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Transcript of Compaction Notes
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Slide 2 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
WHY COMPACT SOILS?
Figure courtesy ofSoil Compaction: A Basic Handbookby MultiQuip.
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Slide 3 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
Volume (V)
Weight (W) =
Conceptual
(Figure 4.1. Das FGE (2005))
MOIST UNIT WEIGHT () vs.MOISTURE CONTENT (w)
Silty Clay (LL=37, PI =14) Example
(from Johnson and Sllberg 1960, taken
from TRB State of the Art Report 8, 1990)
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Slide 4 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
LABORATORY COMPACTION TESTS (i.e. Proctors)
Typical Proctor Test Equipment(Figure courtesy of test-llc.com)
6 inch
Mold
4 inch Mold
Ejector
Modified Hammer
Standard Hammer
Soil Plug
Soil Plug
Scale
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Slide 5 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
TestASTM/
AASHTO
Hammer
Weight (lb)
HammerDrop
(in)
CompactionEffort
(kip-ft/ft3)
Standard
(SCDOT)
D698
T-995.5 12 12.4
ModifiedD1557
T-18010 18 56
LABORATORY COMPACTION TEST
SUMMARY
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14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
TestSTANDARD
ASTM D698/AASHTO T-99
MODIFIED
ASTM D1557/AASHTO T-180
Method A B C A B C
Material 20%
Retained by
#4 Sieve
>20%Retained on
#4
20%Retained by
3/8 in Sieve
>20%Retained on
3/8 in
< 30%Retained by
3/4 in Sieve
20%Retained by
#4 Sieve
>20%Retained on
#4
20%Retained by
3/8 in Sieve
>20%Retained on
3/8 in
< 30%Retained by
3/4 in Sieve
Use SoilPassing Sieve
#4 3/8 in in #4 3/8 in in
Mold Dia. (in) 4 4 6 4 4 6
No. of Layers 3 3 3 5 5 5
No. Blows/Layer 25 25 56 25 25 56
LABORATORY COMPACTION TEST
SUMMARY
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Slide 7 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
LABORATORY COMPACTION TEST
SUMMARY
Figure courtesy ofSoil Compaction: A Basic Handbookby MultiQuip.
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Slide 8 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
LABORATORY COMPACTION TESTS (i.e. Proctors)
Automated Proctor
Equipment(Figure courtesy of Humboldt)
Manual Proctor Test
(What youll be doing)(Figure courtesy of westest.net)
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Slide 9 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
w
d
+
=
1
From soil
composition
notes:
Optimum Moisture Content
OMC = 11.5%
Maximum Dry
Density
MDD ord,max =112.2 pcf
SP-SM
% Fines = 6%
Zero Air Voids
(ZAV) Line
Gs = 2.6
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Slide 10 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
s
w
s
wswszav
Gw
wG
Ge
G111
+
=
+
=
+
=
Dry Unit Weight (d) (i.e. no water):
ZERO AIR VOIDS LINE
zav= Zero Air Void Unit Weight:
w
Volume (V)
)Solids (WWeight of
sd
+
==
1
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Slide 11 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL COMPACTION
1. Soil Type
Grain size distribution
Shape of soil grainsSpecific gravity of soil solids
2. Effect of Compaction EffortMore energy Greater compaction
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Slide 12 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
Lee and Suedkamp (1972)
A. Single Peak(Most Soils)
B. 1
PeakCohesive Soils LL70
afterFigure 4.5. Das FGE (2005)
TYPES OF COMPACTION CURVES
Moisture Content w
DryUnitWe
ight
d
ABC
D
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14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
EFFECT OF
COMPACTIONENERGY
Figure 4.6. Das FGE (2005).
In general:
Compaction Energy = d,max
Compaction Energy = OMC
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Slide 14 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
EFFECT OF COMPACTION ON COHESIVE
SOILS
Figure 4.22. Das FGE (2005).
OMC
Wet SideDry Side
Dry Side Particle
Structure
Flocculent
Dry Side Particle
Structure
Dispersed
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Slide 15 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
Figure 4.23. Das FGE (2005).
Hydraulic Conductivity (k):Measure of how water flows
through soils
In general:
Increasing w= Decreasing k
Until ~ OMC, then increasing w
has no significant affect on k
EFFECT OFCOMPACTION ON
COHESIVE SOILS
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Slide 16 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
Figure 4.24. Das FGE (2005).
Unconfined CompressionStrength (qu) :
Measure of soil strength
In general:
Increasing w= Decreasing qu
Related to soil structure:
Dry side FlocculentWet Side Dispersed
EFFECT OFCOMPACTION ON
COHESIVE SOILS
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Slide 17 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
FIELD COMPACTION EQUIPMENT4 Common Types:
1. Smooth Drum Roller2. Pneumatic Rubber Tired Roller
3. Sheepsfoot Roller (Tamping Foot)
4. Vibratory Roller (can be 1-3)Smooth Drum
Pneumatic Rubber Tired Sheepsfoot Vibratory Drum
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14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
FIELD COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
Photographs courtesy of:
myconstructionphotos.smugmug.com
http://cee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/
boulanger/
Holtz and Kovacs (1981)
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Slide 19 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
FIELD COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
MVH-402DS
Reversible Plate
MT-76D
Diesel-Powered Rammer
MVC-77H
Vibratory Plate
Figure courtesy ofSoil Compaction: A Basic Handbookby MultiQuip.
FineGrained
Soils
CourseGrained
Soils
CourseGrained
Soils
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Slide 20 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
FIELD COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
from Holtz and Kovacs (1981)
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Slide 21 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
FIELD COMPACTION TESTING
Relative Compaction (R or C.R.):
5 Common Field Test Methods:
1. Sand Cone (ASTM D1556)
2. Rubber Balloon Method (D2167)3. Nuclear Density (ASTM D2922)4. Time Domain Reflectometry (D6780)
5. Shelby Tube (not commonly used)
100(%)
max,
)(=
d
fielddR
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Slide 22 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
FIELD COMPACTION TESTING
METHOD
SAND CONE(ASTM D1556)
BALLON(ASTM D2167)
NUCLEAR(ASTM D2922 &
ASTM D3017)
TDR(ASTM D6780)
AdvantagesLarge SampleAccurate
Large SampleDirect Reading
Obtained
Open gradedmaterial
FastEasy to re-performMore Tests
FastEasy to re-performMore Tests
Disadvantages
Time consumingLarge area
required
SlowBalloon breakageAwkward
No sampleRadiationMoisture suspect
Under research
Errors
Void under plateSand bulkingSand compactedSoil pumping
Surface not levelSoil pumpingVoid under plate
MiscalibrationRocks in pathSurface prep req.Backscatter
Under Research
afterSoil Compaction: A Basic Handbookby MultiQuip.
Photographs courtesy of Durham Geo/Slope Indicator and myconstructionphotos.smugmug.com.
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Slide 24 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
ReferenceCity of
LynchburgSCDOT
QCSCDOT
QA
USBREarth
Manual
NAVFACDM7.02
FM 5-410
Year 2004 1996 1996 1998 1986 1997
Roads1 per lift
per 300 LF1 per lift
per 500 LF1 per lift
per 2500 LF1 per lift
per 250 LFBuildings or
Structures
1 per lift
per 5000 SF
Airfields
1 per lift
per 250 LF
EmbankmentMass Earthwork
1 per lift
per 500 LF1 per lift
per 2500 LF 2000 CY 500 CY
Canal/ReservoirLinings
1000 CY 500-1,000 CY
Trenches &Around Structures
1 per lift
per 300 LF 200 CY 200-300 CY1 per lift
per 50 LF
Parking Areas1 per lift
per 10000 SF1 per lift
per 250 SY
Misc.1 per areas of
doubtful
compaction
1 per areas of
doubtful
compaction
FIELD COMPACTION TESTING FREQUENCIES
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Slide 25 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
State DOTsMaximum Lift
Height
Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, North Dakota, Ohio,
Oklahoma
Max. 0.15 m (6 in) lift
before compaction
Connecticut, KentuckyMax. 0.15 m (6 in) lift after
compaction
Alabama, Arizona, California, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri,
Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Vermont, Virginia,
Washington, Wisconsin
Max. 0.2 m (8 in) lift before
compaction
Louisiana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Texas,
Wyoming
Max. 0.3 m (12 in) lift before
compaction
New YorkDepends on Soil &
Compaction Equipment
FIELD COMPACTION TESTING LIFT HEIGHTS
After Hoppe (1999), Lenke (2006), and Kim et al. (2009).
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Slide 26 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS & RATINGS FOR USCS SOILS
USCS
Sym.
Compaction
Equipment
d,maxD698
(lb/ft3)
Evaluation for Use as Fill
Compression& Expansion
Embankment Subgrade Base Course
GW
Rubber Tired
Smooth Drum
Vibratory Roller
125 135Almost
NoneVery Stable Excellent Good
GP
Rubber Tired
Smooth Drum
Vibratory Roller
115 125Almost
None
Reasonably
Stable
Excellent to
GoodPoor to Fair
GMRubber Tired
Sheepsfoot
120 135 SlightReasonably
Stable
Excellent to
Good Fair to Poor
GCRubber Tired
Sheepsfoot115 - 130 Slight
Reasonably
StableGood
Good to
Fair
after U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (now ERDC). (1960). The Unified Soil
Classification System, Technical Memorandum No. 3-357, Vicksburg, MS.
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Slide 27 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS & RATINGS FOR USCS SOILS
USCS
Sym.
Compaction
Equipment
d,maxD698
(lb/ft3)
Evaluation for Use as Fill
Compression& Expansion
Embankment Subgrade Base Course
SWRubber Tired
Vibratory Roller
110-130Almost
None
Very Stable Good Fair to Poor
SPRubber Tired
Vibratory Roller100-120
Almost
None
Reasonable
stable when
dense
Good to
FairPoor
SMRubber Tired
Sheepsfoot
110-125 Slight
Reasonable
stable when
dense
Good to
Fair
Poor
SCRubber Tired
Sheepsfoot105-125
Slight to
Medium
Reasonable
stable
Good to
FairFair to Poor
after U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (now ERDC). (1960). The Unified Soil
Classification System, Technical Memorandum No. 3-357, Vicksburg, MS.
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Slide 28 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS & RATINGS FOR USCS SOILS
USCS
Sym.
Compaction
Equipment
d,maxD698
(lb/ft3)
Evaluation for Use as Fill
Compression& Expansion
Embankment Subgrade Base Course
MLRubber Tired
Sheepsfoot
95-120Slight to
Medium
Poor Stability Fair to PoorNot
Suitable
CLSheepsfoot
Rubber Tired95-120 Medium Good Stability Fair to Poor
Not
Suitable
MHSheepsfoot
Rubber Tired
70-95 High
Poor Stability
Should not be
used
PoorNot
Suitable
CH Sheepsfoot 80-105 Very high Fair StabilityPoor to
Very Poor
Not
Suitable
after U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (now ERDC). (1960). The Unified Soil
Classification System, Technical Memorandum No. 3-357, Vicksburg, MS.
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Slide 29 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
DYNAMIC COMPACTION
US44 Expansion
Carver, MA.Figure 1. FHWA-SA-95-037.
Figure courtesy of www.betterground.com
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14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
DYNAMIC COMPACTION
afterFigure 5 (FHWA-SA-95-037).
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14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
DYNAMIC COMPACTION US44
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Slide 32 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
(from Hajduk et al., 2004)
DYNAMIC COMPACTION US44
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14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
DYNAMIC COMPACTION US44
(from Hajduk et al., 2004)
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Slide 34 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
VIBROFLOTATION
Figure 4.18. Das FGE (2005) (after Brown, 1977).
Photograph courtesy of http://www.vibroflotation.com
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14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
Figure 4.19. Das FGE (2005) (after Brown, 1977)
VIBROFLOTATION
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14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
Figure 4.20. Das FGE (2005).
VibroflotationProbe Spacing
Vibroflotation
Effective GrainSize
DistributionsFigure 4.21. Das FGE (2005).
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Slide 37 of 37Revised 2/2012
14.330 Soil Mechanics Soil Compaction
Figure courtesy of www.groundimprovement.ch.
COMPACTION ASSOCIATED COSTS