow absole dece of th dsal (mle wok

class, s a resl of chanes bth th maral dvson of labor ad n hesal composon of the people employed by capal The rs of thesechanges has to do wth e shft of employment om the prucon of ngso he prodcon of servces he second s a resul of he massve enry ofwome o he pad la foc.

aw on Baumo! (196) EspgAnderse (1993) sulaes three enal oucomes for the wokng class of the posndusral economes As

hgh producvy n manufacurng releases labor the servce sector's capacyto generate new jobs s lmted cause of low prucvty growh The rsossbly, a esl, s a se mloymt, d lab foc prcao d h wh of osde class of welf se cles Asecod possblty s govement sbsded employment, prmrly n he formof welfare state jobs n health educaton, and socal servces The rd posslty s that servce employment wll epand n he prvate sector becauseof low waes ha cospd o pcvy dffeeals bw secos

Te m cosqecs of hse ala scros wl eced by women who make up the majory of servce workers In the rsow

emloymescenao, women ar the bt of low labo parcpao raes;n e govementled wage subsdy model, they wll have hgh partcpaon tes bt also hgh levels of job egregaon n sa serces whee low wages m soc of sce owh hy wll cocad low adersoal servces.

Welfare ses and lar unons ply key roles n shapng whch oucomes lely to cur ervce ntnsve elfare sates, such as eden, tndto he hgh employment goveen sbsdy mel ransfer ntensve welfaresaes sch as may wll d oward e low employme, osde class

aa I coes sch as Caada nd h Ued es wh wk laos ad less developed welfare saes, he low wage, hgh employmentmodel can b antcpaed

Usng econstucton of mcrodata from naonal censuses, spgAndes 199) s able to show oh corespdece bewee hs eoetcaeecos d he cao d dsy comso of he wokclass fo sx coes ermany, a ransfenensve welfare sae, has hadmch slower servce secto growth than elsewhere, comparatvely few unsklled workers n eher s or servces, low female partcpaton rates, and

a e lae osder class wd d Norway have hgh levels of serclom a esl of a le sklled d edomly fmal wokfoce he welfar sae ad hh levls of sex sereao Norh Ameca's

g





11 M & G

"exible (i.e. low wage) labor markets also have high levels of seviceemployment and a hghly develod, low wage COnsumer service sectorBitin Esping-Andeen concldes saddles te Gen nd No Amecn mels: slow to stdslize bt biased owd he low skill lo

age Amecn consume sevice melB he imcatos of all s for he ftu of he woing class are less

n clea oy-scic sudies included in e EspingAndesen volumesow tee is ittle indication that a ew stindusial roletaiat is tkingfo except in itain. Uskilled service employment in both Noth Ameicad Scandinavia maily rovides entr level jobs for e yong who tyicallymove on ae qicy to moe ditional woing class cpations i bluecollar cuatios (for me) ad clerical emloymet (for wome) ermayhas low mobiity out of unskill service work but comaratively few uskilldsevice jobs nly in Briain is hee a lage relaively stable unskille adpostindsial roletariat emerging.

THE F O CLASS ANALYSIS

As class analysts whether Maxist (igt 1985) or Weian (Eikson &oldtope 1992) were developig new da bases aropriate to comarativesdies o class stcte nd class mobiliy dng e 980s e eal wod

ped tem by Iesctve of te vaiety o mehods and ylogies eseaos adopted all eached the same conclusions conceing emegent tedsin class sce Tadional oletaan jobs in manacng ee decnngand e si o seices dona no by lowend as oes bby ig end mnageil ofessional nd echnical cupaions To pt mates simply all of hese sdies convegd on te claim at go (eadmiddle clas) jobs were o the rse a ''bad (proletaria) jobs were ieclie (lk 1990, oy 1990. sig-erse 1990, 1993, olhor1987 Maye arroll 198 Myles 988 Wgt Mtin 198) By vtally

all o e conventional siological yadsticks emergent rends in Westelabo mets apared to takig s towad a stidustial Nivana andte demise if not he disaparace of the workig class as we ow it AsEigAnderse (1993 . ) cocludes There is ittle doubt that te kindof poliaion depicted by aditional class theoy has lost much of its facevalidiy

ide o te smal wod of siology howeve matters ld veydieent. As Lev (1988) showed for e Uited tates attes of upwardeconomic (ot cuational) mobility ad declined dramatically since te

1960s both betwee and withi genertos (for aada see Myles Picot &Wnnell 199) he aid gwh in l living stndds tat caceede pos- bm nd cad Goldos mos aue oe (e

g





119

known in popula Not meican palance as the "ddle class) had cometo n end. Duing the 80s attenton ted to the "declining ddle lass(Ker 83), resl of owing olriztion in wges nd eings inEroe orh Aer nd Astli Goshlk Joye Gottshk

3) nd to moe modest extent welfe state utbacks in some ountiesFtell 2) Downsizing conacting out epanded use of "just-intimed tempo woke egn to ffect not ust low wge evie oel professionals nd idlevel mage as well

Gotshalk Joye ) using he Luxembog Inome Study dat basefor he 80s show sing inuality and polaiztion in wages and slies fouali Canada Fance Gemany ehelands Sweden e Uned ingdom nd the United Sttes. ll ones showed below aveage gowth o

delines in wages in the lowe deciles and bove aveage growh o lowerge delines) fo he uppe deciles In a ve ounty stdy from the sme se rie ) shows rwing wge ineqliy he min soreof gwng neualty in famly income) was eaceated y changes in thetnsfe system welfae state cts) in Sweden the United ingdom andhe Unied Ses lrgely offse y welfre se rsfers in d nderny The mos dr shif in he eings proe e in he niengdom where he "ddle hose eing eween 5% nd 15% ofmedi eings) delined from 62 to 43%

All of this ame as a geat surise to econoss who had beome acusomed to e sble ptes in he se of inome ineliy h peiledfom he end of Seond Wold W util he 70s Dzige Gottshlk13 p. 3) Progress in idenifying the ses fo this shft hs been slowhoweve moe a mtte of cpping away t pevaling ppula eplntionsnd elinting heoes deindsalizaon demograpc shifts) at ae inconsistent wih the data see Danzige Gottchalk 3 Gotschalk & oyce). Only in the se of Sweden is thee a clely identible "smoknggn nmely he ekdown of entized wge gning afte 83 His

0 )he disnture between the conclusions of conventionl siologil stud

ies of sses d l tends in wges d othe ob hteistis sine the0s poses nmber of theoreil d empiril onndms Unike eono heor in whh rewds nd life hnes e seen o e o rsonsn eir hm "pi siologists he lwys insisted ht ewds etthed o positons Pakn 7 p 3). he class system o the sucue ofineality is dened by te distbution of positions and te only emaningisse is o idenify he press y whih persons re rerited to ll heseposions. or Prkin 7 p 8): "e bkbone of the lss stre ndindeed of he entire rewd sysem of me Weste siety is he pionl orde Mxisant vesions of is "psitional account diffe only by

g





120 M &

viue of the way sitions" in te stcu o empty places dened. Butas Levy (1988) clerly shows, cuational moblity is a or indicator oeconomic mobit eite integeneatioally o ove the lie course And one

of te earlest lessons led om th dlinig middle sah is atnges in uaonal scue (e suo o sios) e guide to changes in the disbuton o wage and engs (compare Rosenthal1985 wih McMahon Tschette 986)

e failue o class-as siioa els o idtiy key shis in cnoc mobilit and the suctu o inqualty is escially roblematc orsocled neoWeberan class mels e.g Goldhor 987) n whch ecances ure promnenly in te denton o clsses and e is a presmon that classes cause ineuit Neo-Maist orthodoxy has generally

insisted on seaag e deion of classes deed y ucton elatosfrom lass denitions that include livg standads (the sphere of consumtion). ut the genral ailure o neo-Marxit class mels (Wrgt Mrtn1987) to deect he polarizaion o the 970s and 980s and instead to insistalong wi everone else that nds in class scture int to a generaldeproletnizaton o labor in advancd capitalist conomes must se someeoretical discomo. As it has ed out raverman's (974) scenaro oclass olazation was orrect at te level o consumtion, not at e level ofproucon latons a he anticipated. •�nd ironically, it is a former consultant

to e Republicn Party, K Pillips (993), who has built on tese developments to provide the more rovatve account o the hstorca imlicaonsof eica's sifing class sc

Postwa Noth Ameica and ten Euo saw e emegene o a ighwageworng class protected by public corae and unon polcies to sabilize wages and employment The result ws to eliminat or many he cycle overy (Rowntree) adtonlly assiat wih th worng cls leose Fo woes Rowns lie ccle o vety was lac wi whatg b all ost cycl (Myls 90) caact y lastability of th jobs and income ove the ups and downs of the business cycleand the individual lie course Since the 1970s, the h fo labor exibilityas begun to unravel stwar emloyment relatons and wi em have gonee class d satcaton implicatons tat siologists once elt scure readin o occupatona hierhies and class maps o the most part wagepolrzation and growing labor maret insecrity have grown witn, nottween classes, dng the 980. As a result, e lir sitonl aproacte bacne o empirca class analysishas lost some o is

analytcal power o exlaning much that is consequental to class teor,weher Mxian or Werian Ths arly means that class analysis is deadInsead, it calls o new analytical tls to capture the class character o latetwenteth centu capitalisms

g





SS SU 121

Ann w chptr a a Ann kw h, fm

--7-7; 7; rr@r

erre ied

e G, lement W 1992. A new gime?lass psentaon wihn e Swedishs Eo I Demra 1345579

e G, Wrght EO 1983 lasses in theUnited States and Sweden A comprisonActa Sociol 2621-35

Baumol W. 196. Manomics o band th Am o Rv 5741526

ofer F, llio 8. apph to asudy o sma shopkee ad e cass

scture Eur Sol 918202ofer F, Elliot B 1976 Peistn and

chane: Te tite ueoisie in the indual siety ur Siol. 1

hofer F, lott B 198 e voie o malbusiness and he lics o svival Siol.Rev 26588

ofer F, lo , 1981. T PeteBourgeoiie Coarative Stuies oft Uea Stratum Lndon Macmillan

hhofer F, llott B 1985 he tt geoisie in lae apitaism Au Rv. Sociol.1 1 8 20

eer S 980 e aditona tor in raeand Ialy In Dualism a Discotiui Idutial Societes S Berger io 88 ardge: dge UnivPss

erer S 98 e us o the adtiona tor in y: y dng lass survveS Bofer Eliott 98 7189

ele J Mans 932 [967] TMod Cooratio ad Pivate PropeNew York Hacou, Brace Wold

Berax Beau-Wiame 1981 Asanaey in Fr: o it lves and hy it

srvives Se Becofer lliott 98, pp558lk Myles J 1986 ndnt indusl

iton and the anadian class sct Acomparative nalysis o anada, the UnitedSs, Sen a Rev Soiol Athropol 25781

k F 19 ostiustral ossibilities.erkeley: Univ alif ss

Boreham le S, Emmison R Marks JSat R 989 Semrpheries or paicl ys The ase of slia, NeZaland and anada a class otions It.

Sociol 467ooo T, r s 1989 T apitait C A Itetiol Study NeYork New York Univ Press

Bols S, Gordon Weisskop T 198. Be

o t Wtela A Democratic Altetive to Ecomic Decle. aen ity uldy

Boyd M 19 Se dierences in cupationalsl Cada, 196186. Rev Sociol Athrool 2:28515

Bavea H 194 Lbour a ooolital e Degratio o ork i theTweteth eu Ne ork: Monty Rev

Bco S 1982. e mia me uctve

decenalisaon and ial integation Cambre Eco 61684 [?]

Bso S, Sal 198 rtisan prutionand economic owh n e mics ofLbour arket Segmetatio ed F Wilkinson pp Lndon Academic [?]

Bm 989. anada See Bottomo 1989 pp 177

Bnjolsson E, Maone , Gubabani VKamil A 1989 s inoation tenology lad to smaller s Mass nst hnol Mim

Bus V 1980 ass oaton and transor

mation in advd apialist siees: compaave anaysis S ris 49ari 98 Obaciones compavas

la esura la los psaiaisa avazados Rev. Ep Ivet.Sociol 26:1299

Chiesi 1985 Prorty, aial d neorksture in tay S Stoan et al 985b,pp 99214

lement W 975. e Caaia CoorateElite A Aalysis of oomic ower onto Mcleland Stewa

lement 977 otital ooate

ower Ecoomic Elite kages betweeCaa a t Uite States Tonto: Mclellad S

lement W, Myles J. 99 Relatios oRuligCss a Geer i Postidutrial SocietiesMonal MillQns Univ Prss

oates D 1989 Britain See Bottomor Bm 1989 pp 195

u J Bos R 1986. e siology oft capitalism A trend Sociology2026579

vers Mn 1985. Fiil gsin the Belian network o interlking di

torships See Stokman et a1 98b, pp 14865Dahrendor R 1959 Css ad Coict

in Iustal Socie. Stano StanordUniv ress

g

b y U n i v e r s i d a d d e C h i l e o n 0 8 / 2 9 / 1 2 . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .



1 MYS & G

Dale A 1986 Sia class ad e sleployd Soiology 20:43034

nziger otscal P. 1. sRsng Inq n Ama New Yorkage

Dais S Htwinger . 1989. The dson

o emloys by esbshmet s Peof cange oveet e ttates iv. Ccago Mi

heneich B hrnreich J. 1979 e pfessionalmnage class. In Beee borad Capita P Walke pp 5-45 Bosonou En

Eson R oldor 1 tFl: A S f Mbli in taSoietie od Cldo

EspigAndersen . 19. Wrlof Weare aitalism. cto: rcetoUv ess

spingAnderse . 199 aging eLondon ageizel J 1992. ncome nequality eds i te

1980s A e couny copison. WorkPap Luxebourg Icoe Study

Gaglia G. 1 981. How my workng clsss?A J. Socio 8725985

Goldhope J. 1982 O e seice class, tsoaion nd futur nSoia Ca a theDiviio ofbor e A iens Mackenzie pp. 162-85 Cabidge: CabidgeUniv Pess

Godho 198. Soia Mobii and as

Struture i Mode Btain Oxord: ClendonGotschalk P. 1993 Changes i iequality o

ly income in e ndusializd couies Am on. Rev. 831362

Gottschak Joyc M 1991 Chges i eings ineuality. Wr Pa embrgIcoe Study

Grnoeter 1984 Small is until: Larmakes nd esblishment sz Am SiolRv 494

ean . 1981. ooat Conto, Corate Power A Twetieth Cetu Fu

Su. Camdge Camdge U Pesss D 1990 Wage opreio uder Sol aganng n Swdn torade nion Ist Eco. Res.

Hibbs D 1991 Market forces rade uio idoogy d ends in Swedish wage dissioActa Soiol 4:89-10

ilferding R. 1910/1981 Fn Cta.ondo P

o] 1982 rerrectio o/th pet oureoiie? Scadivia experiee adts imiatins fr Mast sah nla, tate an ilgy p for ItConf Ste Coseza Ialy

olmn D assr H 19 Copang classstuctues and clss coscousess westsietes In Sttu i Euop: NwFiigs from East-Wet arns fS

al Stre and Social Mobii Hale, pp 323 Aok Sh

yer 172 e utnaioal coon e w o eve velopet. Em a t Wod O fom th 9 19s, Bhgwi pp �

Londo Collecmlloasso B. 1 Etrpeneursp a cor

ratst stt e c of Sween Etrerershi in Ere R offe RSase pp. 131. London Cm Helm

Joso CA 1982 MITI ad th Japaee Mir Growt ofIdutrial Pli 595 o fo v. rss

Katzstei PJ 1984 tim andhage Autria Switzera a thePolitis f Indst. Itaca: Coel ivrss

Kas . 1. Sma Sae n r

Markt Indtial Poli in Eroe IthacaCoell Univ PessKazenstei PJ. 1987. Poli and Politis in

Wet eay e rowth of a Semiovereig State. Philadelphia Temple Uness

Kaznsten PJ. 1989 Industy in a chgingWest Geany. In Idut ad Politics iet eay owar the ir Repubc PJ Kaestein pp 329 Itaca: Coellnv Prss

Kutter R 1983. The eclining iddle TAtati Mothy Juy

Landes S. 1965. Japa ad Euo: Corasts indusaliato In e State ad Eonomi Eterise in Jaa Eays i thePolitial Eonomy ofrowth Lkw, pp. 93-182. Pnceton PncetonU Press

Le 19171975 Imerialism th HighetStage ofaitalism A Pouar Outie Pekg: Foreig Laguages Press

Le F 1988 Dollars Dreams Changng Aman Inme DstbutonNew York Noron

Lir , Houghton J. 19 Selemployet

ad e tty ugeoiie Coment onme d Wght. Am. J Sociol6:77

Lvigstone . 1983. lass Ielogies ad ational Ftres. Sussex: Flmer

ceau J 1989 Fce S Boomoe B 1989 pp. 467

Maiell A Cesi AM 1989 Ity Soomo m pp.

aye U Col GR 1987. obs d classesSucural consans on cee obiityEr. Soo Rv 314-8

cMao J Theer J 1986 e cliigddle class: A er analysis Mothlybor Re. Sept:22-28

Michaet CA. 174 rance. Veo 174pp. 0

ills CW 191 ite llar e Amera

g




Mile Classes New York Oxfo Unv.Press

Min B, Schwt 985. T Power Stcture of Amercan Busness hicago: nv.Chicago ress

Mi K 1989. Jaan. See Botomor By 1989, pp 146uy . 1983. e ecenalisaon of ro

ducin The decline f he asscolltivewe? Cptl Css 19:4-99

Muy F. 1987. Flexibe sialsaon an e''Thid Ialy" Catal 33

Myles J 1988. The expaning mdle SomeCanadin evience on e esllng ebae.C Rev Sociol. Anthrool 5:335

Myle J 1990. Sats, ar markes an fecycles In Beyon the Martlae: Rething Eoom n Soe ed R F S

Rstn pp. 2-98. New Yok eGuey.Mye J c annel s

psindusiaism matter e Cadian expeience. n Cngng Clsses Strtctonn obil in Post-Industrial Sieties, e. spingAndesen . 171-94. LononSe

y R 195. e Hsto of Caian 6 Vo ie

hn 1974 Sween. See Veon 974, .1241

gntin for Econc Craton andDevelpent. 1985. Emloyment in salln ge s: here have the jbsoe m. loent Otlok Se82

giaon for Econmic Craon anDevelpent. 1992 Lbour Force Statistis, Ps OECD

stein M 1983. he evelmen of cass nCada. n ntroduction to Sociolog Gysn pp 216-59 orono age

stein M 989. The ial oganizaon ofe Cni cpitlst clss in copaatvepp Can Re Soiol Anthrool

21-77n 1971 Cls nequal Politcal

rer ew ok: raegePills K 1993. Bolng Pot Demrts Re

publicans and the Decline ofMile ClassPrseri New York anom Hose

e M Sl C. 984 T Second dustlDivie New ork: Basic

ulants . 975. Classes in ConteoraCpitalim Lonn LB

di R. 1974 aly See Veon 94 p 45-

Rine A. 985. Sa s, big obles:

he liica econoy of sal usinesses.Cptl Clss 51408Rsenhl 1985. The shining midde clss:

Mh elty. ontl bor Rev ach3-10

CL TRU 123

serhlz P. 1985. e bans the cenreInegraton in ecenraze Switzeand SeeSoan et a 985b, . 31-4

Sca R Goffee R. 982 ntrepreneuralMle Cass. Lonon: Crm Hel

Sco J. 1985 Coorations Classes an Caitlism ondn utchinsnSco 986. Caitalist Proer an Finan

cil Power A Coaratve Stu ofBrtnthe Unte Sttes n Jpn Bghtnheashea

Scot 985 Ba sphees f iuence n he Bish corrate netwk. SeeSoan e 1985b, . 215-33

Shar A 1983. evoluton ofclss stcture nome istibution in Cana, 99 rne a e Ann e CPlt ci Ass, niv B oumb Vncouver

Shnfeld A 969. Me Cptlism eChanging Balance o Plc and PrvatPower ondon Oxford Univ ress

Shutt Whittingtn R. 198. gentanstrategies an the rise of small units: Casesfrom he Norh Wes. Re Stud 2113-23

Sinet G, right EO 1989 The ll anr of the tty bougeisie Changing pt of fmoym n he stUnite Staes. Am J Sociol 949731018

Steiez G, rgh EO . 19 Rely t Lineand Hughtn Am J Sociol %2735

Stkman WsseurFW, ElsasD. 1985a Theutch netwo: ys f ine nd netwo suctu. See Stoan et al 1985b pp1 12-3

Stoan FN Ziegler R, Sctt es 1985bNewor ofCoorate Power A Comaratie Analsis of Ten Countries CambrigePlity

Swaz 1985 Fench interlng directoships inancial d indusial gus SeeStoman e a 1985b pp. 18498

Usee . 984. T Inner Circle rge Cororons nd the Rse ofBusess PolitclActii in the US UK. Oxfr

Uv rssVeon R, . 194 Bg Buess n te Stte

Changing Relations in Weste uroeCabdge: Ha Uv. Pess

Wannell . 1 rends in the Distributionof mloyment by mloer Size ResPp. 39, An. Stud. Banch, Stt., CndaOtawa

eiss 1984. e Italian stae and small business ur J Sociol 51441 []

ight O 978 Class Csis and th Stateondn: B

Wrght O. 985. Csses London: Veso

Wgh EO, e 989. e Debate on Csses.London VersoWght EO, Costelo C Hachen D, Spague J

1982. The Aecan clss suctu AmSoco Rev. 47726

g




124 M G

WrghtE, MarnB 1987 ensfoono the Amercn cls ucu, 11980A SiQI 8:1-29

ili M 989 Lrge Cootion Contempo Csses Ox:

Zegle ene Bend D 1985 Aua

ncored S Stoan aI 198b, 3

Zym 1983 ts rts Gowth: Fil ystems the Poltics ndstrl Change aa ell

g



Compartive Studies in Class Structure

Documents

Transcript of Compartive Studies in Class Structure