Comparing Large Scale Storage Technologies Tom Konrad, Ph.D. Presented at Solar 2009 Buffalo, NY...
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![Page 1: Comparing Large Scale Storage Technologies Tom Konrad, Ph.D. Presented at Solar 2009 Buffalo, NY May 15, 2009.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/551c52e35503467b488b535f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Comparing Large Scale Storage Technologies
Tom Konrad, Ph.D.
www.AltEnergyStocks.com
Presented at Solar 2009
Buffalo, NY
May 15, 2009
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Outline
• Characteristics of Energy Storage Technologies
• Technology Options
• Technology Comparisons
• References
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Characteristics of Energy Storage
• Capital Cost– Per stored kWh
(Energy)– Per kW capacity
(Power)
• Round-trip efficiency• Standby losses• Response time• Cycle life
• Site-specific Constraints
• Commercialization• Energy Density
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Pumped Hydro (PHES)
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Commercial
Response time
Long life
Good cost of energy
Limited locations
Costs vary w/ location
Energy Arbitrage, Load following,
Peak Shaving
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Compressed Air Energy Storage
Image Credit: CAES Development Company
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Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Commercial
Response time
Long life
Cost of energy
Cost of power
Limited locations
Requires fuel
Energy arbitrage, load following,
Peak shaving
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Flow Batteries - VRB
Diagram for VRB flow batteryCredit: Wash University of St. Louis
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Flow Batteries – Hydrogen Electrolyzer/Fuel Cell
Image Credit: North Coast Weekly Journal
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Flow Batteries (VRB, ZnBr, PSB, Hydrogen)
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Can be used anywhere, fast response time
Some toxic, generally immobile
Energy arbitrage, Load following, Voltage support,
Frequency regulation
Peak Shaving
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Conventional Batteries (NaS, PbA, Li-Ion, NiMH)
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Commercial
Modular
Can be used anywhere
Can be moved
Cost,
Short Cycle life,
Standby losses
T&D deferral, Peak shaving
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Thermal Energy Storage
Molten salt storage. Image Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory Ice Storage: Image Source:
Ice Energy
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Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Commercial
Round-Trip Efficiency
Low Cost of Power
Only with Thermal Generation (CSP) or Demand (HVAC)
Peak shaving
Energy Arbitrage
Load Following (CSP only)
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Long Distance Transmission
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Fully Commercial
Very Inexpensive (relatively)
Environmental
NIMBY
Regulatory
Peak shaving
Energy Arbitrage
Load Following
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Demand-Response
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Smart Grid
Image source: US Department of Energy
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Demand Response & Smart Grid
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Commercial (DR)
Power (Both)
Energy (SG)
No Standards (SG)
Energy arbitrage, Peak shaving,
Load Following,
RE Integration
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kWh vs. EfficiencyBubble Size= power/$
Transmission
PHES CAES
DRTower
Trough
HVAC
NiMH PbA
NiCd
Li-ion NiMH
H2
PSB
ZnBr VRB
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
0 1 10 100
Energy/$
Ro
un
d T
rip
Eff
icie
nc
y
PHES
CAES
Transmission
Demand-ResponseThermal
Batteries
FlowBatteries
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kW vs. EfficiencyBubble Size = Energy/$
Demand Response
Transmission
CAESPHES
VRBZnBr
H2
PSBNiMH
PbA
NiCd
Li-ion
NaSTroughHVAC
Tower
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
Power/$
RT
Eff
icie
nc
y
Transmission
CAES
PHES
Flow Batteries
Batteries
Thermal
Demand Response
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Energy vs. PowerBubble Size= RT Efficiency
Transmission
CAES
Demand Response
VRB
PSBZn-Br
NiMH
Li-ion
NiCdNaS
PbA
PHESHVAC Trough Tower
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
0 1 10 100
Energy/$
Po
wer
/$
CAES
Transmission
Demand Response
Flow Batteries
Batteries
PHES
Thermal
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General References• EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for
Transmission and Distribution Applications, 12/2003
• EPRI-DOE Handbook Supplement of Energy Storage for Grid Connected Wind Generation Applications, 12/2004
• An investigation into the energy storage technologies available, for the integration of alternative generation techniques, David Connolly, U. of Limerick, 11/2007
• Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems –Energy Storage, Dan Ton, Sandia, 7/2008.
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Technology Specific References
• Wind Integrated CAES in Colorado, B. Kelley + D. Kearney NREL 2004
• PHES Utilizing Current Infrastructure in Colorado, Levine+Barnes 2007
• Solar-Thermal based TES - Greg Glatzmaier, NREL, interview, 4/2009
• VRB Power, website• 800 kV HVDC – Alternative Scenarios for
long distance bulk power transmission, Gunnar Asplund, ABB, 10/2008.