List of files and subdirectory commands in a directory.DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L] [/N] [/O[[:]sortorder]] [/P] [/Q] [/R] [/S] [/T[[:]timefield]] [/W] [/X] [/4]

[drive:][path][filename] Specifies drive, directory, or files to list./A Displays files with specified attributes.

attributes

D Directories R Read-only filesH Hidden files A Files ready for archivingS System files I Not content indexed filesL Reparse Points - Prefix meaning not  

/B Uses bare format (no heading information or summary).

/CDisplay the thousand separator in file sizes. This is the default. Use /-C to disable display of separator.

/D Same as wide but files are list sorted by column./L Uses lowercase./N New long list format where filenames are on the far right./O List by files in sorted order.

sortorderN By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first) E By extension (alphabetic) D By date/time (oldest first) G Group directories first - Prefix to reverse order

/P Pauses after each screenful of information./Q Display the owner of the file./R Display alternate data streams of the file./S Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories./T Control what time field displayed or used for sorting

timefieldC CreationA Last AccessW Last Written

/W Uses wide list format.

/XThis displays the short names generated for non-8dot3 file names. The format is that of /N with the short name inserted before the long name. If no short name is present, blanks are displayed in its place.

/4 Displays four-digit years

Difference between Internal and External Commands

1) Internal commands are those commands which are contained in command.com files of MS-DOS whereas external commands are those commands which are not in-built in MS-DOS.

2) Internal commands are built into the command interpreter whereas external commands are not included in the interpreter.

3) There is no need of any external file in computer to read internal MS-DOS command but there is a need of an internal file in the computer to read external MS-DOS command.

4) Internal commands do not vary from system to system but External command may vary from system to system.

5) Internal commands are ver, time, del, md, cd, copy con, cls, date, vol, ren, copy etc. and external commands are deltree, xcopy, diskcopy, more, print etc.

Utility Commands

Command Description Type

ansi.sysDefines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, and reassign keys.

File

appendCauses MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or running a command.

External

assign Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter. Externalassoc View the file associations. Internalat Schedule a time to execute commands or programs. Externalatmadm Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager. Internalattrib Display and change file attributes. Externalbatch Recovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file. Recoverybreak Enable and disable CTRL + C feature. Internalcacls View and modify file ACL's. Externalcall Calls a batch file from another batch file. Internalcd Changes directories. Internalchdir Changes directories. Internalchkdsk Check the hard drive running FAT for errors. Externalchoice Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file. Externalcls Clears the screen. Internalcmd Opens the command interpreter. Internalcolor Change the foreground and background color of the MS-DOS window. Internalcommand Opens the command interpreter. Internalcomp Compares files. Externalcompact Compresses and uncompress files. Externalcontrol Open Control Panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt. Externalconvert Convert FAT to NTFS. Externalcopy Copy one or more files to an alternate location. Internalctty Change the computers input/output devices. Internaldate View or change the systems date. Internaldebug Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings. Externaldefrag Re-arrange the hard drive to help with loading programs. Externaldel Deletes one or more files. Internaldelete Recovery console command that deletes a file. Internaldeltree Deletes one or more files or directories. Externaldir List the contents of one or more directory. Internal

disableRecovery console command that disables Windows system services or drivers.

Recovery

diskcomp Compare a disk with another disk. Externaldiskcopy Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk. External

echo Displays messages and enables and disables echo. Internaledit View and edit files. Externalenable Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver. Recovery

endlocalStops the localization of the environment changes enabled by the setlocal command.

Internal

erase Erase files from computer. Internalexit Exit from the command interpreter. Internalexpand Expand a Microsoft Windows file back to it's original format. Externalextract Extract files from the Microsoft Windows cabinets. Externalfasthelp Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them. Externalfc Compare files. Externalfdisk Utility used to create partitions on the hard drive. Externalfind Search for text within a file. Externalfindstr Searches for a string of text within a file. Externalfor Boolean used in batch files. Internalformat Command to erase and prepare a disk drive. Externalftp Command to connect and operate on an FTP server. Externalhelp Display a listing of commands and brief explanation. Externalif Allows for batch files to perform conditional processing. Internalifshlp.sys 32-bit file manager. Externalipconfig Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values. Externalkeyb Change layout of keyboard. Externallabel Change the label of a disk drive. Externalloadhigh Load a device driver in to high memory. Internallock Lock the hard drive. Internallogoff Logoff the currently profile using the computer. External

logonRecovery console command to list installations and enable administrator login.

Recovery

map Displays the device name of a drive. Recoverymd Command to create a new directory. Internalmem Display memory on system. Externalmkdir Command to create a new directory. Internalmklink Creates a symbolic link. Internalmode Modify the port or display settings. Externalmore Display one page at a time. Externalmove Move one or more files from one directory to another directory. Internalmsav Early Microsoft Virus scanner. Externalmsd Diagnostics utility. Externalnet Update, fix, or view the network or network settings Externalnetsh Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS. Externalnetstat Display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information. Externalnlsfunc Load country specific information. External

nslookup Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network. Externalpath View and modify the computers path location. Internalpathping View and locate locations of network latency. Externalpause Command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command. Internalprint Prints data to a printer port. Externalprompt View and change the MS-DOS prompt. Internalrd Removes an empty directory. Internalren Renames a file or directory. Internalrename Renames a file or directory. Internalrmdir Removes an empty directory. Internalroute View and configure Windows network route tables. Externalrunas Enables a user to run a program as a different user. Externalscandisk Run the scandisk utility. Externalscanreg Scan Registry and recover Registry from errors. Externalset Change one variable or string to another. Internalshare Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities. Externalshift Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program. Internalshutdown Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt. Externalsort Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen. Externalstart Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt. Internalsubst Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter. Externalswitches Remove add functions from MS-DOS. Internaltime View or modify the system time. Internaltitle Change the title of their MS-DOS window. Internaltree View a visual tree of the hard drive. Externalundelete Undelete a file that has been deleted. Externalver Display the version information. Internalxcopy Copy multiple files, directories, or drives from one location to another. External

The MS-DOS File SystemMS-DOS is a bigger and better version of CP/M. It runs only on Intel platforms, does not support multiprogramming, and runs only in the PC's real mode (which was originally the only mode). The shell has more features and there are more system calls, but the basic function of the operating system is still loading programs, handling the keyboard and screen, and managing the file system.

The MS-DOS file system was patterned closely on the CP/M file system, including the use of 8 + 3 (upper case) character file names. The first version (MS-DOS 1.0) was even limited to a single directory, like CP/M. However, starting with MS-DOS 2.0, the file system functionality was greatly expanded. The biggest improvement was the inclusion of a hierarchical file system in which directories could be nested to an arbitrary depth. This meant that the root directory (which still had a fixed maximum size) could contain subdirectories, and these could contain further

subdirectories. Links in the style of UNIX were not permitted, so the file system formed a tree starting at the root directory.

It is common for different application programs to start out by creating a subdirectory in the root directory and put all their files there (or in subdirectories thereof), so that different applications do not conflict. Since directories are themselves just stored as files, there are no limits on the number of directories or files that may be created. Unlike CP/M, however, there is no concept of different users in MS-DOS. Consequently, the logged in user has access to all files.

To read a file, an MS-DOS program must first make an open system call to get a handle for it. The open system call specifies a path, which may be either absolute or relative to the current working directory. The path is looked up component by component until the final directory is located and read into memory. It is then searched for the file to be opened.

Although MS-DOS directories are variable sized, like CP/M, they use a fixed-size 32-byte directory entry. It contains the file name, attributes, creation date and time, starting block, and exact file size. File names shorter than 8 + 3 characters are left justified and padded with spaces on the right, in each field separately. The Attributes field is new and contains bits to indicate that a file is read-only, needs to be archived, is hidden, or is a system file. Read-only files cannot be written. This is to protect them from accidental damage. The archived bit has no actual operating system function (i.e., MS-DOS does not examine or set it). The intention is to allow user-level archive programs to clear it upon archiving a file and to have other programs set it when modifying a file. In this way, a backup program can just examine this attribute bit on every file to see which files to back up. The hidden bit can be set to prevent a file from appearing in directory listings. Its main use is to avoid confusing novice users with files they might not understand. Finally, the system bit also hides files. In addition, system files cannot accidentally be deleted using the del command. The main components of MS-DOS have this bit set.

SwitchesA switch is a code, or parameter, that modifies a command. DOS switches use a forward slash (not a backslash) followed by some letter, digit or code. For example, the /w changes the Dir command to list "wide" across the screen instead of in a column:dir list in columnsdir /w list across the screen

Switches always begin with a "/". Switches allow you to modify the default operation of specific commands. If you use the modifier /? in a command, it will show the help command with all the switches available. One useful function of the SWITCHES command is if you are using older

applications with a new enhanced keyboard you can use the /K option to cause the keyboard to act like a standard keyboard.

Type: Internal (5.0 and later)Syntax: SWITCHES= [/K][/F][/N][/W]Purpose: Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to configure DOS in a special way; for example, to tell DOS to emulate different hardware configurations.Options/K - Causes an enhanced keyboard to act as though it were an older standard keyboard./F - Removes the two-second delay that occurs when the Starting MS-DOS ... message is displayed on the screen (DOS Version 6 only)./N - Disables the F5 and F8 keys during system start-up (DOS Version 6 only)./W - Tells DOS that the WINA20.386 file has been moved to directory other than the root directory.ExampleTo cause your enhanced keyboard to act like an older standard keyboard, enter the following line in your CONFIG.SYS file:switches=/K

Resume

88 Jamunapuri murlipura jaipurPhone: 8387025313

E-mail: msmonika.177@gmail.com

Career ObjectiveTo secure a challenging position where I can effectively contribute my skills and talent.

Education QualificationsS.No.

Courses Marks Year Of Passing

Institution

1. 10th 86% 2010-11 N.K Public School

2. 12th 79% 2012-13 N.K Public School

3. B.Com(H) - On going ICG - The IIS University

Personal Qualifications School Head Girl of the year 2011-12 Accountancy Topper in Senior Secondary School Dance Leader Member Young Indians Banged first position in inter-school English Debate

Competition

Personal DetailsName - Monika SharmaD.O.B. – 17/10/1995Age – 20Address – 88 Jamunapuri Murlipua JaipurFather’s Name – Mr. Hari Shankar SharmaLanguages Known – English, French, HindiHobbies – Dance,Playing management games

DeclarationI hereby declare that the above information is true to the best

of my knowledge.

Place DateJaipur 7/5/2015