Community Based Pilot Project on Solid Waste Mgmt of Khulna City

7/28/2019 Community Based Pilot Project on Solid Waste Mgmt of Khulna City

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South Asia Region

Khulna is a typical city inKhulna is a typical city inKhulna is a typical city inKhulna is a typical city inKhulna is a typical city in

Bangladesh faced withBangladesh faced withBangladesh faced withBangladesh faced withBangladesh faced with

growing urbangrowing urbangrowing urbangrowing urbangrowing urban

environmental problems.environmental problems.environmental problems.environmental problems.environmental problems.

This fact sheet discussesThis fact sheet discussesThis fact sheet discussesThis fact sheet discussesThis fact sheet discusses

common problems in solidcommon problems in solidcommon problems in solidcommon problems in solidcommon problems in solid

waste management andwaste management andwaste management andwaste management andwaste management and

gives a general descriptiongives a general descriptiongives a general descriptiongives a general descriptiongives a general description

of a community based pilotof a community based pilotof a community based pilotof a community based pilotof a community based pilot

project that attempts to testproject that attempts to testproject that attempts to testproject that attempts to testproject that attempts to test

and establish a partnershipand establish a partnershipand establish a partnershipand establish a partnershipand establish a partnership

approach betweenapproach betweenapproach betweenapproach betweenapproach between

communities and the Khulnacommunities and the Khulnacommunities and the Khulnacommunities and the Khulnacommunities and the Khulna

City Corporation.City Corporation.City Corporation.City Corporation.City Corporation.

Field No teField N oteField No teField N oteField N ote

Community Based

Pilot Project on Solid Waste

Management in Khulna City:

Genera l Pro ject Descr ip t ion

Swiss Agency for Development

and Co-operation (SDC)

Khulna City Corporation (KCC)


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of their waste in the masonry bins.The waste is then transported to itsfinal disposal site (approximately 8km from the city) by City Corporationtrucks.

Heaps of waste remain uncollectedin many parts of the city; KCC trucks

only pick up waste from the roadsidebins while waste is frequently disposedin open drains, free land and aroundthe waste bin sites. It is estimated thatof the 200 tons of waste generateddaily, between a third and a halfremains uncollected. Uncollectedwaste blocks drains, causes waterlogging and spills over on to roads,often resulting in increased trafficcongestion. These problems are acuteduring the rainy season especially in

poor neighborhoods which arefrequently located in relatively lowlying areas and have narrow alleysthrough which municipal truckscannot pass.

The problem of solid waste manage-ment is too extensive for the CityCorporation to manage and they areheavily dependant on grants from thecentral government. The conservancytax (4% of holding tax) is insufficient

to fund the current level of service. In1998 income from the tax was onlyTaka 2.7 million (1 US$ = Taka 50)while expenditure by the conservancydepartment was Taka 17.8 million.

THE CITY SITUATION

Khulna is the third largest city inBangladesh. Situated in flat terrainwith industrial activity in and aroundthe city, it acts as a gateway to thenearby sea port of Mongla. The citycore, which is about one-quarter of

the total city area, is densely populatedwith mostly multi-storied residentialand commercial buildings. The rest ofthe city is a mixture of urban and peri-urban areas. There are several low-income housing areas and slumslocated throughout the city.

Khulna City Corporation (KCC) isresponsible for the operation andmaintenance of municipal services,including solid waste management.

The City Corporation is headed by anelected Mayor and operates through41 elected Ward Commissioners onefor each of the 31 Wards with anadditional 10 women Ward Com-missioners. It is made up of eightfunctional departments and theconservancy department is respon-sible for solid waste management,street sweeping, public latrines andurinals, cleaning of drains, etc. Thesolid waste management service

organizes waste collection fromapproximately 1,200 City Corpo-ration masonry bins, located onroadsides throughout the city.Households are expected to dispose

GENESIS OF THEGENESIS OF THEGENESIS OF THEGENESIS OF THEGENESIS OF THEPROJECTPROJECTPROJECTPROJECTPROJECT

In 1986 Khurram Mahboob launcheda community based initiative to dealwith similar solid waste problems inhis neighbourhood of Kalagaban inDhaka city. He motivated localhouseholds to pay for a door-to-doorwaste collection service which resulted

in a significantly cleaner neigh-bourhood where drains were no longerblocked with waste and the problemsof water logging and mosquitoes werereduced. The initiative is still workingand has been replicated by severalNGOs in Dhaka city.

The important lessons learnedfrom this initiative were:

! Community participation is

indispensable to the success of

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Khulna City PKhulna City PKhulna City PKhulna City PKhulna City Profilerofilerofilerofilerofile Box 1

Estimatedpopulation (2000) 1.2 million

Population growth rate 5 % per year

Area 70 sq. km.

Number of

households (1991) 138,000

Number of city wards 31

Low-incomehouseholds approx. 30%

A busy road in Khulna City

Map of Khulna City


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solid waste management at thelocal level.

! Urban communities, especiallythose who rent their properties, aremore reactive than proactive.The demand for improved solidwaste management needs to be

facilitated by individuals orgroups.

! Where a reliable service can beguaranteed the community arewilling to pay for it.

! Municipal waste collection servicesare more effective when they workin partnership with community ledprimary collection fromhouseholds.

The success of the door-to-doorwaste collection initiated by KhurramMahboob encouraged the Water andSanitation Program (WSP) to test itsreplication in other urban areas. Theydiscussed the concept for a pilotproject and selected Khulna to test thescheme because a) the City

Corporation seemed most receptiveto innovative ideas; b) a motivatedNGO (Prodipan), who could lead theproject activities, was based in thearea; c) the problems and complexitiesof waste management in Khulna arerepresentative of those faced by townsand cities throughout Bangladesh. TheSwiss Agency for Development andCo-operation (SDC) agreed tosupport and fund the pilot project onthe basis of a proposal submitted by

Prodipan.

THE PROJECT PARTNERSTHE PROJECT PARTNERSTHE PROJECT PARTNERSTHE PROJECT PARTNERSTHE PROJECT PARTNERS

Management of the Primary collection

system and contribution towards its

cost.

Collaboration, institutional support andonward links to municipal systems.

Lead agency to implement the project

activities.

Management and projectfunding.

Strategic supervision and technicalsupport.

Communities

(in the project areas)

Khulna City

Corporation (KCC)

Prodipan (NGO)

Swiss Agency for Development and

Cooperation (SDC)

Water and SanitationProgram (WSP)

PROJECT STRAPROJECT STRAPROJECT STRAPROJECT STRAPROJECT STRATEGIESTEGIESTEGIESTEGIESTEGIES

Based on previous experience in Bangladesh and comparable developing

countries Project strategies were to be:

! responsive:responsive:responsive:responsive:responsive:balancing local needs with wider institutional, technical andenvironmental constraints;

! equitable:equitable:equitable:equitable:equitable:addressing the needs of all sectors of the community;

! empowering:empowering:empowering:empowering:empowering:motivating and organizing local people to help them to find

solutions to problems at the local level;

! decentralised:decentralised:decentralised:decentralised:decentralised:into small managerial units or blocks over the whole city;

! diverse:diverse:diverse:diverse:diverse:experimenting with a range of technologies or processes rather thanattempting to find one single solution applicable to all situations; and

! f lexible:flexible:flexible:flexible:flexible:to allow for developments and modifications in approaches and

activities.

Box 2

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Box 3

THE PILTHE PILTHE PILTHE PILTHE PILOOOOOT PROJECTT PROJECTT PROJECTT PROJECTT PROJECT

The pilot project for community basedsolid waste management in Khulnacity was launched in March 1997 witha scheduled completion date ofDecember 2000. The estimated cost

is Taka 13.6 million (US$ 315,500).The project operates in 6 of the 31city wards; these were chosen torepresent a cross-section of the cityareas (built up, peri-urban, slums,etc.). Prodipan, a local NGO, wasselected to lead the project activities.Throughout the project Prodipan hasworked closely with communities andthe City Corporation and has beensupported by WSP and SDC. Roles ofthe different project partners are

shown in box 2.

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

The objectives of the pilot project were:

! To gain a strategic understandingof the urban waste and sanitationsituation and to identify a rangeof appropriate options suitable forcommunities who are willing toshare costs and participate in the

management process;

! To make an assessment of socialand economic prerequisites andinstitutional changes needed toincorporate the partnershipapproach in municipal servicedelivery;

! To identify ways in which municipalauthorities can link up withcommunity management of solidwaste; and

! To identify the potential to scale upfrom the pilot project to a largerinvestment in urban wastemanagement.

PROJECT APROJECT APROJECT APROJECT APROJECT ACTIVITIESCTIVITIESCTIVITIESCTIVITIESCTIVITIES

The main project activity was toestablish a community basedapproach to solid waste manage-ment in which responsibilities are

shared between households and the


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city authorities. The Project strategiesare shown in Box 3. Box 4 outlinesthe problems associated with theconventional system and explains theworkings of the community basedapproach. This project was dividedinto three phases:

! Project Initiation

! Community Organisation

! Operation of Primary CollectionSystem

Phase I: Project Initiation

Institutional arrangements agreedwith Khulna City Corporation at thebeginning of the project allowedProdipan to carry out primary waste

collection and to receive payment forthese services. There was activecollaboration at the city level wherethe Mayors support was required andwith Ward Commissioners at the localward level. Functional departmentsof the City Corporation (conservancy,engineering, etc.) provided technicaland logistical support. In June 1998these arrangements between the KCCand Prodipan were formalized by thesigning of a Memorandum ofUnderstanding. An orientationworkshop for City Corporation stafffamiliarized them with project

The conventional a ppro ach to solid waste managementThe conventional app roach to solid waste managementThe conventional a ppro ach to solid waste managementThe conventional app roach to solid waste managementThe conventional app roach to solid waste management

Waste is generated in the home and usually stored until a small amount has

been accumulated. It is the responsibility of the generating household to transport

the waste to the nearest road side bin which is provided by the city corporation.The city corporation is responsible for the transfer of this waste from the roadside

bins to the final disposal site.

PPPPProblems with the conventional app roachroblems with the conventional app roachroblems with the conventional app roachroblems with the conventional app roachroblems with the conventional app roach

In many cases the city corporation fails to provide a sufficient number of roadsidebins or does not position them in convenient locations or fails to ensure that they

are of an appropriate design. As a result householders may dump the waste in

open spaces, drains or simply around roadside bins. Poor motivation for properwaste disposal can be due to low awareness of the hazards of irresponsible solid

waste management or social factors that make it unacceptable for certain

members of the household to take waste to the roadside bins. Delays in wastecollection and transportation to the final disposal site by the city corporation also

occur due to institutional or financial problems.

The community based appro achThe community based app roachThe community based appro achThe community based app roachThe community based appro ach

In Khulna the city wards are divided into small areas called primary collection

blocks. These consist of approximately 500 households which are all served byone rickshaw van. Waste generated in the home is stored and collected everyday

by a primary collector who transports the waste to nearby transfer points, normally

in a rickshaw van. This is primary collection and is the responsibility of thecommunity. Transfer points are places where waste is unloaded from primary

collection vehicles to be taken away by secondary transport. Several primary

collection blocks are served by a transfer point. The waste is then collected fromthe transfer points and taken to the final disposal point by a large truck. This is

secondary collection and is the responsibility of the city corporation.

Fianl disposal site

COMMUNITY

APPRO

COMMUNITY

APPRO

COMMUNITY

APPRO

COMMUNITY

APPRO

COMMUNITY

APPROAAAAACHCHCHCHCH

CONVENTIONALAPPROACH

Schematic diagram showing the conventional and communitySchematic diagram showing the conventional and communitySchematic diagram showing the conventional and communitySchematic diagram showing the conventional and communitySchematic diagram showing the conventional and community

based approach to solid waste managementbased approach to solid waste managementbased approach to solid waste managementbased approach to solid waste managementbased approach to solid waste management

PPPPProblemsroblemsroblemsroblemsroblems

Low motivation, traveling distance and social factors lead to

disposal in open spaces, drains and around road-side bins.

Few transfer points

Community

ResponsibilityHousehold

responsibility

City Corporation

Responsibility

Fianl disposal site

Household Responsibility City Corporation Responsibili ty

Secondary collectionPrimary collection

Several road-side bins

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Box 4

People often dump garbage on vacant land


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objectives and helped to secure theirsupport for project activities. Theproject was formally inaugurated bythe City Mayor.

A Project Advisory Committee, chairedby the CEO of the City Corporation,was established in June 1997. It

includes representatives fromgovernment departments, Prodipanand other NGOs, Khulna University,Bangladesh Institute of Technology atKhulna, WSP and SDC. The Commi-ttee meets quarterly to monitor andreview the project.

Capacity building measures toincrease Prodipans effectivenessincluded; staff visits to observe similarcollection processes in Kalabagan

and other areas in Dhaka; trainingin Participatory Urban Appraisal(PUA), community motivation,strategy formulation and preparationof local work plans by DASCOH, aninternational NGO; and a five daystaff development and managementtraining program for project staff.Two local partner NGOs, NabarunShanga and Rastik, were selected andtrained by Prodipan and WSPprovided assistance in preparing anoperational framework to implementthe project activities

Phase II: Community Organisation

Over the first few months communitiesin the project areas were organizedto take over the operation andmaintenance of the primary collectionsystems. This required behavioralchanges among local people . Projectactivities included Participatory UrbanAppraisal sessions to determine

householders perceptions of solidwaste problems in their neighbour-hoods, possible solutions and theirwillingness to share costs. Participa-tory awareness and motivationalworkshops were organised byProdipan and Waste ManagementCommittees were formed and trainedto manage the collection operationfor each primary collection block.

The investment cost for the operation

of a primary collection system for one

collection block (a rickshaw van andaccessories) is Taka 11,800 (Box 5).WSP provided guidance on the designof the collection system and pro-curement of equipment. Rickshawvans were manufactured in a localworkshop. Prodipan recruited a driverand assistant for each rickshaw vanand trained them in collection

methods, hygiene, routing of vans,interaction with households androutine maintenance of equipment.

Phase III: O peration of PrimaryCollection System

Waste collection in the 6 project wardswas divided into 26 primary wastecollection blocks. These blocks consistof an average of 500 households andcan be served by one waste collectionvan. The blocks are bounded by roadsor other obvious physical limits. Theprimary waste collection systemconsists of daily house to housecollection by rickshaw vans.Households gather their days waste

in plastic bags or containers, handthem over to the van driver who takesthe waste to a local transfer point.These transfer points are situated atroadside locations agreed with theKCC. The City Corporation trucksthen transport waste to the finaldisposal site. The project strategy is

to extend the collection services to allcategories of households rich,middle income and poor.

In addition to door to door collectionthe project provided, on a trial basis,plastic bins in the compound of somemulti-storied apartment buildings (onebin for each building). The residentsput waste in the bins for collection bythe van drivers. The placement ofthese bins has increased the operating

efficiency of the primary collectionsystem. Similar bins are also providedin a few slums where severalhouseholds share a bin.

The primary collection operation ismanaged by the Waste ManagementCommittees with support fromProdipan. The intensity of this supportis gradually reducing and it isanticipated that the Committees willbe able to operate and maintain thesystem themselves when the project iscompleted. Monthly operating costsfor a typical primary collection systemin one collection block is estimatedat Taka 3,000 per month (Box 6).Prodipan receives a monthly fee from

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Box 5

ItemsItemsItemsItemsItems CostCostCostCostCost

Rickshaw van 10,500

Tools 800

Protective clothing 500

TTTTTotal Cost Total Cost Total Cost Total Cost Total Cost Takaakaakaakaaka 11,80011,80011,80011,80011,800* At p resent rate 1 US$ = Taka 50

Investment cost for primaryInvestment cost for primaryInvestment cost for primaryInvestment cost for primaryInvestment cost for primary

collection system for onecollection system for onecollection system for onecollection system for onecollection system for one

collection blockcollection blockcollection blockcollection blockcollection block Box 5

Door to door waste collection


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each household for the wastecollection service. The fee variesaccording to the income category ofthe household (rich, middle incomeand poor) but the level is decided bythe Waste Management Committee inthe respective collection blocks. Thefees started at a promotional Taka 2 5

per month but have now risen to Taka2 10 per month. At present, costrecovery is about 65% of the operatingcosts (including deprecation). TheWaste Management Committees planto increase the fees to Taka 2 20 permonth by the end of the project period(December 2000). This rate isexpected to cover the total operationand maintenance costs and generatea marginal profit. Primary collectionwould then be financially viablefor operation by CBOs or micro-enterprises.

Other Publications in theOther Publications in theOther Publications in theOther Publications in theOther Publications in the

Khulna City Series:Khuln a City Seri es:Khulna City Series:Khuln a City Seri es:Khuln a City Seri es:

2.2.2.2.2. Pilot Project on Solid Waste


Community Organisation andManagement

3.3.3.3.3. Pilot Project on Solid Waste


The Role of Participatory Urban

Appraisal

August 2000

The Water and Sanitation Program is an

international partnership to help the

poor gain sustained access to improved

water supply and sanitation services.

The Programs main funding partnersare the Governments of Australia,

Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany,

Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the

Netherlands, Norway, Sweden,

Switzerland, and the United Kingdom;

the United Nations Development

Programme, and The World Bank.

Created by Green Design Associates

e-mail: [email protected]

OTHER PROJECTACTIVITIES

The pilot project was concernedmainly with the community basedprimary collection system in selectedareas. However it became apparent

that complementary initiatives tosupport the total solid waste mana-gement programme in Khulna wouldbe necessary. The following additionalactivities are planned to begin byDecember 2000. They will be fundedby the surplus in the project budget.

! Appropriate transfer points andsecondary transportation thatintegrates well with the primarycollection system

! Feasibility of waste recycling andcomposting initiatives

! Links with the private sector

! Initiation of hospital wastemanagement.

Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:

Special thanks to WEDC, and in

particular Jenny Appleton, for theircontribution.

Operation of the primary collection system: A rickshaw van collecting and transporting wa ste

ItemsItemsItemsItemsItems CostCostCostCostCost

Van drivers salary 1,600

Assistants salary 500

Supervision costs of WMC 600

Repair and maintenance 50Depreciation cost 250

TTTTTotal Cost Total Cost Total Cost Total Cost Total Cost Takaakaakaakaaka 3,0003,0003,0003,0003,000

Monthly operating cost of aMonthly operating cost of aMonthly operating cost of aMonthly operating cost of aMonthly operating cost of a

primary collection systemprimary collection systemprimary collection systemprimary collection systemprimary collection system

for one collection blockfor one collection blockfor one collection blockfor one collection blockfor one collection block Box 6 Water and SanitationProgram South Asia

World Bank Offi ce, Dhaka3A Paribag, Dhaka 1000Bangladesh

Telephone: (8802) 8611056-68Telefax: (8802) 8615351, 8613220E-mail: [email protected] site: www.wsp.org

Community Based Pilot Project on Solid Waste Mgmt of Khulna City

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