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\\NZWLG1FP001\Projects\604X\60443383\10. Submission Final\Communtity GHG Inventory Wellington City and Wellington Region 2015 - Final.doc Revision 3 – 22-Apr-2016 Prepared for – Wellington City Council and Greater Wellington Regional Council – ABN: N/A

WLG GPC 13/14-14/15

Wellington City Council and Greater

Wellington Regional Council

22-Apr-2016

Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory for Wellington City and the Greater Wellington Region 2000-2015

AECOM

WLG GPC 13/14-14/15

Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory for Wellington City and the Greater

Wellington Region 2000-2015


Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory for Wellington City and the

Greater Wellington Region 2000-2015

Client: Wellington City Council and Greater Wellington Regional Council

ABN: N/A

Prepared by

AECOM New Zealand Limited

Level 3, 80 The Terrace, Wellington 6011, PO Box 27277, Wellington 6141, New Zealand

T +64 4 896 6000 F +64 4 896 6001 www.aecom.com

22-Apr-2016

Job No.: 60443383

AECOM in Australia and New Zealand is certified to the latest version of ISO9001, ISO14001, AS/NZS4801 and OHSAS18001.

© AECOM New Zealand Limited (AECOM). All rights reserved.

AECOM has prepared this document for the sole use of the Client and for a specific purpose, each as expressly stated in the document. No other

party should rely on this document without the prior written consent of AECOM. AECOM undertakes no duty, nor accepts any responsibility, to any

third party who may rely upon or use this document. This document has been prepared based on the Client’s description of its requirements and

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may not have been verified. Subject to the above conditions, this document may be transmitted, reproduced or disseminated only in its entirety.

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary i 1.0 GHG Inventory Results 1

1.1 Wellington City 1 1.1.1 Overview 1 1.1.2 Stationary Energy Emissions 2 1.1.3 Transportation Emissions 3 1.1.4 Waste Emissions 4 1.1.5 Industrial Emissions 5 1.1.6 Agricultural Emissions 6 1.1.7 Forestry Carbon Sequestration and Emissions 6

1.2 Wellington Region 7 1.2.1 Overview 7 1.2.2 Stationary Energy Emissions 8 1.2.3 Transportation Emissions 9 1.2.4 Waste Emissions 10 1.2.5 Industrial Emissions 11 1.2.6 Agricultural Emissions 12 1.2.7 Forestry Carbon Sequestration and Emissions 13

2.0 Assumptions and Exclusions 14 3.0 References 18

Appendix A Wellington City Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2000/01 – 2014/15 Overview A

Appendix B Wellington Region Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2000/01 – 2014/15 Overview B

Appendix C Wellington City Global Protocol for Community Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC) Reporting

Table C

Appendix D GPC Emissions Overview - Wellington Region D

Appendix E Additional Source Data E

Appendix F Data Collection Information F

List of Tables

Table 1 Total Gross GHG Emissions for Wellington City and Wellington Region 2000/01 and

2014/15 iii

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List of Figures

Figure 1 Wellington Region Gross GHG Emissions (excl. LULUCF) 2000/01 – 2014/15 iii Figure 2 Wellington Region Net Emissions Profile (incl. LULUCF) by Emission Source 2000/01 –

2014/15 iv Figure 3 Wellington Region Gross GHG Emissions - Contribution of Individual Emission Sources

2014/15 v Figure 4 Wellington Region GHG Emissions vs. Population Trend 2000/01 – 2014/15 vi Figure 5 Wellington Region GHG Emissions vs. GRP Trend 2000/01 – 2014/15 vi Figure 6 Wellington Region Waste Emissions vs. Population Trend 2000/01 – 2014/15 vii Figure 7 Wellington Region Gross GHG Emissions vs. Electricity Emissions Factor 2000/01 –

2014/15 viii Figure 8 Wellington City GHG Emissions per Sector 2000/01 – 2014/15 1 Figure 9 Wellington City GHG Emissions Profile 2000/01 – 2014/15 2 Figure 10 Wellington City Stationary Energy Use GHG Emissions by Source 2000/01 – 2014/15 2 Figure 11 Wellington City Transport Sector GHG Emissions by Source 2000/01 – 2014/15 3 Figure 12 Wellington City Transport Sector GHG Emissions by Fuel Type 2000/01 – 2014/15 4 Figure 13 Wellington City GHG Emissions from Solid Waste Treatment 2000/01 – 2014/15 4 Figure 14 Wellington City GHG Emissions from Industrial Product Use (incl. HFCs, PFCs, SF6) 2000/01 –

2014/15 5 Figure 15 Wellington City Agricultural GHG Emissions by Source 2000/01 – 2014/15 6 Figure 16 Wellington City Forestry GHG Emissions and Sequestration 2000/01 – 2014/15 6 Figure 17 Wellington Region GHG Emissions per Sector 2000/01 – 2014/15 8 Figure 18 Wellington Region GHG Emissions Profile 2000/01 – 2014/15 8 Figure 19 Wellington Region GHG Emissions from Stationary Energy Use by Source 2000/01 –

2014/15 9 Figure 20 Wellington Region Transport GHG Emissions by Source 2000/01 – 2014/15 10 Figure 21 Wellington Region Transport GHG Emissions by Fuel Type 2000/01 – 2014/15 10 Figure 22 Wellington Region Solid Waste GHG Emissions and Waste Volume sent to Landfill

2000/01 – 2014/15 11 Figure 23 Wellington Region Waste Water GHG Emissions 2000/01 – 2014/15 11 Figure 24 Wellington Region GHG Emissions from Industrial Product Use (incl. HFCs, PFCs, SF6)

2000/01 – 2014/15 12 Figure 25 Wellington Region Agricultural GHG Emissions per Source 2000/01 – 2014/15 12 Figure 26 Wellington Region Forestry Sector GHG Emissions and Carbon Sequestration 2000/01 –

2014/15 13

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i

Executive Summary

Introduction

Wellington City Council and Greater Wellington Regional Council commissioned AECOM New Zealand to update

the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventories for Wellington City and the Greater Wellington Region. This inventory

covers GHG emissions generated directly and indirectly in Wellington city, and the Greater Wellington region as a

whole. This includes emissions from six sectors: stationary energy use, transport, waste treatment, industrial

processes and product use, agriculture and forestry. The inventory covers the following seven greenhouse

gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons

(PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)1.

Methodology

This inventory report, like the 2014 Wellington region GHG inventory that preceeded it, follows the methodology

outlined in the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory (GPC) - 2014.

The inventory assesses both direct (production-based) emission sources within the geographic area (Scope 1)

and indirect (consumption-based) emission sources associated with goods and services imported into the

geographic area, such as electricity from the national grid, transport into the area that originates outside the area,

and imported waste (Scope 2 and 3). The GPC methodology represents international best practice for city and

community level GHG emissions reporting.

Due to differences in methodological approach, the regional and city level absolute and per capita emissions

cannot be compared directly to the absolute and per capita emissions reported in the New Zealand National GHG

Inventory or emissions accounted for under the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme. However relative

trends and the significance of individual emissions sources can still be compared in many cases.

The methodology used in this inventory is detailed in the 2014 URS report2, Greenhouse Gas Inventory for the

Wellington Region, and is therefore not described here in detail. However the following aspects are particularly

worth noting:

- Due to data limitations, the inventory does not assess emissions from international shipping

- Due to data limitations, the inventory estimates regional emissions from industrial product use by scaling

national emissions from industrial product use on a population basis after removing large point sources

- The inventory accounts for forest carbon stock changes from afforestation, reforestation, deforestation and

forest management (i.e. it applies land-use accounting conventions under the UN Framework Convention on

Climate Change rather than the Kyoto Protocol). It treats emissions from harvesting and deforestation as

instantaneous rather than accounting for the longer-term emission flows associated with harvested wood

products

- The inventory accounts for waste-related emissions from both open and closed landfills

- Emissions are expressed on a carbon dioxide-equivalent basis using the 100-year GWP (Global Warming

Potential) values from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report: Climate

Change 2007

1 Nitrogen trifluoride emissions do not occur in New Zealand and, therefore, they are not included in this report.

2 URS, 2014, Greenhouse Gas Inventory for the Wellington Region, URS New Zealand Limited, Wellington

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Changes and Recalculations

A revision of the 2014 URS Wellington Region GPC report identified a number of changes in the data sets used to

calculate the emissions, as well as two errors in the emissions calculations in regards to data for 2000-01 to 2013-

14 reporting period, which have been corrected. These are:

Use of KWA instead of KAW Grid Exit Point (GXP) data set for Wellington City electricity use. This

required a re-calculation of the entire reporting period electricity related emissions and led to a reduction

compared to previously reported emissions

Updated marine fuel diesel use for an inter-island ferry provider and subsequent re-calculation of the

entire reporting period emissions

Aviation fuel use data updated and subsequent re-calculation of the entire reporting period emissions

Updated national and regional population estimates as recommended by Statistics New Zealand for the

entire reporting period

Updated emissions factors resulting in re-calculation of emissions over the entire reporting period for the

agriculture, stationary energy use, and transport sectors. Emissions factors for the waste treatment,

industrial processes and product use, and forestry sectors did not change

Emissions from waste treatment and industrial processes and product use based on national emissions

and local population figures (top down) were also re-calculated for the entire reporting period due to

changes in population estimates

National electricity consumption and generation tables were updated with the latest figures from the

Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. These were used to update the emissions factors for

electricity consumption and generation

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Results

GHG emissions are reported in the inventory for Wellington city and for the wider region on a financial year basis

from 2000/01 through to 2014/15.

Estimated gross GHG emissions for the Wellington region in the 2014/15 financial year, not including the impacts

of land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities, were 3,562,489 tonnes of carbon dioxide

equivalent (tCO2e). Net emissions for the region, including the impacts of LULUCF, were 2,078,999 tCO2e (Refer

Figure 1).

Figure 1 Wellington Region Gross GHG Emissions (excl. LULUCF) 2000/01 – 2014/15

Gross emissions estimated for 2014/15 were slightly lower than those recorded in 2000/01. Net emissions (i.e.

including forestry emissions and carbon sequestration) increased by 39% between 2000/01 and 2014/15. The rise

in net emissions was a result of increased forest harvest activities within the region towards the end of the

reporting period. This is a trend occurring at the national level and is forecast to continue for a number of years,

as vast amounts of plantation forests mature and reach harvesting age.

Overall, emissions fluctuated somewhat over the fifteen year reporting period. Table 1 shows total gross

emissions per reporting area for the base year (2000/01) and the most recent reporting year. A full table,

including all reporting years and both gross and net regional emissions is provided in Appendix B.

Table 1 Total Gross GHG Emissions for Wellington City and Wellington Region 2000/01 and 2014/15

Reporting Area 2000/01 (base year) 2014/15

tCO2e

Wellington City 1,167,934 1,143,174

Wellington Region 3,707,121 3,562,489

Overall, the region’s emissions profile is somewhat similar to the national emissions profile. Agriculture, stationary

energy use (including electricity), and transport contribute the most to total regional emissions. Emissions from

industrial processes and product use and waste treatment contribute relatively small amounts to the overall

emissions profile (see Figure 2).

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Figure 2 Wellington Region Net Emissions Profile (incl. LULUCF) by Emission Source 2000/01 – 2014/15

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Figure 3 demonstrates the contribution of individual emission sources to total regional gross emissions (i.e.

excluding emissions and carbon sequestration from LULUCF). Transport related emissions contributed

approximately 39% of total gross emissions in 2014/15, with petrol use for road transport contributing 29%.

Agricultural emissions contributed about 33% of total emissions at the end of the reporting period, with most of

these resulting from enteric fermentation from animals. Electricity consumption was responsible for 13% of the

region’s gross emissions.

Figure 3 Wellington Region Gross GHG Emissions - Contribution of Individual Emission Sources 2014/153

3 Electricity consumption refers to electricity used in the Wellington region but imported from the National Grid. Emissions are

estimated using the national grid emissions factor.

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Analysis

Trends

Comparing the emissions trend with population growth and Gross Regional Product (GRP) growth over the

reporting period puts regional GHG emissions into perspective. The population of the Wellington region increased

by 13% between 2000/01 and 2014/15, while GRP increased by 28% over the same period. In comparison,

overall gross emissions decreased by 4%. This indicates a continuing decoupling of economic activity and GHG

emissions in the region (see Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6). In other words, the region became more energy

efficient and less emissions intensive per capita and per unit of GRP.

Figure 4 Wellington Region GHG Emissions vs. Population Trend 2000/01 – 2014/15

Figure 5 Wellington Region GHG Emissions vs. GRP Trend 2000/01 – 2014/15

Emissions generated by waste decreased by 14% over the fifteen year reporting period, while the regional

population increased by a similar figure over the same period. This reduction in emissions was due to a reduction

in waste volumes being sent to landfill, an increase in landfill gas collection and improvements in waste water

treatment processes.

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Figure 6 Wellington Region Waste Emissions vs. Population Trend 2000/01 – 2014/15

Transport and agricultural activities also generated significant emissions. Agricultural emissions were responsible

for 33% of the overall gross emissions from the region in 2014/15, with large amounts of the products generated

by this sector being exported. Agricultural emissions decreased by approximately 127kt CO2e (9.7%) between

2000/01 and 2014/15 due to a 308,000 (14.5%) decrease in farm animal numbers in the region (Statistics New

Zealand, 2015)

Regional emissions from petrol use for road transport trended downward between 2000/01 and 2014/15 despite

increases in population and GRP as noted above. Diesel use increased in the same period, with overall road

transport emissions remaining relatively stable.

Regional emissions from aviation increased by approximately 11% from 2000/01 levels. This was less than the

emissions reported in the 2014 GHG inventory for the Wellington region and was a result of more reliable aviation

fuel consumption estimates.

Electricity impacts

The overall gross emissions of the region are strongly impacted by and correlated with the change in national

emissions from electricity generation. No other emission source has such a strong impact on the overall

emissions trend (see Figure 7).

This is a result of the relative significance of electricity-related emissions (i.e. 13% in 2014/15) and the large

variability in national emissions from electricity generation (+/- 30%). Over half of New Zealand’s electricity is

generated from hydro schemes, which are largely dependent on precipitation in a given year. Any shortfall in

hydro electricity generation is substituted through other sources, such as coal and natural gas. Substituting

renewable energy sources with fossil fuel energy leads to an increase in electricity generation emissions.

The total amount of electricity consumed within the region reduced by 1% since 2000/01, again despite an

increase in population and GRP. Since 2012/13 electricity use in the region decreased by 6%. In Wellington city,

electricity use decreased by 9% between 2012/13 and 2014/15.

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Figure 7 Wellington Region Gross GHG Emissions vs. Electricity Emissions Factor (EF) 2000/01 – 2014/15

With electricity being sourced from the national grid, these changes in electricity-related emissions are largely

outside the direct influence of the councils and communities in the Wellington region. However, an increase in

regional renewable electricity generation does have a positive impact on the national emissions from electricity

generation. The amount of renewable electricity generated within the Wellington region increased from 0.4% of

the regional demand in 2000/01 to over 27% in 2014/15. Additional capacity was implemented in 2013 with the

completion of the Mill Creek Wind Farm and the use of photovoltaic cells.

Wellington city generates more than half (52%) of the electricity it consumes through renewable sources, mostly

through wind turbines. At the regional level about 27% of the electricity consumed was generated within the

region. Nationally, approximately 80% of the electricity in 2014/15 was generated through renewable sources,

mostly through hydro schemes.

Per capita emissions

Regional average gross emissions in 2014/15 were approximately 7.2 tCO2e per person, a reduction from 8.4

tCO2e per person in 2000/01. Per capita gross emissions for Wellington city followed a similar trend. Emissions

per person reduced from 6.9t CO2e/person in 2000/01 to 5.7t CO2e/person in 2014/15.

Ability to Influence

Many of the GHG emissions generated within the Wellington region are outside of the direct control of councils,

particularly in terms of activity levels. However, councils in the region can influence emissions in a number of

ways. For example, infrastructure decisions have a significant impact on some emission sources. Changes in

waste treatment systems from oxidation ponds and septic tanks to activated sludge treatment processes reduced

waste water treatment emissions by 13% over the reporting period, despite an increasing population. Similarly,

installations of landfill gas recovery systems and increased diversion of waste from landfills over the study period

also led to a significant reduction in landfill related emissions.

Road transport represents another area where local and regional councils can influence the emissions profile,

with electric road transport gaining interest nationally and internationally, including electric passenger vehicles and

electrified public transport. Given New Zealand’s largely renewable electricity generation this represents a unique

emissions reduction opportunity. A focus on electric bicycle infrastructure may also represent an opportunity to

shift passenger transport away from fossil fuel based private motor vehicle travel.

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Future recommendations

Further analysis of the drivers of regional emission trends, such as specific national, regional and local policies

and international factors such as oil and commodity prices or the impact of the global financial crisis, is beyond

the scope of this study. Such work would extend the value of the GHG inventories and would help inform future

decision making.

Improvements in data collection and reporting systems using consistent methodologies on a city and regional

basis would contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of specific policies and measures. Improvements

in regional and city data collection are particularly needed in the areas of forestry, agriculture and industrial

processes as well as international shipping.

End note

The results presented in this report will help Wellington City Council and Greater Wellington Regional Council to

assess progress towards climate change targets and goals. The councils may also use this report to inform future

emission reduction strategies, prioritising key focus areas and highlighting specific emission sources. For

example the information provided here could be used to estimate the impact of specific community actions and

support schemes (e.g. solar hot water system support) or the impacts of policy decisions or infrastructure

developments (e.g. further renewable energy generation or public transport investments).

The results presented in this report apply to Wellington city and the Greater Wellington region and may influence

policy development and planning at both these levels.

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1.0 GHG Inventory Results

1.1 Wellington City

1.1.1 Overview

In 2014/15 Wellington city’s total gross GHG emissions were estimated at 1,143,174 tCO2e and total net

emissions at 1,084,979 tCO2e. For the same year, the population of Wellington city was 201,900 people,

resulting in per capita (gross) emissions of 5.7 tCO2e/person.

Between 2000/01 and 2014/15, the gross GHG emissions generated within Wellington city or as a result of activity

within the area reduced by 2.1% and the net emissions by 1.9%. This is due to a reduction in emissions from

electricity consumption (-29%), solid waste disposal (-24%) and agriculture (-14%). However, an increase

(+445%) in emissions from industrial product use (e.g. refrigerants and air conditioning), as well as an increase in

aviation fuel (+11%), diesel (+23%) and a decrease in net carbon stored in forests (-7%) have counteracted most

of these reductions (see Figure 8 and Figure 9).

More detail on emissions trends for Wellington city can be observed in Figure 10 to Figure 16. An overview table

of the emissions generated for each source and each reporting year is provided in Appendix A.

Wellington city is a participant in the international Compact of Mayors and is required to report emissions in

accordance with the Global Protocol for Community Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC) reporting template.

A copy of the GPC reporting table is provided in Appendix C.

Figure 8 Wellington City GHG Emissions per Sector 2000/01 – 2014/15

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Figure 9 Wellington City GHG Emissions Profile 2000/01 – 2014/15

1.1.2 Stationary Energy Emissions

In 2014/15 stationary energy use was responsible for an estimated 327,202 t CO2e, representing about 29% of

Wellington city’s gross emissions (see Figure 10).

The main source of emissions from stationary energy is electricity use (Scope 2), generating approximately 53%

of the total emissions from stationary energy use. Compared to 2000/01 overall electricity-related emissions have

reduced by approximately 29%. When applying a regional average emissions factor for electricity use, emissions

show a reduction of about 48%.

Reductions in stationary energy use emissions are partly due to a reduction in demand (e.g. for electricity, natural

gas and coal use), as well as being due to an increase in renewable energy generation in the Wellington region

and nationally.

Emissions from natural gas use (Scope 1) represent the second largest stationary energy use emission source

and in 2014/15 contributed about 39% to total stationary energy emissions. Since 2000/01 emissions from natural

gas use reduced by about 6%, although this trend reversed in 2014/15.

Figure 10 Wellington City Stationary Energy Use GHG Emissions by Source 2000/01 – 2014/154

4 Electricity consumption refers to electricity used in the Wellington region but imported from the National Grid. Emissions are

estimated using the national grid emissions factor.

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Greenhouse Gas emissions from bottled LPG (Scope 1) represented about 5.4% of stationary energy emissions

in 2014/15 which is an increase of about 42% over the reporting period. Emissions from coal (Scope 1) for

commercial and residential use contributed 2% of total stationary energy emissions in 2014/15 and reduced by

48% between 2000/01 and 2014/15.

Emissions from biofuel use (Scope 1) contributed less than 1% of stationary energy emissions in 2014/15, a

decrease of about 6% since 2000/01. The emission reduction trend observed for coal and biofuel use was

estimated using national average consumption figures, on a per capita basis. City wide trends may slightly differ

from these.

1.1.3 Transportation Emissions

In 2014/15 transportation sources were responsible for an estimated 688,170 tCO2e, representing about 60% of

Wellington city’s overall emissions.

Emissions from mobile sources increased between 2000/01 and 2014/15 by 3%. This was mostly due to an

increase in emissions from domestic air travel (Scope 3) of about 11%. Emissions from road transport (Scope 1)

remained relatively stable, with an increase of less than 1%. Emissions from water transport (Scope 3) showed a

reduction of about 2%.

As shown in Figure 11 and, the emission profile for mobile sources is dominated by road transport (mainly Scope

1). Road transport emissions comprised approximately 57% of total emissions from mobile sources (incl. petrol,

diesel and public transport emissions) in the 2014/15 financial year. Road transport emissions (petrol and diesel)

were estimated based on fuel sales figures. This approach however, does not allow for separate reporting of

cross boundary road transport under Scope 3. Emissions from electrified public transport (Scope 2) have been

estimated based on 2013 VKT (Vehicle Kilometres Travelled) data provided by Greater Wellington Regional

Council, and overall electricity consumption of MetLink trains operated by KiwiRail. These emissions contribute

less than 1% of Wellington city’s transport emissions.

Figure 11 Wellington City Transport Sector GHG Emissions by Source 2000/01 – 2014/15

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Figure 12 Wellington City Transport Sector GHG Emissions by Fuel Type 2000/01 – 2014/15

1.1.4 Waste Emissions

In 2014/15 GHG emissions from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) were responsible for an estimated 49,710 tCO2e,

representing about 4% of Wellington city’s gross emissions in 2014/15.

MSW-related emissions reduced by 24% between 2000/01 and 2014/15. This was mostly due to the capture of

landfill gas at Southern Landfill and a reduction in the amount of waste sent to landfill. Landfill gas emitted from

closed landfills without landfill gas recovery has also decreased over time.

Municipal solid waste generated within Wellington city is mostly disposed of at Southern Landfill (Scope 1), with a

small proportion being disposed of at Spicer Landfill in Porirua (Scope 3).

Approximately 38% of the estimated MSW-related emissions in 2014/15 resulted from landfill gas emitted at

landfills with landfill gas recovery (Southern and Spicer Landfills). The remaining emissions were from other

landfills that are now closed.

Wellington city uses a modern waste water treatment facility, treating all of the receiving waste water in an

activated sludge treatment resulting in no measurable amount of methane emissions. Most of the waste water

generated within the city is treated at the Moa Point Waste Water Treatment Plant (Scope 1). A small proportion

of the waste water from the northern city area is sent to the waste water treatment plant in Porirua (Scope 3).

Figure 13 indicates the overall emissions from waste treatment including Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions.

Figure 13 Wellington City GHG Emissions from Solid Waste Treatment 2000/01 – 2014/15

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1.1.5 Industrial Emissions

No emissions from industrial processes have been estimated, due to a lack of specific data. Any potential

emissions are assumed to be insignificant in Wellington city and Greater Wellington region, given the small

amount of heavy industry operating in the area.

Emissions for industrial product use include emissions from hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) (Scope 1) and were estimated at 63,276 tCO2e for 2014/15, representing about

6% of Wellington city’s gross emissions in that year (see Figure 14). These emissions were estimated based on

New Zealand average emissions per capita. Over the 15 year reporting period, consumption of HFCs increased.

This reflects a national trend towards increased use of HFCs as refrigerant gases as a replacement for CFCs,

which were phased out under the Montreal Protocol. Emissions from HFCs, PFCs and SF6 increased from 1% of

city wide emissions in 2000/01 to about 6% in 2014/15. The spike in refrigerant emissions estimated for 2011/12

was due to a change in refrigerant importing activity recorded by the Ministry for the Environment (2013).

Figure 14 Wellington City GHG Emissions from Industrial Product Use (incl. HFCs, PFCs, SF6) 2000/01 – 2014/15

*Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI)

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1.1.6 Agricultural Emissions

In 2014/15 agricultural GHG emissions were responsible for an estimated 14,817 tCO2e, representing about 1%

of Wellington city’s gross emissions in that financial year. The most significant emission source for the agricultural

sector, about 77%, was methane (CH4) from enteric fermentation of farmed animals (e.g. cows, sheep, horses,

deer and goats). Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils contributed about 22% of emissions and

manure management about 1% in 2014/15 (see Figure 15).

The majority of emissions from soils were due to farming of animals, e.g. through dung and urine deposited on

paddocks and fields. All agricultural emissions are reported under Scope 1.

Figure 15 Wellington City Agricultural GHG Emissions by Source 2000/01 – 2014/15

1.1.7 Forestry Carbon Sequestration and Emissions

Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities in Wellington city in 2014/15 contributed an

estimated -58,195 tCO2e. This represents a 14% decrease in sequestered carbon since 2000/01. The majority of

carbon sequestered was through still maturing native forests such as manuka and kanuka forest stocks (see

Figure 16). Exotic forests also contributed to the total amount of carbon sequestered.

Figure 16 Wellington City Forestry GHG Emissions and Sequestration 2000/01 –

2014/15

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1.2 Wellington Region

1.2.1 Overview

Wellington region’s GHG emissions are an aggregation of emissions from the cities and districts included within

the boundary for this inventory: Wellington city, Porirua city, Hutt city, Upper Hutt city, Kāpiti Coast, and

Wairarapa (which includes the Masterton, Carterton and South Wairarapa districts).

In 2014/15, the Wellington region as a whole generated estimated gross emissions of 3,562,489 tCO2e and net

emissions of 2,078,999 tCO2e. The regional population in 2014/15 was 494,200 people, resulting in per capita

gross emissions of 7.2 tCO2e/person and net emissions of 4.2 tCO2e/person.

Between the 2000/01 and 2014/15 financial years, regional gross emissions reduced by about 4%. When

including carbon stored in forests, overall net emissions in 2014/15 increased by 39% since 2000/01. This was a

direct result of an increase in forest harvested within the region, which followed a national trend.

Emissions from stationary energy use reduced by 18% over the reporting period and in 2014/15 represented

about 18% of regional gross emissions. Transport emissions increased by 2% and represented about 39% of

gross emissions in the Wellington region in 2014/15. Reductions in petrol and marine fuel use were offset mostly

by an increase in aviation fuel use.

Emissions from solid waste treatment reduced by 14% over the reporting period, mostly due to an increase in

landfill gas recovery and an increase in diversion of waste from landfills (e.g. through recycling and composting).

Improvements in the waste water treatment systems used throughout the region also resulted in an emissions

reduction - roughly 11%.

In strong contrast to most other emission sources, emissions from refrigerants and other HFC, PFC and SF6 use

increased about five-fold. In 2000/01 these emissions represented less than 1% of regional gross emissions. In

2014/15 they represented 4%.

Agricultural emissions reduced by about 10% during the reporting years, due to a small decrease in animals

farmed in the region. Overall, 1,190,000kt CO2e (33% of regional emissions in 2014/15) were due to direct

emissions from animals and soils from agricultural activities.

The amount of carbon sequestered in forests increased by about 0.4% over the fifteen year period. Emissions

from harvesting activities increased by 124% in the same period, resulting in a 33% reduction of carbon stored

through LULUCF activities.

More detail on emissions trends can be observed in Figure 17 to Figure 26. An overview table of emissions

generated by each source and in each reporting year is provided in Appendix B.

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Figure 17 Wellington Region GHG Emissions per Sector 2000/01 – 2014/15

Figure 18 Wellington Region GHG Emissions Profile 2000/01 – 2014/15

1.2.2 Stationary Energy Emissions

Stationary energy use within the region generated an estimated 627,705 tCO2e in 2014/15, representing 18% of

gross emissions.

Electricity use (Scope 2) was responsible for approximately 53% of regional emissions from stationary energy use

in 2014/15. Over the reporting period, emissions from this sector reduced by 26%. The reduction was due to an

increase in renewable electricity generation in New Zealand. Electricity consumption levels in 2014/15 were about

1% lower than in 2000/01 (see Figure 19).

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Figure 19 Wellington Region GHG Emissions from Stationary Energy Use by Source 2000/01 – 2014/15

Emissions from coal for commercial and residential use (Scope 1) represented 2.6% of emissions from stationary energy use in 2014/15 and have reduced by over 51% since 2000/01. Emissions from biofuel use (Scope 1) contributed about 1.1% of emissions from stationary energy use - a decrease of about 11% since 2000/01.

1.2.3 Transportation Emissions

Transport emissions increased by 2% between 2000/01 to 2014/15, generating an estimated 1,393,725 tCO2e,

representing 39% of the region’s gross emissions. As illustrated in Figure 20, emissions from this sector were

dominated by road transport and, to a lesser degree, by air travel.

During the reporting period, emissions from petrol use (Scope 1) decreased (8%). Scope 3 emissions from marine

diesel and light fuel oil use also decreased, by about 26% and 1% respectively. Emissions from electric buses

and trains decreased by 25% and 35% respectively, largely due to a decrease in emissions from national

electricity generation as a result of a rise in energy generation from renewable sources.

Within the transport sector, all other emission sources increased over the reporting period. The most significant

increase was for diesel emissions (Scope 1), about 19% (see Figure 21). Emissions from domestic air travel

(Scope 3) out of Wellington International Airport increased by about 11%.

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Figure 20 Wellington Region Transport GHG Emissions by Source 2000/01 – 2014/15

Figure 21 Wellington Region Transport GHG Emissions by Fuel Type 2000/01 – 2014/15

1.2.4 Waste Emissions

Emissions from waste disposal and treatment represented about 5% of Wellington region’s gross emissions in

2014/15, generating an estimated 195,326 tCO2e in that financial year (see Figure 22). Municipal Solid Waste

(MSW) emissions (Scope 1) reduced by 14% from 2000/01 – 2014/15, mostly due to an increase in landfill gas

capture. Efforts to divert waste from landfills, including through increased recycling, contributed to the reduction.

Emissions from waste water treatment (Scope 1) reduced by 11% since 2000/01. This was mostly due to

improvements in the Kāpiti Coast waste water treatment facility, which changed from use of facultative ponds to

activated sludge treatment in 2006/07 (see Figure 23). Note that solid waste from the Kāpiti Coast district is sent

to landfills outside the Wellington region (Scope 3 emissions).

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Figure 22 Wellington Region Solid Waste GHG Emissions and Waste Volume sent to Landfill 2000/01 – 2014/15

Figure 23 Wellington Region Waste Water GHG Emissions 2000/01 – 2014/15

1.2.5 Industrial Emissions

No emissions from industrial processes have been estimated, due to a lack of specific data. Any potential

emissions are assumed to be insignificant in the Greater Wellington region, given the small amount of heavy

industry operating in the region. Energy used in industrial processes is included in the stationary energy sector.

Only GHG emissions from industrial product use (HFCs, PFCs and SF6 (Scope 1)) have been included in the

inventory. Nitrogen trifluoride emissions do not occur in New Zealand and, therefore, they are not included in this

report. Over the reporting period the consumption of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 increased significantly, generating an

estimated 154,883 tCO2e in 2014/15 (see Figure 24). Emissions for these sources were estimated using New

Zealand average emissions per capita. The increase in these emissions was largely due to the increased use of

HFCs as refrigerant gases replacing CFCs, which were phased out under the Montreal Protocol. Emissions from

HFCs, PFCs and SF6 increased from 0.8% of region-wide gross emissions in 2000/01 to about 4% in 2014/15.

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Figure 24 Wellington Region GHG Emissions from Industrial Product Use (incl. HFCs, PFCs, SF6) 2000/01 – 2014/15

*Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI)

1.2.6 Agricultural Emissions

Agricultural emissions contributed an estimated 1,190,850 tCO2e, representing approximately 33% of the

Wellington region’s gross emissions (Scope 1) in 2014/15.

The most significant proportion of GHG emissions from the agricultural sector (75%) were generated through

enteric fermentation from farmed animals (e.g. beef and dairy cows, sheep, horses and deer). The majority of

emissions from soils were due to farming of animals, e.g. through dung and urine deposited on paddocks and

fields (see Figure 25).

Figure 25 Wellington Region Agricultural GHG Emissions per Source 2000/01 – 2014/15

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1.2.7 Forestry Carbon Sequestration and Emissions

Between 2000/01 and 2014/15 the net amount of carbon stored through LULUCF activities in the Wellington

region remained relatively constant, with a slight decrease of 0.4% (see Figure 26).

The majority of carbon removed from the atmosphere by the forestry sector was absorbed by exotic forest

plantations (80%). Still maturing native forests (i.e. manuka and kanuka forest stocks) contributed to the total

amount of carbon sequestered.

Harvesting related emissions were estimated based on harvesting volumes reported by Statistics New Zealand

(StatsNZ 2015)5. Compared to 2000/01, emissions from forestry harvesting increased by 124% in 2014/15 and

remained at a similar level over the last few reporting years.

In 2014/15 LULUCF activities sequestered the equivalent of 42% (1,483,490 tCO2e) of regional gross emissions.

By comparison, in 2000/01 LULUCF activities sequestered an equivalent of 60% of gross emissions in the region.

Figure 26 Wellington Region Forestry Sector GHG Emissions and Carbon Sequestration 2000/01 – 2014/15

5 Due to the accounting method chosen for this report, all carbon stored in harvested trees, including in the wood products

removed, below ground and in residues left on site, is assumed to result in an emission in the harvesting year.

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2.0 Assumptions and Exclusions

Sector/Category Assumptions and Exclusions

Stationary energy emissions

Residential, commercial

and industrial stationary

energy emissions

• Coal and biomass related emissions have been estimated using a top down approach,

applying the national average consumption for commercial and residential coal use,

estimated based on population figures.

• Due to the lack of heavy industry within the Region, it was assumed that there are no

emissions from industrial coal consumption.

• Consumption of natural gas and electricity data are based on total energy distributed to

grid exit points within the Region. The energy provided to these grid exit points have

then been allocated to individual Cities and Districts. This may in some cases mean

that energy used in one City or Districts may be counted in a different City or Districts,

depending on the distribution network for gas and electricity, which may not match City

or Districts boundaries in all cases.

• Emission per user group (i.e. residential, commercial and industrial) was estimated

based on national average energy use split between these groups as reported by

MBIE (2015b).

Electricity generation

• Emissions from renewable electricity generation from wind and water are assumed to

be zero.

• CH4 and N2O emissions from combustion of landfill gas are assumed to be insignificant

and have not been included.

• Brooklyn Wind Turbine generation data prior to 2011/12 was estimated based on data

provided for 2011-2013.

• Data for West Wind was estimated for 2009-2012 based on data provided for 2012/13.

• Electricity generation data for the Hau Nui wind farm was sourced from the Meridian

Energy website and based on the installation/construction stages of the wind farm prior

to 2012/13. The information provided for 2013/14 and 2014/15 was sourced directly

from Meridian Energy.

• National emission factor for electricity generation was estimated based on data

published by MBIE in their quarterly electricity and liquid fuel emissions table (MBIE

2015a).

Industrial Emissions • Not included in reporting boundary, as it is assumed that there are no relevant

emissions from stationary industrial energy generation occurring within the Region.

Fugitive Emissions • Not included in the Inventory, as there is no production of oil or gas occurring within the

Region.

Mobile emissions

Road transport

• Total volume of fuel sold within the Region was provided by Wellington City Council

and Masterton Districts Council. Volumes of fuel sold within each Districts were

estimated based on the share of km travelled within each Districts, compared to the

total Regional distances, using VKT data from Greater Wellington Regional Council.

This may not necessarily correspond with the actual amount of fuel sold within each

area, but has been chosen by the participating Councils as the best representation of

fuel sales for the individual Cities and Districts.

• Fuel consumption figures (petrol diesel) also include fuel used for off-road transport

and recreational water transport, as these are sold through the same network. Due to

lack of data these could not be reported separately.

Rail transport

• Diesel emissions from rail transport are estimated based on consumption data

provided for the 2012/13 financial year. Emissions are assumed to be similar for all

other reporting years.

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• Emissions estimates are based on length of rail network and average fuel consumption

per km.

• Emissions from rail-related electricity consumption are based on Regional consumption

by MetLink services. These have been allocated to the individual City or Districts

following the same approach as for diesel fuel emissions (number of trains and length

of tracks).

Water transport

• Fuel used by the Blue Bridge and Interislander ferry services between Wellington and

Picton in 2013/14 and 2014/15 were provided by Strait Shipping and Kiwirail

respectively. Interislander fuel usage was provided by Kiwirail for the earlier years.

Blue Bridge consumption data for earlier years was not provided so was estimated

based on the most recent data received. An undetected error in the fuel data in the

2014 report has been corrected.

• Emissions estimated for ferries operating between Wellington and Picton were

allocated based on number of stops within the Region. As a result 50% of the

emissions from the ferry transport are allocated to the Wellington Inventory.

• Emissions from international water transport (bunker fuels) were not included in the

Inventory, due to lack of available data.

Aviation

• Domestic aviation emissions out of Wellington Airport were estimated based on fuel

data provided for 2006/07 by AirBP, fuel data for 2011/12-2014/15 based on WIAL fuel

sales figures. Fuel data for 2007/08-2010/11 based on linear interpolation. Data for

2000/01-2005/06 based on linear interpolation using Air NZ fuel trend for 2000/01 and

2006/07.

• No data was available for domestic and recreational aviation out of the airport in

Paraparaumu and the Hood Aerodrome in Masterton.

• Avgas related emissions (e.g. for Helicopter and small planes) is based on fuel data

provided by Z Energy for 2014/15 and Shell Data provided for 2006/07. Fuel sales prior

to 2006 were assumed to be linear (due to lack of data), linear interpolation between

2006/07 - 2014/15.

Off-Road transport • Off-road fuel consumption is assumed to be included in the data reported for road

transport. Due to lack of specific data these could not be reported separately.

Waste

Solid Waste Disposal

• Data gaps in reported waste volumes sent to landfill were estimated by applying the

New Zealand national average waste generation per capita and using City or Districts

specific population figures.

• Data gaps for efficiency of landfill gas capture were estimated using the New Zealand

national average for landfill gas capture efficiency.

• First Order Decay method requires estimates for waste sent to landfill for at least 50

years. Solid waste sent to landfill prior to the reporting period was estimated based on

population estimates (StatsNZ 2015) and national average waste generation potential

per person reported by MfE (2015).

• Landfill gas emissions were estimated for landfills with and without landfill gas

capturing systems

• Data on specific waste composition (SWAP) was not readily available during the

preparation of this report. Waste composition for waste sent to landfill was modelled

based on the national average waste composition reported by MfE (2015).

Biological Treatment

• No emissions from biological treatment have been included in the GHG Inventory. CO2

emissions are considered to be biogenic, i.e. not contributing any net emissions. All

other emissions are assumed to be insignificant.

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Incineration

• Emissions from waste incineration have not been included, as only small quantities of

clinical and hazardous waste is incinerated. Emissions from these sources are

assumed to be insignificant6.

Waste Water Treatment

• Emissions from waste water treatment are based on treatment methods employed by

waste water treatment plants and New Zealand average waste generation potential per

capita, as well as City or Districts specific population figures.

• Sludge removed from waste water treatment plants was assumed to be sent to landfill.

It was further assumed that this was already included in the total volume of waste sent

to landfill. No additional calculations for emissions generated from sludge disposal

were included.

• Emissions from treatment of sludge, i.e. drying, were assumed to be included in the

stationary energy use reported for each of the Cities and Districts. No additional

calculations for sludge treatment processes were included.

• For the Wairarapa it was assumed that waste water from smaller communities (e.g.

Tinui – 20 households) and rural properties was treated by septic tanks. The number of

households and their population were estimated based on Statistics NZ figures (i.e.

average residents per household and rural population estimates).

Industrial Processes and Product use

Industrial Processes

• No emissions from industrial processes have been included, due to lack of specific

activity data. For example, no data was identified for the lime works operating in the

Wairarapa area. Only a small number industry operates within the Wellington Region,

for the purpose of this report it was assumed that their emissions are not significant on

the overall scale.

Product Use incl. HFC,

PCFs and SF6

• Emissions for refrigerants, fire extinguishers, foam blowing, aerosols and metered

dose inhalers, as well as SF6 in electrical equipment are estimated based on New

Zealand average per capita emissions and City or Districts specific population figures.

• 2012/13 consumption data was extrapolated based on 2000/01-2010/11 data. 2011/12

data has been excluded in the extrapolation due to significant changes in the importing

behaviour of one supplier and based on advice received from MfE (pers.comm., O.

Glade, MfE, 10.12.2013).

Agriculture

Agriculture

• Agricultural emissions are based on agricultural production data provided by Statistics

New Zealand.

• 2013-15 data for Wellington Region is based on Stats NZ Lifestock numbers by

regional council.

• 2012/13 data for the Wellington City area was provided by Gavin Bruce. All other years

have been estimated based on data provided by Statistics NZ. StatsNZ data uses

Agricultural census data for 2002, 2003 and 2007.

• Data for in-between years was estimated based on linear extrapolation.

Forestry

Forestry

• Carbon stored in exotic forests is based on data provided in the National Exotic Forest

Description published by MPI (MPI 2015).

• Due to insufficient data for land use changes no emissions from land use change from

cropland, wetlands, settlements and other land have been estimated.

• Carbon sequestration for exotic forests include above ground, below ground, dead

wood and litter.

6 Nationally, emissions from incineration of waste represent about 0.1% of the total waste emissions.

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• Maturing native forests (i.e. Manuka and Kanuka), as well as grassland with woody

biomass have been included as native forests.

• Data for native forests is based on LCDB vol. 2 and 3 data. However, these only

provide data for two of the reporting years. Areas for native forests and grassland

included in the Inventory are assumed to have been constant for the years where no

satellite images were available.

• Carbon sequestration rates for exotic forest are based on yield tables provided by MfE,

assuming a 50/50 split between pre 1990 and post 1989 forests within the Wellington

Region.

• Sequestration rates for native forest were based on data provided in the 2006/07

Wellington Inventory (LCR 2008). On advice from MfE, it was assumed that these

were still applicable.

• Emissions from forest harvesting activities are included in the Inventory as part of the

LULUCF emissions. For the purpose of this report, it was assumed that all carbon

stored in tree biomass (above and below ground as well as in dead wood and litter)

become an emission in the year of the tree harvest.

Emission Factors

Emission Factors –

Mobile and Stationary

Energy

• A review of the emissions factors provided by MfE indicated that there is very minimal

change in the individual emissions factors over the reporting period.

• Advice received by MfE (pers.comm., O. Glade, MfE, 10.12.2013) supported the use of

the most recently published emissions factors for all reporting years and emissions

calculations.

• The net energy content of fossil fuels does change slightly over time, e.g. due to minor

differences in fuel composition. MBIE reports the net energy content for different fuels

used in New Zealand. However, historic information was not readily available. The

change in net energy content is assumed to be very minimal. Emission calculations for

fossil fuel assume the most recently available net energy content (MBIE 2013b).

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3.0 References

BERL 2005 Business and Economic Research Limited, 2005, Economic Projections for

Wairarapa and the Greater Wellington Region. Report prepared for Go

Wairarapa/Wellington Regional Strategy, Business and Economic Research

Limited

Infometrics

2014

Infometrics Limited, 2014, Wellington Region Annual Economic Profile. Report

prepared for Grow Wellington, Infometrics Limited

IPCC 1996 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1996, Good Practice Guidance

and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories,

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPCC 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2006, Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

GWRC 2010 Greater Wellington Regional Council, 2010. Wellington Regional Land

Transport Strategy 2010-40. Greater Wellington Regional Council

LRIS 2013 LRIS Portal, 2013, Land Cover Database – Version 3, provided by Landcare

Research, retrieved on 30 October 2013 from:

http://lris.scinfo.org.nz/layer/304-lcdb-v30-land-cover-database-version-3-

deprecated/

MBIE 2015a Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment, 2015, Quarterly Electricity

and Liquid Fuel Emissions Table, retrieved on Nov 2015 from:

http://www.med.govt.nz/sectors-industries/energy/energy-

modelling/data/greenhouse-gas-emissions

MBIE 2015b Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment, 2015, Energy in New

Zealand – 2014 Calendar Year Edition, Ministry for Business, Innovation and

Employment

MfE 2015 Ministry for the Environment, 2015, New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory

1990-2013, Ministry for the Environment

NZEA 2015 New Zealand Electricity Authority, 2015, Electricity by demand, retrieved on

November 2015 from: www.emi.ea.govt.nz/r/z1le5

StatsNZ 2015 NZ Statistics, 2015, Livestock Numbers by Regional Council: 2001-2014,

Retrieved on November 2015 from:

http://lris.scinfo.org.nz/layer/304-lcdb-v30-land-cover-database-version-3-deprecated/

http://lris.scinfo.org.nz/layer/304-lcdb-v30-land-cover-database-version-3-deprecated/

http://www.med.govt.nz/sectors-industries/energy/energy-modelling/data/greenhouse-gas-emissions

http://www.med.govt.nz/sectors-industries/energy/energy-modelling/data/greenhouse-gas-emissions

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http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx

StatsNZ 2015 NZ Statistics, 2015, Forestry Emissions by Regional Council: 2001-2014,

Retrieved on November 2015 from:


StatsNZ 2016 NZ Statistics, 2016 – Population by territorial authority/area unit, Retrieved on

7 January from:

http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE800

1#

WRI 2004 World Resources Institute, 2004, The Greenhouse Gas Protocol – A Corporate

Accounting and Reporting Standard – Revised Edition, World Resources

Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development

WRI 2015 World Resources Institute, 2015, Global Protocol for Community-Scale

Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC), World Resources Institute



http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8001%23

http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8001%23

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Appendix A

Wellington City Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2000/01 – 2014/15 Overview

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A-1

Appendix A Wellington City Emissions Overview

2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

Electricity nat. ave 242,803 287,049 264,488 273,475 296,618 383,641 328,127 335,017 296,393 257,995 212,347 280,618 248,109 183,634 171,668 t CO2e

Natural Gas 137,465 137,465 137,465 137,465 137,465 137,465 137,465 139,894 144,026 140,249 134,510 140,327 125,786 122,561 128,645 t CO2e

LPG 12,316 14,006 15,086 16,551 17,091 18,130 19,242 18,805 17,550 16,342 15,615 16,357 17,412 17,551 17,526

Coal 12,734 13,333 14,277 14,532 12,362 10,529 10,402 10,983 9,903 8,378 8,105 7,806 7,307 6,626 6,617 t CO2e

Biofuel use 2,933 2,927 2,930 2,938 2,940 2,942 2,933 2,908 2,874 2,826 2,777 2,766 2,761 2,751 2,746 t CO2e

Petrol 268,450 275,641 279,087 279,524 289,036 275,660 278,550 271,321 271,321 274,722 267,724 262,628 256,353 247,866 245,590 t CO2e

Diesel 118,762 133,546 130,428 122,289 134,351 132,477 130,137 133,212 133,212 133,501 133,469 133,967 131,012 137,967 146,215 t CO2e

Bus Diesel 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 3,238 t CO2e

Bus elect. 151 179 166 168 178 226 189 192 168 146 121 161 147 111 112 t CO2e

Rail Elect. 1,376 1,633 1,513 1,538 1,627 2,060 1,725 1,757 1,533 1,333 1,077 1,519 1,329 959 892 t CO2e

Rail Diesel 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,030 3,242 t CO2e

Jet Kerosene 188,154 192,619 197,084 201,548 206,013 210,478 210,478 208,650 206,822 204,994 203,166 201,338 196,594 202,759 211,579 t CO2e

Av Gas 2,229 2,229 2,229 2,229 2,229 2,229 2,229 2,020 1,811 1,602 1,393 1,184 975 766 557 t CO2e

Marine Diesel 2,998 2,998 2,998 2,998 2,998 2,998 2,998 2,998 3,038 3,038 3,036 2,997 2,997 2,353 2,353 t CO2e

Light Fuel Oil 74,279 74,279 74,279 74,279 74,279 74,279 74,279 74,279 72,220 71,296 70,384 71,892 70,724 69,688 73,396 t CO2e

LPG 2,796 3,024 2,918 2,792 2,677 2,591 2,474 2,225 1,928 1,582 1,279 1,074 998 995 994 t CO2e

Solid Waste Disposal 65,440 66,069 65,716 69,418 73,417 69,439 70,275 68,542 63,780 60,734 58,451 54,516 52,753 50,546 49,710 t CO2e

Waste Water - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t CO2e

Industry, HFCs, PFCs & SF6 11,601 15,312 23,012 30,300 21,153 32,716 30,659 42,244 36,814 39,819 48,908 84,832 60,523 62,325 63,276 t CO2e

Agriculture Agriculture 17,178 17,261 16,027 14,738 13,725 12,508 11,079 10,887 11,088 11,471 11,364 11,771 15,024 14,817 14,817 t CO2e

Forestry Forestry -62,280 -62,280 -62,280 -63,314 -62,429 -61,584 -62,235 -60,290 -60,660 -57,774 -57,608 -57,937 -58,947 -58,195 -58,195 t CO2e

1,167,934 1,245,837 1,235,969 1,253,050 1,294,428 1,376,635 1,319,507 1,332,200 1,280,749 1,236,295 1,179,992 1,282,020 1,197,072 1,130,544 1,143,174 t CO2e

1,105,654 1,183,557 1,173,689 1,189,737 1,231,999 1,315,051 1,257,272 1,271,911 1,220,089 1,178,521 1,122,384 1,224,082 1,138,125 1,072,349 1,084,979 t CO2e

t CO2eUnitEmission Sources

Mobileemissions

Waste

Total Gross Emissions

Stationaryenergy

Total Net Emissions

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Appendix B

Wellington Region Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2000/01 – 2014/15 Overview

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B-1

Appendix B Wellington Region Emissions Overview

2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

Electricity nat. elect. 449,113 535,677 497,476 514,404 554,732 716,291 611,519 622,495 551,209 481,018 396,202 523,569 463,032 346,101 332,254 t CO2e

Natural Gas 241,323 241,323 241,323 241,323 241,327 239,655 241,324 245,355 250,527 244,844 238,200 246,307 224,372 217,955 229,634 t CO2e

LPG 32,681 37,070 39,624 43,073 43,983 46,164 48,715 47,480 44,284 41,237 39,345 41,110 43,399 43,192 42,902 t CO2e

Coal 32,821 34,191 36,306 36,651 31,006 26,259 25,796 27,175 24,480 20,713 20,050 19,288 18,035 16,311 16,193 t CO2e

Biofuel use 7,558 7,504 7,451 7,409 7,374 7,334 7,275 7,197 7,105 6,988 6,871 6,834 6,808 6,772 6,722 t CO2e

Petrol 706,572 721,117 730,734 731,866 753,775 719,589 727,279 710,209 707,914 717,165 698,847 685,585 671,299 651,141 647,853 t CO2e

Diesel 367,297 382,698 377,890 360,974 392,821 387,616 389,621 397,151 393,404 392,761 396,451 399,670 392,503 434,027 437,156 t CO2e

Bus Diesel 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 6,902 t CO2e

Bus elect. 151 179 166 168 178 226 189 192 168 146 121 161 147 111 112 t CO2e

Rail electr. 3,650 4,331 4,014 4,079 4,317 5,465 4,575 4,659 4,067 3,536 2,856 4,030 3,525 2,543 2,366 t CO2e

Rail Diesel 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 8,615 t CO2e

Jet Kerosene 188,154 192,619 197,084 201,548 206,013 210,478 210,478 208,650 206,822 204,994 203,166 201,338 196,594 202,759 211,579 t CO2e

Av Gas 2,229 2,229 2,229 2,229 2,229 2,229 2,229 2,020 1,811 1,602 1,393 1,184 975 766 557 t CO2e

Marine Diesel 2,637 2,637 2,637 2,637 2,637 2,637 2,637 2,637 2,637 2,637 2,635 2,595 2,595 1,952 1,952 t CO2e

Light Fuel Oil 74,279 74,279 74,279 74,279 74,279 74,279 74,279 74,279 72,220 71,296 70,384 71,892 70,724 69,688 73,396 t CO2e

Marine Diesel Scope 1 722 722 722 722 722 722 722 722 803 803 803 803 803 803 803 t CO2e

LPG 6,952 7,460 7,138 6,788 6,498 6,275 5,969 5,358 4,628 3,791 3,065 2,571 2,399 2,450 2,433 t CO2e

Solid Waste Disposal 220,932 224,850 227,485 234,483 242,675 243,539 249,313 243,467 238,627 236,707 238,122 229,744 194,710 187,782 189,514 t CO2e

Waste Water 6,556 6,605 6,652 6,694 6,735 6,773 5,459 5,498 5,471 5,538 5,617 5,679 5,714 5,759 5,812 t CO2e

Industry Industry , HFCs, PFCs, SF6 29,890 39,260 58,517 76,417 53,046 81,564 76,058 104,550 90,998 98,449 121,003 209,579 149,244 153,390 154,883 t CO2e

Agriculture Agriculture 1,318,085 1,344,243 1,328,492 1,352,061 1,400,992 1,436,534 1,283,845 1,234,352 1,157,456 1,184,841 1,241,864 1,239,066 1,201,196 1,190,850 1,190,850 t CO2e

Forestry Forestry -2,211,049 -2,141,240 -2,177,923 -2,069,038 -2,258,851 -2,238,764 -2,016,130 -2,201,896 -2,108,755 -2,144,477 -1,594,626 -2,109,771 -1,645,919 -1,483,490 -1,483,490 t CO2e

3,707,121 3,874,513 3,855,736 3,913,325 4,040,858 4,229,146 3,982,800 3,958,965 3,780,147 3,734,583 3,702,513 3,906,522 3,663,594 3,549,868 3,562,489 t CO2e

1,496,073 1,733,273 1,677,814 1,844,286 1,782,007 1,990,382 1,966,670 1,757,070 1,671,392 1,590,106 2,107,887 1,796,751 2,017,675 2,066,379 2,078,999 t CO2eTotal Net Emissions

t CO2e

Stationaryenergy

UnitFUEL TYPES

Mobileemissions

Waste

Total Gross Emissions

AECOM

WLG GPC 13/14-14/15




Appendix C

Wellington City Global Protocol for Community Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC) Reporting Table

AECOM

WLG GPC 13/14-14/15




C-1

Appendix C Wellington City GPC Reporting Table

CO2 CH4 N2O HFC** PFC** SF6** NF3* Total CO2e CO2(b) AD EFI STATIONARY ENERGYI.1 Residential buildingsI.1.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city boundary 21,922 1.62 0.22 NO NO NO NO 22,029 - M HI.1.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary 54,378 IE IE NO NO IE NO 54,378 - M HI.1.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption IE IE IE NO NO IE NO IE -I.2 Commercial and institutional buildings and facilitiesI.2.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city boundary 21,976 1.82 0.27 NO NO NO NO 22,103 - M HI.2.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary 41,416 IE IE NO NO IE NO 41,416 - M HI.2.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption IE IE IE NO NO IE NO IE -I.3 Manufacturing industries and constructionI.3.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city boundary 110,796 9.42 1.24 NO NO NO NO 111,402 - M HI.3.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary 75,874 IE IE NO NO IE NO 75,874 - M HI.3.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption IE IE IE NO NO IE NO IE -I.4 Energy industriesI.4.1 1 Emissions from energy used in power plant auxiliary operations within the city boundary NO NO NO NO NO IE NO - -I.4.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed in power plant auxiliary operations within the city boundary IE IE IE NO NO IE NO - -I.4.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption in power plant auxiliary operations IE IE IE NO NO IE NO - -I.4.4 1 Emissions from energy generation supplied to the grid NO NO NO NO NO IE NO IE -I.5 Agriculture, forestry and fishing activitiesI.5.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city boundary IE IE IE NO NO NO NO - -I.5.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary IE IE IE NO NO IE NO - -I.5.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption IE IE IE NO NO IE NO IE -I.6 Non-specified sourcesI.6.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city boundary IE IE IE NO NO NO NO - -I.6.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary IE IE IE NO NO IE NO - -I.6.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption IE IE IE NO NO IE NO IE -I.7 Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage, and transportation of coalI.7.1 1 Emissions from fugitive emissions within the city boundary NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -I.8 Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas systemsI.8.1 1 Emissions from fugitive emissions within the city boundary NO NO NO NE NE NO NO - -II TRANS PORTATIONII.1 On-road transportationII.1.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion on-road transportation occurring within the city boundary 390,796 38.75 14.34 NO NO NO NO 396,037 - H HII.1.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary for on-road transportation 112 NE NE NO NO IE NO 112 - H HII.1.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the city boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption IE IE IE NO NO IE NO - -II.2 RailwaysII.2.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for railway transportation occurring within the city boundary IE IE IE NO NO NO NO - -II.2.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary for railways IE NE NE NO NO IE NO - -II.2.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the city boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption 4,079 0.18 0.17 NO NO IE NO 4,134 - M HII.3 Waterborne navigationII.3.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for waterborne navigation occurring within the city boundary IE IE IE NO NO NO NO - -II.3.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary for waterborne navigation NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -II.3.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the city boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption 74,988 6.92 1.98 NO NO IE NO 75,749 - M HII.4 AviationII.4.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for aviation occurring within the city boundary IE IE IE NO NO NO NO - -II.4.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary for aviation NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -II.4.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the city boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption 210,340 1.48 5.91 NO NO IE NO 212,136 - M HII.5 Off-road transportationII.5.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for off-road transportation occurring within the city boundary IE IE IE NO NO NO NO - -II.5.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city boundary for off-road transportation IE IE IE NO NO NE NO IE -III WASTEIII.1 Solid waste disposalIII.1.1 1 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary and disposed in landfills or open dumps within the city boundary NO 1,988.40 NO NO NO NO NO 49,710 - M H

III.1.2 3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary but disposed in landfills or open dumps outside the city boundary NO IE NO NO NO NO NO - -III.1.3 1 Emissions from waste generated outside the city boundary and disposed in landfills or open dumps within the city boundary NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -III.2 Biological treatment of wasteIII.2.1 1 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary that is treated biologically within the city boundary NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -III.2.2 3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary but treated biologically outside of the city boundary NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -III.2.3 1 Emissions from waste generated outside the city boundary but treated biologically within the city boundary NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -III.3 Incineration and open burningIII.3.1 1 Emissions from solid waste generated and treated within the city boundary NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -III.3.2 3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary but treated outside of the city boundary NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -III.3.3 1 Emissions from waste generated outside the city boundary but treated within the city boundary NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -III.4 Wastewater treatment and dischargeIII.4.1 1 Emissions from wastewater generated and treated within the city boundary NO NO 0 NO NO NO NO - -III.4.2 3 Emissions from wastewater generated within the city boundary but treated outside of the city boundary NO NO 0 NO NO NO NO - -III.4.3 1 Emissions from wastewater generated outside the city boundary but treated within the city boundary NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -IV INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES and PRODUCT USES (IPPU)IV.1 1 Emissions from industrial processes occurring within the city boundary IE IE IE IE NO NE NO - -IV.2 1 Emissions from product use occurring within the city boundary NO NO NO 62,565 NO 710 NO 63,276 - M HV AGRI CULTURE , FORESTRY and OTHER LAND USE (AFOLU)V.1 1 Emissions from livestock within the city boundary NO 461.05 9.74 NO NO NO NO 14,430 - M HV.2 1 Emissions from land within the city boundary 58,195.11- NO 1.30 NO NO NO NO 57,808- - H HV.3 1 Emissions from aggregate sources and non-CO2 emission sources on land within the city boundary NO NO NO NO NO NO NO - -VI OTHER SCOPE 3VI.1 3 Other Scope 3 NE NE NE NE NE NE NO - -

Total Emissions by Greenhouse gas and for the whole city as CO2e. 231,211 61,450 5,691 62,565 - 710 - 1,084,979

* Nitrogen trifluoride emissions do not occur in New Zealand and, therefore, they are not included** Reported as CO2e

ScopeGPC ref No. GHG Emissions Source (By Sector and Sub-sector)Notation keys

Gases in tonnes Data Quality

This includes LPG, natural gas, biofuels and coal related emissionsNew Zealand electricity is predominantly generated from renewable sources. Electricity generation related emissions were estimated using a national emissions factor reported in CO 2e, including CH4 and N2O emissions.Emissions from transmission and distribution loss of electricty and natural gas are included in the relevant emissions for fuel combustion and grid-supplied electricity reported above.


This includes LPG and natural gas. No coal or biofuel was assumed to be used by industrial sources within the city limits.New Zealand electricity is predominantly generated from renewable sources. Electricity generation related emissions were estimated using a national emissions factor reported in CO 2e, including CH4 and N2O emissions.Emissions from transmission and distribution loss of electricty and natural gas are included in the relevant emissions for fuel combustion and grid-supplied electricity reported above.

There is insignificant electricity consumed from operating wind and landfill gas turbines. Any relevant electricity use have been included in the overall stationary energy use emissions calculations.There is insignificant electricity use and subesquent distribution loss from electricity consumed within wind and landfill gas turbines. Any relevant electricity use or distribution loss have been included in the overall stationary energy use.Wellington City only generates renewable electricity from wind, photovoltaic cells and landfill gas combution. It was assumed that there are no emissions associated with the generation of electricity from wind and photovoltaic sources. Non-CO2 emissions from combustion of landfill gas were assumed to be negligible.

Emissions from agriculture, forestry and fishing activities are included in the industrial emissions reported above.Emissions from agriculture, forestry and fishing activities are included in the industrial emissions reported above.Emissions from agriculture, forestry and fishing activities are included in the industrial emissions reported above.

There is insufficient data for non-specified sources. Relevant emissions have been included in the residential, commercial and industrial emissions reported above.There is insufficient data for non-specified sources. Relevant emissions have been included in the residential, commercial and industrial emissions reported above.There is insufficient data for non-specified sources. Relevant emissions have been included in the residential, commercial and industrial emissions reported above.

There is no mining, processing, storage or transport of coal within the city limits.

There is no large scale storage of oil and natural gas within the city limits. It was assumed that fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas are negligible.

Transport related emissions were estimated based on city level fuel sales data. This assumes that an equal amount of fuel is bought within the city limits and used outside and vice versa. This approach does not allow a breakdown into city-only and trans-boundary transport emissionsThis estimate only reflects electricity used by busses operating within the city limits. Electric car usage is insignificant and any related emissions are included in the stationary grid-supplied electricity useage.Transport related emissions were estimated based on city level fuel sales data. This assumes that an equal amount of fuel is bought within the city limits and used outside and vice versa. This approach does not allow a breakdown into city-only and trans-boundary transport emissions

There is no railway transport within the city limits. All rail transport is transboundary.There is no railway transport within the city limits. All rail transport is transboundary.Transboundary emissions from rail include emissions from both diesel and grid-supplied electricity used for rail transport.

There is a very limited amount of recreational water bourne navigation and use of port and police vessles operating within the city limits. Due to limited data vaiability emission from these sources are included in the transboundary emission estimates.There is no water bourne navigation using grid supplied electricity.Emissions from water bourne navigation outside the city limits have been allocated half to the city and half to the nearest destination

There is a very limited amount of recreational aviation operating within the city limits. Due to limited data vaiability emission from these sources are included in the transboundary emission estimates.There is no aviation using grid supplied electricity.Aviation emissions have been estimated based on avaition fuel sold within the city limits. Assuming that each flight would be refueld before the next leg, only emissions from fuel sold within the city have been considered

off road fuel use is included in road transport emissionsAny electricity used for off-road transport is included in the city level electricity consumption

Waste related emissions are estimated for the landfill operation within the city limits using a first order decay method, including a closed landfill without landfill gas capture. Only CH4 emissions were assumed to result from the waste disposal activities.A small proportion of waste is disposed of at the Spicer Landfill in the Porirua City. Due to data limitations it was not possible to estimate the emissions related to the waste generated within the city boundary and treated outside the city. The emissions are included in the Porirua emissions inventory and theregional inventory and are assumed to be negligible for the Wellington City emissions inventory.No waste generated outside the city is treated within the city.

Southern landfill operates a commercial scale composting operation. It was assumed that no emissions are generated from a well managed compost. Emissions from residential composting were not estimated and are assumed to be negligible.No biological waste generated within the city boundary is sent outside the city for treatment.No biological waste generated outside the city boundary is sent to the city for treatment.

No municipal waste is incinerated within the city our the Wellington Region. Only small quantities of medical, quarantine and hazardous waste are incinerated. Due to the low significance of this waste stream, emissions from waste incineration are not included in this Inventory.No municipal waste is incinerated within the city our the Wellington Region. Only small quantities of medical, quarantine and hazardous waste are incinerated. Due to the low significance of this waste stream, emissions from waste incineration are not included in this Inventory.No municipal waste is incinerated within the city our the Wellington Region. Only small quantities of medical, quarantine and hazardous waste are incinerated. Due to the low significance of this waste stream, emissions from waste incineration are not included in this Inventory.

Waste Water is treated using activated sludge treatment not resulting in any measurable emissions.Waste Water treated outside the city is treated using activated sludge treatment not resulting in any measurable emissions.No waste water generated outside the city is treated within the city boundary.

There is limited industrial actitivies within the city limits. Any emissions from industrial sources have been reported in other relevant categories (e.g. stationary energy, or product use)Industial emissions from product use were estimated using national average emissions and population estimates.

Incldues emissions from livestock farming within the city boundary.Includes emissions from forestry (sequestration and harvesting), as well as N2O emissions from land, resulting from agricultural activities.There are no emissions from aggregate sources or non-CO2 emission sources from land other than the emissions reported above.

No other Scope 3 emissions were estimated for the 2014/15 Wellington City Carbon Footprint, in accordance with GPC requirements for Basic+ reporting.

Explanatory comments (i.e. description of methods or notation keys used)

AECOM

WLG GPC 13/14-14/15




Appendix D

GPC Emissions Overview - Wellington Region

AECOM

WLG GPC 13/14-14/15




D-1

Appendix D GPC Emissions Overview - Wellington Region

NF3* Total CO2e CO2(b) AD EFI STATIONARY ENERGYI.1 Residential buildingsI.1.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the regional boundary NO 43,140 - M HI.1.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the regional boundary NO 105,246 - M HI.1.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption NO IE -I.2 Commercial and institutional buildings and facilitiesI.2.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the regional boundary NO 36,160 - M HI.2.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the regional boundary NO 80,159 - M HI.2.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption NO IE -I.3 Manufacturing industries and constructionI.3.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the regional boundary NO 216,151 - M HI.3.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the regional boundary NO 146,849 - M HI.3.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption NO IE -I.4 Energy industriesI.4.1 1 Emissions from energy used in power plant auxiliary operations within the regional boundary NO - -I.4.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed in power plant auxiliary operations within the regional boundary NO - -I.4.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption in power plant auxiliary operations NO - -

I.4.4 1 Emissions from energy generation supplied to the grid NO IE -I.5 Agriculture, forestry and fishing activitiesI.5.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the regional boundary NO - -I.5.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the regional boundary NO - -I.5.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption NO IE -I.6 Non-specified sourcesI.6.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the regional boundary NO - -I.6.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the regional boundary NO - -I.6.3 3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption NO IE -I.7 Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage, and transportation of coalI.7.1 1 Emissions from fugitive emissions within the regional boundary NO - -I.8 Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas systemsI.8.1 1 Emissions from fugitive emissions within the regional boundary NO - -II TRANS PORTATIONII.1 On-road transportationII.1.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion on-road transportation occurring within the regional boundary NO 1,087,442 - H HII.1.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the regional boundary for on-road transportation NO 112 - H HII.1.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the regional boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption NO 6,902 - H HII.2 RailwaysII.2.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for railway transportation occurring within the regional boundary NO 8,615 - M HII.2.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the regional boundary for railways NO 2,366 - M HII.2.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the regional boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption NO - -II.3 Waterborne navigationII.3.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for waterborne navigation occurring within the regional boundary NO 803 - M HII.3.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the regional boundary for waterborne navigation NO - -II.3.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the regional boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption NO 75,348 - M HII.4 AviationII.4.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for aviation occurring within the regional boundary NO 557 M M HII.4.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the regional boundary for aviation NO - -II.4.3 3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring outside the regional boundary, and transmission and distribution losses from grid-supplied energy consumption NO 211,579 - M HII.5 Off-road transportationII.5.1 1 Emissions from fuel combustion for off-road transportation occurring within the regional boundary NO - -II.5.2 2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the regional boundary for off-road transportation NO IE -III WASTEIII.1 Solid waste disposalIII.1.1 1 Emissions from solid waste generated within the regional boundary and disposed in landfills or open dumps within the regional boundary NO 144,047 - M HIII.1.2 3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the regional boundary but disposed in landfills or open dumps outside the regional boundary NO 45,468 - M HIII.1.3 1 Emissions from waste generated outside the regional boundary and disposed in landfills or open dumps within the regional boundary NO - -III.2 Biological treatment of wasteIII.2.1 1 Emissions from solid waste generated within the regional boundary that is treated biologically within the regional boundary NO - -III.2.2 3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the regional boundary but treated biologically outside of the regional boundary NO - -III.2.3 1 Emissions from waste generated outside the regional boundary but treated biologically within the regional boundary NO - -III.3 Incineration and open burningIII.3.1 1 Emissions from solid waste generated and treated within the regional boundary NO - -III.3.2 3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the regional boundary but treated outside of the regional boundary NO - -III.3.3 1 Emissions from waste generated outside the city boundary but treated within the city boundary NO - -III.4 Wastewater treatment and dischargeIII.4.1 1 Emissions from wastewater generated and treated within the city boundary NO 5,812 -III.4.2 3 Emissions from wastewater generated within the regional boundary but treated outside of the regional boundary NO - -III.4.3 1 Emissions from wastewater generated outside the regional boundary but treated within the regional boundary NO - -IV INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES and PRODUCT USES (IPPU)IV.1 1 Emissions from industrial processes occurring within the regional boundary NO - -IV.2 1 Emissions from product use occurring within the regional boundary NO 154,883 - M HV AGRI CULTURE , FORESTRY and OTHER LAND USE (AFOLU)V.1 1 Emissions from livestock within the regional boundary NO 1,177,733 - M HV.2 1 Emissions from land within the regional boundary NO 1,470,373- - H HV.3 1 Emissions from aggregate sources and non-CO2 emission sources on land within the regional boundary NO - -VI OTHER SCOPE 3VI.1 3 Other Scope 3 NO - -

Total Emissions by Greenhouse gas and for the whole regional as CO2e. - 2,078,999

* Nitrogen trifluoride emissions do not occur in New Zealand and, therefore, they are not included** Reported as CO2e

ScopeGPC ref No. GHG Emissions Source (By Sector and Sub-sector)Notation keys

Gases in tonnes Data Quality

This includes LPG, natural gas, biofuels and coal related emissionsNew Zealand electricity is predominantly generated from renewable sources. electricitygeneration related emissions were estimated using a national emissions factor reported in CO2e, including CH4 and N2O emissions.Emissions from transmission and distribution loss of electricty and natural gas are included in the relevant emissions for fuel combustion and grid-supplied electricity reported above.


This includes LPG and natural gas. No coal or biofuel was assumed to be used by industrial sources within the regional limits.New Zealand electricity is predominantly generated from renewable sources. Electricity generation related emissions were estimated using a national emissions factor reported in CO 2e, including CH4 and N2O emissions.Emissions from transmission and distribution loss of electricty and natural gas are included in the relevant emissions for fuel combustion and grid-supplied electricity reported above.

There is insignificant electricity consumed from operating wind and landfill gas turbines. Any relevant electricity use have been included in the overall stationary energy use emissions calculations.There is insignificant electricity use and subesquent distribution loss from electricity consumed within wind and landfill gas turbines. Any relevant electricity use or distribution loss have been included in the overall stationary energy use.Wellington Region only generates renewable electricity from wind, small scale hydropower, photovoltaic cells and landfill gas combution. It was assumed that there are no emissions associated with the generation of electricity from wind, hydro and photovoltaic sources. Non-CO2 emissions fromcombustion of landfill gas were assumed to be negligible.

Emissions from agriculture, forestry and fishing activities are included in the industrial emissions reported above.Emissions from agriculture, forestry and fishing activities are included in the industrial emissions reported above.Emissions from agriculture, forestry and fishing activities are included in the industrial emissions reported above.

There is insufficient data for non-specified sources. Relevant emissions have been included in the residential, commercial and industrial emissions reported above.There is insufficient data for non-specified sources. Relevant emissions have been included in the residential, commercial and industrial emissions reported above.There is insufficient data for non-specified sources. Relevant emissions have been included in the residential, commercial and industrial emissions reported above.

There is no mining, processing, storage or transport of coal within the regional limits.

There is no large scale storage of oil and natural gas within the regional limits. It was assumed that fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas are negligible.

Transport related emissions were estimated based on regional level fuel sales data. This assumes that an equal amount of fuel is bought within the regional limits and used outside and vice versa. This approach does not allow a breakdown into regional-only and trans-boundary transport emissionsThis estimate only reflects electricity used by busses operating within the regional limits. Electric car usage is insignificant and any related emissions are included in the stationary grid-supplied electricityl useage.Transport related emissions were estimated based on regional level fuel sales data. This assumes that an equal amount of fuel is bought within the regional limits and used outside and vice versa. This approach does not allow a breakdown into regional-only and trans-boundary transport emissions

There is includes all rain related emissions from diesel use. Due to data limitations it was not possible to report transboundary (Scope 3) related emissions separately.Emissions from rail travel within the regional boundary (commuter trains)Transboundary emissions from rail include emissionsare included in the Scope 1 emissions due to data limitations.

There is a very limited amount of recreational water bourne navigation and use of port and police vessles operating within the regional limits. Due to limited data vaiability emission from these sources are included in the transboundary emission estimates.There is no water bourne navigation using grid supplied electriregional.Emissions from water bourne navigation outside the regional limits have been allocated half to the regional and half to the nearest destination

Only emissions from Av Gas use have been reported under Scope 1. It was assumed that these are for Helicopter and smal plane use starting and landing within the region.There is no aviation using grid supplied electricityAviation emissions have been estimated based on avaition fuel sold within the regional limits. Assuming that each flight would be refueld before the next leg, only emissions from fuel sold within the regional have been considered

Off road fuel use is included in road transport emissionsAny electricityused for off-road transport is included in the regional level electricity consumption

Waste related emissions are estimated for the landfill operation within the regional limits using a first order decay method, including a closed landfill without landfill gas capture. Only CH4 emissions were assumed to result from the waste disposal activities.Waste from Kapiti Coast District and Wairarapa are sent to Landfill sites outside the Region.No waste generated outside the regional is treated within the regional.

A number of landfills operate commercial scale composting operations. It was assumed that no emissions are generated from a well managed compost. Emissions from residential composting were not estimated and are assumed to be negligible.No biological waste generated within the regional boundary is sent outside the regional for treatment.No biological waste generated outside the regional boundary is sent to the regional for treatment.

No municipal waste is incinerated within the Wellington Region. Only small quantities of medical, quarantine and hazardous waste are incinerated. Due to the low significance of this waste stream, emissions from waste incineration are not included in this Inventory.No municipal waste is incinerated within the Wellington Region. Only small quantities of medical, quarantine and hazardous waste are incinerated. Due to the low significance of this waste stream, emissions from waste incineration are not included in this Inventory.No municipal waste is incinerated within the Wellington Region. Only small quantities of medical, quarantine and hazardous waste are incinerated. Due to the low significance of this waste stream, emissions from waste incineration are not included in this Inventory.

Waste Water from septic tanks, aerating lagoons and ponds generate CH4 emissions. Waste Water treated by activated sludge treatment is assumed to have zero emissions.Waste Water treated outside the regional is treated using activated sludge treatment not resulting in any measurable emissions.No waste water generated outside the regional is treated within the regional boundary.

There is limited industrial actitivies within the region. Any emissions from industrial sources have been reported in other relevant categories (e.g. stationary energy, or product use)Industial emissions from product use were estimated using national average emissions and population estimates.

Incldues emissions from livestock farming within the regional boundary.Includes emissions from forestry (sequestration and harvesting), as well as N2O emissions from land, resulting from agricultural activities.There are no emissions from aggregate sources or non-CO2 emission sources from land other than the emissions reported above.

No other Scope 3 emissions were estimated for the 2014/15 Wellington regional Carbon Footprint, in accordance with GPC requirements for Basic+ reporting.

Explanatory comments (i.e. description of methods or notation keys used)

AECOM

WLG GPC 13/14-14/15




Appendix E

Additional Source Data

AECOM

WLG GPC 13/14-14/15




E-1

Appendix E Additional Source Data

2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 Unit Source

Population WLG Region 438,790 442,940 449,075 455,100 459,670 463,965 467,880 470,610 473,720 477,425 481,335 484,220 485,905 489,145 494,200 people Statistics NZ (2015)

Net emissions WLG

Region1,496,073 1,733,273 1,677,814 1,844,286 1,782,007 1,990,382 1,966,670 1,757,070 1,671,392 1,590,106 2,107,887 1,796,751 2,017,675 2,066,379 2,078,999 t CO2e

Gross emissions WLG

Region3,707,121 3,874,513 3,855,736 3,913,325 4,040,858 4,229,146 3,982,800 3,958,965 3,780,147 3,734,583 3,702,513 3,906,522 3,663,594 3,549,868 3,562,489 t CO2e

Total Stationary

Emissions excl. elect.314,383 320,089 324,704 328,457 323,690 319,412 323,110 327,207 326,395 313,781 304,467 313,539 292,614 284,230 295,451 t CO2e

Gross emissions WLG

Region excl. elect.3,258,009 3,338,836 3,358,260 3,398,920 3,486,126 3,512,855 3,371,280 3,336,470 3,228,938 3,253,565 3,306,311 3,382,953 3,200,562 3,203,768 3,230,235 t CO2e

NZ EF electricity

generation0.1604 0.1903 0.1763 0.1792 0.1897 0.2401 0.2010 0.2047 0.1787 0.1554 0.1288 0.1709 0.1565 0.1184 0.1196 kt CO2-e/GWh

Total land transport 1,100,140 1,131,302 1,135,459 1,119,392 1,173,107 1,134,687 1,143,150 1,133,087 1,125,699 1,132,918 1,116,857 1,107,534 1,085,391 1,105,790 1,105,438 t CO2e

Waste emissions WLG

Region227,488 231,455 234,137 241,177 249,410 250,312 254,773 248,965 244,098 242,245 243,739 235,423 200,424 193,541 195,326 t CO2e

Per capita net emissions 3.410 3.913 3.736 4.052 3.877 4.290 4.203 3.734 3.528 3.331 4.379 3.711 4.152 4.224 4.207t CO2e/

personcalculated

Per capita gross

emissions8.449 8.747 8.586 8.599 8.791 9.115 8.512 8.412 7.980 7.822 7.692 8.068 7.540 7.257 7.209

t CO2e/

personcalculated

Gross energy use

stationary5,475,744 5,500,585 5,561,312 5,662,015 5,713,218 5,644,995 5,577,493 5,542,326 5,601,941 5,536,320 5,419,968 5,400,450 4,964,268 4,964,268 4,964,268 MWh

Wellington Region

Stationary Energy

Calculations

Gross energy use mobile 5,619,973 5,748,583 5,805,819 5,821,488 6,092,746 5,924,731 5,976,418 6,008,084 6,012,508 6,015,297 5,950,523 5,930,427 5,867,733 5,867,733 5,867,733 MWh

Wellington Region

Mobile Emissions

Calculations

Total energy use 11,095,717 11,249,168 11,367,131 11,483,503 11,805,965 11,569,726 11,553,911 11,550,410 11,614,449 11,551,617 11,370,491 11,330,878 10,832,001 10,832,001 10,832,001 MWh calculated

GRP ($m) WLG Region 22,063 22,407 22,948 23,275 23,743 24,258 24,966 26,076 26,620 27,018 27,414 27,465 27,625 28,038 28,331 $m

Wellington City

Council, pers. comm.

Tom Pettit - Source:

Infometrics

Overall Emissions per $m

GRP168.03 172.92 168.02 168.14 170.20 174.34 159.53 151.83 142.01 138.23 135.06 142.24 132.62 126.61 125.75 t CO2e per $m calculated

Stationary energy

emissions per $m GRP34.61 38.19 35.83 36.21 37.00 42.70 37.44 36.42 32.97 29.42 25.56 30.48 27.35 22.48 22.16 t CO2e per $m calculated

Land transport emissions

per $m GRP48.99 49.59 48.62 47.25 48.57 45.90 44.98 42.67 41.55 41.22 40.07 39.61 38.60 38.79 38.38 t CO2e per $m calculated

Wellington Region

Calculations

Stationary Energy

Wellington

Region_Final.xlsx

Wellington Region

Calculations

AECOM

WLG GPC 13/14-14/15




Appendix F

Data Collection Information

AECOM

WLG GPC 13/14-14/15




F-1

Appendix F Data Collection Information

Wellington Region GHG Inventory

Natural gas consumption

Please report natural gas consumption data (i.e. kWh or GJ consumed) for each of the geopolitical areas of the Wellington Region.

If possible please provide data for each financial year, with the exception of 1990 (calendar year data). Alternatively, please provide data in calendar years, but highlight these in the comments section (column U)

At a minimum, please provide data for 2013/14 and 2014/15

If data sources differ for different reporting years, please highlight this in the comment section.

Please provide an indicator for the data quality (follow guidance provided in the “data quality” tab)

If data is provided in a different unit than the one indicated (column R), please provide the correct unit and a short comment

Region

Reporting year

Unit Data

Quality

Data source

(contact person) Links or email address Comments 1990 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

Value

Wellington

City

Natural gas (domestic) kWh/GJ

Natural gas (commercial kWh/GJ

Region

Reporting year

Unit Data

Quality

Data source


Value

Porirua City



Region

Reporting year

Unit Data

Quality

Data source


Value

Kāpiti Coast

Districts



Region Reporting year Unit Data Data source

Links or email address Comments

1990 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 Quality (contact person)

Value

Hutt City



Region

Reporting year

Unit Data

Quality

Data source


Value

Upper Hutt

City



Region

Reporting year

Unit Data

Quality

Data source


Value

Masterton

Districts



Region

Reporting year

Unit Data

Quality

Data source


Value

Carterton

Districts



Region

Reporting year

Unit Data

Quality

Data source


Value

South Natural gas (domestic) kWh/GJ

Wairarapa

Districts Natural gas (commercial kWh/GJ

Wellington Region GHG Inventory

Data Quality

Data management Data collection

Measured Derived Estimated

Robust M1 D1 E1

Satisfactory M2 D2 E2

Questionable M3 D3 E3

Measured = Data directly provided by a service provider, contractor or directly obtained from a

monitoring device. For example electricity invoices, contractor receipts, emissions monitoring

equipment, incident reports, consultant reports etc.

Derived = Data obtained from calculations, mass balances, use of physical/chemical properties, use

of coefficients and emission factors etc. For example converting cubic meters of waste into tonnes

Estimated = Usually where there is no other available method for obtaining the data. Such data

could be prorated on previous results, use of precedents or historical data, or even a calculated

guess

Robust = Evidence of sound, mature and right reporting system, where room for error is negligible.

Examples would include use of spread sheets, databases and on-line reporting

Satisfactory = Examples would include manual, but structured keeping of records, files and results.

Some potential for error or loss of data.

Questionable = No logical or structured approach to data or record keeping. High potential for error

&/or loss of data. Data may appear to differ from those initially reported.

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