Comparative Analysis of Dispersion in Decagonal Structure of Photonic Crystal Fiber having Hole...

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Comparative Analysis of Dispe

Photonic Crystal Fiber having Hole within Core

Shivani Gangwal1P.G. Scholar

Department of Electronics & Communication, Yagyavalkya Institute of Technology,

ABSTRACT This paper comparatively analyzes decagonal 4 cladding ring structure having circular & square hole within core and structure without hole in core. All simulations have been performed in COMSOL Multiphysics simulation tool. Effective refractive index is calculated for each design by varying pitch keeping cladding air hole diameter constant and by varying air hole diameter keeping pitch constant. Dispersion is calculated using finite element method. Optimized design is obtained by comparing all the designs.

Keywords: Dispersion, Finite element analysis, Photonic crystal fiber, Wavelength

1 INTRODUCTION

The idea of photonic crystals propagated in 1987 with effort in the field of the strong localization of light, and for the inhibition of spontaneous emission. It was afterward shown that in periodic arrangements of ideally lossless dielectric material, the transmission of light can be totally suppressed at certain wavelengths, in any case of propagation direction and polarization. Such kinds of periodic arrangements of dielectric materials have been known as photonic crystals. The first fiber with a photonic crystal structure was observed by Philip St. J. Russell in 1995. Photonics is the branch of modern science and technology that link electronics and optics and often deals with the generation, propagation, and detection of light. Thus, photonics can manage the photons.

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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

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Comparative Analysis of Dispersion in Decagonal Structure of


Shivani Gangwal1, Vipra Bohara2, Laxmi Narayan Balai3 P.G. Scholar, 2Assistant Professor, 3H.O.D.

Department of Electronics & Communication, Yagyavalkya Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

This paper comparatively analyzes decagonal 4 cladding ring structure having circular & square hole within core and structure without hole in core. All simulations have been performed in COMSOL Multiphysics simulation tool. Effective refractive

lculated for each design by varying pitch keeping cladding air hole diameter constant and by varying air hole diameter keeping pitch constant. Dispersion is calculated using finite element method. Optimized design is obtained by comparing all the

ispersion, Finite element analysis,

The idea of photonic crystals propagated in 1987 with localization of light,

and for the inhibition of spontaneous emission. It was afterward shown that in periodic arrangements of

dielectric material, the transmission of light can be totally suppressed at certain wavelengths,

propagation direction and polarization. Such kinds of periodic arrangements of dielectric materials have been known as photonic crystals. The first fiber with a photonic crystal structure was observed by Philip St. J. Russell in 1995. Photonics is

ch of modern science and technology that link electronics and optics and often deals with the generation, propagation, and detection of light. Thus,

In the solid core MOFs that we will learn, light direction is due to customized total inner indication among the center and a micro prepared cladding consisting of inclusion in a matrix. The center and matrix material are normally the same, and hence have the same refractive index. In put into practice, the cladding has a fixed width, as it consists of a number of rings of inclusions. Ahead of the micro structured part of the fiber, the matrix extends devoid of any inclusions awaiting the jacket is reached. If we think about the jacket to be far from the cladding and core, and hence overlook its influence, supervision in the core is solely due to a finite number of layers of holes in bulk silica extending to infinity. A priori, the cladding does not "protect" the core from the surrounding matrix substance since the holes do not amalgamate with their neighbomatrix is connected between the core and the exterior. Physically, we can visualize the light leaking from the central part to the exterior matrix material through the bridges between holes, and thus expecmodified total interior reflection model of guidance, in which the micro structured part of the fiber is replaced by standardized material with an efficient refractive index lower than the core, the core is entirely surrounded by the claddmatrix material and the core are then no longer directly connected. On the other hand the thickness of the "effective cladding" is fixed, and hence tunnelosses are obvious. Despite of the approach one uses to explain guidance in Mguidance is due to a fixed number of layers of holes,

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rsion in Decagonal Structure of


Department of Electronics & Communication, Yagyavalkya Institute of Technology,

In the solid core MOFs that we will learn, light omized total inner indication

among the center and a micro prepared cladding consisting of inclusion in a matrix. The center and matrix material are normally the same, and hence have the same refractive index. In put into practice,

width, as it consists of a number of rings of inclusions. Ahead of the micro structured part of the fiber, the matrix extends devoid of any inclusions awaiting the jacket is reached. If we think about the jacket to be far from the cladding and

ence overlook its influence, supervision in the core is solely due to a finite number of layers of holes in bulk silica extending to infinity. A priori, the cladding does not "protect" the core from the surrounding matrix substance since the holes do not amalgamate with their neighbours and therefore the matrix is connected between the core and the exterior. Physically, we can visualize the light leaking from the central part to the exterior matrix material through the bridges between holes, and thus expect losses. In the modified total interior reflection model of guidance, in which the micro structured part of the fiber is replaced by standardized material with an efficient refractive index lower than the core, the core is entirely surrounded by the cladding. The peripheral matrix material and the core are then no longer directly connected. On the other hand the thickness of the "effective cladding" is fixed, and hence tunnelling losses are obvious. Despite of the approach one uses to explain guidance in MOFs, as extensive as guidance is due to a fixed number of layers of holes,

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456


leakage from the core to the external matrix material is obligatory.

Photonic crystals present several stimulating opportunities for increasing new optical apparatus for optical interactions [4-5]. The crystal well-known for their potentials for confine and directing light in very minute structures. Photonic crystals are able to also display strong diffusion properties that may perhaps give rise to large group delay, strong chromatic dispersion, and major polarization-dependent diffusion for pulse proliferation. Photonic crystals offer stimulating potentials for key performing techniques in optical communication systems, such as delay elements, chromatic dispersion compensators, polarization mode dispersion mitigates and wavelength adjoin/fall filters.

Photonic crystal fiber is less costly than copper wires. Since optical fibers are narrower than copper wires, additional fibers can be bundled into any than copper wires. This allows more receiver lines to go in excess of the same cable. The loss of signal in photonic crystal fiber is less. It is preferably suitable for carrying digital information, which is especially helpful in computer networks. It is free fhazard as no electricity can pass through it. It is smaller in diameter.

II. PCF DESIGNS We have designed 3 types of structures of photonic crystal fiber: (i) Decagonal structure (ii) Decagonal structure with circular hole in core and (iii)structure with square hole in core. We have designed four rings in cladding area with perfectly matched layer surrounding the cladding. Core is made of silica and air is filled in cladding. Designs are shown in Fig 1, 2 & 3.

Fig 1 Decagonal 4 ring structure

of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456


leakage from the core to the external matrix material

Photonic crystals present several stimulating opportunities for increasing new optical apparatus for

structures are known for their potentials for confine and

directing light in very minute structures. Photonic crystals are able to also display strong diffusion properties that may perhaps give rise to large group

trong chromatic dispersion, and major dependent diffusion for pulse

Photonic crystals offer stimulating potentials for key performing techniques in optical communication systems, such as delay elements,

ensators, polarization mode dispersion mitigates and wavelength adjoin/fall

Photonic crystal fiber is less costly than copper wires. Since optical fibers are narrower than copper wires, additional fibers can be bundled into any -width cable

opper wires. This allows more receiver lines to The loss of signal in

preferably suitable for carrying digital information, which is especially

It is free from fire hazard as no electricity can pass through it. It is

We have designed 3 types of structures of photonic crystal fiber: (i) Decagonal structure (ii) Decagonal structure with circular hole in core and (iii) Decagonal structure with square hole in core. We have designed four rings in cladding area with perfectly matched

Core is made of silica Designs are shown in Fig

ture

Fig 2 Decagonal 4 ring structure with circular hole in core

Fig 3 Decagonal 4 ring structure with square hole in core

In above designs diameter of cladding air hole is d and spacing between two air holes is pitch. Diameter of circular hole is d1 which is constant and side length of square hole is a, which is also kept constant.

III. ANALYSIS OF PCF

EFFECTIVE REFRACTIVEPCF designs are analysed refractive index by varying pitch keeping air hole diameter (0.5µm) constant and by varying air hole diameter keeping pitch (2µmvalues of wavelength. Diameter of circular hole is µm and side length of square hole is

of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470

Jun 2018 Page: 415

Fig 2 Decagonal 4 ring structure with circular hole in

Fig 3 Decagonal 4 ring structure with square hole in

In above designs diameter of cladding air hole is d and spacing between two air holes is pitch. Diameter

hich is constant and side length of square hole is a, which is also kept constant.

BASED ON

REFRACTIVE INDEX PCF designs are analysed based on effective

by varying pitch keeping air hole t and by varying air hole µm) constant at different

values of wavelength. Diameter of circular hole is 0.6 and side length of square hole is 0.6 µm.



Fig 4 Effective refractive index for different pitch in PCF

Fig 5 Effective refractive index for different diameter in PCF

Fig 6 Effective refractive index for different pitch in PCF (circular hole)



Fig 4 Effective refractive index for different pitch in

e refractive index for different

Fig 6 Effective refractive index for different pitch

Fig 7 Effective refractive index for different diameter in PCF (circular hole)

Fig 8 Effective refractive index for differein PCF (square hole)

Fig 9 Effective refractive index for different diameter in PCF (square hole)


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Fig 7 Effective refractive index for different

diameter in PCF (circular hole)

Fig 8 Effective refractive index for different pitch

in PCF (square hole)

Fig 9 Effective refractive index for different

diameter in PCF (square hole)



IV. ANALYSIS OF PCF BASED ONDISPERSION

PCF designs are analysed based on dispersion by varying pitch keeping air hole diameter (constant and by varying air hole diameter keeping pitch (2µm) constant at different values of wavelength.

Fig 10 Dispersion for different pitch in PCF

Fig 11 Dispersion for different diameter in PCF



ON

PCF designs are analysed based on dispersion by varying pitch keeping air hole diameter (0.5µm)

by varying air hole diameter keeping ) constant at different values of

Fig 10 Dispersion for different pitch in PCF


Fig 12 Dispersion for different pitch in PCF (circular hole)

Fig 13 Dispersion for different diameter in PCF (circular hole)

Fig 14 Dispersion for different pitch in PCF (square hole)


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Fig 12 Dispersion for different pitch in PCF (circular


(circular hole)

Fig 14 Dispersion for different pitch in PCF (square



Fig 15 Dispersion for different diameter in PCF (square hole)

V. CONCLUSION According to our observations, optimized values opitch and air hole diameter are 1.75µm and 0.5 µm respectively. At these values PCF with square hole in core produces better values of effective refractive index but in case of dispersion, this structure produces high dispersion at lower wavelengths and dispersion at higher wavelengths as compared to other designs. In future various other designs of decagonal structure can be compared using COMSOL or other simulation tools. Besides effective refractive index and dispersion, other factors like confinempropagation constant etc can be computed according to different affecting factors.

REFERENCES 1) Fetah Benabid and Peter J. Roberts, “

Photonic Crystals Fibers: Fundamental and Applications”, Taylor & Francis, 2011

2) Shubi F. KAIJAGE, Yoshinori NAMIHIRA, Nguyen H. HAI, Feroza BEGUM, S. M. Abdur RAZZAK, Tatsuya KINJO, Hiroki HIGA, and Nianyu ZOU, “Multiple Hole-core Hexagonal




According to our observations, optimized values of pitch and air hole diameter are 1.75µm and 0.5 µm respectively. At these values PCF with square hole in core produces better values of effective refractive index but in case of dispersion, this structure produces high dispersion at lower wavelengths and low dispersion at higher wavelengths as compared to other

In future various other designs of decagonal structure can be compared using COMSOL or other simulation tools. Besides effective refractive index and dispersion, other factors like confinement loss, propagation constant etc can be computed according

, “Hollow Core Photonic Crystals Fibers: Fundamental and

Taylor & Francis, 2011.

hinori NAMIHIRA, Nguyen H. HAI, Feroza BEGUM, S. M. Abdur RAZZAK, Tatsuya KINJO, Hiroki HIGA, and

core Hexagonal

Photonic Crystal Fiber with Flattened Dispersion and Polarization Maintaining PropertiesReview, 2008.

3) Yuan-Fong Chau, “Design of a highphotonic crystal fiber using an asymmetric hole in the fiber core”, IEEE, 2014

4) Mukesh Nagar, Yash Walia, Sukoon Mishra, Abhay Dixit, Yuvraj Handa, “Nearly Zero Flattened chromatic dispersion in five layer hole core photonic crystal fibre”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 2013.

5) Namassivayane Kejalakshmy, B. M. Azizur Rahman, Arti Agrawal, Huda M. Tanvir, and Kenneth T. V. Grattan “MetalPhotonic Crystal Fiber for THz Propagation” IEEE, 2009.

6) Md. Sajjad Hossain, Kishan Neupane, Md. Shihab Bin Hafiz, and Satya Prasad Majumder, “Dispersion and Nonlinear Characteristics of a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) with Holeed Core and Various Doping ConceConference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2014.

7) Venimadhav Sharma, Sachin Chauhan andSharma, “Proposed Novel Design of Silica PCF to Minimizing the Dispersion Using OptiFDTD”, International Conference on Recent AdvaInnovations in Engineering, IEEE, 2016.

8) Animesh Bala Ani, and Mohammad Faisal, “Ultra-flattened Broadband Dispersion Compensating Photonic Crystal Fiber with Ultralow Confinement Loss”, International Conference on Electrical and Computer Enginee2016.


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Photonic Crystal Fiber with Flattened Dispersion and Polarization Maintaining Properties”, Optical

Design of a high-birefringence photonic crystal fiber using an asymmetric hole in

IEEE, 2014.

Mukesh Nagar, Yash Walia, Sukoon Mishra, Abhay Dixit, Yuvraj Handa, “Nearly Zero Flattened chromatic dispersion in five layer hole core photonic crystal fibre”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 2013.

Namassivayane Kejalakshmy, B. M. Azizur Rahman, Arti Agrawal, Huda M. Tanvir, and Kenneth T. V. Grattan “Metal-Coated Hole-Core

otonic Crystal Fiber for THz Propagation”

Md. Sajjad Hossain, Kishan Neupane, Md. Shihab Bin Hafiz, and Satya Prasad Majumder, “Dispersion and Nonlinear Characteristics of a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) with Holeed Core and Various Doping Concentration”, International Conference on Electrical and Computer

Sachin Chauhan and Sunil Sharma, “Proposed Novel Design of Silica PCF to Minimizing the Dispersion Using OptiFDTD”, International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering, IEEE, 2016.

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Compensating Photonic Crystal Fiber with Ultra-low Confinement Loss”, International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, IEEE,

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