MucousSurfaceRed Margin Skin surfaceof the LipThick,translucent non-keratinized str. Squ. Epi .) zay elle ablo brdo,but contain abundant glycogen granules (Thick, Transparent non-Keratinized str. Squ. Epi .) thick skin bta3 sana 1 brdo :D bo3tbr transitional zone (Keratinized str. Squ. Epi .) maho thin skin 3ady zay bta3 sana 1 (Lining EpitheliumRichly supplied by nere endingsRich in nere endingsNerve endings!oriu" o# denseconnectie tissue that pro$ect into the epi. To #or" papillae%ong ascular connectie tissuepro$ections(papillae)Richly supplied bylarge n. o# blood capillaries & sensory '. endings%ayer o# connectie tissue (der"is)abundantelastic (bers & blood capillarisRests on)*,%y"phatics ,'eres,+at cells,%abial glands open in the estibule("ucous acini)Red color bec. ,#- re.e/tion o# theblood capillaries in the !T. 0apillae undertranslucent epi .S1eat 2landsSebaceous 2lands3air +olliclesContainThe "ain bulk o# the %ip is #or"ed o# striated "uscles (bers (,rbicularis ,ris )a"ong a (bro-elastic connectie tissue .Lingual PapillaeFolliate ircum!allateFungiformFiliformRudi"entary in hu"an ,4elldeelopedin rodents5-67 +e1) 1 de "sh(li tb8a 9kselleablaha -0 (:ostnu"erous) +ili shabah; "Fill ;?9shan kda hyakteer (#umber%arge ,Rectangular3as trenchinto 1hichserousglandsducts open%arge,triangular,.attened uppersur#ace &narro1base(the largest)isible by nakedeye- 3as trench 1here*on Ebner@s glandspour theirsecretion into- S"all,clubshaped- thesu""it isrounded &broaderthan thebase%ong,Slinder,!onical Ainclinationinantro-posteriordirection; The %ongest ;) shabah;%;"8lop (ShapeBt the Sidesin deepcle#ts at the$unction btnant. & post.partsBligned $ust in#ront o# thegustatory lineCnterspersed a"ong(li#or"- 'u"erousat the tip &edgesRo1s parallelto gustatoryline oerant.8D9 o# thedorsu" o# thetongueDistribution'on-keratinizedstr. Squ.epi .'on-keratinizedstr. Squ.epi .'on-keratinizedstr.Squ.epi .Keratinizedstr. Squ.epi.split at the tip(shed 1ithsalia)$pithelium%ong,pro"inent,ccuping9D7 o# thepapillaelenghtShort Shortpro$ect into!T core*ery poorlydeelopedSecondry%apillae'u"erous&peresnt atthe sides'u"erous,con(ned to thesides o# thepapillae+e1,scattered oer theuppersur#ace%acking&aste'udsVon EbnersGlands:serousglands,at thebutto" o# thetrench secretelipase enzy"e &dissoling #oodparticles to betasted- highlyascular !Tcore soappear red-highlyascular !Tcore soappear redCn 2CTdisturbance eeraccu"ulationo# keratinoccur & "i/ed1ith bacteria#or"ing grey(l"(coatedtongue)#otesi!ed "#ini$erous "#ini u#ous "#ini:ainly "ucous cells 1ith so"e serous cells in btn9-E E-FCell number0our directly to the lu"en4atery secretion rich in salts,proteins & enzy"es(a"ylase,lysozy"es ,pero/idase, G'G &R'B nucleases):ucus (iscid secretion rich in "ucin glycoprotein)se#retionSub"andibular & sublingual 2lands0arotid & *on Ebner@s 2landsSublingual & 0alatine 2landsGlands:ucous cells appear surrounded by deeply stained caps o# serous cells (cresents o# 2ianuzzi or serous S"all,deeply stained,rounded 1ith narro1 lu"en0ale, large,rounded oroal 1ith relatiely 1ide lu"en%istologi#al se#tionde"ilunes)Short pyra"idal cells 1ithCndistinct boundriesCrrigular,broad cuboidal or pyra"idal 1ith distinct boundriesEpi&Liningeccentric +lattened basalNu#lei0ale acuolated due to dissolution o# "ucinogen granulesC'toplasmBt the base-#e1 arrays o# rER,#e1 "itocondria,1ell deeloped 2olgi,#ree riboso"esBpe/- cro1eded secretory granules(zy"ogen)Bt the base-#e1 arrays o# rER,#e1 "itocondria,1elldeeloped 2olgiBpe/- cro1eded "ucigen granules(rganelles+e1 'u"erous to help drainage o# the thick "ucus into the ducts)as*et#ellsSublingual Submandibular%arotidThin4ell deeloped:oderately thick Thick & 1ell deelopedCapsule + $epta%ess nu"erous %arge nu"berCncrease 1ith ageFat #ellsHHI "ucous6I serousSerous JKI- "ucous 8KIserous$e#retor' "#ini6I - HHI*ery short & poorly deeloped- the gland possesses "ultiple ducts that e"pty into sub"andibular duct or directly onto the .oor o# the "outh8KI - JKI EKI - EKI,nter#alar'du#ts:$e#retor' striated du#tsain -u#t,ntrlobar,nterlobular,ntralobular$$-,nter#alar')eginning -Str. !olu"nar epi. Then beco"e 'on-keratinized str. Squ.epi .0seudostr. !olu"narepi .Tall colu"narepi .!uboidalor lo1 colu"nar cells 1ith indistinct boundries+lat or lo1 cuboidal cellsEpi&LiningSSG leaing the lobule 1ith 1ider lu"enCntercalary GuctsSecretory units-rain0u"ping 'aL outBdd 1aterBdd bicarbonatesBbsorb !lFun# .+or"ed by the union o# interlobar ducts- open into oral caity+ound in interlobar septa btn lobes+ound 1ithin intraloblular !T. septa btnlobules:itocondria - straited appearance denoting actieion transport*ery shortBbsecent in "ucous glands- represents the 6st seg"entN&P%arge,eosinophilic rounded or oal struc. 4ith1ide lu"en .- central rounded nuclei- eosinophilic granular cytoplas"L)asal cell "e"brane #or"s deep in#oldings lodging "any regularly arranged "itocondriaE%yloric (landsardiac (landsFundic (lands)ranched,tubular 1ith 1ide lu"enSi"ple or branched tubular,the lo1er part is coiled , 1ide lu"enSi"ple branched tubular glands0erpendicular to sto"ach 1all&ype%arger a"ount :ini"al so closely packed & parallel'.0- eery E-F glands open into the butto" o# a gastric pit)& corium)ase Ne#* ,sthmusShorter than those o# the body & separated by larger a"ount o# !.T. #or"ingcoriu" o# "ucosa- #ollo1s neck region- greater portion o# lenth o# gland- diides into 8-9 branchesand beco"e coiled near its butto"'arro1 seg"ent belo1 isth"us!o"es in con.uence 1ith gastric pit6 - :ucous-secreting cells (colu"nar,.attened basal nuclei, secret "ucus & lysozy"es)8 - so"e enteroendocrine cells (particularly 2-cells, #e1 G-6 - :ucous-secreting cells8 - #e1 parietalcells9 - #e1 undiMerentiated cells7 - occasional enteroendocrine cells6 - 'u"erous peptic cells8 - o/yntic cells9 - occasional "ucous neckcells7 - isolated enteroendocrine cells6 - :ucous neck cells8 - ste" cells9 - o/yntic cells6 - Sur#ace "ucous cells8 -regenerating ste" cellsell liningcells & E!-cells)9 - peptic & o/yntic cells (near pyloric sphincter).ndi/erentiated0stem #ell1Entero2endo#rinePepti# #ell)3'mogen((!'nti# #ell 0Parietal1u#ous ne#* #ell'eck region )ase o# gastric glandbtn peptic cells)- B0NG (%o1er third o# the glandNpper 6D8- rare in base- btn "ucous neck cells & ):'eck region,interpersed 1ith parietal cellspla#e%o1 colu"nar 0yra"idal, 1ide base , narro1 ape/!olu"nar cells Rounded or pyra"idal ,ape/ to1ardlu"en%o1 colu"nar%ess regular than sur#ace "ucous cellsEpi .Short on apical sur#ace (open)in actie cells, tubuloesicular structureshort & scanty in lu"inal sur#acei#ro2villi- !on(ned to ): near )! (closed)- Reach the lu"en (open)Tight & adhering in lateral "e"brane4un#tions- )asal in "itosis & .0ro"inent nucleoli6-8 rounded ,esicular)asal , sphericalNu#leiStrongely basophilic basal & acidophilic apicalCntense eosinophilia ,Bctin & "yosin .a"entsBpe/- (lled 1ith secretory granules contain "ucus secretionC'toplasm+ree riboso"es & polyso"es, 1ell deeloped 2olgi, scanty rER & "itocondriaS"all basal secretory granulesBpical secretory granules contain pepsinogen, supranuclear2olgi,riboso"es,parallel cisternae o# rERS"all 2olgi, #e1 rE granules, no secretory granules,abundant scattered "itocondria+e1 "itocondria,1ell deeloped 2olgi,rER(rganellesNp1ard replacing cells o# gastric pits & sur#ace "ucous cellsGo1n1ard to ne1 "ucous neck cells, parietal,chie# & endocrine cellsSecrete peptide hor"one(paracrine,autocrine, endocrine)0roduction & secretion o# digestie enzy"es, pepsin, lipase- 3!l #or"ation & secretion- production o# intrinsic #actor to absorp )68:ucus isa soluble to lubricate gastric contentFun#tion*cellsD cells ( cells $L cells$ cellsEntero-glucagonso"atostatingastrin hista"ineserotoninsecretionRaise blood glucose leel by hepaticglycolysisCnhibition o# other enteroendo-crine cells- 3!l secretion #ro" o/yntic cells-proli#eration & diMerentiation #ro" ste" cells- 2astric "otility- 2astric secretion- 2astric "otilityfunctionBbundant at pyloric antru"E -hydro/ytrypta"ine#)%Stomach +esophagus:ost dilated seg"ent :uscular organ , 8E c"DiscriptionBdd acidic .uid to ingested #ood, trans#or" it into chy"e & digestion by proteolytic enzy"e2reatest part in the thora/ e/ceptter"inal 9-7 c" in abdo"inal caity through diaphrag"%laceP'lorus Cardia# Fundus +bod'Transport o# "asticated #ood bolus #ro" "outh to sto"achFunction6 - 1ide deep gastric pids O6D8o# height.3as pyloric glands .9 - inner circular &outer longitudinal layerso# S" underneath the bases o# the glands'arro1 zone at the transition btn oesophagus & sto"ach6 - short narro1 gastricpits in 6DE o# height .- si"ple colu"nar epi. (sur#ace "ucous cell)8 - scant loose ascularized !.T. has gastric glands& lenticulate nodules9 - thin layers o# inner circular & outer longitudinal layers6 - 'on-keratinized str. Squ.epi .4ith langerhan@s cells to resist #riction- continous rene1al by "itosis8 - loose !T rich in )*,' & ly"phatics .- upper"ost part has "ucosal oesophgeal glands (tubular, "ucous secreting,neutral #or protection, lined by colu"nar cells)9 - S.:- upper third- abscent but represented by elastic (bers & S:bundles- at leel o# cricoid cartilage- continous layer o# longitudinal S"(bers- lo1er third- inner circular & outerlongitudinal S" layersMucosa -6 - $pi8 - Laminapropria9 -Muscularis- thick layer o# dense !.T. contain collagen & elastic (bers, ly"phocytes, eosinophils, "ast & plas"a cells, "any arterioles ,enous & ly"phatic plu/esGense irrigular !.T has large )*, ly"phatics & sub"ucosal oesophgeal glands (co"pound tubuloaleolar "ucous glands, lined by tall culo"nar cells, co"pressed nuclei to the base by "ucus droplets, acidic "ucous #orlubrication)SubmucosaThick layer o# spiral S:, inner oblique,"iddle circular, outer longitudinal at cardiac region but inter"ingled in the rest .Butono"ic ple/us btn "uscle (bers #or contrac. regulation - inner circular & outer longitudinal S" layers- upper third-striated :. D in the "iddle- "i/tureD lo1er third -S" onlyMusculosa- loose !.T. coered by isceral layer o# peritoneu" (serosa)- loose areolar !.T. connects it to surrounding structures (Bdentitia)- in abdo"en coered by "esotheliu"Serosa DFibrosaIleum Jejunum DuodenumThe main function of small intestine is completion of digestion & absorption- the absorptive surface is increased by about !!-"!! times by modi#cation of luminal surfaceReceies enzy"es & alkaline buMer #ro" pancreas and bile #ro" the lier+unctionDistal $%" 0ro/i"al 8DESize:ost deeloped (per"anent, const. o# "ucosa &sub"ucosa, haing se"ilunar or spiral shape)0licae circularis&inger li'e(east in absorption- :ost nu"erous inthe pro/i"al part- %ongest, thinner+inger like so absorption is "a/ .- :ost nu"erous- relatiely short, broad%ea# like so absorption #ollo1 the $e$unu"*illi)odi#cation of the plasmalemma of the epi. *ells covering the villi:icroillecover the villi & lines the crypts of (ieber'uhn+ each is formed of , a)central core of loose *.T. rich in lymphoid cells. *ontain , *apillary loops+ a blindly ended lymphatic channels (lacteal) & fe- smooth muscles:ucosaepi .. - corium contain (/eyer0s patches)loose !.T. #or"s the core o# illi & occupies the space btn the crypts- it@s occupied by intestinal glands (crypts o# %ieberkuhn)- contain large n. o# ly"phocytes, "acrophages & plas"a cells bec. The "ucosa is e/posed to a lu"en containing ingested sub. & bacterial .orala"ina propriaunderlying the bottom of the *rypt"uscularis "ucosa12tensions ofpeyer0s patches usually seenCn all parts #or"edo# dense !T. contain )ld capillaries, ly"phatics and neresCts 6st part is occupied by )runner@s 2landsSub"ucosa*onform to their regular structure:usculosa & Serosa '.) -6 - )runner@s 2lands- co"pound tubulo-aleolar, 1hich duct open into the butto" o# duodenal crypts. They secrete "ucous secretion o# alkaline nature to protect the intestinal "ucosa against the har"#ul acidity o# the receied gastric chy"e. Ct also creates a suitable "ilieu #orthe actiity o# the digestie intestinal enzy"es .8 - 0eyer@s patches- aggregations o# ly"phoids nodules opposite the "esenteric attach"ent (anti-"esentric). They penetrate through "uscularis "ucosa and appear in the sub"ucosa. The epi. ,er the" is usually .attened and lacking illi (ironed) .:ost o# the ly"phoid tissue nodules #or"ing the 0eyer@s patches hae pale ger"inal centres that are occupied by ly"phoblasts and antibody-producing 0las"a cells particularly CgB. They are surrounded by T-ly"phocytes & "acrophages. The antibody CgB is released across the "ucosal epi. !ells into the lu"en as 6 o# the co"ponents o# the intestinal secretion (CgB) to interact 1ith antigens .9 - crypts o# %iebekuhn- si"ple tubular glands that e/tend do1n to "uscularis "ucosa and open in thebases o# the illi .) cells) microfold (3oblet cells 1nterocytesIntestinalvilli4ct as antigen presenting cell, sampling 4g & transport them to peyer0s patches to induce an appropriateimmune response5ecrete viscid glycoprotein mucus to protect the epi. &rom abrasion &prevent adhesion and invasion by pathogenic bacteria/lay a role in terminal digestion & absorption&unction6road 5peciali7ed epi.*ells found among intestinal epi. 8f ileum overlying /eyer0s patches9nicellular gland+ less abundant in duodenum & increase to-ards ileumTall columnar -ith oval basal nuclei1pi .6asal cell membrane5ho- deep invaginations that form poc'ets that occupied by lymphocytes & pseudopodia of macrophages forminglymphatic aggregations under the epi .4pe2, has an e2panded cup shaped rim of cytoplasm (theca) #lled -ith pale secretion6ase, narro- e2tending do-n to the basal lamina & contain a :attened nucleus/rominent striated border -ith closely pac'ed microvilli- each cell has $!!! microvilli to increase surface area btn absorptive surface & digested metabolites(uminal surface&e- + short + more loosely pac'ed than enterocytes&e- restricted to the peripheral 7one of the ape2 but the remaining surface over the secretory granules is smooth- *ylindrical protrusion of apical cytoplasm+ consists of a cell membrane -ith prominent cell coat enclosing a core of actin #laments that e2tend do-n to apical cytoplasmto intermingle -ith transversely oriented cytos'eletal #laments forming terminal -ebs -ith the ape2 of each cell .- the site of activity of )icrovillimany digestive en7ymes as disuccharidases & dipeptidases ./licated & interdigitated -ith neighboring cells+ bound by junctional comple2es to seal the lumen from *.T .(ateralsurface;arro- rim contain scattered mitochondria+ cisternae of r1< + large 3olgi+ many intermediate #laments & microtubules that help transport of secretory granules from apical cytoplasm to secretory surface9nder the terminal -ebs contains a number of mitochondria+ lysosomes+lipid droplets+ small 3olgi comple2+ fe- arrays of r1