ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of...
Transcript of ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of...
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
1/236
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
Date:
I, ,
hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of:
in
It is entitled:
Student Signature:
This work and its defense approved by:
Committee Chair:
11/12/2010 1,177
10-Nov-2010
Waleed Alzamil
Master of Community Planning
Community Planning
Evaluate the Experiences of Governments in Dealing with Squatter
Settlements in Middle East Comparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter
Settlements in Egypt
Christopher Auffrey, PhD
Francis Russell, MArch, BA
Christo her Auffre PhD
Francis Russell MArch BA
Waleed Alzamil
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
2/236
EvaluatetheExperiencesofGovernmentsinDealing
withSquatterSettlementsinMiddleEast
"Comparative
Analysis
of
Cases
of
Squatter
Settlements
in
Egypt"
Athesissubmittedtothe
GraduateSchool
oftheUniversityofCincinnati
inpartialfulfillmentofthe
requirements
for
the
degree
of
MasterofCommunityPlanning
intheDepartmentofPlanning
oftheCollegeofDesign,Architecture,ArtandPlanning
by
WaleedAlzamil
M.Sc.UrbanPlanning,KingSaudUniversity,SaudiArabia2005
B.Sc.UrbanPlanning,KingSaudUniversity,SaudiArabia2001
November2010
Committee
Chair:
Prof.
Christopher
Auffrey,
PhD
FacultyMember:Prof.FrankRussell,AIA
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
3/236
iii
Abstract
Key words: Evaluate, experiences, governments, dealing, Squatter Settlements, Middle East informal
settlements,urbandevelopment,Egypt,neighborhoodupgrading,urban,solution.
Large cities in Middle Eastern countries, like much of the world, are characterized by
rapidurbangrowth.Urbanizationandurbangrowthoftenresult intheproliferationof
squattersettlementson theurban fringe. Whilesquattersettlementsprovidearelief
valvefrompressureforhousingverylowincomeresidents,theyalsocreateacomplex
arrayofphysical,social,economicproblems. InordertobetterunderstandhowMiddle
Easterngovernmentscanmoreeffectivelyrespondtosquattersettlements,thisthesis
adoptsananalyticalapproachandcasestudymethodtoassesstwosuchsettlementsin
Egypt. Insight is gained by analyzing both the positive and negative outcomes of the
Egyptian governments response to squatter settlements. These insights are used to
propose standards for scatter settlements that address the physical, social and
economicneedsofresidentswhileaddressingtheproblemsposedbysuchsettlements.
This study found that in Egypt, much of the governments response to squatter
settlements has reflected a reactionary planning approach responding to popular
pressure, media reports and donor requirements. The study found a lack of a
comprehensive strategy based on regional approaches to problemsolving. Also, the
Egyptiangovernment'sresponsetotheneed forhousingvery low incomeresidents is
focusedonlyonthephysicaldimensionoftheproblemattheexpenseofthesocialand
economic dimensions, including the need for public participation, employment
generationstrategies,andcomprehensiveassessmentsofresidentsneeds.
This study recommends a balanced regional development strategy based on locally
appropriate development standards and building codes, and a fair distribution of
developmentresourcestocitiesandvillagesthroughoutthecountry. Suchanapproach
shouldbedesignedtoreachasmanyofthecountryspoorresidentsasispossible. This
approachwouldallowgreaterflexibilitytoallowpoorresidentstobuildforthemselves
structurally sound housing using relatively inexpensive building materials. Such an
approachcanencouragetheexpansionofhousingonthebasisofafamilysneedsand
resources.Inaddition,additionalresearchisneededonsquattersettlementsinEgyptin
ordertobetterunderstandexistingpatternsofdevelopmentsothatalternativemodels
mightbecreated.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
4/236
iv
Allcopyrightsreserved,2010
WaleedAlzamil
SchoolofPlanningCollegeofDesign,Architecture,ArtandPlanning,Cincinnati,OH
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
5/236
v
Preface
JohnTurner:
Takes a positive outlook and portrays squatter settlements as highly successful
solutionstohousingproblemsinurbanareasofdevelopingcountries(1)
HassanFathy:
Squatter settlements are represent the capabilities of the massive population by
organizingthemselvesandfindsomekindofcommunityrelations,whichisasubstitute
forinadequategovernmentpolicies.Theseareascorrespondwithmanyoftheprinciples
adopted
by
Hassan
Fathy,
like:
"Ten
people
can
build
ten
houses,
but
one
person
cannot
buildonehouse"(2)
(1)Turner, JohnUncontrolledUrbanSettlement:ProblemsandPolicies" inG.Breese(eds.)TheCity in
NewlyDevelopingCountries:ReadingsonUrbanismandUrbanization.PrinticeHall1969,pp.507534.
(2)Fathy,Hassan,Architectureforpoor.Chicago:UniversityofChicagopress,1973.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
6/236
vi
Acknowledgments
TherearemanypeopleIwouldliketothankinwritingthisthesis.First,Iwould
liketo
thank
Prof.
Dr.
Christopher
Auffrey,
Interim
Director
and
Associate
Professor
in
the school of planning. My committee chair, whose guidance, encouragement, and
advice.Prof.Auffreywasagenerousgiving,correctanymistake,andhelpatanytime.
I would like to thank Prof. Frank Russell, The Director of the University of
Cincinnati Community Design Center and the Niehoff Urban Studio and is Assistant
Professorof
Practice
in
Planning
and
Urban
Design
for
his
efforts
and
provided
to
help
meduringmyworkwithhiminCommunityDesignCenter.
IwouldlikealsotothankDr.MarisaZapatatheassistantprofessorintheschool
of planning. She helped in the early stages of this thesis are introduction, literature
review,andresearchmethodology.Ihavebenefitedgreatlyfromthepresentationsand
feedbackthatgotinprojectIandprojectII.
ThanksandgratitudetotheCentralAgencyforPublicMobilizationAndStatistics
(CAPMAS) inEgypttheofficialsourceforprovidingallthestatebodies ,organizations,
universities,researchcenters,anddevelopmentandevaluationprocesses.Thanking,for
theireffortsandprovideallthepopulationstatisticalinformation.
Iwould liketothankallmembersofthe facultyof theschoolofplanningwho
helpedmeintheinformationoradvice.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
7/236
vii
TTeerrmmss
Affordablehousing Housingisaffordableifitcoststheoccupantnomorethan30%
oftheir
income
for
gross
housing
costs,
including
utilities.
[USDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD)]
Block Ablockisatractoflandboundedonallsidesbystreetsorbya
combination of streets, public parks, railroad rightsofway,
pierheadlinesorairportboundaries.
[NYCZoning,GLOSSARY:www.nyc.gov]
Casestudyapproach An indepth exploration of a particular context, such as a
classroomorgroupofindividualsthatinvolvesthecollectionof
extensive qualitative data usually via interview, observation,
anddocumentanalysis.[setda.org/web/guest/glossary]
Crowding Thefeelingthatisinducedifourexpectationsabouttheuseof
spaceareviolatedbythepresenceofothers.
[tuition.com.hk/psychology/c.htm]
Density Referstotheintensityofdevelopmentwithinazoningdistrict.
In residence districts, density is generally measured by the
maximumnumberofdwellingunitspermittedonazoninglot.
The
maximum
number
of
units
is
calculated
by
dividing
the
maximum residential floor area permitted on a zoning lot by
the applicable factor for each zoning district. (Fractions equal
to at least are considered one unit.) The factors for each
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
8/236
viii
districtareapproximationsofaverageunitsizeplusallowances
for any common areas. Special density regulations apply to
mixed buildings that contain both residential and community
facilityuses.[NYCZoning,GLOSSARY:www.nyc.gov]
Dealing Methodormannerofconduct inrelationtoothersOrtheact
oftransactingwithinorbetweengroups.
[wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn]
Development Adevelopment includestheconstructionofanewbuildingor
other
structure
on
a
zoning
lot,
the
relocation
of
an
existing
buildingtoanother lot,ortheuseofatractof landforanew
use.[NYCZoning,GLOSSARY:www.nyc.gov]
Economicefficiency Atermthatreferstotheoptimalproductionandconsumption
of goods and services. An investment may be considered
economicallyefficient
ifit
offers
net
benefits
to
the
economy.
[dfpni.gov.uk/eagglossary]
Evaluate Retrospectiveanalysisofaproject,program,orpolicytoassess
howsuccessfulorotherwiseithasbeen,andwhatlessonscan
be learntforthefuture.Todrawconclusions fromexamining;
to compute an expression. Or measure: evaluate or estimate
thenature,quality,ability,extent.
[dictionary.reference.com],[www.dfpni.gov.uk/eag glossary]
Experiences General concept comprises knowledge of or skill in or
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
9/236
ix
observation of something or some event gained through
involvementinorexposuretothatthingorevent.
[Levitt,HeidiM.(1999)]
Facility Abuildingorplacethatprovidesaparticularserviceorisused
for a particular industry; the assembly plant is an enormous
facility.[wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn]
Government The act of governing; exercising authority. Or Authority
governingthecityorstate.
[wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn]
Povertyline A level of income below which people are deemed poor. A
globalpoverty lineof$1perpersonperdaywassuggested in
1990 (World Bank 1990). This line facilitates comparison of
howmanypoorpeoplethereareindifferentcountries.But, it
is only a crude estimate because the line does not recognize
differences in the buying power of money in different
countries, and, more significantly, because it does not
recognize other aspects of poverty than the material, or
incomepoverty.
[ucatlas.ucsc.edu/glossary.html]
Regionalplanning A branch of land use planning and deals with the efficient
placementoflanduseactivities,infrastructure,andsettlement
growth across a significantly larger area of land than an
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
10/236
x
individual city or town. The related field of urban planning
deals with the specific issues of city planning. Both concepts
are encapsulated in spatial planning using a Eurocentric
definition.[USNationalAssociationofRegionalCouncils]
Squattersettlements Residential area which has developed without legal claims to
the landand/orpermission fromtheconcernedauthoritiesto
build; as a result of their illegal or semilegal status,
infrastructureandservicesareusuallyinadequate.
[gdrc.org/uem/definesquatter.html]
Subsidizedhousing Therearemanydifferentkindsofsubsidizedhousingprograms.
Most of these programs, however, work in the same way.
Peoplewhoare lowincomepay30%oftheir incometowards
rent,andthestateorfederalgovernmentpaysthedifference
betweenthis
amount
and
the
actual
costs
of
the
housing.
[massaccesshousingregistry.org]
Socialequality Isasocialstateofaffairs inwhichallpeoplewithinaspecific
society or isolated group have the same status in a certain
respect.Atthevery least,socialequality includesequalrights
under the law, such as security, voting rights, freedom of
speech and assembly, and the extent of property rights.
However, italso includesaccesstoeducation,healthcareand
othersocialsecurities.Italsoincludesequalopportunitiesand
obligations,andsoinvolvesthewholesociety.
[ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/689]
SocialCharacteristics Squatter settlement households belong to the lower income
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
11/236
xi
group, either working as wage labour or in various informal
sectorenterprises.Onanaverage,mostearnwagesatornear
theminimumwagelevel.Buthouseholdincomelevelscanalso
be high due to may income earners and parttime jobs.
Squatters are predominantly migrants, either ruralurban or
urbanurban. But many are also second or third generation
squatters.[gdrc.org/uem/definesquatter.html]
Urbanfabric The physical aspect of urbanism, emphasizing building types,
thoroughfares, open space, frontages, and streetscapes but
excluding environmental, functional, economic and socio
cultural
aspects.
[parole.aporee.org]
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
12/236
xii
Abbreviation
SA SituationAnalysis.
BMZ GermanfederalministryforEconomic.
FAR
FloorArea
Ratio.
HD HighDensity.
PL Povertyline.
CES CurrentEmploymentStatistics.
EEO EqualEmploymentOpportunity.
CAPMAS CentralAgencyforPublicMobilizationAndStatisticsinEgypt.
GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit which means The
Germantechnicalcooperation.
GIS geographicinformationsystem.
LE EgyptianPounds(unitofcurrencyinEgypt).
PAT
Pattern
of
fabric.
P&Z Planning&Zoning.
DP DevelopmentPlan.
UPL Upperpovertyline.
UN UnitedNations.
NGO NoneGovernmentOrganization.
KFW Entwicklungsbank(GermanDevelopmentBank).
MOED MinistryofEconomicDevelopment.
PDP ParticipatoryDevelopmentProgrammeinUrbanAreas.anEgyptianGerman
development project implemented by the Ministry of Economic
Development(MoED)asthe leadexecutingagency,theGermanTechnical
Cooperation
(GTZ)
and
theKfW
Entwicklungs
bank
(German
Development
Bank), with financial assistance by the German Federal Ministry for
EconomicCooperationandDevelopment(BMZ).
PP ProjectPlan.Sourse: Abbreviations as contained in: www.acronymfinder.com , Khaled Abdelhalim, Participatory
UpgradingofInformalAreas,ADecisionmakersGuideforAction,May2010.Andwww.Google.com
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
13/236
xiii
Contents
Abstract. iii
Preface......
v
Acknowledgments.. vi
Terms... vii
Abbreviation... xii
ChapterI:Introduction
1
Introduction..
2
2 ResearchChapters 3
3 Definitionoftheproblem 5
4 Thereasonsforthesquattersettlements.... 9
5 Researchquestions. 12
6 Objectives. 12
7 SubObjectives 13
ChapterII:LiteratureReviews
1 Challengesfacingthegovernment...... 15
11TheEconomicChallenges 15
12TheSocialChallenges 16
13TheEnvironmentalChallenges 17
2 Waysofdealingwithsquattersettlements.. 18
21Clearanceofsquattersettlement 18
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
14/236
xiv
22Conservationandimprovement 21
23Upgradingofsquattersettlement 23
24Provisionofalternativehousing 28
3 Trendsofgovernmentsindealingwithsquattersettlements.... 35
31Physicaltrends... 35
32socialtrends. 35
33economictrends.. 36
4 Summaryofthewaystodealwithsquattersettlements. 38
ChapterIII:Methodology
1 Methodologyofthestudy. 40
11Theoreticalapproach 40
12Casestudyapproach. 41
2 Thetheoreticalfoundation.. 45
3
Theimplementation
of
research
methods
.
47
31Socialequalityfactors.... 48
32Economicefficiencyfactors 49
33Urbanenvironmentalfactors 49
4 Summaryofinformationrequired.. 52
5
Informationgathering
mechanisms
53
6 Implicationsofinformation.. 55
ChapterIV:Egypt'sExperience
1 TheissueofsquattersettlementsinEgypt.. 59
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
15/236
xv
11Populationgrowthandthehousingdeficit..... 60
12CausesofthesquattersettlementsinEgypt... 68
13Proliferationpatternsofsquattersettlement. 70
2 SquattersettlementsinCairo.... 75
21StagesofCairogrowth... 75
22PopulationinCairo... 80
23HousinginCairo... 82
24ThedistributionofsquattersettlementsinCairo.... 85
3 SquattersettlementsinMansura. 89
31PopulationinMansura... 89
32StagesofMansuragrowth... 91
33ThedistributionofsquattersettlementsinMansura... 92
4 SummaryoftheEgyptianexperience. 94
ChapterV:
DataAnalysis
1 SquattersettlementinEgypt(Casestudies) 98
11EzbetBekhit-ManshietNasserinCairo 99
12EzbetAlsfihandAlhoyesinMansura.. 102
2 Comparativeanalysisofurbanenvironment.. 105
21General
features..
105
22UtilitiesFeatures. 109
23Fabricfeatures.. 112
24BlocksFeatures. 115
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
16/236
xvi
25HousingandPlotsFeatures. 118
3 Comparativeanalysisofsocialandeconomicsituation.. 125
31Householdsmonthincome 125
3-2 HousingTenure.. 128
33OccupancyRatesandCrowding. 131
34Illiteratesituation. 133
35LengthofResidence.. 135
36employmentstatus 137
4 Summaryoftheactualcondition.. 141
ChapterVI:Results
1 EvaluateofEgyptianexperience. 145
11Servicinginformalareas. 145
12Sectorialupgrading. 146
13Planning
and
partial
adjustment
148
14Onsiteredevelopmentofinformalareas. 149
15Redevelopmentandrelocation. 150
16Unregulatedstyles 152
17Participatoryapproachtotheupgrading.. 153
2
Evaluateof
Existing
condition...
158
21Evaluationofactualurbanenvironment... 158
22Evaluationofactualsocialsituation. 166
23EvaluationoftheActualEconomicSituation 167
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
17/236
xvii
3 Guidelinesfordealingwithsquattersettlements 168
31Decisiontodevelopthesquattersettlements.. 169
32Thesuitabilityofthesitefordevelopment. 169
33Sustainableurbanenvironment. 170
34Sustainablesocialandeconomicalenvironment 176
35OtherGuidelines.. 179
ChapterVII:Conclusion
1 Resultsofthestudy(Summary) 182
2 Recommendations 187
3 Thedifficultiesfacedbytheresearcher 192
4 Afterword.. 194
References.... 198
Appendixes...
205
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
18/236
xviii
ListofTables
ChapterII:LiteratureReviews
1 PopulationDensityinKagithane,Istanbul 26
2 Summaryofgovernmentsexperienceswithsquattersettlements.. 38
ChapterIII:Methodology
3 Majorinformationrequiredofsquattersettlement.. 52
4 Informationgatheringmechanisms.. 54
5 Implicationsofinformation.. 57
ChapterIV:Egypt'sExperience
6 PopulationgrowthinEgyptfrom19502050.. 61
7 PopulationdensitypersquarekilometerinEgypt.. 63
8 ConcentrationofpopulationinEgypt.. 64
9 ThedistributionofsquattersettlementsandDevelopmentcostinEgypt. 71
10 ThecausesofmigrationtoCairo.. 82
11 FamiliesandhousinginCairo.. 83
12 DistributionofpopulationbasedonhousingtypeinCairo 84
13 ThemostfamoussquattersettlementsinCairo 86
14 StagesoftheevolutionofpopulationgrowthinMansura. 90
15
GrowthStages
and
emergence
of
squatter
settlements
in
Mansura 91
16 SquattersettlementsnamesinMansura. 92
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
19/236
xix
ChapterV:DataAnalysis
17 Thestagesofsquattergrowthattheexpenseofagriculturalareas 104
18 Comparativeanalysisofphysicalfeaturesofthecasesstudy.. 108
19 ComparativeanalysisofUtilities.. 111
20 Comparativeanalysisofclustersandvacant 114
21 ComparativeanalysisofBlocktypes. 115
22 Comparativeanalysisofthemostcommontypesofblock 117
23 Comparativeanalysisofvisualfeaturesofthecasesstudy 119
24 Comparativeanalysisofhousingspace(squaremeters). 123
25 ComparativeanalysisofthemostcommontypesofHouses 124
26 ComparativeanalysisofHouseholdsmonthincome.... 126
27 ComparativeanalysisofHousingTenure 128
28 Comparativeanalysisoftherateofexpenditureonhousing... 130
29
Comparativeanalysis
of
Persons
per
Room
(crowding).
131
30 ComparativeanalysisofIlliteratesituation 134
31 ComparativeanalysisofLengthofResidence.. 136
32 ComparativeanalysisofEmploymentstatus... 138
ChapterVI:Results
33
Evaluateof
Egyptian
experience
in
dealing
with
squatter
settlement
157
34 Comparingtheactualsituationwiththestandards(M2) 164
35 Evaluationofactualurbanenvironment.. 165
36 Evaluationofactualsocialsituation. 166
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
20/236
xx
37 Evaluationofactualeconomicsituation.. 167
38 Developmentofurbanblocksinsquattersettlements. 172
39 Theproportionofbuiltupareaofthetotalarea.. 174
40 Areastandardsoffacilitiesproposedfor7500people.. 177
41 Walkingdistanceproposedtothefacilitiesinthecommunity. 178
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
21/236
xxi
ListofFigures
ChapterI:Introduction
1 Mainsectionsofthestudy 4
2 Stringentandmultiplicitylawsisoneofthereasonstheproblem........ 6
3 ZabaleencommunityManshietNasserinCairo.. 8
4 Lackofflexibilityinthelows,oneofthereasonsoftheproblem 10
ChapterII:LiteratureReviews
5 CollectionofgarbageandanimalgrazinginZabaleencommunity. 16
6 demolitionofsquattersettlementasoneofthegovernmentalattitudes 18
7 PopulationDensityinKagithane,Istanbu 26
8 Anaerialviewshowsthehighpopulationdensity.. 26
9 UrbanfeatureinYahyakemalKagithaneIstanbul 27
10 ExamplesofcharitablehousinginSaudiArabia.. 30
11 Theprocessofdecisionmakinginhousingfieldsolution .. 31
12 SelectedworkofHassanFathy, Differentformsofstarterunit. 33
13 Meetingofacommunitytodiscussingpossibleimprovements 33
14 Stagesofthedevelopmentofhousing... 34
15 Trendsofgovernmentsindealingwithsquattersettlements.... 37
ChapterIII:
Methodology
16 Casestudyapproachprocess. 42
17 BasicTypesofDesignsforCaseStudies.. 43
18 CaseStudymethod 44
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
22/236
xxii
19 Factorsthatmustbestudiedinthesquattersettlement... 46
20 BasicTypesofDesignsforCaseStudies.. 47
21 Comparativeanalysistoderivethemeanpopulationdensity.. 48
22 Formationofclustersinthesquattersettlements... 50
23 Stepstostudyurbanpatternsofsquattersettlement.. 50
24 UnitspatterncombinedasaUshaped. 51
25 Thebasichumanneedsforservethepublicinterest..... 55
ChapterIV:Egypt'sExperience
26 MapofEgyptandthemajorcities.. 59
27 UrbanizationanddevelopmentinEgypt 60
28 PopulationgrowthinEgyptfrom19502050 61
29 ThepopulationpyramidinEgyptin2006. 62
30 PopulationdensityinEgypt 64
31
Majorcities
region
that
the
population
is
concentrated
in
Egypt.
65
32 PopulationConcentrationinEgypt. 66
33 ThedistributionofsquattersettlementsinEgypt. 72
34 ThepopulationdistributionofsquattersettlementsinEgypt. 73
35 PopulationproportionofsquattersettlementsinEgypt.. 74
36
Theproliferation
of
squatter settlement
around
Cairo
in
1981 78
37 CairobySPOTSatellite. 79
38 UrbanTransformationintheGreatCairo. 80
39 PopulationdensityinCairo.. 80
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
23/236
xxiii
40 NetresidentialdensitiesintheGreatCairo. 81
41 ThecausesofmigrationtoCairoin2006.. 82
42 DistributionoffamiliesbasedonthenumberofroomsinCairo.. 83
43 DistributionofpopulationbasedonhousingtypeinCairo.. 85
44 SquattersettlementsinCairo. 87
45 StretchindiscriminateofSquattersettlementsinCairo. 88
46 MansuraCitysite 89
47 Stagesoftheevolutionofpopulationuntil2017. 90
48 SquattersettlementssitesinMansura 93
ChapterV:DataAnalysis
49 LocationofEzbetBakhitwithinManshietNasser. 100
50 LocationEzbetAlsfihandAlhoyeswithinMansura. 102
51 Duwaiqadisaster:Rockslide,destructionofmanyhousesinEzbetBakhit.. 106
52
EzbetBekhit:
Variation
in
the
expanded
road..
113
53 ComparativeanalysisofBlocktypes 116
54 Themostcommonplotsinsquattersettlements.. 122
55 Comparativeanalysisofhousingspace(squaremeters).. 123
56 ComparativeanalysisofFamilymonthincome 126
57
Comparativeanalysis
of
Housing
Tenure...................
129
58 Therateofexpenditureonhousingintwocases.. 130
59 EzbetBekhit:HousingTypeAccommodates. 132
60 ComparativeanalysisofIlliteratesituation. 134
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
24/236
xxiv
61 ComparativeanalysisofFamilymonthincome 136
62 AremovalofsomehousesinEzbetAlsfihandAlhoyes. 137
63 ComparativeanalysisofEmploymentstatus.. 139
ChapterVI:Results
64 ProjectsempoweringwomeninManshietNasserbyPDP.. 147
65 Applicationofregulationlinesinsquattersettlements. 148
66 AlternativehousinginelDoweiqa,ManshietNasser. 151
67 ParticipationFactors. 154
68 Modelofpartnershipandparticipation.. 155
69 Blockspatternsandequivalentpatternsintheplanning 162
70 Processtotakeadvantagefromsquattersettlementscases.. 168
71 Guidancetocreateasustainableurbanenvironment.. 171
72 Developmentofapedestrianenvironmentintheblock. 173
73
Guidelineof
the
road
and
building
height.
175
74 Usingnaturalpavingadaptedtotheenvironment. 175
75 Guidelineofthesquaresproposed 176
76 GuidelineofWalkingdistancetothemainfacilities 179
77 OpportunitiesforPublicParticipation 180
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
25/236
1
ChapterOne:Introduction
This chapter sheds light on the housing crisis in the Middle East and the
obstaclesand
limitations
that
prevent
many
poor
people
from
obtaining
adequate
housing.Theresultofpoorgovernmentpoliciesandsolutionstoprovidinghousingfor
allissquattersettlements.Thischapterintroducesthemostimportantissuesrelatedto
squattersettlements, including thedefinitionof thehousingproblem,the reasons for
squattersettlements,andtheresearchquestionsandobjectivesthatwillbeaddressed.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
26/236
2
Introduction
Housing is more than a place that protects people from the elements and
providesthem
with
privacy
and
security.
It
is
apart
of
the
urban
environment,
interconnectedwithsurroundingfacilities,roads,andplacesofwork.Butinmanyurban
centersaroundtheworld,residentsareunabletoaffordthecostofhousingduetothe
pricesof constructionmaterials, landprices,and strict laws.Thehousingcrisisof the
poor isoneof theproblems that typicallyaccompanymodernizationand ithasbeen
especially
serious
among
poor
nations
and
in
the
Middle
East.
Providing adequatehousing for residentshasbecome themaindilemma that
manyMiddle Eastern governments face. Residents are unable to afford the cost of
housingduetothepricesofconstructionmaterials,landprices,andstrictlaws.Squatter
settlements have emerged as a result of governments failure to provide effective
solutionsto
the
housing
crisis.
Many
governments
have
tried
to
solve
the
housing
problembyestablishingprogramsforaffordablehouses,selfconstruction,andcharity
housing,but thesealternativeshavebeen ineffectivebecause they frequentlydidnot
meetthewishesandneedsofthepoorresidents.
In order to solve the housing problem in urban areas, the causes must be
identifiedand
then
addressed
through
sound
regional
planning
and
the
provision
of
alternativehousing for thepoorconsistentwith theirneeds.This researchwill review
theexperienceofonegovernment,thegovernmentofEgypt, indealingwithsquatter
settlementsintheMiddleEast,assesstheirexperiencesandthereasonsforsuccessor
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
27/236
3
failure,andproposeeffective solutions indealingwith thisproblem.Theoutcomeof
this researchwill beplanning guidances thatmeets the needsof poor residents for
alternative housing. Derivation of these criteria and standards will be based on a
comparative analysisof thephysical, social, andeconomic conditions found in actual
squattersettlements.
ResearchChapters
ExplanationofthePartsoftheStudy
AsshowninFigure(1),thisthesisisdividedintosevenmainchapters:
1 Introduction:Thischapterincludesadefinitionoftheproblem,thecausesofthe
problem,andtheobjectivesofthestudy.
2 Literature review: This chapter reviews research on the prevalence of the
problemintheMiddleEast,theroleofgovernments,andthesolutionsproposed
by governments. This is a discussion of the reasons for the failure of
governmentsto
solve
the
problem.
3 Researchmethodology:Thischaptercontainstheresearchmethodsusedinthis
study, such as the theoretical approach, comparative analysis approach, and
methodsandtechniquestocollectinformation.
4 Egypts experience with squatter settlements: This chapter reviews the
experienceof
Egypts
government
with
squatter
settlements,
the
distribution
of
squatter settlements in Egypt, the nature and distribution of squatter
settlementsinCairoandMansura.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
28/236
4
5 Data analysis: This chapter provides a comparative analysis of squatter
settlements inCairoandMansura,assessingthecurrenturbanpatternandthe
currentsocialandeconomicsituations.
6 Results: This chapter presents evaluate of the Egyptian experience in dealing
withsquattersettlements,evaluatetheactualsituation,andprovidesplanning
guidelinesandstandardsthatareconsistentwithmeetingtheneedsofsquatter
settlementresidents.
7 Conclusions:Thischapterpresentsa study summary, recommendationsof the
study,andthedifficultiesfacedbytheresearcher.
Figure(1):TheMainSectionsoftheThesis(1)
(1)Researcher.
Literaturereview
Egyptsexperience
Conclusions
Methodology
Introduction
3
5
2
Dataanalysis
1
Results6
7
4
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
29/236
5
DefinitionoftheProblem
AnOverviewoftheConceptofSquatterSettlements
A squatter settlement is defined as a residential areawhich has developed
withoutlegal
claims
to
the
land
and/or
permission
from
the
concerned
authorities
to
build; as a result of their illegal or semilegal status, infrastructure and services are
usually inadequate.(2)
Italso isdefinedasresidentialbuildingsbuilt in plannedand
unplannedareaswhichdonothave formalplanningapproval.Theyarecharacterized
mostly by the low quality houses and the lack of adequate infrastructure and social
services.(3)
Squatter
settlements,
then,
are
housing
units
that
are
established
without
a
land title, andwithout getting permission from the city government or the property
owner.Theyare the resultof theabsenceofalternative cheaphousing for thepoor.
Poorpeoplesimplystartbuildingongovernmentlandwithoutanylegalclaims.Squatter
settlementsareanencroachmentongovernmentlandorprivateland.(4)
Asshown
in
Figure
(2),
stringent
government
regulations
are
one
of
the
reasons
for the emergence of squatter settlements, as regulations drive up the cost of legal
residentialdevelopment.
(2)Srinivas,Hari.DefiningSquatterSettlements.www.gdrc.org/uem/definesquatter.html.
(3)Ali,MohammedHaji,andMuhammadSalimSulaiman.TheCausesandConsequencesoftheInformal
Settlements in Zanzibar. In Informal Settlements: Policy, Land Use and Tenure. Presented at XXIII
InternationalFIGCongress,Munich,Germany,813October2006,p.2.
(4)Ibid.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
30/236
6
Figure(2):StringentandMultiplicityLawsAreOneoftheReasonsfortheProblem(5)
The Vienna Declaration (2004) on National Regional Policy and Programmes
Regarding Informal Settlements in South Eastern Europe provides the following
definitionforsquattersettlements:humansettlements,whichforavarietyofreasons
do notmeet requirements for legal recognition (and have been constructedwithout
respecting formal procedures of legal ownership, transfer of ownership, as well as
construction and urban planning regulations), exist in their respective countries and
hampereconomicdevelopment.Whilethereissignificantregionaldiversityintermsof
theirmanifestation,thesesettlementsaremainlycharacterizedbyinformalorinsecure
landtenure,inadequateaccesstobasicservices,bothsocialandphysicalinfrastructure
andhousingfinance.(6)
Squatter settlementsareoftencharacterizedasillegal residential formations
lackingbasic services, suchaswater supply,electricity, sanitation, recreational space,
(5) Payne,Geoffrey andMichaelMajale. TheUrbanHousingManual,Making Regulatory Frameworks
WorkforthePoor.London:Earthscan,2004,p.19.
(6)ViennaDeclarationon InformalSettlements inSouthEasternEurope. InMinisterialConferenceon
Informal Settlements in South Eastern Europe. Presented at OSCE Hofburg, Vienna, Austria, 28
September1October2004,p.1.(Retrieved25October2007fromwww.stabilitypact.org/humi/041001
conference.html.)
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
31/236
7
andpavedroads.(7)
Inaddition,educationalservicesandmedicalfacilitiesareseverely
limited,asaresecurityoftenure,andadequatehousing.Unfortunately,thisisonlythe
tip of the iceberg. Underneath there aremany different and complex sociocultural
processes that lead to the formation of informal settlements.(8)
The United Nations
Habitat Agenda adopted in 1996 and the Declaration on Cities and Other Human
Settlements intheNewMillenniumadoptedbytheSpecialSessionoftheUNGeneral
Assembly in2001 reaffirm thecommitmentofgovernments toensure thateveryone
willhaveadequate shelter that ishealthy,safe,secure,accessibleandaffordableand
that include basic services, facilities and amenities, and will enjoy freedom from
discrimination in housing and legal security of tenure. In order to achieve this
fundamentalgoal,anemphasiswasplacedoncollaborationbetweenpublicandprivate
actorsandinstitutions,aswellastheidentificationofenablingstrategies.(9)
In order to evaluate the situation of squatter settlements, it is necessary to
analyzetheunderlyingsocioculturalcontext.AsshowninFigure(3),themainfeatures
in the Zabaleen Manshiet Nasser squatter settlement in Cairo(10)
include narrow,
unpaved roads, and garbage spread throughout the neighborhood. The conditions
(7)
Abdelhalim,
Khaled.ParticipatoryUpgradingofInformalAreas:ADecisionMakersGuideforAction.May2010,pp.26.
(8) Committee on Housing and Land Management. In Search for Sustainable Solutions for Informal
SettlementsintheECERegion:ChallengesandPolicyResponses.Geneva,September2008,pp.2223.
(9)Ibid,p.10.
(10)ManshietNasser is ahuge squatter settlement inCairo that contains nine subdistricts, including
Zabaleen,inEgyptianArabic: whichmeans:garbagecommunity.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
32/236
8
conflictwith the residentialenvironment forhealth thathasbeenadopted in theUN
HabitatAgenda.(11)
Figure(3):
Zabaleen
Community
Manshiet
Nasser
in
Cairo
(12)
(11)
Manshiet
Nasser
is
a
huge
squatter
settlement
in
Cairo
that
contains
nine
sub
districts,
including
Zabaleen,inEgyptianArabic: whichmeans:garbagecommunity.
(12)TheHabitatAgendaGoalsandPrinciples,CommitmentsandtheGlobalPlanofAction,2003.Textas
stated inthereportp.1"ThepurposeofthesecondUnitedNationsConferenceonHumanSettlements
(Habitat II) is to address two themes of equal global importance: "Adequate shelter for all" and
"Sustainablehumansettlementsdevelopmentinanurbanizingworld".Humanbeingsareatthecentreof
concerns for sustainable development, including adequate shelter for all and sustainable human
settlements,and theyareentitled toahealthyandproductive life inharmonywithnature".Formore
informationonthewebsite:www.unhabitat.org
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
33/236
9
TheReasonsforSquatterSettlements
Themaincausesoftheproblem
Therearesixmainreasonsfortheemergenceofsquattersettlements:
1. Regional planning: Little attention is paid to regional planning.MostMiddle
Eastern countries are not interested in small cities and villages, and so focus
theirattentiononmajorcities.Theresultofthisfocusisthemigrationofpeople
fromsmalltownstomajorcities.Theaccumulationofpopulation in largecities
equatestomoredemandinhousing,andthereforeleadstohighlandpricesand
highcostof living,which inturnmakes itmoredifficult forpoorpeopletoget
properhousing.(13)
2. Alternativehousing:Therearenoalternativestocheaphousingforthepoor.In
largecitiesintheMiddleEast,thelackofgovernmentsupportforthepoor.Has
meantfewattemptsatalternativehousing,withnoeffectiveresults.Mostofthe
housingalternatives
available
in
the
Middle
East
aimed
at
middle
income
or
high
income groups. It duplicates housing units do not fit with the social and
economicconsiderations.(14)
3. Weakoversight:Thereisoftenweakoversightandleniencyintheapplicationof
regulationsand lawspertainingto landuse. InmanyMiddleEasterncountries,
the
spread
of
many
informal
neighborhoods
is
the
result
of
lack
of
control
by
(13)Allam,Ahmad, shididYahya,andMahdiMajid.RenewofNeighborhoods,1sted., translated from
Arabicversion.Cairo:EgyptianAngloLibrary,1997,p.48.
(14)Ibid,p.49.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
34/236
10
municipal authorities, and the lack of qualified personnel to deal with the
situation.(15)
4. Highcostandbuildingregulation:Buildingregulationsthatareoverlystrictand
lack flexibly.Thistendstoraisethecostof legalhousingbeyondthemeansof
peopleoflimitedincome.Asaresult,squattersettlementsaretheonlyhousing
alternative formany.(16)As illustratedFigure (4),stringent laws regulationscan
leadtousingothermethodsforobtainhousinglikesquattersettlements.
Figure(4):LackofFlexibilityintheLows,OneoftheReasonsoftheProblem(17)
Horacio Caminos (1975), a specialist in urban planning, said the high
planningratesandstandardsaretheoneswhohelpintheestablishmentofthe
squatter settlement areas, sincemostof theplanning and constructions laws
andinstructionsinthedevelopedcountriesarearesultofunrealrulesbecauseit
wasdirectly taken from the rates that areused in thedeveloped countries
(15)Ibid,p.50.
(16)Doiades.Generalplan,theconditionsfortheresidentialarea.Riyadh,SaudiArabia:1973,p.1.
(17)PayneandMajale(2004),p.71.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
35/236
11
EuropeandAmerica.Andthefactisthatonlyasmallpartoftheinhabitantscan
receivethoserates,whichresultsinmostlyinhabitantswithoutthosehighrates,
whichinitsturnresultsinthespreadofthesquattersettlementsareas.(18)
5. Subsidizedhousing:Subsidizedhousingor socialhousing is Peoplewhohave
lowincomes pay 30% of their income towards rent, and the state or federal
governmentpaysthedifferencebetweenthisamountandtheactualcostsofthe
housing. (19)
A lackof subsidizedhousingalsomay lead togrowthof squatter
settlements.By ignoring theneed forsubstitutehousingsuitable forpeopleof
limitedincome,localauthoritiesineffectpromotethedevelopmentofsquatter
settlements.
Fundsthatgovernmentsupportdoesnotcoverthecostofhousing.
inadditiontothe lackofplansandhousingprogramscommunionbetweenthe
publicandprivatesector.(20)
6. Lackofgrowthinthehousingstock:Thefailureofhousingstocktokeepupwith
theincrease
in
demand
due
to
immigration
promotes
squatter
settlements.
This
isespeciallyaproblem invery largeurbanareassuchasCairoandNewDelhi.
Increasing population leads to a lack of housing supply and thus leads to the
creationofsquattersettlements.(21)
(18) Caminos, Horacio and Rienhold Goethert. Urbanization Primer for Design of Sites and ServicesProjects.Cambridge,Mass.:MITPress,1975.
(19)http://www.massaccesshousingregistry.org
(20) Samie,MohamedAbdel. Lessons Learned From the InformalHousing in theContextofAffordable
Housing.ResearchpresentedinSupremeCommissionfortheDevelopmentofRiyadh.SeminaronHousing
II,Arabicversion,2004,p.51.
(21)Ibid.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
36/236
12
ResearchQuestion
Themainquestioninthisthesis
Giventhatsquattersettlementsarelikelytobepartoflargecitiesindeveloping
countriesfor
some
time,
much
research
is
needed
about
how
to
make
these
settlementsbetter,morehumanehousing.Thatisthefocusofthisresearch.
Basedontheurban,social,andeconomicconditionfound intwocasesquatter
settlements(discussedinchapterfive),thisresearchwillanswerthefollowingresearch
question:Whatdesignguidelines forhousingandurban form shouldbeadapted to
bettermeet
the
basic
needs
of
the
squatter
settlement
residents?
Objective
Themainobjectiveinthisthesis
The primary objective of this thesis is to understand the advantage and
disadvantage patterns of the environment build for addressing the problems of
squatter settlements. To reach a successful solution to the problem of squatter
settlements,wemustfirstunderstandtheconditionsofhowsettlementresidents live.
Whatare theirneeds?Howdo theycreate theirenvironment?Howcanwe take into
accountthephysical,economic,andsocialfactorsofresidentialneeds?Ultimately,the
final product of this research should be in actual squatter settlements suitable for
settlementresidents,sinceitstemsfromanalysisoftheexistingconsiderations.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
37/236
13
SubObjectives
Inadditiontotheprimaryobjective,thisresearchalsohasthefollowingsubobjectives:
1Formulation
of
guidelines
and
solutions
that
fit
with
the
culture
and
economics
realitiesofthesettlementresident.
2 Development of guidelines for evaluating the experiences of governments in
dealingwiththesquattersettlements.
3 Developmentofguidelines forpromotingtheprincipleofpopularparticipation
insolving
the
problem
of
squatter
settlements.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
38/236
14
ChapterTwo:LiteratureReview
This chapter explains the most important literature that has addressed the
squattersettlements
issue
in
terms
of
economic,
social,
and
environmental
challenges
facing the government policies in dealing with squatter settlements. This chapter
reviewsthewaysofgovernmentsindealingwithsquattersettlementsandthereasons
forfailureaccordingtotheresearchersview.Attheendofthischapteraresummaries
ofthegovernmentstrendsindealingwithsquattersettlementsintheMiddleEast.The
most
important
topics
in
this
chapter
are
dealing
with
the
economic,
social,
and
environmentalchallenges,thewaysofdealingwithsquattersettlements,andtrendsof
governmentsindealingwithsquattersettlements.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
39/236
15
ChallengesFacingtheGovernment
TheEconomic,Social,andEnvironmentalChallengesoftheProblem
Addressingtheproblemsofsquattersettlementsrequiresbetterunderstanding
of
the
driving
forces
contributing
to
their
expansion
and
growth
as
well
as
understandingthefactorsthatledtotheproblem.Countriesintheregionexperiencing
squatter settlements growth are grappling with the same set of systemic problems
relatedto lackofaccesstoaffordablehousing,inefficientspatialplanningpolicies,and
anincompletesystemoflandmanagement,aswellasgrowingurbanpoverty.Thereare
three
challenges
facing
governments
in
dealing
with
the
problem
of
squatter
settlementscanbesummarizedasfollows(1)
:
1. EconomicChallenges
Squatter settlements impact on the governments ability to manage and plan
land use, as the owners illegally occupy parkland, former industrial zones that
areunsafe
for
residential
development,
or
land
that
may
have
more
productive
commercialorsocialuses.Whilethismightnotbethehighestandbestuseof
theland,thesquattingcreateslongtermproblemsfortheorderlydevelopment
and growth of the city, its servicing requirements and overall real estate
potential.(2)
(1)Formoredetailssee:Gabriel,Bjoern.InformalSettlementsinSEE:ARegionalSupportApproach.In
Spatial Information Management Toward Legalizing Informal Urban Development. Presented at FIG
Commission3Workshop,Athens,Greece,2831March2007,pp 29. 34.
(2)COMMITTEEONHOUSINGANDLANDMANAGEMENT,InSearchforSustainableSolutionsforInformal
SettlementsintheECERegion:ChallengesandPolicyResponses.Geneva:22232008.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
40/236
16
2. SocialChallenges
Residents of squatter settlements are often poor and disadvantaged, facing
higher unemployment, social hardships, and tenure insecurity. According to
WorldBank(2007),becauseofthelackofaccesstoschoolsandsocialservices,
periurban settlers generally do not hold secure land or housing tenure, facing
potentialthreatofeviction.Therearecasesintheregionwherethismightbe.(3)
Ontheotherhand,thelackofsocialinfrastructure,schools,medicalclinics,and
social services perpetuates a spatial form of social exclusion. In addition, the
majorityof thepopulation unemployed orworking inmenialjobs,asshown in
Figure(5).IntheZabaleencommunityManshietNasserinCairo,themajorityof
thepopulationisengagedinthecollectionofgarbageandanimalgrazing.(4)
Figure(5):CollectionofGarbageandAnimalGrazinginZabaleenCommunity(5)
(3)World
Bank
Responses
to
the
Problem
of
Informal
Development:
Current
Projects
and
Future
Action.
InInformalSettlementsRealEstateMarketsNeedsRelatedtoGoodLandAdministrationandPlanning.
PresentedatFIGCommission3Workshop,Athens,Greece,2831,March2007.
(4)Zabaleenorgarbagecollectorsusedto live inareasaroundurbancommunitiesclosetothegarbage
sources. During the development of the center of Cairo, those people became a burden to the urban
communities and inhibited the citysdevelopment. For that reason, the authorities decided to relocate
theminManshietNasser(GOPP,ManshietNasserDistrict>Z)and(AlWali,1993).
(5)www.alkhubr.biz.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
41/236
17
3. EnvironmentalChallenges
The environmental challenges in squatter settlements are associated with an
unplanneduseofland,contributingtourbansprawlanddefunctinfrastructure.
Peoplelackaccesstopurewater,adequateroads,publictransport,andreliable
electricity.Thesituationalsoadverselyaffectsthequalityof life inthe formal
areasofthecity,whereurbanrunoff,downstreampollution fromgarbageand
sewer discharged directly in rivers, create serious environmental threats. The
infrastructure deficit in informal settlements is significant. Often illegal
connections are the only means to gain access, which is unreliable and
inefficient.(6)
(6) Deda, Luan. The New Housing Market in Tirana. InHousing Change in Eastand Central Europe:
IntegrationorFragmentation? Edited by Stuart Lowe and Sasha Tsenkova. Aldershot,England: Ashgate
PublishingLimited,2003.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
42/236
18
WaysofDealingwithSquatterSettlements
AnOverviewoftheMainApproachestoDealingwithSquatterSettlements
There are four major trends in the ways that governments deal with squatter
settlements:
1. DemolitionofSquatterSettlements
Basedontheprinciplethatsquattersettlementsdistortthecity,breedendemic
diseases and epidemics, and contain a large number of outlaws, therefore
encouragingthespreadofcrime,thesuccessfulresolutionofthisproblem isto
clearthe
squatter
settlement
completely
and
return
the
population
to
the
areas
from which they came.(7)
As shown in Figure (6), bulldozers are used to
completelydemolishsquattersettlements.
Figure(6):DemolitionasOneoftheGovernmentalAttitudes(8)
Thisisthemethodofdealingwithsquattersettlementsthatisappliedin
many
Middle
Eastern
countries,
such
as
Turkey.Rusen
Keles
(2006)
finds
that
clearance applies to squatter houses surrounding historical sites and
(7)Bello,MustaphaOyewole.SquatterSettlement,AccessibilityandtheUrbanPoor. InSurveyorsKey
RoleinAcceleratedDevelopment.PresentedatFIGWorkingWeek2009,Eilat,Israel,38May2009.
(8)http://movies.ndtv.com&www.projectosurbanos.com.br/category
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
43/236
19
monuments.Governmentsformedduringthe1970sand1980salsoorderedthe
demolition of unauthorized buildings in specific locations when they did not
conformtotheconditionsstipulatedbysquattinglegislation.(9)
Insteadofdealingwiththehousingproblem,thedemolitionofsquatter
settlementsexacerbatestheproblembecauseitreducesthehousingstockinthe
city.AsstatedbyGabriel(2007),Thisisnotsimplyanurbanplanningproblem,
but a rather more complex and intractable phenomenon which, unless rapidly
and efficiently addressed, may threaten the longterm sustainability of urban
communities.(10)
The clearance of the squatter settlements is not a viable
solution to the problem, and instead may increase the problem in the future.
Turner (1969) takes a positive outlook and portrays squatter settlements as
highly successful solutions to housing problems in urban areas of developing
countries.(11)
Turner believes that the negative perception of squatter
settlement represent a big mistake These areas represent a major victory for
selfhelp lowincome people and great ability of individuals to resolve their
problemswithoutthehelpofthegovernment.(12)
(9) Rusen Keles, a professor of local government and urban studies at the Eastern Mediterranean
University and Ankara University, is member of the Committee of Independent Experts in charge of
monitoring the implementation of the European Charter of Local Selfgovernment in the Council ofEurope.
(10)Gabriel(2007),p.5.
(11)Srinivas.DefiningSquatterSettlements.
(12) Turner, John. Uncontrolled Urban Settlement: Problems and Policies. In The City in Newly
DevelopingCountries:ReadingsonUrbanismandUrbanization.EditedbyGeraldBreese.EnglewoodCliffs,
N.J.:PrenticeHall,1969,pp.507534.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
44/236
20
Theejectionofsquattersandthedemolitionofillegalstructuresgenerate
social, economic, and political problems along with their attendant security
implications.Ittendstoportraygovernmentas insensitivetotheplightofthe
citizenry.Demolitionalsoresultsinfinanciallossesbothtothesquattersandthe
government; and depletes the national housing stock.(13)
This approach is
sociallydestructiveandinvolveshighcosttothecommunity.Theultimateresult
hasbeenthe lossofthesedwellingsandthedispersalofthepopulationseither
intonewslumsortoswelltheranksoftheexistingslums.(14)
Anotherapplicationofthispolicyisforthegovernmenttocreatevarious
restrictionsthatcausethesquatter settlementsto beunlivable,andtherefore,
easier to demolish as residents vacate them voluntarily. Here, governments
attempttosolvetheproblembyeliminatinglowincomecommunities.Exclusion
from urban services such as water, electricity, and sewage systems, and
educational and health care is one form of the restrictive policy. The lack of
services was viewed as a means of discouraging residents from residing in the
urbanareas.(15)
(13)LandsDivision,FederalMinistryofWorksandHousing:RegularizationofSquatterOccupationasa
Toolof
Land
Management.
Presented
at
18th
Conference
of
the
Heads
of
Lands
Division/Departments
in
FederalandStateMinistries,Akure,OndoStateNigeria,2022August1996.
(14)Modupe,OmirinM.Issues inLandAccessibilityinNigeria.InLandManagementandPropertyTax
ReforminNigeria:ProceedingsofaNationalWorkshop.EditedbyM.M.Omirin,T.GbengaNubiandS.A.
Fawehinmi.Nigeria:DepartmentofEstateManagement,UniversityofLagos,2003,pp.4970.
(15)Obudho,R.A.andG.O.Aduwo.SlumandSquatterSettlementsinUrbanCentresofKenya:Towardsa
PlanningStrategy.JournalofHousingandtheBuiltEnvironment.Volume4,Number1,March1989,p.
21.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
45/236
21
2. ConservationofExistingConditions
Many governments in the Middle East do not demolish squatter settlements
because they cannot afford to rebuild housing afterwards due to the lack of
adequate funding. Therefore, most governments resolve the problem by
conservingthesquattersettlements.SimilarsituationshaveoccurredwithLatin
Americanhousing settlements (LEDCs).Demolitionofsquattersettlements [is]
notaworkablesolutionastheLEDCcitiesdonothavetheresourcestoreplace
thedemolishedhomeswithbetterqualityonesandthepressureofpopulationis
toogreat. InLatinAmericaandSEAsia,governmentshaveacceptedshanties
as permanent and have added basic amenities to them wherever financial
resourcesallow.(16)
Theideaofthissolutionisbasedonmaintainingtheexisting
physicalstructure.Squattersettlementarecommonlyutilizedbygovernmentsas
ameansforcoveringtheshortageofhousing,especiallywithinthelimitationsof
financial
resources
of
governments
to
continually
provide
housing
for
their
residents.Sincetheclearanceofsquattersettlementsleadstoawasteofhousing
stock,the ideas isto maintainthegoodphysicalstructureasmuchaspossible,
and provide the necessary services for the population. In the end, this may
contributetothecreationofahealthyenvironmentinthefuture.(17)
The
benefit
of
squatter
settlement
conservation
is
to
maintain
the
economic structure and social current population, thus maintaining social
(16)LEDCCities:ResponsestoProblemsofUrbanGrowth.www.geographyjim.org.
(17) Samie, Mohamed Abdel. Lessons Learned From the InformalHousing in theContextofAffordable
Housing.ResearchpresentedinSupremeCommissionfortheDevelopmentofRiyadh.SeminaronHousing
II,Arabicversion,2004,p.51.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
46/236
22
relations and harmony between members of these communities. Squatter
settlementconservationalsocontributestothestabilityofthepopulationinthe
neighborhood through the conversion of those squatter settlements from an
informalareaintoaformalsettlement.(18)
Governmentshaveattemptedtolegalizeareasofsquattersettlementsto
a very limited extent. In these cases, the governments role has been largely
reactive, not proactive. Addressing the situation in this manner is a clear
indicationoftheinabilityofsomegovernmentstosolvetheproblemofsquatter
settlement. Also, the lack of alternative housing reveals the limit of material
resources that are necessary for development. Gabriel (2007) reports that
municipal authorities are especially constrained in devising citywide planning
responses to the problem notjust because of limitations in their capacities to
carry out comprehensive strategic planning exercises and citywide land
management
plans,
but
often
also
because
of
structural
problems
in
the
normative framework, often insufficient access to crucial land and property
information bases and inadequate equipment. Adhoc, limited scale,
interventions of upgrading and limited resettlement is therefore the norm.
Meanwhile the same pattern of illegal occupation in all its different
manifestations
continues
and
current
interventions
seem
unable
to
provide
a
longtermanswertotheunmetsocialdemandforcheaplandandhousing.(19)
(18) Soliman, Ahmed, Possible Way Out FormalizationHousing Informality In Egyptian Cities .Maryland:
UniversityPressofAmerica,2004.
(19)Gabriel(2007),p.11.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
47/236
23
3. UpgradingSquatterSettlements
Theupgradingtrenddependsonthedevelopmentofthephysicalstructuresthat
are present. The main upgrades are rebuilding some of the buildings that are
deteriorating; and improving the physical environment, including roads, utility
systems, electricity, water, telephone, sanitation, repaved roads, and
renovations of some areas. Ignacio and Geoffrey (2010) state that there are
several developing countries have gone through great efforts to legalize
squatter settlements and illegal subdivisions by providing property title to
squatters.Atbest,however,thesetitlingprogramsseemtohaveonlyamodest
effectonaccesstoloansforupgradinghousingandotherproperty.Asaresult,
the integration of former illegal settlements into the city requires a generous
levelofdirectmunicipalgovernmentinvolvement.(20)
Upgrading informal areas results in a number of benefits not only for their
residents but also for governments. It is more feasible and resource efficient
than demolition and complete redevelopment. This does not only help the
governmenttoachievemorewith lessresources,but italsohelpstotargetthe
poormostlyconcentrated in informalareas,hencebeingameasureofpoverty
alleviation. Therefore, upgrading lowincome informal neighborhoods can be
seenas
leading
to
social
justice
and
inclusion
as
well
as
adirect
application
of
rightsbased development. Thus, upgrading helps governments to abide by
(20)Navarro, IgnacioA.andGeoffreyK.Turnbull. The LegacyEffect ofSquatterSettlementsonUrban
Redevelopment.WorkingpaperNo.2010/3/25,UNUWIDER,2010.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
48/236
24
globallyagreeduponobjectives.Atthesametime,upgradingopensthedoorfor
a real partnership between residents and the government with channels to
demand their rights, means to improve their living conditions and a sense of
belonging and social inclusion. The following paragraphs explain the objectives
thatcanbeachievedthroughupgrading.(21)
TerziandBlen(2003)reportsthatupgradingofsquattersettlements is
not successful in dealing with them. The reasons for the failure of this policy,
fromtheviewpointofthisresearcherisbacktothetwomainupgrades.Firstly,
the regulations toupgradesquatter settlements resulted indevelopments that
are harmful for the natural environment due to legalization of the squatter
settlementsthathavebeendevelopedonlandswithaslopeinexcessof25%.(22)
Thisdevelopmentandplanningprocesshasresultedinexcessiveutilitycostsand
ineffectiveservices,andhasnotbeenabletoprovidesustainabledevelopment
strategies.
Secondly,
the
expectations
of
households
for
ownership,
such
as
providing a house for their children and requesting additional stories on their
buildings,resultedinhighlanduse.Besides,theplansforupgradinghavefaced
difficulty in improvingbuildingconditionsduetothe lackofafinancialsupport
system.Lastly,theprovisionofaffordablehousinghasnotbeenachievedeven
afterthe
transformation
of
squatters
with
the
upgrading
plans.
(23)
(21) Khaled Abdelhalim, Participatory Upgrading of Informal Areas,A Decisionmakers Guide for
Action,May2010.Imageshavebeenconvertedintosketchesbytheresearcher.
(22)Terzi,FatihandFulinBlen.DoestheUpgradingPlanHelpto ImproveSquatterSettlements?Case
Study:Kagithane,Istanbul.IstanbulTechnicalUniversity,2003.
(23)Ibid.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
49/236
25
In the case study of Kagithane, Istanbul, Terzi and Blen (2003)
demonstratesthatthepolicyofupgradingledtomanyoftheproblemswiththe
developmentinthecasestudyarea.Apparentlytheareaisnotinharmonywith
thenaturalenvironment.Theroadswithmorethan16%slopesareinaccessible
for service facilities, such as garbage trucks, fire engines, and ambulances. The
inaccessibilityofservicestosomehousingunitscontributestofatalitieseventsin
emergency situations such as earthquakes and fires. As a result, the
transformation of the case study area has resulted in developments that are
contrary to sustainable development strategies.(24)
Table (1) indicates that the
population density in the case study area is rapidly increasing. 80% of the
buildings had one or two floors before the upgrading plan was made in 1986.
Since then, many squatter houses have been transformed into apartments.
Upgradeshave includedaddingmorestoriesandenlargingthegroundfloor.At
thetime
of
the
study
(2003),
only
20%
of
buildings
had
one
or
two
floors,
while
70%ofbuildingshadover fourfloors.Figures (7)and (8)showthedistribution
andpopulationdensityratiosintheneighborhood.
(24)Ibid.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
50/236
26
Table(1):ThePopulationDensityinKagithane,Istanbul
Netdensity(person/ha)** Numberoflots Percent
0500 7 15
501750 8 17
7511000
10
22
10011250 11 24
Over1251 10 22
Totalnumberoflots 46 100*Source:TerziandBlen,2003,p.4.
**Ha:Hectare
Figure(7):ThePopulationDensityintheNeighborhood(25)
Figure(8):AnAerialViewShowstheHighPopulationDensity(26)
(25)Researcher,adaptedfromTable(1).
(26)www.spaceandculture.org/2006/07/29/unhousingkagithaneistanbul
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
51/236
27
Terzi and Blen (2003) mentions that 70% of squatter houses which
developed over 25% slope should be relocated to a place which is in harmony
with topography to provide sustainability before they turn into highrise
apartments.98%ofdwellingunits,whichwere legalizedbytheupgradingplan,
haveinsufficientlightandventilation.Besides,85%oflotshavethedensityover
501people/hawhichistoohightoprovidesanitaryhousingenvironments.(27)
As
shown in Figure (9), physical deterioration and an unhealthy environment are
mainfeaturesintheneighborhood.Therefore,theupgradingplanwasnotbeen
successful in improving housing conditions, and it becomes hard to provide
livableandsustainableenvironmentsafterthetransformation.
Figure(9):UrbanFeaturesinYahyakemalKagithaneIstanbul(28)
4. ProvisionofAlternativeHousing
Alternativehousingsolutionsdependonseveralfactors,includingthepatternsof
squatter settlements, the lifestyle of the population, economic conditions, and
thesocialsituationfortheproductionofhousingsuitableforthesepopulations,
(27)TerziandBlen(2003).
(28)www.spaceandculture.org/2006/07/29/unhousingkagithaneistanbul
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
52/236
28
such as which type of construction using popular participation is employed:
affordable housing, public housing, or selfconstruction. Housing programs in
Middle Eastern countries are sometimes characterized by bureaucracy and
inflexibility.Forthisreason,manyalternativeprogramsdidnotsucceed.
41Affordablehousing:Affordabilityofhousingcorrelatestotheaffordabilityof
the materials and labor to build it. That means developers must search for
andfindthebestpriceformaterialsand labor inordertokeepthehousing
to a low enough cost to benefit poor residents. A guideline for housing
affordability is a housing cost that does not exceed 30% of a household's
gross income. (29)
Several studies have proposed using patterns of slums in
the production of lowcost housing to serve the poor. This method has
provided a significant role in the provision of housing units for those with
limited income. Squatter settlements could benefit from this same idea of
the
cheap
building
materials
such
as
mud,
stone,
and
woods. (30)Gabriel
(2007) finds that other alternative options have been backed by
policymakers dealing with informal settlements. A greater focus has been
placedonthecreationofanenablingenvironment,agreaterinvolvementof
communitiesintodecisionmakingprocessandmobilizingtheirresourcesfor
lowcost
self
help
housing
construction.
Governments
have
promoted
(29)Calculatedaspercentageofrenterhouseholdsmultipliedbypercentageofrenterhouseholdsthatis
burdenedbyhousingcostsinexcessof30% RenterHouseholdsData.
"http://www2398.ssldomain.com/nlihc/doc/lalihdrenterreport.pdf.Retrieved20080319.
(30)Formoreinformationsee:Canadianaffordablehousing1980s2006,editorialarticlebyCanadian
ArchitectmagazineeditorIanChodikoff.RetrievedMarch8,2007.
"http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20080130/housing_affordable_080130.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
53/236
29
alternativehousingfinancesystemsthatallowaccesstocreditfortheurban
poor and disadvantaged. These small credits, often microloans, encourage
theimprovementofinformalhousingandassistwiththelegalizationcosts.If
an informal settlement is deemed fit for occupancy, local governments
should work with national bodies and civil society to promote affordable
finance tools that can be accessed by residents. This would encourage the
development of fit settlements and make funds available for housing
improvements. Itwouldbeamutuallybeneficialsituationforresidentsand
localgovernments.Lendingprovidersandlocalgovernmentscouldjustifythe
expenseasaninitialinvestmentthatwouldhavetheimpactofbeingalong
term investment. Upgrading in this way seems to be the least expensive
approachforgovernmenttodealwithurbanpoverty.(31)
42Publichousing:Alsocalledcharityhousing,thisisaformofhousinginwhich
the
property
is
owned
by
a
government
authoritygovernmentowned
housing units made available to lowincome individuals and families at no
cost or for nominal rental rates.(32)
Some governments in the Middle East
provide charitable housing programs. Construction of economic housing
unitsforthepoorreliesonlongtermsoftloanspayableininstallments.The
funding
for
these
public
housing
units
comes
from
money
collected
as
a
charity from the population as well as government support. Figure (10)
(31)Gabriel(2007),p.60.
(32)www.yourwebassistant.net/glossary/p21.htm
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
54/236
30
showsthegeneralfeaturesofpublichousinginSaudiArabia.Thesehousing
unitstendtobesmallandareinadequatetotheneedsofmostpoorfamilies.
Figure(10):ExamplesofCharitableHousinginSaudiArabia(33)
43
Selfconstruction
(by
participation):
The
idea
of
self
construction,
also
called
thecooperativehousing,isforthepopulationtoparticipateinbuildingtheir
own houses [see Figure (13)]. Gabriel (2007) reports that governments
cannot offer appropriate and flexible solutions due to a lack of sufficient
resources and capacity. This model is based on the belief that people and
communities
have
a
great
potential
for
selforganization,
mobilization
and
management of their resources from below. For the transformation of
squatter settlements to be successful, it is necessary that people and
communitiesactivelyparticipateandinfluencethewayinwhichtheirneeds
and future opportunities are addressed to prevent multiple disadvantages
accumulated in their settlements. However, it has also been argued that in
orderforsuchapeoplebasedapproachtoworkandbesufficientlyorganized
itmuststillbeconnectedtoandguidedbyadministrationathigherlevels.In
(33)www.alriyadh.com
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
55/236
31
somecountrieswithatraditionofastrongState,itmaytakemoretimefor
people and governments to create an enabling environment for self
organization and active participation, and thus some control is important.
Furthermore, a strong tendency toward individualistic consumption has
already had negative implications for mutual support and collective action.
Suchanegativetendencyisevenstrongerinsometransitioncountrieswhere
collectiveactionswereadriving ideologytocreateegalitariansociety inthe
past.(34)
Figure(11)showstheprocessofdecisionmakingintheconstruction
of housing. Building housing units requires a ready design that is easy to
implement.
Figure(11):TheProcessofDecisionMaking(35)
(34)Gabriel(2007),p.61.
(35)Suleiman,Ahmed.HousingandSustainableDevelopmentinDevelopingCountries,p.134.
Family
Fundingsources
Finalproduct
Humaneffort
Friends
Building
materials
Services
Population
Decision
making
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
56/236
32
Therearenobuildingregulationsthatspecifythathousingunitsneed
to be prepared by professional labors, so the population can participate in
construction.Selfbuilderscouldalsouserecycledcomponentstolowertheir
construction costs. This type of housing unit is known as Hassan Fathy
style,referringtobuildingconceptsputforthinFathysstudy.Fathy(1989)
findsthatclayisanidealbuildingmaterialforlowincomeEgyptianstobuild
theirownhousingbecauseitisreusableandinexpensive.
Fathyarguesthatthepoorhavetobuildforthemselvesandshould
have their own architecture. Participation leads to selfsufficiency and aids
the poor by making them less reliant on government support. In addition,
selfconstruction makes it easier to make sure the housing units are
adequatefortheneedsofthepoorpopulation.(36)
Fathybelievesthatonemancannotbuildahouse,buttenmencan
buildten
houses.(37) It
takes
at
least
one
week
to
construct
ahousing
unit
andrequirestheeffortsofthreetofourmen.Figures(12)and(13)illustrate
thestagesandpatternsofselfconstructionefforts.(38)
(36)Suleiman,Ahmed.HousingandSustainableDevelopmentinDevelopingCountries,p.134.
(37)Fathy,Hassan.ArchitectureforthePoor.TheAmericanUniversityinCairoPress,1989.
(38)FormoredetailsseeHassanfathywebsite:www.hassanfathy.webs.com
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
57/236
33
Figure(12):ExamplesofDifferentFormsofHassanFathyStarterUnits(39)
Figure
(13):
Population
Meeting
to
Discuss
Possible
Improvements
(40)
431 Wetcore: Wetcore housing is a type of unit consisting of a small
room with a bathroom and a kitchenthe core of the house. This
type of unit contributes to the reduction of expenditure on housing
and is commonly used in selfconstruction builds. In the future, the
familymayexpandthehousingunitwhenthereiseconomicpotential
(39)Attia,MagedKamalMohamed.AnApproachtoAffordableandSustainableHousing:A
ContemporaryVisionforaChronicEgyptianCrisis.PresentedatSymposiumofHousingII:Affordable
Dwelling,Riyadh,SaudiArabia,2831March2004,p.24.
(40)Attia(2004),p.24;andPayneandMajale(2004),p.71.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
58/236
34
forthem(seecorehousing).Thistechniquehasspreadacrossseveral
thirdworldcountriessuchasTurkey,Mexico,Brazil,andEgypt.(41)
432 Corehousing: Core housing develops around a wetcore, expanding
the housing unit according to the familys needs. Expansion
possibilities depend on the availability of local materials. (42)
Figure
(14)showsanexampleoftheevolutionofbuildingahouseaccording
totheneedsandgrowthofthefamily.
Figure(14):StagesoftheDevelopmentofHousing(43)
(41)Suleiman,Ahmed.HousingandSustainableDevelopmentinDevelopingCountries,pp.134136.
(42)Soliman,AhmedM.PossibleWayOut:FormalizingHousingInformalityinEgyptianCities.Lanham,
Md.:UniversityPressofAmerica,2004.
(43)Ibid.
2 3
1
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
59/236
35
TrendsofGovernmentsinDealingwithSquatterSettlements
Themostimportanttrendsofgovernmentindealingwithinformalsettlements
Thetrendsthatgovernmentsusetodealwithsquattersettlementscanbesummarized
basedon
three
main
categories:
1. PhysicalTrends
There are three main physical trends for how governments deal with squatter
settlements:thedemolitionofsquattersettlementbecausetheyareharmfulto
the city's environmental impacts and are a major source for the spread of
diseases and crimes; maintain the physical structures by giving the current
populationthe legalrighttoresideonthe land;orthedevelopmentofexisting
housing conditions through the renovation of the neighborhood and the
provision of services and facilities. Governments also promote sustainable
housing such as wetcore or core housing. The governments that follow the
physical
trends
are
absent
the
social
and
economic
trends
in
dealing
with
squatter settlements. Physical trends deal with the slums to the point that it
distortstheurbanfabricofthecity.(44)
2. SocialTrends
Thesocialtrendsofhowgovernmentsdealwithsquattersettlementsaresocial
participation,
and
the
promotion
of
social
cooperation
in
building
a
housing
unit
through charity work, that is, nongovernmental support such as from
companies, institutions, and people, for construction of housing for the poor.
(44)CaminosandGoethert,1975,p.227.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
60/236
36
Governments following this trend focus only on the social side to resolve the
problemwithoutabalancewiththeeconomicandphysicaltrends.Governments
depend upon the solution resulting from the people. Most of these solutions
havebeen ineffectivebecausetheyrelysolelyonthe ideasandparticipationof
thepopulation.(45)
3. EconomicTrends
This trend focuses on the economic aspects of the materials provided by the
government, or the socalled government support. The various means of
governmentsupportarethroughtheloweringofrentprices,subsidizinghousing
construction, flexibility in payments for construction, and encouragement of
using cheaper construction materials such as wood or clay. The governments
dealing inthistrendfocusonlyontheeconomicaspects insolvingthehousing
problemwithoutpayingattentiontoenvironmentalaspects,orsocialorphysical
trends.
The
top
priority
of
the
governments
is
to
look
for
alternative
cheap
housing.Thisconflictswiththesocialaspectssuchasfamilysizeandattendingto
the needs of the population. In addition, the focus on economic aspects is
inconsistentwiththephysicalaspectbecausethefinalproductischeapbutlacks
quality.(46)
(45)Attia,2004,p.24.
(46)Soliman,2004.
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
61/236
37
Figure (15) summarizes the ways that governments deal with squatter settlements
accordingtothethreemaintrends.
Figure(15):TrendsofGovernmentsinDealingWithSquatterSettlements(47)
(47)Summaryofalltheideasbytheresearcher.
Economic
trends
Social
trends
Physical
trends
Sustainablehousing
Conservation
ofexisting
Constructionasthe
populationwishes
Corehousing Wetcore
Charity
housing
Governmentsupport
Affordablehousing
Cheaprent
and
materials
Housingforall Selbuild
Cooperationof
thepopulation
Newbuilding
materials
-
7/26/2019 ComparComparative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egyptative Analysis of Cases of Squatter Settlements in Egypt
62/236
38
SummaryoftheWaystoDealwithSquatterSettlements
Table (2) summarizes the experiences some of governments in dealing with squatter
settlements
in
Middle
East:
Table(2):SummaryofGovernmentsExperienceswithSquatterSettlements
Politics In Negatives Positive
Clearanceof
squatter
settlement
Turkey,
SaudiArabia Reducesthehousingstockinthe
city.
Emergenceofsquatter
settlementsinotherareas.
Superficialsolutiontothe
problem,doesnt
address
the
root.
Removesthevisual
pollutioncausedbyslum
settlements.
Transformsthephysical
environmentofan
unhealthyenvironment
tohealthy.
Conservationof
existingconditions
Egypt
Theproblemasitwaspersists.
Continuedpopulationpressures
intheprovisionofinfrastructure,
facilities,andservices.
Maintainstheexisting
physicalstructure.
Maintainsthehousing
stockinthecity.
Stabilizesthepopulation
intheneighborhood
withoutdisplacingthem.
Upgradingofsquatter
settlement
Turkey,
Egypt
Encouragesthepopulationto
encroach
land
of
the
government
ortheprivatesectorinthe
future.
Increasedratesofovercrowding
andpopulationdensitybecause
theneighborhoodhasbecome
formal.
Raiseslandpricesandrent.
Renewalofthe
neighborhood
and
the
stabilityofthepopulation
inthesamearea.
Transformsthe
neighborhoodfrom
informaltoformal.
Provisionofalternative
housing
SaudiArabia
Thelackofappropriatehousing
alternativesforthepopulationin
termsoffamilysize,income,and
familyneeds.
Allhousingalternativesarenot
derivedfromthedevelopmentof
thefeaturesofsquatter
settlementssoitwillnotsucceed.
Reducestheburdenon
thegovernmentto
providehousing
alternatives.
Anoptionto
accommodatepoor
peopleandreducethe
emergenceofnew
squattersettlements.
*Sources:Researcher,adaptedfromsummariesofallthetheorystudies.
-
7/