Comp Env 2008-09 Overview

8/9/2019 Comp Env 2008-09 Overview

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OFFICERS AND STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH THE

PREPARATION OF THIS PUBLICATION

Additional Director GeneralSmt S. Jeyalakshmi

Deputy Director GeneralShri M.R. Meena (Retd.)

Shri V. Parameswaran

DirectorShri R. C. Aggarwal

Deputy DirectorShri S. Suresh Kumar

Statistical InvestigatorShri R.K. Panwar

Environment Statistics DivisionMinistry of Statistics & Programme Implementation

West Block-8, Wing- 6, R.K. Puram, New Delhi -110 066

Telephone:011-261 83425 Telefax: 011-261 08404


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Preface

The Rio-de-Janeiro Summit (1992) and the Johannesburg Conference (2002) have

redefined the way in which Development was understood. The developed world has

been made to realize that it cannot burn up all the oil or heat up the whole globe for thesake of its welfare alone. Those that have been excluded from the process of and benefits

of economic development in this generation do have a right to be included. Not only does

the future generation has a right to inherit the national resources that we are exploiting,

but also a right to healthy life. Discussions in the inter-generational and intra-generational

equity has made the earlier concept of Gross Domestic Product as a measure of

economic development obsolete, leading to the emergence of the new concept of

Sustainable Development and a set of indicators to measure the same. Obviously, then

there have to be measurements and measurable indicators that will enlighten to perform

their obligation towards their fellowmen and the future. The present issue has been

combined for the years 2008/2009, is the tenth in the series which provides data on five

core parameters relating to bio-diversity, atmosphere, land-soil, water and humansettlements at one place.

We at CSO, have been endeavoring to improve the coverage, content and

presentation of the publication in each issue. Graphics and extracts from environment

related legislations have been included in this publication to make it more users friendly.

We express our deep gratitude to all agencies which contributed the valuable data

/information and supported our efforts to bring out the publication in its present form.

We hope to get the continued support of all the agencies in the future too.

Under the leadership of my able colleague Smt. S. Jeyalakshmi, Additional

Director General, and a team of dedicated officers Shri. M. R. Meena, Deputy Director

General (Retd.), Shri V. Parameswaran, Deputy Director General, Shri. R. C. Aggarwal,

Director, Shri. S.Suresh Kumar, Deputy Director and Shri. R. K. Panwar, Statistical

Investigator have exhibited enormous commitment in compiling this publication.

Comments and suggestions from the users for further improvement of the

publication are most welcome.

March, 2010 (S. K. Das)

Director General


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CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

OVERVIEW XVII-XVIII

CHAPTER I

ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION 1-12

CHAPTER II

DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS IN INDIA 13-19

CHAPTER III 21-79

BIODIVERSITY 23

FLORA 26

FORESTS 33

FAUNA 58

CHAPTER IV 81-138

ATMOSPHERE 83

AIR &TRANSPORT 92

ENERGY 105

INDUSTRY 128

GREENHOUSE GASES 134

NOISE 137

CHAPTER V 139-180

LAND AND SOIL 141

LAND USES 143

AGRICULTURE 152

NATURAL DISASTERS 159

MINING 170


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CHAPTER VI 183-222

WATER 183

FRESH MARINE 186

CHAPTER VII 223-268

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 225

POPULATION AND POVERTY 229

HOUSING SLUMS AND BASIC FACILITIES 238

WASTE MANAGEMENT 262

APPENDIX

1. ABBREVIATIONS 271

2. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF THE TERMS USED 272

3. REFERENCES 276

4. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION 277

5. METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF WATER QULAITY PAPAMETERS 278

6. METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATION OF POVERTY LINES 280

7. ENVIRONMENT LEGISLATION, ACT, RULES, NOTIFICATIONS AND AMENDMENTS 282

8. LAND USE CLASSIFICATION IN INDIA 285


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List of Tables

ChapterNo. TableNo. Subject Page No.

1. Environment and Environment Degradation 1-121.1 Some impacts of Development Activities on Environment 8

1.2 Local, Regional and Global Effects of Pollution 9

1.3 Some Major Pollutants and Their Sources 10

1.4 Pollutants and Their Related Health Hazards 10

1.5 Water borne diseases and their causative factors 11

2. Development of Environment Statistics in India 13-19

3. Biodiversity 23-78

Flora

3.1.1 Number and Status of Plant Species in India 26

3.1.2 Rare and Threatened Species (Vascular Plants) 27

3.1.3 Reference Collections of Flora 28

3.1.4 Conservation Measures 28

3.1.5 Biosphere Reserves Set up in India 29

3.1.6 Status of EX-Situ Conservation (Base Collection) of Orthodox Seedsat -20

0C

30

3.1.7 Status of In-Vitro Conservation 31

3.1.8 Status of Germplasm at National Cryobank 32

3.1.9 Status of Cryopreservation of Dorment Buds & Pollen Grains 32

Forest

3.2.1 State/UT Wise Forest Area 33

3.2.2 Forest Cover in India 35

3.2.3(a) Forest Area by Ownership (during 2005-06) 36

3.2.3(b) Forest Area by Composition (during 2005-06) 37

3.2.4(a) Comparative Situation of Forest Cover in India 383.2.4(b) Changes in Forest Cover of the North-Eastern Region 39

3.2.5 (a) State-wise Production of Forest Produce (2004-05) 40

3.2.5 (b) State-wise production of Forest Produce (2005-06) 41

3.2.5 (c) State-wise production of Forest Produce 42-43

3.2.6 (a) Physiographic Zone Wise Tree Cover Estimates 44

3.2.6 (b) Physiographic Zone Wise Volume of Growing Stock 45

3.2.7 State/UT Wise Tree Cover Estimates 46


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3.2.8 Forest Cover in States/UTs in India 47

3.2.9 State/UT Wise Forest Cover in Hill Districts 48

3.2.10 State/UT wise Forest Cover in Tribal Districts 49

3.2.11(a) State/UT wise Mangrove Cover Assessment 50

3.2.11(b) State/UT wise Mangrove Cover, 2007 50

3.2.11(c) State wise list of Mangrove Areas 50

3.2.12 State wise Waste Lands of India 51

3.2.13 State wise and Category wise Wastelands of India 52-53

3.2.14 Diversion of Forest Land for Non Forest Use Since the Enforcementof Forest Conservation Act, 1980

55

3.2.15 Progress of Joint Forest Management in India 57

Fauna

3.3.1 India s Major Bio-geographic Habitats 58

3.3.2 Estimated Number of Species 59

3.3.3(a) Rare and Threatened Species (Vertebrates) 603.3.3(b) Recent Addition in the List of Threatened/Endangered Species 61

3.3.3(c ) Globally Threatened Animals Occurring in India by Status Category 62

3.3.4 Estimated Number/Percentage of Endemic Species in India 63

3.3.5 National Parks and Wild Life Sanctuaries of India 64

3.3.6 (a) All India Tiger Population In Tiger Reserves 65

3.3.6 (b) Population Of Tigers In States 66

3.3.7 (a) Area of Tiger Reserves in Tiger Range States 67

3.3.7 (b) Forest Occupancy and Population Estimates of Tiger as per theRefined Methodology

68

3.3.8 Designated elephant reserves in India (Revised Network-2005) 69

3.3.9 Location of Major Zoos 70-713.3.10 India s Livestock Population 72

3.3.11 Livestock Population as per 2003 Census 74

3.3.12 Fish Production 75

3.3.13 Marine Fishery Resources of India 75

3.3.14 State-wise Fish Production 76

3.3.15 Inland Fishery Water Resources of India 77

3.3.16 Incidence of Livestock and Poultry Diseases in India 78-79

4. Atmosphere 81-138

4.1.1 Average Gaseous Composition of Dry Air in the Troposphere 924.1.2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 93

4.1.3 State wise level of SO2, NO2 and RSPM in Residential Areasunder National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme

(NAMP) during 2008.

94

4.1.4 State wise level of SO2, NO2 and RSPM in Industrial Areas under

National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)during2008

95


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4.1.5 (a) Number of Motor Vehicles Registered in India(Taxed and Tax-Exempted)

96

4.1.5 (b) Total Registered Motor Vehicles in India by States/UTs(As on 31

stMarch 2004)

97-98

4.1.6 Total Registered Motor Vehicles in Metropolitan Cities of India(As on 31

stMarch 2004)

99-100

4.1.7 Working of State Transport Undertakings 1014.1.8 Ambient Air Quality in Major Cities 102

4.1.9 Phased Tightening of Exhaust Emission Standards for IndianAutomobiles

103

4.1.10(a) Production of Ozone Depleting Substances In India 104

4.1.10(b) Total Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances 104

Energy

4.2.1 Installed Capacity of Power Utilities on 31-3-2008 105

4.2.2 (a) Generating Capacity and Electricity Generation 106

4.2.2 (b) Growth of Installed Generating Capacity in India 106

4.2.3 Cumulative Comparison of Power Supply Position 107

4.2.4 (a) Annual Gross Generation of Power by Source 108

4.2.4 (b) Plan Wise Growth of Electricity Sector In India 109

4.2.5 Number of Towns and Villages Electrified in India 110

4.2.6 State wise Production of Coal and Lignite 111

4.2.7 Production of Coal from Opencast Working by Mechanisation and

Overburden Removed during the Year 2006

112

4.2.8 Productivity in Coal Mines in the year 2006 113

4.2.9 State-wise Inventory of Geological Reserves of Coal 114-115

4.2.10 Inventory of Geological Reserves of Coal by Type 1164.2.11 Estimated Potential for Renewable Energy Technologies in India 116

4.2.12(a) State wise Wind Power Cumulative Installed Capacity 117

4.2.12(b) Estimated Potential and Cumulative Achievements as on 31.1.2007 117

4.2.12(c) Statewise Grid-Interactive Biomass Power Installed Capacity 118

4.2.12 (d) State Wise Details Of Small Hydro Power Projects (Upto 25 MW) Setupand Under Implementation (as on 31.12.2007)

118

4.2.13 Domestic Production of Petroleum Products in India 119-120

4.2.14 Availability of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products in India 121

4.2.15 Gross and Net Production and Utilization of Natural Gas in India 122

4.2.16 Industry-wise Off-take of Natural Gas in India 123

4.2.17 The Status of Biomass Projects 1244.2.18 State-wise and Year wise Composition of Commissioned Biomass

Power Projects (as on 30.06.2007)124

4.2.19 Distribution of Family-Type Biogas Plants (Number of Installations) 125

4.2.20 (a) State-wise Break-up of The Energy Parks (as on 31.01.2007) 126

4.2.20 (b) State wise Renewable Energy Clubs 127


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Industries

4.3.1 Number of Registered Factories by Manufacturing Industries 128

4.3.2 State-Wise Summary Status of The Pollution Control In Medium

and Large Scale Units of 17 Categories of Industries

129

4.3.3 Summary Status of Pollution Control in Grossly Polluting Industries

Discharging Their Effluents into Rivers and Lakes

130

4.3.4 Maximum Permissible Limits for Industrial Effluent Discharges 131

4.3.5 Effluent Standards for Sugar Industry 132

4.3.6 Effluent Standards for Large Pulp and Paper Industries 132

4.3.7 Effluent Standards for Oil Refineries 132

4.3.8 Effluent Standards for Aluminium Industry 133

4.3.9 Effluent Standards for Petro-Chemical (Basic & Intermediates)

Industry

133

Greenhouse Gases

4.4.1 Contribution of Green House Gases to Atmosphere 134

4.4.2 (a) Total Absolute Emissions of CO2 From the Power Sector By Region

for 2005-06 to 2007-08

135

4.4.2 (b) Emission Factors of CO2 for 2007-08 135

4.4.2 (c ) Specific Emissions (Weighted Average for) of Co2 Fossil Fuel-Fired

Stations in 2007-08

135

4.4.3 Global Average Temperature And Atmospheric Concentrations of

CO2

136

Noise

4.5.1 Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise 137

4.5.2 Average Noise Levels in Various Metropolitan Cities 138

4.5.3 Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health 138

5. Land and Soil

Land Uses 141-180

5.1.1 Land Use Classification in India 143-144

5.1.2 Selected Categories of Land Use Classification 146

5.1.3 State wise information on Rapid Reconnaissance Survey (Till March2009)

147

5.1.4 (a) State wise Information on degraded land of the districts 148-149

5.1.4 (b) State-Wise Extent of Alkali Area, Physical Progress of

Reclamation

150

5.1.5 State wise Coverage under detailed Soil Survey 151

5.1.6 State Wise Wastelands of India 151


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Agriculture

5.2.1 Use of Agricultural Inputs 152

5.2.2 Performance of Crop Production 153

5.2.3 Area Under Principal Crops 154

5.2.4(a) Capacity and Production in the Chemical Industry in India

(Insecticides)

155

5.2.4(b) Capacity and Production in the Chemical Industry in India 156

5.2.5(a) State-wise Consumption of Pesticides 157

5.2.5 (b) State-Wise Demand of Pesticides 158

Natural Disasters

5.3.1 Frequently Occurring Natural Disasters in India 159

5.3.2 Major Earthquakes in India 160

5.3.3 List of Districts Covered Under Drought Prone Area Programme

(DPAP)

161

5.3.4 (a) Flood Affected Area and Flood Damages in India (Abstract for the

Period 1953 to 2005)

166

5.3.4(b) State wise details of Damage due to Heavy Rains/Floods Cyclonic

Storms and Landslides during 2005 in India

166

5.3.5 (a) State-wise Extent of Damage (Commutative) due to Heavy Rains,

Flood, Cyclone during South West Monsoon, 2009

167

5.3.5 (b) Statewise Extent Rescue And Relief Provided for Damage Due to

South West Monsoon-2009

168

5.3.6 India's Major Natural Disasters Since 1980 169

Mining

5.4.1 Number of Reporting Mines in India 170

5.4.2 Production of Minerals 171-172

5.4.3 Information on Rehabilitation of Mining Land/Reclamation ofAbandoned Mines

173

5.4.4 Status of Afforestation and Tress Survived up to 2007-08 173

5.4.5 Mining Machinery In Metalliferrous Open Cast Mechanised Mines

During 2007-08

174

5.4.6 Consumption of Explosives for Mining, 2007-08 1745.4.7 Mining Leases (By Principal States ) 175

5.4.8 Production of Coal 175

5.4.9 Production of Lignite 176

5.4.10 Consumption of Minerals in Iron & Steel Industry 176

5.4.11 Consumption of Minerals in Cement Industry 176

5.4.12 Consumption of Minerals in Refractory Industry 177

5.4.13 Number of Reporting Mines 177


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5.4.14 Mineral Reserves and Resources 178-179

5.4.15 Number of Underground Mines 180

6. Water

Fresh, marine 182-222

6.1.1 Monsoon Performance 186

6.1.2 Sub-divisional Actual and Normal Rainfall 187

6.1.3 State wise Distribution of Number of Districts with Excess, Normal,Deficient, Scanty and No Rainfall

188

6.1.4 List of Districts with Deficient or Scanty Rainfall 189-192

6.1.5 (a) Number of Meteorological Sub-Divisions with Excess/Normal and

Deficient/Scanty Rainfall (June-September)

193

6.1.5 (b) Percentage of Districts with Excess/Normal and Deficient/Scanty

Rainfall (June-September)

193

6.1.6 Water Flow in Stream for the Period 2002-03 to 2005-2006 1956.1.7 State-wise Details of Inland Water Resources of Various Types 196

6.1.8 Navigable Waterways in India, 2005-06 197-199

6.1.9 Ground Water Resource Potential as per Basin (Prorate Basis) 200

6.1.10 Ground Water Resources 201

6.1.11 Water Requirements for Different uses in India 202

6.1.12 (a) Catchment Area of Major River Basins 203

6.1.12 (b) Water Resources Potential in River Basins of India 203

6.1.13 Primary Water Quality Criteria 204

6.1.14 Biological Water Quality Criteria (BWQC) 205

6.1.15 Physico-Chemical and Biological Water Quality of Polluted Stretch

of River Yamuna and Agra Canal

205

6.1.16 Waste Water Generation, Collection, Treatment in Metro Cities:

Status

206

6.1.17 (a) Water Quality in Indian Rivers-2002 207

6.1.17 (b) Water Quality in Indian Rivers-2003 208-209

6.1.18 (a) Water Quality in Major River Basins 210-214

6.1.18 (b) Water Discharge in Major River Basins 215

6.1.18 (c ) Sediment Load in Major River Basins 215

6.1.18 (d) Water Discharge at Monsoon and Non- Monsoon in Major River

Basins

216

6.1.19 State-wise River Water Quality 217

6.1.20 River-Basin wise Distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Stations 218-2196.2.1 Water Availability in India 220

6.2.2 Water Availability -Basinwise 220

6.2.3 Occurrence of High Arsenic in Groundwater of some States of India 221


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7. Human Settlements

Population and Poverty 223-268

7.1.1 Population Totals India and States 229

7.1.2 Infant Mortality Rate 231

7.1.3 Expectation of Life at Birth 233

7.1.4(a) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line Rural 234

7.1.4(b) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line Urban 235

7.1.4(c) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line

Combined

236

Housing Slums and Basic Facilities

7.2.1 Urban-Rural Break-up of Total Population, Number of Households,

Houses and Average Size of Households, Average No. of

Households and Persons per House

238

7.2.2 Number of Households, Population and Occupied Residential andVacant Houses with Rural/Urban Break-up

239

7.2.3 Household by Number of Dwelling Rooms 240

7.2.4(a) Status of Sewage Generation and Treatment Capacity in

Metropolitan Cities

241

7.2.4(b) State wise Sewage Generation of Class-I Cities 242

7.2.4(c) State-wise Sewage Generation of Class- II Towns 243

7.2.5 Number of Homeless Households and Population 244

7.2.6 (a) Total Urban Population, Population of Cities/Town reporting Slums

and Slum Population in Slum Area- India, States, UTs-2001

245

7.2.6 (b) Total Population, Slum Population in Municipal Corporations withPopulation above one Million - 2001

246

7.2.6 ( c ) Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes living in Slum

Areas and their Proportion to the total Slum Population- State/UTsReporting Slum Polulation-2001

247

7.2.6 (d) Population and Percentage of Scheduled Castes and ScheduledTribes Population Living in Slums in Million Plus Cities -2001

248

7.2.7 Estimated Slum Population in Metropolitan Cities 249

7.2.8 Households Classified by Supply of Water and Toilet Installation By

Rural and Urban

250

7.2.9(a) Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Water per

1000 Households (Rural)

251

7.2.9(b) Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Water per1000 Households (Urban)

252

7.2.9(c) Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Water per1000 Households (Rural+ Urban)

253

7.2.10(a) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cookingper 1000 Household (Rural)

254


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7.2.10(b) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cookingper 1000 Household (Urban)

255

7.2.10(c ) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cookingper 1000 Household (Rural+ Urban)

256

7.2.11(a) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000Household (Rural)

257

7.2.11(b) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000Household (Urban)

258

7.2.11(c ) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000Household (Rural+ Urban)

259

7.2.12 Number of Household by Arrangement of Garbage Disposal per1000 Households living in a house

260

7.2.13 State-wise Estimated Annual Requirement of Water for Domestic

Purposes including for cattle in different States

261

Waste Management

7.3.1 Hazardous Waste Regulatory Quantities 262

7.3.2 Quantities and Waste Generation Rates in 59 cities 263

7.3.3 Waste Characterization in 59 cities 264

7.3.4 Status of Landfill Sites in 59 cities 265

7.3.5 Consumption of Plastic in the World in 2000 266

7.3.6 Plastic Waste Management Status in India 267

7.3.7 Characteristic Land Fill Leachates 267

7.3.8 State-Wise Status of Hazardous Waste Generation 268


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List of charts

Chart 3.1 Rare and threatened plant species 27Chart 3.2 Forest cover in different States as compared to total Geographic Area 34

Chart 3.3 Forest Cover of India 35Chart 3.4 State-Wise wasteland as percentage to the total Geographical Area 54

Chart 3.5 Forest land diversion 56Chart 3.6

Chart 3.7

Population of Tigers

India's livestock Population

66

73Chart 4.1 All India installed generating capacity (mw) as on 31.03.2008 106

Chart 4.2 Plan-wise growth of installed capacity in India 109Chart 4.3 Contribution of green house gases to Atmosphere (%) 134

Chart 5.1 Land use in India -1980-81 to 2006-07 145Chart 6.1 Monsoon performance (June September) 186

Chart 6.2 Number of metrological sub-divisions with excess/normal anddeficient/scanty rainfall (June September)

194

Chart 6.3 Percentage of districts with excess/normal and deficient/scanty

(June September)

194

Chart 7.1 Population of India 230Chart 7.2 Infant Mortality Rate (per thousand live births) 232

Chart 7.3 Expectation of life at Birth 233Chart 7.4 Percentage of Population below poverty line 237

Chart 7.5 Consumption of plastic in the World-2000 266


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Overview

The Compendium has been prepared underthe broad Framework for Development of

Environment Statistics provided by the

United Nations Statistics Division and

adopted by the Steering Committee on

Environment Statistics set up by CSO

during 1996. The five parameters of the

framework, namely, biodiversity,

atmosphere, land/soil, water, and human

settlements have been used in this

compendium. There are seven chapters,

further divided into various sections, the

details of which are given below. An

attempt has been made, wherever possible,

to elaborate the data in the tables with the

help of boxes below the table and suitable

graphs and charts for easy comprehension.

The first chapter on Environment and

Environment degradation gives a general

introduction of the concept of environment;

development versus environment

degradation; impact of development

activities on environment; emissions,

discharges and their sources; some major

pollutants, their sources and related health

hazards.

The second chapter on Development of

Environment Statistics in India summarises

the activities undertaken by the C.S.O. in

Ministry of Statistics and Programme

Implementation for the development of

environment statistics.

The third chapter on Biodiversity is divided

into three sections: Flora; Forests and

Fauna. The section on Flora contains some

statistics on plant species found in India,species which are rare, vulnerable,

endangered and extinct. It also gives some

statistics on preservation measure of flora

like Biosphere reserves, Botanical gardens

and gene banks in India, including

information on agro biodiversity. The

section on Forests contains statistics on

Indian forests. It gives information on

percentage of forest area to total geographicarea (state-wise), wastelands and external

aids received for social forestry.The section

on Fauna gives the major bio-geographic

habitats in India, estimated number of

species, national parks and wildlife

sanctuaries, tiger reserves, livestock

population in India, fish production and

bovine population affected by drought.

The fourth chapter on Atmosphere is

divided into five sections: Air and

Transport; Energy; Industry, Greenhouse

Gases and Noise. The section on Air and

Transport gives the composition of the

troposphere; ambient air quality standards

and state of ambient air quality in some

selected cities and towns. Ambient air

quality in Delhi has also been given. The

section on Energy gives information on

installed capacity of utilities; electricity

generation and actual power supply

position, different fuels used for cooking;

coal resources in India as well as its

production; and renewable energy

resources. The section on Greenhouse Gases

gives information on the key greenhousegases and the effect of global warming. The

section on Industries gives information on

the number of registered industrial

establishments in India and the status of

pollution control in 17 categories of

industries. The section on Noise gives

information on the ambient noise standards;

average noise levels in various metropolitan

cities and effects of noise pollution on

human health.

The fifth chapter on Land and Soil isdivided into four sections: Land Uses,

Agriculture, Natural disasters and Mining.

The section on Land Uses contains nine fold

land classification followed in India, and

different land use patterns. The section on

Agriculture contains information on area

under principal crops; performance of crop

production; use of agricultural inputs;


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consumption of pesticides statewise and

their effect on soil. The section on Natural

Disasters contains information on frequently

occurring natural disasters; recent natural

disasters in India; major earthquakes;

number of drought-prone districts and

damages due to droughts and supercyclonicstorm. The section on Mining gives data on

number of mines, production of minerals,

status of afforestation, mining machinery

and consumption of explosives in mining.

The sixth chapter on Water is divided into

two sections: Ground Water and Marine

Water. The section on Ground Water

contains information on rainfall

performance during the last 20 years; water

flow in streams and ground water resources;

water quality criteria and distribution ofwater monitoring stations. The section on

Marine Water contains information on

coastline of India; main activities along the

coastal zones; industrial and sewage

discharges to coastal waters; pollutants and

their impacts on marine environment and

potential hot spots along the Indian coasts.

The seventh chapter on Human Settlements

is divided into three sections: Population

and Poverty; Housing, Slums and Basic

Facilities; and Waste Management. Human

development is adversely affected by the

environmental degradation. Safe drinking

water and sanitation are closely linked withtwo of the very important human

development indicators viz. infant mortality

and life expectancy. Under the section on

Population and Poverty information on

population size, infant mortality rate,

expectation of life at birth and population

below the poverty line have been given. The

section on Housing, Slums and Basic

Facilities contains estimates of population in

India, number of households, their size,

number of rooms per housing unit, water

supply system and toilet installation byrural/urban, homeless population,

urbanization trends in India, slum

population, housing shortage projected,

percentage of population below poverty

line, medical facilities under allopathy and

Indian System of Medicine & Homeopathy.


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Comp Env 2008-09 Overview

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