CompArch Lec0 Intro
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Lecture 0. Introduction
Instructor: Weidong Shi (Larry), PhD
Computer Science Department
University of Houston
COSC3330 Computer Architecture
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Course Information
Web page:http://i2c.cs.uh.edu/class/spring2014-
cosc3330
Will be constantly updated, so check it out regularly
Prerequisite: COSC 2410 and MATH 3336
Textbooks
Patterson and Hennessey, Computer Organization &Design: The Hardware/Software Interface.
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Objectives To Learn
Core concepts of computer logics Numbers
Logic gates
Combinational logic
Sequential logic
Core concepts of microprocessorarchitecture ISA (instruction set architecture)
Pipelining
Hazards
Cache/Memory hierarchy
Multiprocessor
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Grading Policy
3 Assignments: 35% (two with programming) Individual work, no collaboration
Due in the first 5 min before class starts
No late turn-in will ever be accepted
Exams 2 in-class exams: 40% (20% each, dates TBD)
Final: 20%
Class participation 5%
Final grade is relative to your peer in class
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Happy Hacking
FPGA Bitcoin Mining
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Previous Years
Homebrew computerfrom microchips FPGA (embedded CPU)
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Two Programming Assignments
Branch prediction
Cache analysis
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Cache Timing Analysis
Break encryption software using cache timinganalysis
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Augmented Reality
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Introduction
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Introduction
Rapidly changing field:
vacuum tube -> transistor -> IC -> VLSI (see section 1.4)
doubling every 1.5 years:memory capacityprocessor speed (Due to advances in technology and
organization)
Things youll be learning:
how computers work, a basic foundation
how to analyze their performance
issues affecting modern processors (caches, pipelines)
Why learn this stuff?
you want to call yourself a computer expert
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Why Learn This Stuff?
you need to make a purchasing decision or offer expert advice
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Why Learn This Stuff?
you want to build software people use (need performance)
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Why Computer Architecture?
Exploit advances in technology Make things Faster, Smaller, Cheaper,
Which enables new applications 3D games 10 years ago?
Make things possible Defeat world chess champion using your home computer
Finance modeling
Weather forecasting and disaster simulation
Personalized medicine Large scale services
The advancement of computer architecture is vital for theadvancement of all other areas of computing!
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The Growth Engine
Computinghardware with
increasedcapabilities atthe same cost
(Moores Law)
Our abilities to
leverage the newcapabilities for
innovations
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Google Server Count
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Who Owns The Most Servers
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IBM Brain Simulation Project
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What Is a Computer?
Components: Processor(s) Co-processors (graphics, security)
Memory (disk drives, DRAM, SRAM,CD/DVD)
Input (mouse, keyboard, mic)
Output (display, printer) Network
Our primary focus: The processor (datapath and control)
implemented using millions oftransistors
Impossible to understand by lookingat each transistor
We need...
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Row-binary Card for IBM 701
Punched Cards for Computer Programs. by Douglas W. Jones
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HP Basic Card
Punched Cards for Computer Programs. by Douglas W. Jones
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Why Are Programs Not Written inAssembly?
Why Are Programs Not Written in
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Why Are Programs Not Written inAssembly?
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Great Virtues of a Programmer
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Great Virtues of a Programmer
Laziness: The quality that makes you go to great
effort to reduce overall energy expenditure. Itmakes you write labor-saving programs.
Impatience: The anger you feel when thecomputer is being lazy.
Hubris: The quality that makes you write (andmaintain) programs that other people won't wantto say bad things about.
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Who Still Writes in Assembly?
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HP LaserJet Rootkit
FIRMWARE REVERSE ANALYSIS KONSOLE
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32
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33
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High Speed Trading?
34
Inline Assembly
GPU
FPGA
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Stack of A Computing Problem
Problems
Algorithms
Programming Languages
Compilers
ISA
MicroArchitecture
System Architecture
Implementation
Logic and Circuits
Transistors
Manufacturing
Architects
Territory
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A Typical PC System Architecture
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A Typical PC Motherboard (D975XBX)
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A Typical PC Motherboard (D975XBX)
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ENIAC built in World War IIwas the first general purposecomputer
Used for computing artillery firingtables
80 feet long by 8.5 feet high andseveral feet wide
Each of the twenty 10 digitregisters was 2 feet long
Used 18,000 vacuum tubes
Performed 1900 additions persecond
Historical Perspective
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First Reported Computer Bug
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Transistors
Invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947.
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and WilliamSchockly
received Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 for
Inventing Transistors.
First application: telephone signal amplification
Replaced cumbersome and inefficient vacuum tubes
Smaller
Cheaper
Less heat dissipation
i
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Transistors
Made from Silicon (Sand)
Transistors can now be found on a single siliconwafer in most common electronic devices
Model of First Transistor Silicon Wafer
0 l C
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IBM 701 to Intel Core I7
701 - IBMs first stored program computer
Scientific calculations
IBM 701 Pluggable Unit
8 vacuum tubes
one bit for each of the storage,
accumulator and multiplier quotient
registers.
274 similar electronic units
731,000,000 Transistors
8-Core Xeon2.3 Billion Transistors
701 Pluggable UnitIBM 701 Intel Core i7 Die
I l F d
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Intel Founders
Robert Noyce (1927~1990) Nicknamed Mayor of Silicon Valley
Cofounded Fairchild Semiconductor in1957
Cofounded Intel in 1968
Co-invented the integrated circuit (IC)
Gorden Moore (1929~) Cofounded Intel in 1968 with Robert
Noyce.
Moores Law: the number of transistorson a computer chip doubles every year(observed in 1965)
Since 1975, transistor counts havedoubled every two years
Moores Law 90 nm
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Moores Law
Exponential growth
Transistor count will be doubled every 18 months
Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder
42millions
2,250
10 m
3.5mm2
1.7 billions
Montecito
90 nm
596 mm2
I t t d Ci it C it
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Integrated Circuits Capacity
F t Si
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Feature Size
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G P ti
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Gamers Perspective
CPU chip:
8-bit processorproduced by RicohPPURAM:2KB RAM,2KB VRAM
1984
NES
CPU chip:
Motorola 68K16/32-bitProcessor7.67 MHzRAM:64KB RAM,64KB VRAM
1989
SEGA GENESIS
CPU chip:
MIPS R300032-bit CPUat 33.8688MHzGraphicsengineRAM: 2MB
1994
PS1
CPU chip:
Emotion Engineclocked at294.912 MHzGraphicsSynthesizerRAM: 32 MBRDRAM
1999
PS2
CPU chip:
Triple-core 64-
bit PowerPC, at
3.2GHz.ATI GPURAM:512MB GDDR3
2005
XBOX 360
CPU chip:
Fairchild F8,1.79 MHz
RAM:64 bytes,2 kB VRAM
1976
Channel F
86 Hi t ( f 2008)
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x86 History (as of 2008)
86?
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x86?
What is x86?
Generic term referring to processors from Intel, AMD and VIA Derived from the model numbers of the first few generations of
processors: 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486x86
Now it generally refers to processors from Intel, AMD, and VIA x86-16: 16-bit processor x86-32 (aka IA32): 32-bit processor * IA: Intel Architecture x86-64: 64-bit processor
Intel takes about 80% of the PC market and AMD takesabout 20% Apple also have been introducing Intel-based Mac from Nov. 2006
x86 History (Cont )
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x86 History (Cont.)
32-bit(i386)
32-bit(i586)
64-bit(x86_64)
32-bit(i686)
8-bit 16-bit4-bit
Core i7
2009
P6 Story
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P6 Story
Robert Colwell. Chief IA-32 architect on thePentium Pro, Pentium II,
Pentium III, and Pentium4 microprocessors.
The Pentium Chronicles: The People,
Passion, and Politics Behind Intel'sLandmark Chips
ARM
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ARM
ARM Holdings PLC, a
technology companyheadquartered in England.
ARM architecture
32 bit RISC processor
Simple design and low power
The most widely-used 32-
bit microprocessor family inthe world
ARM headquarters at Cambridge, UK
ARM History
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ARM History
1978: Cambridge Processor
Unit Founded in 1978 by HermannHauser & Chris Curry
First contract was with ACECoin Equipment to developFruit Machine hardware!
1979: Acorn Computer Ltd Changed its name to Acorn
Computer Ltd
ARM Founded in 1990 Joint venture between Apple,
VLSI, and Acorn (IP andengineers)
First ARM Chip: 1985
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First ARM Chip: 1985
1985: ARM1
3.0m 25K Transistors
6MHz
120mW
50mm2
2005: ARM7TDMIr4 65nm
100K Transistors
350MHz (60x speed)
9mW (1/780thenergy)
0.1mm2(1/500tharea)
Retrospective
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Retrospective
"Steve is one of the brightest guys I've
ever worked with - brilliant; but whenwe decided to do a microprocessor onour own,I made two great decisions -I gave them [Steve Furber and SophieWilson] two things which National,Intel and Motorola had never given
their design teams: the first was nomoney; the second was no people. Theonly way they could do it was to keep itreally simple."
-- Hermann HauserThe Founder of Acorn Computer Ltd.
Steve Furber. Principledesigner of ARM.
Sophie Wilson. Designerof ARM ISA.
ARM Powered Mobile Devices
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ARM Powered Mobile Devices
The ARM was designed to be small and cheap
So low power was a happy accident!
The need for low power was driven by batterypowered mobile consumer electronics
Active Book
ARM2aS
Newton Message
Pad, ARM610
Nintendo DS
ARM946E-S &
ARM7TDMI
Game Boy Advance
ARM7TDMI
Kindle
ARM1136J
iPhone3G
ARM1176JZ
iPad and Droid-X
Cortex-A8
1993 19932001
2005 2007
2008
2010
IP Licensing
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IP Licensing
ARM CPUs
Account for over 75% of all 32-bit embedded CPUs. 1.7 billion chips based on ARM design were manufactured in
2005.
Use in portable devices, and computer peripherals PDAs, mobile phones, media players, handheld gaming units, and
calculators. Hard drives and desktop routers.
But none of the chips is manufactured by ARM HoldingsPLC
Unlike Intel, AMD, etc. ARM only licenses its technologyas IP (Intellectual Property)
Getting Smaller
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Getting Smaller
Getting More Powerful
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Getting More Powerful
Where We Are Headed
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Where We Are Headed
Logic gates
Combinational logic
Sequential logic
Arithmetic and how
to build an ALU
Where We Are Headed
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Where We Are Headed
Performance issues
Instruction setarchitecture
Instructions
pipelining to improveperformance
Superscalarprocessor
Memory: cachesand virtual memory
Where We Are Headed
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Where We Are Headed
VLIW
Vector machine
GPU
I/O and bus
Storage devices Magnetic disk, flash, solid state drive
Virtualization
Future trend I will try to cover as much as possible