Comparative Forms More About Adjectives. REVIEW OF THE BASICS How many declensions are there for...
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Transcript of Comparative Forms More About Adjectives. REVIEW OF THE BASICS How many declensions are there for...
![Page 1: Comparative Forms More About Adjectives. REVIEW OF THE BASICS How many declensions are there for adjectives? TWO What are they? 1 st -2 nd AND 3 rd How.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e9f5503460f94ba1460/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Comparative Forms More About Adjectives
![Page 2: Comparative Forms More About Adjectives. REVIEW OF THE BASICS How many declensions are there for adjectives? TWO What are they? 1 st -2 nd AND 3 rd How.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e9f5503460f94ba1460/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
REVIEW OF THE BASICS
• How many declensions are there for adjectives?• TWO •What are they?• 1st -2nd AND 3rd
• How can you tell the declension?• 1st – 2nd look for the –a • 3rd look for the -is
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Review of the Basics cont.
•How do you get the BASE of an adjective?•Drop the –a or -is
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Attributes of an Adjective
•All adjectives have GENDER, NUMBER, CASE and DEGREE•The gender, number and case depend on the noun that the adjective is modifying.
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EXAMPLES
longam viammultos mercatorescanem ferumdomino iratomagnis exercitibus
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DEGREES
•There are three degrees for an adjective.•POSITIVE - big
•COMPARATIVE - bigger
•SUPERLATIVE - biggest
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HOW TO FORM THE COMPARATIVE
1. Get the base of the adjective
2. Add -ior or -ius3. Add 3rd declension NOUN
endings to make the adjective agree with the gender, number and case of the noun being modified
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EXAMPLE
• taller horses - accusative plural•equos (always do the noun first)
•altus, alta, altum drop the –a to get the base
alt----
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•Add ior altior----•Add an accusative, plural, masculine 3rd decl noun ending to altior---- to make it agree with equos •Equos altiores
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Dissecting the adjective
alt ior es basease comparative ending The ending is acc. pl. masc. because
the noun was acc. pl. masc. The ending is –es because
comparative forms are 3rd declension
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WHEN DO YOU USE –IUS?
•The –ius form is ONLY used for NEUTER, SINGULAR NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE.•ALL other forms use -ior
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Here are all the possible formsMASC / FEM SINGULAR
MASC / FEMPLURAL
NEUTERSINGULAR
NEUTERPLURAL
-ior -iores -ius -iora-ioris -iorum -ioris -iorum-iori -ioribus -iori -ioribus-iorem -iores -ius -iora-iore -ioribus -iore -ioribus
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NOTA BENE
•Notice the form for the masculine/feminine singular, nominative does NOT add ANY ending. It is just -ior•Notice the neuter, nominative and accusative singular use -ius
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NOTA BENE
•Notice the endings you add are 3rd declension endings.•It does not matter what declension an adjective is. Once it is put in the comparative, it uses the COMPARATIVE ENDINGS.
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TRANSLATIONS
• THERE ARE FOUR WAYS TO TRANSLATE THE COMPARATIVE
•too•rather•more•-----er
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Some examples
rather angry leaders (acc. pl) duces iratioresmore beautiful flowers (dat. pl.)floribus pulchrioribusfaster horse (nom. sing.)equus celerior
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TRY THESE
1. rather sad girl (acc. sing.)2. taller man (abl. sing)3. more serious dangers (abl. pl.)puella, puellae; tristis, tristevir, viri; altus, alta, altumpericulum, periculi; gravis, grave
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ANSWERS
puellam tristioremviro altiorepericulis gravioribus
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Try these sentences. Use the translation option “rather”
1. Equum celeriorem habeo.
2. Nostri milites sunt fortiores.
3. Servi, qui in agro laborabant, iratiores erant.
4. Nocte in illa urbe periculum est gravius.
5. Bellum, quod contra illos pugnavimus, longius erat.
6. Amici Caecili fabulam miriorem de versipelle audiverunt.
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Try these. Use the translation option “too”
1.Hic est iratior
2.Illa est inimicior
3.Hi sunt fortiores
4.Illa fabula erat longior
5.Hoc bellum est longius
6.Illud iter erit periculosius
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HOW TO EXPRESS “than”
Option #1: Simply use quam Marcus est fortior quam DrususMarcus is stronger than DrususMeus equus est celerior quam tuus equusMy horse is faster than your horse
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Option #2 : The Ablative of ComparisonPut the 2nd of the two words that are being compared in the ablative.When you translate you add the word “than” into the English sentence.There will NOT be any WORD in the Latin sentence that means “than” . The idea comes from the 2nd word being put into the ablative case.
Marcus est fortior DrusoMarcus is stronger than DrususMeus equus est celerior tuo equoMy horse is faster than your horse
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Try these
1.Haec epistula est longior quam illa epistula
2.Hi montes sunt altiores quam illi.
3.Meus canis est ferior quam ille canis
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Try these
1.Haec epistula est longior illā epistulā
2.Hi montes sunt altiores illis.3.Meus canis est ferior illo
cane
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Ablative of Degree of Difference
multo and paulo are used to express the degree of difference with a comparative.
multo - muchpaulo - a little
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examplesHic est multo iratior quam ille.Hi milites erant paulo fortiores illis.Ille nuntius erat paulo longior hoc nuntio.Illi servi sunt multo miseriores quam nostri servi