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A PROPOSAL ON

COMPARISION OF HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION EMISSION BETWEEN

TRADITIONAL AND IMPROVED CLEAN STOVES, ITS EFFECTS AND

ADAPTIVE STRESS TO WOMEN OF THARU PEOPLE OF DANG DISTRICTOF MID -WESTREN REGION OF NEPAL

(A study in Halawar VDC of Dang)

Supervisor:

Mr. Sunil Babu Khatrey

College of Applied Science

Submitted by:

Khem Raj Khanal

College of Applied Science

Anamnagar, Kathmandu

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CHAPTER -1: INTRODUCTION

In Nepal, fuel wood is the main source of energy for cooking and heating purposes and forests

remain the single most important source for firewood, particularly for rural people. Forests

account for 78 per cent of energy consumption (MOPE 2001).It is perhaps obvious that the main

purpose of the household energy system is to meet the energy needs of the household. In general,

these needs may be classed in 6 categories: warmth, heat, light, mechanical power,

communication and comfort. It is in the combustion of fuel to meet these needs that source

emissions are generated, and the chain from emissions to eventual health effects begins.

The use of solid fuels for cooking and heating is likely to be the largest source of indoor air

pollution on a global scale.. When used in simple cooking stoves, these fuels emit substantial

amounts of toxic pollutants. In households with limited ventilation (as is common in many

developing countries), exposures experienced by household members, particularly women and

young children who spend a large proportion of their time indoors, have been measured to be

many times higher than World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and national standards(Bruce et al. 2000; Smith 1987).

MPFS(1988) has clearly focused on the necessity of alternative energy sources although the

combined impact of energy saving stoves and biogas plants can probably not reduce fuel wood

needs by more then 15% during the period of Master Plan 1988-2010 (MPFS 1988). Biogas is

most important and prominent technology which was developed and encouraged to use in Nepal

in the 70s decades due to global energy crisis. Biogas and improved cooking stoves are the

alternate energy to use the fuelwood efficiently and reduce the pressure on the forest for

firewood. They also enhance local livelihoods (Pokharel and Yadav, 1991).

CHAPTER-II: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Poverty is the main reason behind the deforestation. People use the woods for cooking food.

Mostly people use the biomass energy in traditional cooking stoves which is not efficient for the

health facts and the environment. The pollutants released from indoor air pollution cause acute

health problems especially to women and children who are present during cooking like acute

respiratory infections, chronic obstructive lung disease, lung cancer, tuberculosis etc. Therefore

the pollutants released due to biofuels for cooking need to pay more attention to the state of mass

rural women living daily with exposure to indoor air pollutants and to cut down indoor air

pollutants exposure to acceptable level, access to clean fuel is requisite for the better health ofwomen.

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CHAPTER-III: OBJECTIVES

Comparison of emission rate and economic analysis between between traditional andmodern cooking stoves.

Health effect and adaptive stress to the women of Tharu community.

CHAPTER-IV: METHODOLOGIES

Study site description and rationale for the selection of the study site

Dang, a district of Rapti Zone of Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal covers an area of

2,955 square kilometer, and is 280 Km west from the capital city, Kathmandu of Nepal. Dang

consists of 42 VDCs and 2 municipalities; Ghorahi (formerly Tribhuvannagar) is the district's

administrative center and largest city whileTulsipur to the west is a transportation hub and Rapti

Zone's administrative center.

Halawar VDC is selected for the study because being the nearest VDC to touch municipality it is

less developed then other VDCs. Mostly Tharu, lower castes people live in this area and the level

of poverty is high. The people of this area have little knowledge about environment.

Environment degradation is increasing day by day due to increment in economic activity in this

area. Most of the people use the fuel woods in traditional cooking stoves.

Research design

Research Data Collection

Primary data collection Key informants survey Reconnaissance

Secondary data collection Literature review

Synthesis of data Analysis of data using different models Draft report preparation Synthesis and correction Thesis writing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghorahihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsipur,_Raptihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsipur,_Raptihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghorahi

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CHAPTER-V: TIME FRAME

Duration

Activities

Months

May June July August Sept Oct

Data Collection

Literature Review

Field visit

Data collection

Data analysis of traditional and modern

cooking stoves of the study area

Questionnaire survey

Data collection from NGO, meetings

with communities related in study area.

Thesis Writing

Thesis Presentation

Submission of Final Thesis

CHAPTER-VI: BUDGET

SN Activities Total

(Rs)

Justification

1 Collection of related literature and study

reports

5,000 Data purchase, internet browsing, printing,

photocopying

2 Field visit (Transportation and lodging/food) 4,500 To have first-hand idea of the study area

3 Transportation cost (appox. 20 visits) 3,000 To consult the Supervisor/different organization s

4 Draft report preparation 5,000 Computer typing, printing, photocopy, binding

5 Final report preparation and binding 5,000 Computer typing and hard binding for necessary copies

7 Miscellaneous 2,500 Phone, stationery etc.

Total 25,000 Complete report preparation