Comparative Police System

Comparative

Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another.

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Police

A police service is a public force empowered to enforce the law and to ensure public and social order through the legitimized use of force.

“Police is the public and the public is the police”- Sir Robert Peels

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In the Philippines, the police/ law enforcement is spearheaded by

what agency/ies?

1.Philippine National Police (PNP)

2. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)

3.Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

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System

A combination of related elements that is functioning as a whole in order to achieve a single goal or objective.

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Comparative Police System

Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order to discover insights in the field of international policing.

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Why Compare?

Crime has become a global phenomenon.

Transnational crimes crosses borders and the need for bilateral and international cooperation become imperative.

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GLOBALIZATION

• is the system of interaction amonG countries of the world in order to develop a the global economy.

• refers to the inetegration of economics and societies all over the world.

• it involves technological, economic, political and cultural changes made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastrature.

Comparative Research

A. Safari Method - a researcher visits another country.

B. Collaborative Method- the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher.

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MEANING OF “TRANSNATIONAL”

The word "transnational" describes crimes that are not only international (that is, crimes that cross borders between countries), but crimes that by their nature involve border crossings as an essential part of the criminal activity.

EXAMPLES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

Human traffickingPeople smuggling/Illegal migrationArms smugglingDrugs smugglingPiracyCorruptionFraud and other economic crimesEnvironmental crimesNon-domestic terrorism

ORGANIZED CRIME GROUP

A structured group of three or more persons existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain, directly, or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit.” (UN Convention’ definition)

A profit motivated and highly capable group of persons or an enterprise organized to undertake widespread, regular or long term, large scale, high profile and diversified criminal activities that has high- impact on the economy and national security . (Definition adopted by Philippine Law Enforcement Agencies)

THEORIES IN POLICING SYSTEM

HOMERULE THEORY CONTINENTAL THEORY

Policemen are servants of the community.

Effectiveness of policemen depends on the express wishes of the people.

Policemen are servant of higher authority.

They just follow the wishes of top official of the government.

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CONTINENTAL/ OLD POLICING MODERN SYSTEM

The yardstick of the efficiency of the police is determined by the number of arrest.

Punishment is the sole instrument of crime control.

The yardstick of police efficiency is the absence or lesser occurrence of crimes.

Police omnipresence is considered as the tool or instrument in crime prevention.

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Uniformed policemen will go out to the field and patrol for the public to see them which gives them the feeling of security and the elimination of opportunity to commit crime on the part of the criminal.

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INTERPOL

ICPO

International Criminal Police Organization

INTERPOL

the largest international police organization in the world, with National Central Bureaus in 190 member countries.

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INTERPOL's Four Core Functions:

1. Secure global police communication services

I-24/7 - Interpol's global police communication system

-enables police in all member countries to request, submit and access vital data instantly in a secure environment.


2. Operational data services and databases for police- member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases including information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA Profiles and stolen or lost travel documents - disseminate critical crime-related data through a system of international notices.


3. Operational police support services- provides law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support and operational activities, especially in its priority crime areas.Command and Co-ordination Center operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week and deploy an Incident Response Team to the scene of serious crime or disaster.


4. Police training and development

- provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the capacity of member countries to effecivelly combat transnational crime and terrorism

- sharing knowledge skills and best practices in policing and establishing global standards.

The emblem, use since 1950.

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Where is its headquarter located?

Lyon, France

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The Interpol is comprised of the following bodies:1. General Assembly

2. Executive Committee

3. General Secretariat

4. National Central Bureaus

5. Advisers

6. The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files

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THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets annually and comprises delegates appointed by each member country.

The assembly takes all important decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finances, activities and programs.

It also elects the Organization's Executive Committee

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THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

It comprises 13-member committee which is elected by the General Assembly.

The Executive Committee is INTERPOL’s select deliberative organ which meets three times a year.

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1 president, 3 vice-presidents, and 9 delegates.

March, July and Immediately before the

General Assembly

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How long is the tenure of duty of the executive committee?

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President4 years

Vice- Presidents

3 years

They are not immediately eligible for re-election either to the same posts, or as delegates

to the Executive Committee.

Mrs. Mireille Ballestrazzi

She is the INTERPOL's current President, elected at the 81st INTERPOL General Assembly held in Rome in November 2012.

Mrs Ballestrazzi will serve as President until 2016.

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GENERAL SECRETARIAT

Where is the General Secretariat based?

It coordinates the international activities of member countries, holds a library of international criminal records, and organizes regular meetings at which delegates can exchange information on police work.

The General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

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Lyon, France

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Who is called the head of the General Secretariat?

SECRETARY GENERAL

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Who is known as the Current secretary general?

JÜRGEN STOCK

He was unanimously elected Secretary General at the 83rd INTERPOL

General Assembly session in Monaco, November 2014.

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What are organization’s four official languages?

1.Spanish

2.Arabic

3.French

4. English31

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NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS (NCB)

The NCB is the designated CONTACT POINT for the General Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers.

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National Central Bureau – ManilaCHAIRMAN?

Director General Philippine National Police

MEMBERS:Director, National Bureau of Investigation

Commissioner, Bureau of Customs Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue

Commissioner, Bureau of ImmigrationGovernor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board34

ADVISERS

These are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

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COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL’S FILES (CCF)

To ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations,

To advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the processing of personal information and

To process requests concerning the information contained in INTERPOL's files

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The INTERPOL Notices System

An Interpol notice or international notice is issued by Interpol to share information between its members.

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Red Notice

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To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition.

Black Notice

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To seek information on unidentified bodies.

Yellow Notice

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To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify themselves.

Blue Notice

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To collect additional information about a person’s identity or activities in relation to a crime.

Green Notice

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To provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have committed criminal offenses and are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries

Orange Notice

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To warn police, public entities and other international organizations about potential threats from disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other dangerous materials.

ASEANAPOL

ASEANAPOL

An association of 10-member ASEAN countries Chiefs of Police established in 1981.

The premier regional platform for all the ASEAN Police Chiefs and respective delegates to interact as well as to discuss, exchange views and update each other on the latest development in law enforcement and transnational issues in their respective countries.

A regional alliance that is determined to secure not only our own individual sovereignties but also the peace and progress of our community.

MEMBER COUNTRIES OF ASEANAPOL

Brunei DarussalamKingdom of CambodiaRepublic of IndonesiaLao People’s Democratic RepublicMalaysiaUnion of MyanmarRepublic of the PhilippinesRepublic of SingaporeKingdom of ThailandSocialist Republic of Vietnam

PHILIPPINE CENTER ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME (PCTC)

Its mission was to formulate and implement a concerted program of action of all law enforcement and government agencies for the prevention and control of transnational crimes.

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E.O. 62

What is the mother agency of PCTC?

Office of the President

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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE (IACP)

The world's oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police executives.

IACP's leadership consists of the operating chief executives of international, federal, state and local agencies of all sizes.

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Qualifications for Deployment to UN Peacekeeping Missions

1. Applicant must be an UNSAS eligible;

(UNSAS eligible refers to PNP personnel who passed the UNSAT Examination in the Philippines entitling such member eligibility for deployment within a period of eighteen (18) months commencing from the last day of the test as certified by the members of the UNSAT who administered the same.)

( UNSAT Examination – refers to the examination administered by the UN Selection Assistance Team to determine competencies of candidates on English communication, vehicle driving and firearms proficiency.

QUALIFICATIONS

2. Upon filing of application, if the applicant is a PCO, he/she must have a rank of at least PSI and if PNCO, he/she must have a rank of at least PO3;

3. Applicant must have attained at least five (5) years of active police service as of the first day of UNSAT examination.

QUALIFICATIONS

4. Applicant must be appointed in permanent status in his/her present rank.

5. Applicant must neither be less than twenty-five (25) years old nor more than fifty-three (53) years old upon actual deployment;

QUALIFICATIONS

6. Applicant must have at least one (1) year of recent driving experience and must be in possession of a valid Non-Professional or Professional national or international driving license for at least one (1) year as of the first day of the UNSAT examination;

7. Applicant must be recommended by his/her unit commander;

QUALIFICATIONS

8. Applicant must have Performance Evaluation Rating of at least Very Satisfactory (VS) for two (2) consecutive rating periods immediately preceding the UNSAT examination;

9. Applicant must not have been ever convicted of criminal or administrative offense; has no pending case either administrative/criminal in any body/tribunal/court; a witness to any criminal or administrative case, especially those covered by RA 9165; or a summary hearing officer with unresolved cases;

QUALIFICATIONS

10. Applicant must not have been repatriated from any previous UN Mission for disciplinary reasons;

11. Applicant must have knowledge on basic computer operations (e.g. Word excel, Powerpoint, e-mail and internet)

QUALIFICATIONS

12. Applicant must have passed the latest Physical Fitness test (PFT) conducted by DHRDD as well as medical, dental and neuro-psychiatric examinations; and

13. Applicant must be first cleared by Directorate for Logistics of any firearm accountability prior to his/her

mission.

SELECTED POLICE MODELS

U.S. POLICE DEPARTMENT

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1.federal, 2.state, 3.county

and 4.city

Who will respond? (Two fold)

First, one must determine which government unit prohibits the acts. For example, homicide is an act that is prohibited at the state level. So, as a general rule, only law enforcement agencies with authority to enforce state laws may investigate the crime of murder.

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Second, one must look at the place (venue) where the criminal act occurred. If the murder occurred in Alabama, the Alabama authorities will be responsible in investigating the crime.

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1. CITY POLICE

City police are mainly responsible for enforcing the law in their own city.

A small town may have a police force of only one or two officers.

What is the largest city police department in the United States?

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NYPD

In most cities in USA, who appoints the head of the police department in cities?

MAYOR

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NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT

The NYPD was the first police agency in the US, established in 1845.

It is currently the largest municipal police force in the US.

Its primary responsibilities are law enforcement and investigation within the five boroughs of New York City.

It has its headquarters in Lower Manhattan, New York City.

RANKS IN NYPD

Chief of DepartmentBureau ChiefAssistant ChiefDeputy ChiefInspectorDeputy InspectorCaptainLieutenantSergeantDetective-InvestigatorDetective-SpecialistPolice Officer

2. COUNTY POLICE

The powers of a county police force extend throughout the county.

What do we call the chief law enforcement officer in most counties?

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SHERIFF

Who appoints the Sheriff?

PEOPLE

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3. STATE POLICE

Headed by a commissioner or superintendent.

What is term called for all of the state police officers?

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TROOPERS

Who appoints the commissioner or superintendent?

State Governor

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How many police states are there in the USA?

(fifty) 50 out of 51 states

Except: Hawaii

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4. Federal Police

They are responsible in enforcing law within the whole country of USA including outside boarders.

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FBI

Chief investigating branch of the United States Department of Justice;

Investigates federal crimes and handles cases involving stolen money or property that has been taken from one state to another.

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National Crime Information Center (NCIC)

A computerized information system that stores records on wanted persons and stolen property

Who operates it?

Where is it located?

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FBI

Washington, DC.

OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES

1. Secret Service

Protecting all living current and former U.S. president and their families

2. Bureau Of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, And Explosives

Assist in controlling the sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes, illegal firearms, and explosives.

3. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

The federal agency that enforces federal drug laws.

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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Is a U.S. citizenIs at least 21 years of age5’8” (MALE), 5’6” (FEMALE)Has at least 20/20 vision uncorrected; ( or 20/20 corrected

by glasses)Is able to distinguish colorsIs physically and mentally healthy.Applicants who have served in the military must have been

honorably discharged.May not have been convicted of driving while intoxicated

and must hold a valid license for at least three years prior to application and have a driving record.

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Applicants should have no criminal conviction, although some misdemeanor crimes may bar applicants from a law enforcement position.

All applicants are expected to be free from drug use, be of good moral character, and have personal integrity.

No applicant should have any history of criminal or improper conduct, have a poor employment record, or have an irresponsible financial history.

Generally, applicants should at least have a GED equivalency or a high school diploma, however, some departments, such as that in Dallas, Texas, are requiring 60 or more hours of completed college coursework.

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JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM

National Police Agency or NPA

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Who is the parent agency of NPA?

National Public Safety Commission

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It ensures that Japan's police are an apolitical body and

free of direct central government executive control.

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NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

The central coordinating body for the entire police system.

Who is the head of NPA?

Who appoints the Commissioner General?

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Commissioner General

National Public Safety Commission with the approval of the prime minister

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Bureaus of NPA?

Police Administration Bureau

Criminal Investigation Bureau

Traffic Bureau

Security Bureau

Regional Public Safety Bureaus

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POLICE ADMINISTRATION BUREAU

The Administration Bureau is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and unit inspections.

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CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION BUREAU

It is in-charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally important and international cases.

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TRAFFIC BUREAU

It is concerned of the licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and regulates traffic.

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SECURITY BUREAU

It formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts research on equipment and tactics for suppressing riots and oversaw and coordinates activities of the riot police.

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REGIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY BUREAUS

The National Police Agency has seven regional police bureaus.

What is called the head of RPSB?

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Director General

What are the 2 police department excluded from the jurisdiction of

RPSB?

Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department

Hokkaido Prefectural Police

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KOBAN

It is a police post located in urban neighborhood.

The smallest organizational unit in today's Japanese police system.

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How many % are designated as Koban officers among the total police strength in

Japan?

40%

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CHUZAISHO

It is the rural equivalent of the urban Koban.

What is the term called for the police officers of Chuzaisho?

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chuzaishan

Who provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial

Family of Japan?

IMPERIAL GUARD

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KIDOTAI (SPECIAL RIOT POLICE )

These units were formed after riots at the Imperial Palace in 1952, to respond quickly and effectively to large public disturbances.

Main requirements?The overwhelming majority of officers are bachelors who live in

dormitories within riot police compounds.

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What is the official paramilitary anti-terrorist unit under the Japanese National Police

Agency?

SAT

SPECIAL ASSAULT TEAM

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What police force is the world’s second and the Asia's first police agency to operate with a modern

policing system?

HONG KONG POLICE FORCE

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What is the highest police rank in Hongkong? (April 2014)

Commissioner of Police

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RANK STRUCTURE (9)

Superintendent GeneralSuperintendent Supervisor Chief superintendent Senior superintendent Superintendent Police inspector Assistant police inspector Police sergeant Police officer

TOKYO POLICE DEPARTMENT

The largest urban Police Force in the world.

CHINA POLICE SYSTEM

People’s Police

Public security police

The largest and most visible component of the Chinese Police that performs a wide range of ordinary police functions.

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86%

Judicial procuratorates police

They escort suspects in cases investigated by the procuratorates

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Prosecutors in the Phils.

Judicial people court police

They maintain security and order in the various courts and also may carryout death sentence.

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To become a police officer, a candidate must have the following:

1.At least 18 years of age but not more than 25 years old.

* As a preferential treatment for candidates from ethnic minority groups, the regulation extends the maximum age limit to 30

2.Must support the constitution

3.Must be of Good moral character

4.Be in good health

5.Education level no less than high school graduate

6.Be willing to serve as a police officer

7.No criminal records and must not have been expelled from public employment.

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SINGAPORE POLICE SYSTEM

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Police Task Force (PTF)

It is an effective ground response force to serious incidents such as major disasters, firearm situations and riots.

They are called upon to restore public order in times of riots and demonstrations.

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Special Tactics and Rescue (STAR) Unit

The STAR Unit provides the Singapore Police Force with a tactical armed-response capability.

Besides dealing with highly dangerous criminals, STAR is also involved in risky protective security operations and prisoner escort.

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Police K-9 Unit (PDU)

The Police K-9 Unit has dogs trained specifically for explosive detection, drug detection, guard duties and anti-crime operations.

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Prison police

It is responsible for supervision of convicted offenders in prison.

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Who is known as the shortest Police Officer in United

Kingdom?

Sue Day

(4 feet 10 inches)

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Royal Malaysia Police

Its headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur.

The police force is led by an Inspector-General of Police (IGP)

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SWITZERLAND POLICING SYSTEM

All police departments require at least a high school diploma or equivalent education from their officers. While some hire graduates right out of high school, many require potential officers to be at least 21 years old. Retirement is 65 yrs of age

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Indian Police Service

PHILIPPINES INDIAYou must possess a

baccalaureate degree.You have a degree

certificate

At least 21 yrs old. At least 21 years old.

You must pass the medical, psychological, physical and drug test.

You must be physically fit.

Male (162cm) Female (157cm) in height.

Male (165 cm) Female (150cm)

You must pass the exam in NAPOLCOM PNP Entrance Exam

You must pass the 3 stage pattern CSAT, preliminary exam, Exam/Board main exam.

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QUESTIONS?112

SAMPLE BOARD QUESTION

The rapidly improved communication systems (information and transportation) which have served to reduce distances between different countries and regions, bringing not only a greater exchange of goods and services but more exchanges between people and information from different countries best describe:

A. Modernization C. Mass transit

B. Globalization D. Satellite system

B


This term best captures the profound transformation of the world economy since the beginning of the 1980s. It refers primarily to the progressive elimination of barriers to trade and investment and unprecedented international mobility of capital.

A. Liberalization C. Globalization

B. Economic cooperation D. Capitalization C


Which among the following is not a characteristic of globalization?

A. Free or open market

B. Restricted policies on import and export

C. Internet revolution

D. Villagization B


All are negative effects of globalization, EXCEPT:

A. Environmental degradation

B. Creation of International Criminal Court

C. Brain drain

D. Spread of infectious diseasesB


In the global context, the idea of realizing a one single unified community is also referred to as ____.

A. Americanization B. McDonaldization

C. Villagization D. Industrialization

C


It is a crime which is now pervasive around he world and said to be the modern equivalent of ‘Slavery’?

A. Human trafficking C. Exploitation

B. Human smuggling D. Money-laundering

A

SAMPLE BOARD QUESTIONS

As far as combating crimes that cross national borders is concerned, what government agency in the Philippines takes the lead?

A. Philippine National Police

B. National Bureau of Investigation

C. INTERPOL

D. Philippine Center for Transnational Crime D

SAMPLE BOARD QUESTIONS

It involves disguising of illegal assets, converting them into legal gains, and removing them from access by the Criminal Justice System while retaining their economic value.

A. Tax evasion C. Money-laundering

B. Fraud D. Racketeering

C


It is referred to as a criminal act that is performed with the aid of a computer.

A. Special crime C. Transnational crime

B. Organized crime D. Cyber crime

D

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In the world of organized crime, ____ is the ultimate motive.

A. Fame

B. Change of government

C. Profit

D. Vanity

C


The following are transnational crime groups, EXCEPT:

A. Triads

B. Yakuza

C. West African Drugs Syndicate

D. Pentagon group D


Which is not an activity of a transnational organized crime group?

A. Racketeering

B. Political and judicial corruption

C. Loan-sharking

D. Over-throwing a governmentD


All cases of money-laundering, except for public officials and their cohorts, fall under the jurisdiction of ____.

A. Supreme court

B. Sandiganbayan

C. Regional trial court

D. Municipal circuit court

C


Its motive is chiefly ideological and/or a desire for political change.

A. Organized crime

B. Terrorism

C. Criminal syndicate

D. Mafia B


It is the terrorist group responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks of the Pentagon in Washington DC and the World Trade Center in New York. In Arabic, it is known as ____ which means “The Base”.

A. El Tigre C. Al Qaeda

B. Hezbollah D. Al Capone

C


The often and most common strategy being undertaken by terrorist groups is ____.

A. Bombing C. Assassination

B. Kidnapping D. Racketeering

A


The best means to combat terrorism and transnational crime is through ____.

A. Strengthening the Armed Forces

B. Self-reliance

C. Not to ally with the US

D. International cooperation D


Which among the following terms is not associated with “terrorism”?

A. Violence C. Fear

B. Coercion D. Protection racket D


The famous patrol system of Japan is known as ____.

A. Crime stopper

B. Neighborhood Police Center

C. Koban

D. Police Community Precinct C


Generally, policing in the United States of America is largely a responsibility of the ____.

A. Federal Police C. State Police

B. Local Police D. Private Police

A


____ is the US federal agency which is the counter-part of the Philippines’ Presidential Security Group, in charge of protecting the US President and his family (including past Presidents). It works under the structure of the Department of the Treasury and is also responsible for the detection and prevention of counterfeiting.

A. FBI C. Secret ServiceB. US Marshals D. Imperial Guards

C

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This organization is based in Lyons, France which coordinates the efforts of the different police agencies in member countries leading to identification, location and apprehension of criminals.

A. United Nations C. Interpol

B. Aseanapol D. Europol

C


Which among the following countries is not a member of the International Criminal Police organization?

A. Vietnam C. Cambodia

B. South Korea D. North Korea D


The rank qualification for a PNP Police Commissioned Officer to be admitted to the UN Peacekeeping Force should be _____.

A. At least an Inspector

B. At least a Senior Inspector

C. At least a Chief Inspector

D. At least a Superintendent B


The selection for PNP personnel for Secondment to international organizations, deployment to UN peacekeeping missions and for other purposes is primarily based on ____.

A. Experience C. Merit and fitness

B. Training acquired D. Political connectionC


The recommendation of ____ is a requirement for admission of the applicant to the UN peacekeeping mission.

A. Mayor C. Chief, PNP

B. Congressman D. Unit commander

D


The age qualification of PNP applicant for UN peacekeeping mission is ____.

A. Not less than 21 years old and not more than 30 years old

B. Not less than 25 years old and not more than 35 years old

C. Not less than 25 years old and not more than 53 years old

D. Not less than 21 years old and not more than 35 years old

C

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