Comparative Life Cycle Assessment - WoodWorks · Few case studies investigating life cycle...
Transcript of Comparative Life Cycle Assessment - WoodWorks · Few case studies investigating life cycle...
Multi-Story, Cross-Laminated Timber Apartment in Quebec
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment
Presented on October 23rd, 2014 by Blane Grann
Disclaimer:+This+presenta1on+was+developed+by+a+third+party+and+is+not+funded+by+WoodWorks+or+the+So=wood+Lumber+Board.!
“The!Wood!Products!Council”!is!a!Registered!Provider!with!The!American!Ins<tute!of!Architects!Con<nuing!Educa<on!Systems!(AIA/CES),!Provider!#G516.!!!Credit(s)!earned!on!comple<on!of!this!course!will!be!reported!to!AIA!CES!for!AIA!members.!Cer<ficates!of!Comple<on!for!both!AIA!members!and!nonNAIA!members!are!available!upon!request.!!!
This!course!is!registered!with!AIA!CES!for!con<nuing!professional!educa<on.!As!such,!it!does!not!include!content!that!may!be!deemed!or!construed!to!be!an!approval!or!endorsement!by!the!AIA!of!any!material!of!construc<on!or!any!method!or!manner!of!handling,!using,!distribu<ng,!or!dealing!in!any!material!or!product.!___________________________________________
Ques<ons!related!to!specific!materials,!methods,!and!services!will!be!addressed!at!the!conclusion!of!this!presenta<on.!!
!
Course'Descrip,on'
Cross!laminated!<mber!(CLT),!in!combina<on!with!other!engineered!wood!products,!is!crea<ng!new!opportuni<es!for!the!use!of!wood!as!a!structural!material!in!taller!building!systems.!This!presenta<on!examines!the!results!of!a!life!cycle!assessment!(LCA)!comparing!the!environmental!performance!of!a!mul<Nstory!CLT!apartment!building!in!Quebec!with!a!similarly!designed!concrete!slab!building.!While!the!carbon!benefits!related!to!the!use!of!wood!in!building!systems!has!been!well!documented,!LCA!also!highlights!poten<al!tradeNoffs!in!other!impact!categories.!Results!from!this!assessment!underscore!the!importance!of!adop<ng!LCA!in!the!design!phase,!rather!than!as!a!postNhoc!assessment!tool,!to!iden<fy!specific!opportuni<es!to!improve!life!cycle!environmental!performance.!
Learning'Objec,ves'
1.!Iden<fy!(some)!environmental'indicators'used!in!life!cycle!assessment!(LCA)!methodology.!!2.!Evaluate!life'cycle'results'associated'with'the'use'of'cross'laminated',mber'in'a'mul,=story'building.!!3.!Clarify!the!role!of!scenarios!in!building!life!cycle!assessment!for!evalua<ng!future/unknown!events.!!4.!Consider!how!weigh,ng!of!different!environmental!indicators!is!used!in!LCA!to!support!decision!making.!
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Background
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Life Cycle Assessment
6
Forest Operations
© Jan Paul Lindner, Fraunhofer IBP, Department of Life Cycle Engineering
Material production Transportation
Construction
Operation
Waste management
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Life Cycle Assessment
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Silviculture
Hauling to roadside
Felling
Road Construction & Maintenance
Delimbing
sawlogs
pulp logs
harvest residues
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Life Cycle Assessment
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Material and equipment transport
chainsaw
diesel
lubricants 1 hr power sawing Felling
Emission CO2
Emission SO2
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Environmental Indicators
! Resource Use ! Emissions ▫ Global warming potential ▫ Ozone depletion potential ▫ Particulate matter ▫ Smog
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© 2014 FPInnovations. All rights reserved. Copying and redistribution prohibited. ® FPInnovations, its marks and logos are trademarks of FPInnovations. 12
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Environmental Indicators
! Resource Use ! Emissions ▫ Global warming potential ▫ Ozone depletion potential ▫ Particulate matter ▫ Smog ▫ Acidification potential ▫ Eutrophication potential
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Image Source: NOAA Environmental Visualization Laboratory
“This year's low-oxygen "dead zone" along Louisiana coast covers 5,052 square miles, an area the size of the state of Connecticut but about 800 square miles less than the 2013 dead zone” The Times-Picayune , August 4th, 2014
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! Resource Use ▫ Abiotic depletion,
elements ▫ Abiotic depletion,
fossil fuels ▫ Land use ▫ Water use
! Emissions ▫ Global warming potential ▫ Ozone depletion potential ▫ Particulate matter ▫ Smog ▫ Acidification potential ▫ Eutrophication potential ▫ Ecotoxicity ▫ Human toxicity ▫ Ionizing radiation
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NB: Environmental Indicators presented here are not intended to be comprehensive
EU product environmental footprint/ organizational environmental footprint guidelines (EC, 2013)
Environmental Indicators
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Environmental Indicators
! Resource Use ▫ Abiotic depletion,
elements ▫ Abiotic depletion,
fossil fuels ▫ Land use ▫ Water use
! Emissions ▫ Global warming potential ▫ Ozone depletion potential ▫ Particulate matter ▫ Smog ▫ Acidification potential ▫ Eutrophication potential ▫ Ecotoxicity ▫ Human toxicity ▫ Ionizing radiation
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LEED v4
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Environmental Indicators
! Resource Use ▫ Abiotic depletion,
elements ▫ Abiotic depletion,
fossil fuels ▫ Land use ▫ Water use
! Emissions ▫ Global warming potential ▫ Ozone depletion potential ▫ Particulate matter ▫ Smog ▫ Acidification potential ▫ Eutrophication potential ▫ Ecotoxicity ▫ Human toxicity ▫ Ionizing radiation
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EN 15978:2011 European standard for building LCA
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Environmental Indicators
! Resource Use ▫ Abiotic depletion,
elements ▫ Abiotic depletion,
fossil fuels ▫ Land use ▫ Water use
! Emissions ▫ Global warming potential ▫ Ozone depletion potential ▫ Particulate matter ▫ Smog ▫ Acidification potential ▫ Eutrophication potential ▫ Ecotoxicity ▫ Human toxicity ▫ Ionizing radiation
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TRACI 2.0 US EPA impact assessment method
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How do we decide which indicators to select?
! Choose a standard and use indicators they suggest
! Normative process ▫ What do we value?
! Indicator selection in TRACI (Bare, 2011): 1. Consistency with existing regulations and
policies 2. Perceived importance 3. Ease of modelling
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Comparative Building LCA
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Photo credit: Jieying Wang, Sylvain Gagnon; Artwork: Sue Rollinson
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Overview
! Comparison based on 4-story, CLT apartment building design in Chibougamau, Quebec ▫ ASHRAE climate zone 7 ▫ 4060 m2, 3270 m2 of heated
floor space ▫ 24 apartments
! Updated Results from an ISO 14040 compliant, comparative building LCA (Grann, 2013)
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Cross- laminated timber
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Overview
! Motivation ▫ Few case studies investigating life cycle
performance of cross-laminated timber buildings ! Goal ▫ ISO 14040 compliant LCA comparing:
- multi-story cross-laminated timber building, and an - equivalent building which it would likely compete for
market share
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ISO: International Organization for Standization
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Overview
! CLT building: Floor separation, external wall juncture
! Cross-laminated timber (CLT)
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2 x 4” mineral wool
8.2”, CLT
4.1” CLT
2 x 2.5” Mineral wool
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Overview
! CSC building: floor separation, external wall juncture
! Concrete slab and column with light gauge steel stud walls (CSC)
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9”, reinforced concrete
Light gauge studs
polystyrene
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Overview
! Structural engineer designed equivalent structural system
! Industry design guides used to design wall assemblies
! Building equivalence included: ▫ Floor area ▫ Envelope thermal performance ▫ Equivalent effective R-values
- Operational energy use assumed to be equivalent ▫ Achieving code for acoustic and fire performance
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System Boundary: what are we studying?
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operational energy use
operational water use
maintenance
repair
replacement
refurbishment
raw materials extraction
product manufacturing
demolition
disposal
waste processing
t
t
t
construction
t
reuse, recovery, recycling potential
Included
excluded
use
transportation
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Elements Excluded from Study
! As a simplification, equivalent building elements were also excluded, e.g.: ▫ Foundation walls/slab ▫ Windows and doors ▫ HVAC ▫ Plumbing and electrical ▫ Exterior siding
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Assumptions
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! End of life scenarios ▫ 80% recycling rate for all materials ▫ Non-recycled materials sent to
A. landfill, or B. incineration
! Landfilling ▫ 23% of carbon in landfilled wood products released
through decay (Dymond, 2012; Skog, 2008) ▫ 47% - landfill gas capture rate (10 * 0.23 * 0.47 = 1.1)
2.3 kg C
7.7 kg C
1.2 kg C as CO2 + CH4
1.1 kg C as CO2
10 kg C
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Assumptions
! Operational energy use estimate developed using statistics Canada data ▫ Assumes operational energy use is constant over time
(i.e. no efficiency measures adopted) ▫ Assumes no change in energy supply over time (i.e. no
increase in renewables) ! 60 year building lifetime
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Environmental Indicators
! Resource Use ▫ Abiotic depletion,
elements ▫ Abiotic depletion,
fossil fuels ▫ Land use ▫ Water use
! Emissions ▫ Global warming potential ▫ Ozone depletion potential ▫ Particulate matter ▫ Smog ▫ Acidification potential ▫ Eutrophication potential ▫ Ecotoxicity ▫ Human toxicity ▫ Ionizing radiation
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EN 15978:2011 European standard for building LCA
Only results for emissions indicators provided in this presentation
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N5.00E+05!0.00E+00!5.00E+05!1.00E+06!1.50E+06!2.00E+06!2.50E+06!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC! CLT,!INC!
Global!Warming!Poten<al!
Results: Life Cycle Stage
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LF: landfill INC: incineration
CSC: concrete slab and column building system CLT: cross-laminated timber building system
Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq)
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System Boundary
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operational energy use
operational water use
maintenance
repair
replacement
refurbishment
raw materials extraction
product manufacturing
demolition
disposal
waste processing
T
T
T
construction
T
reuse, recovery, recycling potential
Included in system boundary
excluded from system boundary
use
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Results
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Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq)
LF: landfill INC: incineration
CSC: concrete slab and column building system CLT: cross-laminated timber building system
N5.00E+05!
0.00E+00!
5.00E+05!
1.00E+06!
1.50E+06!
2.00E+06!
2.50E+06!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC!
CLT,!INC!
Global!Warming!Poten<al!
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System Boundary Expansion
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material production
transport
construction
demolition
waste management
landfilling incineration
transportation
energy
System boundary for building LCA
Wood products can be provide a significant source of energy at the end of life
1000 sq ft of floor space for 60 year building life + 2000 MJ heat
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System Boundary Expansion
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material production
transport
construction
demolition
waste management
material production
transport
construction
demolition
waste management energy
production
System boundary for concrete slab and column building
System boundary for CLT building
heat heat
The purpose of system expansion is to ensure both studies compare the same services provided to society (i.e. Living space, plus energy services)
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Results
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LF: landfill INC: incineration
CSC: concrete slab and column building system CLT: cross-laminated timber building system
Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq)
+77% +26%
N5.00E+05!
0.00E+00!
5.00E+05!
1.00E+06!
1.50E+06!
2.00E+06!
2.50E+06!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC!
CLT,!INC!
Global!Warming!Poten<al!
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Results
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Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq)
+77% +35% +26% +11%
Error bar represents range of potential values for system expansion
N5.00E+05!
0.00E+00!
5.00E+05!
1.00E+06!
1.50E+06!
2.00E+06!
2.50E+06!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC!
CLT,!INC!
Global!Warming!Poten<al!
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Sensitivity of System Expansion
! Natural gas used as fuel in System Expansion ! Other avoided fuels could include: ▫ Coal ▫ Fuel oil ▫ Ground source heat pump ▫ Solar heating panel
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0.00E+00!2.00E+05!4.00E+05!6.00E+05!8.00E+05!1.00E+06!1.20E+06!
CSC,!LF!
CLT,!LF!
CSC,!INC!
CLT,!INC!
Acidifica<on!Poten<al!
Results
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CSC: concrete slab and column building system CLT: cross-laminated timber building system
Acidification potential (moles H+ eq)
+522% +105% +10%
Error bar represents range of potential values for system expansion
LF: landfill INC: incineration
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0!2000!4000!6000!8000!
CSC,!LF!
CLT,!LF!
CSC,!INC!
CLT,!INC!
PM!criteria!air!pollutants!
Results
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Particulate matter (kg PM < 10 microns eq)
+20% -5%
-5%
LF: landfill INC: incineration
CSC: concrete slab and column building system CLT: cross-laminated timber building system
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N100!100!300!500!700!900!1,100!
N100!100!300!500!700!900!
1100!
CSC,!LF!
CLT,!LF!
CSC,!INC!
CLT,!INC!
Eutrophica<on!Poten<al!
Results
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LF: landfill INC: incineration
CSC: concrete slab and column building system CLT: cross-laminated timber building system
Eutrophication potential (kg N eq)
+83% +33% +25%
+15%
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Results
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Ozone depletion potential (kg CFC-11 eq)
0!0.2!0.4!0.6!0.8!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC!
CLT,!INC!
Ozone!Deple<on!Poten<al!
+239%
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0.00E+00!
5.00E+04!
1.00E+05!
1.50E+05!
2.00E+05!
CSC,!LF!
CLT,!LF!
CSC,!INC!
CLT,!INC!
Results
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LF: landfill INC: incineration
CSC: concrete slab and column building system CLT: cross-laminated timber building system
+19% +15% -14% -4%
Smog potential (kg O3 eq)
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Results Summary: Life cycle stage
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0!
200000!
400000!
600000!
800000!
1000000!
1200000!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC! CLT,!INC!
Acidifica<on!Poten<al!
0!
1000!
2000!
3000!
4000!
5000!
6000!
7000!
8000!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC! CLT,!INC!
PM!criteria!air!pollutants!
N100!
100!
300!
500!
700!
900!
1100!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC! CLT,!INC!
Eutrophica<on!Poten<al!
0!
0.1!
0.2!
0.3!
0.4!
0.5!
0.6!
0.7!
0.8!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC! CLT,!INC!
Ozone!Deple<on!Poten<al!
0!
50000!
100000!
150000!
200000!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC! CLT,!INC!
Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq)
Acidification potential (moles H+ eq)
Particulate matter (kg PM < 10 microns eq)
Ozone depletion potential (kg CFC-11 eq)
Smog potential (kg O3 eq)
Eutrophication potential (kg N eq)
CLT CLT, INC
CSC, LF
CLT CLT, LF
N5.00E+05!
0.00E+00!
5.00E+05!
1.00E+06!
1.50E+06!
2.00E+06!
2.50E+06!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC! CLT,!INC!
Global!Warming!Poten<al!
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Results Summary: Material contributions
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0.0E+00
5.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.5E+06
2.0E+06
CSC Building,
LF
CLT Building,
LF
0.0E+00
1.0E+05
2.0E+05
3.0E+05
4.0E+05
5.0E+05
CSC Building,
LF
CLT Building,
LF
0.0E+00 1.0E+03 2.0E+03 3.0E+03 4.0E+03 5.0E+03 6.0E+03 7.0E+03
CSC Building,
LF
CLT Building,
LF
0
200
400
600
800
CSC Building, LF
CLT Building, LF
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
CSC Building,
LF
CLT Building,
LF
0.0E+00 2.0E+04 4.0E+04 6.0E+04 8.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.2E+05 1.4E+05
CSC Building,
LF
CLT Building,
LF
Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq)
Acidification potential (moles H+ eq)
Particulate matter (kg PM < 10 microns eq)
Ozone depletion potential (kg CFC-11 eq)
Smog potential (kg O3 eq)
Eutrophication potential (kg N eq)
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Sensitivity
! Sensitivity is used to evaluate the influence of key parameters: ▫ Fuel used in system boundary expansion ▫ Landfill parameters for wood product decay
- Fraction of wood products that decay in landfills (degradable organic carbon or DOC)
• 23%" 2% (Wang, Padgett, De la Cruz, & Barlaz, 2011; Ximenes, Brooks, Wilson, & Giles, 2012)
- Landfill gas capture rate (R) • 47% " 80%
47
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N1.00E+06!
N5.00E+05!
0.00E+00!
5.00E+05!
1.00E+06!
1.50E+06!
2.00E+06!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CLT,!80%!R!
CLT,!2%!DOC!
Sensitivity: Landfill Parameters
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Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq)
-51% -23%
R: Landfill gas capture rate; DOC: fraction of wood carbon that degrades
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Normalization and Weighting
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Normalization and Weighting
! Normalization involves comparing an indicator to a pre-defined amount ▫ e.g. All GHG emissions from the US in 2010
! Weighting is the process of deciding which indicators are of highest importance (based on our values)
Q: Which product is preferable if, 4 indicators are lower and 2 are higher?
50
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Normalization and Weighting to Support Decision Making
! Weighting is optional in ISO 14040 ! Adds controversy because value choices are
introduced ! Several types of weighting, e.g.: ▫ Monetization ▫ Panel weighting
51
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Normalization and Weighting to Support Decision Making ! Weighting in LEED v4 ▫ Global warming potential and two additional indicators
must decrease by >10% ▫ No other indicator may increase by >5%
! Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) ▫ US Environmental Protection Agency Science advisory
panel ▫ Stakeholder (building product producers, green building
experts, LCA experts) panel ▫ Harvard study
52
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Weighting Options in BEES
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0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35
Perc
enta
ge
EPA Weighting Stakeholder weighting Harvard weighting
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Improvement Potential
! Relatively high contribution from mineral wool acoustic batts in CLT building ▫ How would replacing mineral wool, acoustic floor
batts in CLT building with cellulose insulation affect results?
54
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N1.00E+06!
N5.00E+05!
0.00E+00!
5.00E+05!
1.00E+06!
1.50E+06!
2.00E+06!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CLT,!cellulose!
Improvement Potential
55
Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq)
-6%
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Improvement potential
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0.00E+00!
1.00E+05!
2.00E+05!
3.00E+05!
4.00E+05!
5.00E+05!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CLT,!cellulose!
Acidification potential (moles H+ eq)
-17%
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Improvement potential
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0.00E+00!1.00E+03!2.00E+03!3.00E+03!4.00E+03!5.00E+03!6.00E+03!7.00E+03!
0.00E+00!1.00E+02!2.00E+02!3.00E+02!4.00E+02!5.00E+02!6.00E+02!7.00E+02!
Particulate matter (kg PM < 10 microns eq)
Eutrophication potential (kg N eq)
-43%
-11%
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Improvement Potential
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Smog potential (kg O3 eq)
0.00E+00!2.00E+04!4.00E+04!6.00E+04!8.00E+04!1.00E+05!1.20E+05!1.40E+05!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CLT,!cellulose!
-25%
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Conclusions
! Operational energy had largest impacts ▫ Likely to be much higher in regions where electricity is not dominated
by hydro power as in Quebec ▫ But, could also be smaller for the Quebec case study if potential
future changes were included in model for: - energy efficiency - change in energy supply
! Materials used for structural systems and insulation were also key ▫ CLT building shifts material impacts from structural materials to
acoustic batts ▫ Landfilled drywall was an important contributor to acidification for both
buildings
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Conclusions
! Results showed key differences in favour of the CLT building system for: ▫ Global warming potential (largest) ▫ Eutrophication potential ▫ Acidification potential
- Incineration scenario only
! Slight advantage for the CSC building for: ▫ Particulate matter and Smog
- Landfill scenario only
! Scenarios are important for evaluating a range of possible outcomes
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Conclusions
! Assumptions used for system boundary expansion influence indicators for smog and particulate matter
! Life cycle assessment can identify opportunities for improving environmental performance ▫ e.g. Cellulose
! Normalization and weighting can be used to support decision making for multiple indicators
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Acknowledgements
• This research was financially supported by the BC Ministry of Advanced Education, Innovation and Technology and by the Canadian Forest Service under the contribution agreement between the Government of Canada and FPInnovations.
• Additional funding for travel and developing the presentation provided by the Softwood Lumber Board and WoodWorks
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Questions? For more information contact: Blane Grann [email protected]
© 2014 FPInnovations. All rights reserved. Copying and redistribution prohibited. ® FPInnovations, its marks and logos are trademarks of FPInnovations.
! Forests influence climate through: ▫ Carbon storage ▫ Surface reflectance ▫ Evapotranspiration
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! Disagreements over how to account for climate impacts of forest disturbance in LCA
Key factors at northern latitudes
Forests and climate: Additional environmental information
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N5.00E+05!
0.00E+00!
5.00E+05!
1.00E+06!
1.50E+06!
2.00E+06!
2.50E+06!
CSC,!LF! CLT,!LF! CSC,!INC!CLT,!INC!
Global!Warming!Poten<al!
Additional Results: Dynamic climate effects
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Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq)
+48% +52% +43% +26%
LF: landfill INC: incineration
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Additional Results: Dynamic climate effects
66
N1.00E+06!
N5.00E+05!
0.00E+00!
5.00E+05!
1.00E+06!
1.50E+06!
2.00E+06!
CSC,!LF!
CLT,!LF!
CLT,!80%!R!
CLT,!2%!DOC!
Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq)
-24% -14%
R: Landfill gas capture rate; DOC: fraction of wood carbon that degrades
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Annual Forest Disturbance in Canada
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0
10
20
30
40
50
1990
19
91
1992
19
93
1994
19
95
1996
19
97
1998
19
99
2000
20
01
2002
20
03
2004
20
05
2006
20
07
2008
20
09
2010
20
11
2012
Hec
tare
s (m
illio
n)
Total Area Burned Total Area Defoliated Total Area Harvested
Data Source: National Forestry Database
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Life Cycle Inventory Data Sources
! Materials, transport, construction and demolition ▫ Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings v4.5
(Athena Sustainable Materials Institute) ! Disposal ▫ ecoinvent v2.2 (Swiss Centre for Life Cycle
Inventories) ▫ US-EI 2.2 (Earth Shift)
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