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Company Confidential

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A Course on COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

Prepared for: *Stars*

New Horizons Certified Professional Course

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• Overview• Introduction to Computers

• Characteristics of Computers• History/Evolution• Generation Of Computers

CONTENTS

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• UNIT-1• Introduction to Computers• Classification of computers• Applications of Computers• Number Systems, Number Conversions, Logic Gates

Overview

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• Unit II• Computer Organization• Memory Units• Input Devices• Output Devices

OverviewCont.

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• UNIT-III• Introduction To Computer Software• Operating system• Problem solving Techniques• Translators• Computer Programming languages• Computer Threats

OverviewCont.

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• UNIT-IV• Office automation Tools• MS Word• Excel• MS PowerPoint• MS Access

OverviewCont.

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• UNIT-V• Network Fundamentals• Internet• Net Surfing/Net Browsing

OverviewCont.

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• Overview• Introduction to Computers

• Characteristics of Computers• History/Evolution• Generation Of Computers

Contents

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• Definition:• Its an electronic Device that is used for information Processing.• Computer.. Latin word.. compute• Calculation Machine

• A computer system includes a computer, peripheral devices, and software

Introduction to Computers

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• Accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output • Input refers to whatever is sent to a Computer system• Data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas• Processing is the way that a computer manipulates data• A computer processes data in a device called the central

processing unit (CPU)

Introduction to Computers

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• Memory is an area of a computer that holds data that is waiting to be processed, stored, or output

• Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis• Computer output is the result produced by the computer• An output device displays, prints or transmits the results of

processing

Introduction to Computers

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ComputerPerforms computations and makes logical decisionsMillions / billions times faster than human beings

Computer programsSets of instructions for which computer processes data

HardwarePhysical devices of computer system

SoftwarePrograms that run on computers

Introduction to Computers

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• Capabilities of Computers• Huge Data Storage• Input and Output• Processing

Introduction to Computers

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• Characteristics of Computers• High Processing Speed• Accuracy• Reliability• Versatility• Diligence

Introduction to Computers

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Introduction to Computers

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•Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were made with an abacus

Invented around 500BC, available in many cultures (China, Mesopotamia, Japan, Greece, Rome, etc.)

•In 1642, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician, physicist, philosopher) invented a mechanical calculator called the Pascaline

•In 1671, Gottfried von Leibniz (German mathematician, philosopher) extended the Pascaline to do multiplications, divisions, square roots: the Stepped Reckoner

None of these machines had memory, and they required human intervention at each step

History Of Computers

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• In 1822 Charles Babbage (English mathematician, philosopher), sometimes called the “father of computing” built the Difference Engine

• Machine designed to automate the computation (tabulation) of polynomial functions (which are known to be good approximations of many useful functions)• Based on the “method of finite difference”• Implements some storage

• In 1833 Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, but he died before he could build it• It was built after his death, powered by

steam

History Of Computers

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Generations of Computers

Back to Index

Introduction To Computers

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• Generation of Computers• First Generation (1946-59)• Second Generation(1957-64)• Third Generation(1965-70)• Fourth Generation(1970-90)• Fifth Generation(1990 till date)

Introduction To Computers

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Generation 0: Mechanical CalculatorsGeneration 1: Vacuum Tube ComputersGeneration 2: Transistor Computers Generation 3: Integrated CircuitsGeneration 4: Microprocessors

Introduction To Computers

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First Generation

Second Gen.

Third Gen.

Fourth Gen.

Technology Vacuum Tubes

Transistors Integrated Circuits (multiple transistors)

Microchips (millions of transistors)

Size Filled Whole Buildings

Filled half a room

Smaller Tiny - Palm Pilot is as powerful as old building sized computer

Introduction To Computers

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Introduction To Computers

Some Pictures…..

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The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was unveiled in 1946: the first all-electronic, general-purpose digital computer

Generation 1 : ENIAC

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The use of binaryIn the 30s Claude Shannon (the father of “information theory”) had proposed that the use of binary arithmetic and boolean logic should be used with electronic circuits

The Von-Neumann architecture

CPU Memory

I/OSystem

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Generation 2: IBM7094

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Seymour Cray created the Cray Research CorporationCray-1: $8.8 million, 160 million instructions per seconds and 8 Mbytes of memory

Generation 3: Integrated Circuits

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Improvements to IC technology made it possible to integrate more and more transistors in a single chip

SSI (Small Scale Integration): 10-100 MSI (Medium Scale Integration): 100-1,000LSI (Large Scale Integration): 1,000-10,000VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): >10,000Microprocessors

Generation 4: VLSI

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The term “Generation 5” is used sometimes to refer to all more or less “sci fi” future developments

Voice recognitionArtificial intelligenceQuantum computingBio computing Nano technologyLearningNatural languages

Generation 5?

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Computer fundamentals

Data Representation in Computers

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Objectives

• Introduction (Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB)

• The Decimal Number System

• The Binary Number System

• Number Conversion between Number Systems

• Data Storage

• Binary Arithmetic

• Unit of Information

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Data Representation

• Data is stored in a computer in binary format as a series of 1s and 0s.

• Computers use standardized coding systems (such as ASCII) to determine what character or number is represented by what series of binary digits.

• Data is stored in a series of 8-bit combinations called a byte.

• Every letter, number, punctuation mark, or symbol has its own unique combination of ones and zeros.

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Data Representation

On

Off

• A bit or binary digit has one of two values, zero or one

• A byte is the smallest addressable unit of memory (8 bits)

• ASCII provides for 256(or 28) characters– 01000001 – A

– 01000010 – B

– etc.

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Memory Bits and Bytes

8 Bits = 1 Byte

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Memory Bits and Bytes

• Bits are switches turned ‘on’ or ‘off’

• ON bits are said to be in a 1 state

• OFF bits are said to be in a 0 state

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Memory Bits and Bytes

• ON bits are said to be in a 1 state

• OFF bits are said to be in a 0 state

0 0 0 1 11 00

Combination of 1’s and 0’s represent the letters, numbers, and special characters.

Allows for 256 combinations.

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Bits and Bytes

• 8 bits = 1 Byte (1 keyboard character)• 1,024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (1KB)• 1,024 K = 1 Megabyte (MB)• 1,024 MB = 1 Gigabyte (GB)

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Memory

• Transient (erased when power turned off)– Consider a UPS (uninterrupted power supply)

• Measured in bytes – 1 Kilobyte = 210 characters (~1,000 bytes)– 1 Megabyte = 220 characters (~1,000,000 bytes)– 1 Gigabyte = 230 characters (~1,000,000,000 bytes)

• Need 256Mb or 512Mb of RAM– Keep multiple programs & data files in memory– Graphic-intensive programs demand a lot of memory

• The Original PC had 16Kb of memory

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The Decimal Number System

• In the decimal system use from 0 to 9• We consider the number: 365

(3x100) + (6x10) + (5x1) = 365 (3x102) + (6x101) + (5x100) = 365• Thus as we move one position to the left, the

value of the digit increases by ten times• The value of each digit in the number system is

determined by:- The digit itself- The position of the digit in the number itself- The base/radix of the system

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The Binary Number System

• The binary number system has a base of two, and symbols used are 0 and 1.

• Example: 1010

(1x8) + (0x4) + (1x2) + (0x1) = 1010

(1x23) + (0x22) + (1x21) + (0x20) = 1010• Thus as we move to the left the value of the digit

will be two times greater than its predeccessor.• The value of the places are:

64 32 16 8 4 2 1

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Converting Binary to Decimal

• The decimal equivalent of 110100 is (1x32) + (1x16) + (0x8) + (1x4) + (0x2) + (0x1)

= 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0

= 52

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Converting Decimal To Binary

• In conversion from decimal to any other number system, the steps to be followed are:

- Divide the decimal number by the base of the requred number system

- Note the remainder in one column and divide the qoutient again with the base. Keep repeating this process until the quotient is reduced to a zero

- Reading off the remainder in the reverse order of them being written down will give us the required number.

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• Example: Convert the decimal number 52 to its binary equivalent

2 52

2 26

2 13

2 06

2 03

2 01

2 00

00

1

0

1

1

• Thus the binary equivalent of the decimal number 52 is 110100

Converting Decimal To Binary

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Hardware and Software

Chapter 2

Back to Index

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Learning Objectives

– Identify and discuss the role of the essential hardware components of a computer system.

– List and describe popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each.

– Outline the role of the operating system and discuss how operating systems have evolved over time.

– Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software.

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Computer System Components

Math calculations

Access, decode, coordinate instructions

Hold program instructions and data

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Hardware Components in Action

• Instruction phase– Step 1: Fetch instruction– Step 2: Decode instruction

• Execution phase– Step 3: Execute the instruction– Step 4: Store the results

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Execution of an Instruction

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Processing and Memory Devices

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Processing Characteristics and Functions

• Machine cycle time: Time to execute the instruction phase

• Clock speed: – Rate at which electronic pulses are produces.– Measured in MHz

• Wordlength– Bit (Binary digiT): 0 or 1– Unit for moving data– Wordlength: The number of bits a CPU can process in

a unit time– 32-64 bit processors

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Number of Bytes

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Types of Memory (1)

• Random access memory (RAM)– Volatile– Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM– Dynamic Ram (DRAM)– Synchronous DRAM:

• Faster transfer speed between memory and processor

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Types of Memory (2)

Read-only memory (ROM)– Non-volatile– Permanent data and instructions from

manufacturer– Types

• PROM: Programmable• EPROM: Erasable programmable

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Basic Types of Memory Chips

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Secondary Storage and Output Devices

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Cost Comparisons for Various Forms of Data Storage

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Secondary Storage Access Methods

• Sequential access– Access in the same order it was written– Ex: Need to access memory location 5. Then, you

need to go through 1, 2, 3, and 4 first.

• Direct access– Directly access the location– Faster than sequential access

• Sequential access storage devices (SASD)• Direct access storage devices (DASD)

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Secondary Storage Devices (1)

• Magnetic tapes: Similar to audio tapes, SASD• Magnetic discs: Hard disk, DASD• RAID: Redundant array of independent

inexpensive disks– Data stored more than once in one of the disks– Even if one disk fails, data can still be retrieved

• SAN: Storage area network– Consist of many storage devices

• Optical discs, DASD– CD-ROM

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Secondary Storage Devices (2)

• Magneto-optical discs• Digital versatile discs (DVD): Up to 17 GB

storage• Memory cards

– Installed in a slot– Portable

• Expandable storage: Removable disk cartridges– Portable– Zip drives

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Types of Secondary Storage

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Hard Disc

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Storage Area Network

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Digital Versatile Disc Player

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Expandable Storage

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Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices

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Input Devices

• Personal computer input devices– Keyboard– Mouse

• Voice-recognition devices– Microphone– Software to convert voice into bits

• Digital computer cameras– Record images and video

• Terminals– Connects to a powerful server for computations

• Scanning devices– Page– Handheld

• Touch-sensitive Screens

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A PC Equipped with a Computer Camera

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Output Devices

• Display Monitors– Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)– Wide– Lights up pixels

• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)– Flat panel

• Printers and Plotters– Speed measured in pages (page printed per minute)

• Music Devices– MP3 Players

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Laser Printer

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Types of Computer Systems

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Overview of Software

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Overview of Software

• Computer programs: Sequences of instructions• Documentation: Describe program functions• Systems software: Coordinate the activities of

the hardware• Computer system platform:

– Hardware configuration + systems software

• Application software: Programs that help users with certain tasks

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Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence

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Systems Software

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Operating Systems

• Perform common computer hardware functions– Ex: Get input from keyboard

• Provide a user interface– Command-based user interface (ms-dos)– Graphical-user interface (windows)

• Provide a degree of hardware independence– Application program interface

• Manage system memory– Convert logical view to physical view

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Operating Systems

• Manage processing tasks– Allocate computer resources– Multitasking (run more than once application at a

time)– Time-sharing (allow multiple access to a system)

• Provide networking capability– Enable connection to the Internet

• Control access to system resources– Authentication

• Manage files– Access to files

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Role of the Operating System

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Application Program Interface

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Workgroup Operating Systems

• Windows 2000 Server• Unix• Netware• Red Hat Linux• Mac OS X Server

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Application Software

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Sources of Software

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Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software

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Examples of Personal Productivity Software

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Word Processing Program

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Spreadsheet Program

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Database Program