COMMUNICATIONSThe Mobile Internet – The Next Big Thing

Electrons & Photons: You need both!

COMMUNICATIONSThe Mobile Internet – The Next Big Thing

Electrons & Photons: You need both!

Dr. Steve PappertDARPA/MTO Symposium

March 5, 2007

Dr. Steve PappertDARPA/MTO Symposium

March 5, 2007

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

Integrated Microsystem Integrated Microsystem

Communications: Voice, Video & Data Information Transfer

Platform Centric WarfightingComms Wired Interconnects & Data Links

Network Centric WarfightingComms Wired & Wireless Links

20th Century

21th Century

The Military Comms ProblemNetwork Centric Operations

The Military Comms ProblemNetwork Centric Operations

Expanding ISR Demands

Provide Real-Time GlobalInformation Distribution

21st Century RF Technologies Will Change The Way We Engage Our Adversaries

PERSISTANT, STANDOFFSURVEILLANCE

See Anything…From Anywhere…

At Anytime…

AND

E-3 AWACSAirborne Early Warning

FLTSAT

Space Based RADAR

Aegis cruiser

Small Unit Operations

TEL

Underwater Vehicles& Towed Arrays

RC-135V Rivet JointTier II+ UAVGlobal Hawk

E-2C Hawkeye

Networked Manned and Unmanned Systems

UCAR

UCAV

Surface Fleet

Sensor Grid Information Grid Shooter GridSensor Grid Information Grid Shooter Grid

SIGINT MASINTIMINT

Multi-INT

Burgeoning Comms Demands

SENSOR TO SHOOTERINFORMATION GRID

RF Front-End Technology Trajectory On TargetTo Satisfy The Military Comms Problem

RF Front-End Technology Trajectory On TargetTo Satisfy The Military Comms Problem

DARPA’s Current Programs Tommorrow RF Front-End Solutions

● >20 DARPA/MTO RF Programsacross the spectrum

- RF & Mixed Signal Electronics- Analog & Digital Photonics

Enables Network CentricWarfare

D

S

P

5-10 yr.timeframe

TEAMSMARTSWIFTWBGS-RFULTRA-T/R

TACOTA

LNA ∆ΦRF/Optical Domain Processing/Filtering

Circulator/Switch

HPA ∆Φ

Signal Proc.

Digital Synthesizer

OSC

DAC

TFASTAPROPOSCSAC

LO

PHOR-FRONT3D MERFS

ADC

LOCOSMOSPHOBIAC

ADRTNLEQA2I

DigitalReceiver

Transmit/Receive Module

ABCSISIS-CDTFLAREMORPH

IRFFEAOSPASPPhASEREPIC

AntennaFront-End

Ultimate Military Comms SolutionDriven by Capacity, Availability & Security

Ultimate Military Comms SolutionDriven by Capacity, Availability & Security

Spectrally efficient adaptive multi-level frequency hopping coherent waveforms

• Multi-level complex waveforms forhigh-capacity (short-up emitter)

• Waveform agility for SNR utilization• Multi-dimensional diversity for link

availability, LPI/LPD, anti-jam & security (e.g. frequency, polarization, spatial, …)

• Coherent detection brings sensitivity and enables DSP channel compensation

Approaching ShannonCapacity Limit

Approaching ShannonCapacity Limit

Link Capacity Waveform/Symbol Rate Agility

Software Defined Agile Modems

Modulation AgilityUse modulation that is best suited for the target environment and linkEnables variable bit rates and ultra-high capacity per wavelength

BPSK1 bit/symbol

QPSK2 bits/symbol

16-QAM4 bits/symbol

I

Q

Modulation AgilityUse modulation that is best suited for the target environment and linkEnables variable bit rates and ultra-high capacity per wavelength

BPSK1 bit/symbol

QPSK2 bits/symbol

16-QAM4 bits/symbol

I

Q

Unified JTRS-Like RF to Optical Transmission Architecture2 Polarization I,Q

Synthesizer (Vector Modulator) (Coherent Receiver)

2 Polarization I,QAnalyzer

BasebandI & Q Data

BasebandI & Q Data

“IF”DC to

Daylight

Aperture & Transmission

Channel (Air/Space/Water)

CoherentBand

Translation

“IF”DC to

Daylight

“RF”DC to

Daylight

Overlaying Free-Space Optical Communications Brings Added Capacity & Security

CoherentBand

Translation

Opportunity:• Orders of magnitude (>102) improvement in optical waveguide & resonator loss enables

agile RF processing & filtering on a chip (high resolution I /Q optical processors)

Opportunity:• Orders of magnitude (>102) improvement in optical waveguide & resonator loss enables

agile RF processing & filtering on a chip (high resolution I /Q optical processors)

“Radical Improvements in Chip-Scale Passive OpticalWaveguides & Resonators Are Still To Come” -Steve Pappert, 2007

Problems:• Today’s PIC waveguides have losses closer to Black Paint than to Optical Fibers!• Today’s resonator Q’s are well below the predicted limitations

Big Optical Challenge/Opportunity:Hyperfine Optical Filtering

Ultra-Low Loss Photonic Waveguides & Resonators

Big Optical Challenge/Opportunity:Hyperfine Optical Filtering

Ultra-Low Loss Photonic Waveguides & Resonators

Optical Fiber Planar Waveguides

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 10910-3

“Best” Fiber

Typical TelecomFiber

Best Ever PLCWaveguide

(SiO2-Based)

Typical High-IndexDielectric and SOI

Waveguide

Typical Semiconductor

Welding Goggles

Black Paint

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 10910-3

“Best” Fiber

Typical TelecomFiber

Best Ever PLCWaveguide

(SiO2-Based)

Typical High-IndexDielectric and SOI

Waveguide

Typical Semiconductor

Welding Goggles

Black Paint

0.02 dB/µs >200 dB/µs

Optical Loss (dB/km)

* Table courtesy of Rich Davis, NGST

Projected Limitation of and Achieved Q factor for Crystalline WGM Resonators near 1.5 µm

**

**Ref. L. Maleki, JPL

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000107

108

109

1010

1011

1012

1013

1014

CaF2

SilicaAl2O3

Q fa

ctor

Wavelength, nm

LiNbO3

What About Commercial Comms?Driven by Capacity (bits/sec/Hz) & Affordability (Mbits/$)

What About Commercial Comms?Driven by Capacity (bits/sec/Hz) & Affordability (Mbits/$)

Telecom/Datacom Network

Can we affordably bring the bandwidth of the core to the mobile user?

OC-48/192, GbE

Metro/Core Fiber Ring(~100 km, 40-80λ)

OADMOXC/DSCConnect to Long Haul/Core Gb IP/Ethernet

routers/switches

OC-48/192, GbE

Next-Generation SONET(OC-12/48/192)

Layer 2 & 3Processing

Class 5 TelecomSwitches OC-3

OC-3/12

ATMswitches

routers

OC-48/192

Multi-Service/Aggregation Ring(8-16λ)

routers PON

10/100/1000 Ethernet Hubs: Fiber Chan/ESCON

WirelessMAN Hub

Wireless MAN Sites

Maximum Data Rate/Channel (Mbps)

Cov

erag

e

Cellular

10 km1 km

100 m10 m

0.1 1 10 100

2G/2

.5G

Cel

lula

r<

2 bp

s/H

z*

3G Cellular3G Cellular< 0.2 bps/Hz*

Bluetooth< 0.2 bps/Hz*

WiFi< 2.7 bps/Hz*

UWB< 1.5 bps/Hz*

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access

< 1 bps/Hz*

WiMax Mobile< 2.5 bps/Hz*

Future Technologies

*Estimated link spectral efficiency

Maximum Data Rate/Channel (Mbps)

Cov

erag

e

Cellular

10 km1 km

100 m10 m

0.1 1 10 100

2G/2

.5G

Cel

lula

r<

2 bp

s/H

z*

3G Cellular3G Cellular< 0.2 bps/Hz*

Bluetooth< 0.2 bps/Hz*

WiFi< 2.7 bps/Hz*

UWB< 1.5 bps/Hz*

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access

< 1 bps/Hz*

WiMax Mobile< 2.5 bps/Hz*

Future Technologies

*Estimated link spectral efficiency

Ref. A. Azzam, Southeast Wireless, 2004.

The Commercial Comms VisionThe Mobile Internet

The Commercial Comms VisionThe Mobile Internet

Today’s Wired Capacity Tomorrow Land's Wireless Capacity

The Mobile InternetMulti-Mbps Voice, Video, Data Services Available Per User On Demand

ReducedOperating Costs

Global VirtualBusinesses

24/7Productivity

Home/BusinessImpact

Home/WorkMulti-Tasking

The Mobile InternetHow Do We Get There?

The Mobile InternetHow Do We Get There?

The Last-mile SolutionNovel technologies maximizing the utilization of time, frequency, and spatial domains

100402010

421

0.40.20.1

0.040.020.01

0.0040.0020.001

ATTE

NUAT

ION

(dB/k

m)

SEA LEVEL

H2O

O2

10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 100 300 400

30 20 15 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 0.8WAVELENGTH (mm)

FREQUENCY (GHz)

1

13,000 FT ALTITUDEO2

H2O

200

H2OModem HPA LNA Modem

Optical NetworkOptical Network Optical NetworkOptical Network

ADC/DACForward

ErrorCorrection

DistortionMitigation

BandwidthEfficiency LNA/HPA Spectrum

AvailabilitySmart

Antenna

Bandwidth & Spectral Efficiency Millions of Available Multi-Mbps Channels

WiFi WiMAX

UWB 4GMIMO

Technical ChallengesTechnical Challenges

Big Electronic Challenge/Opportunity:Increased Bandwidth & Linearity

Power & Low Noise Amplifier, Mixer, ADC/DAC

Big Electronic Challenge/Opportunity:Increased Bandwidth & Linearity

Power & Low Noise Amplifier, Mixer, ADC/DAC

Opportunity:• Bandgap engineered materials & heterogeneous materials & device integration for optimum RF

performance• Capitalize on remarkable DSP advances to push RF performance beyond material limitations

Opportunity:• Bandgap engineered materials & heterogeneous materials & device integration for optimum RF

performance• Capitalize on remarkable DSP advances to push RF performance beyond material limitations

Problems:• Today’s ADCs/DACs have limited bandwidth-resolution product with high power consumption• Today’s Front-End RF electronics have severe linearity limitations

InP Electronic Mixed Signal IC technologies GaN MMIC Technologies

Narrowband RF Resonators & Filters

Towards THz Transistors

ADC

DAC“Dramatic Advances in RF & Mixed Signal Electronics Are Still To Come” -Steve Pappert, 2007

ElectronicsPhotonicsElectronics

Photonics

Military & CommercialMobile Communications

Summary of Key Technology Enablers

Military & CommercialMobile Communications

Summary of Key Technology Enablers

Photonics• λ-stable low phase noise optical oscillators• Optical Phased-Locked-Loops (OPLLs)• Narrow-band fast-tunable optical filters• Optical phased arrays• Opto-Electronic Integration

Electronics• Higher-speed, low power DSP• Higher-speed mixed signal circuits• Sub-MMW electronics• Linear amplifiers & mixers• Narrow-band fast-tunable RF filters

Military Comms Enabler PortfolioCommercial Comms Enabler Portfolio

• Security/Anti-Jam• Link Availability

• Capacity• Affordability

IF we are successful, revolutionary increases in mobile communication data rates will be available for …(1) warfighters and commanders, providing coordinated situational awareness for tactical and strategic superiority.(2) individuals and businesses, providing coordinated situational awareness for tactical and strategic superiority.

At the end of the day, we are all after the same objective …See Anything, From Anywhere, At Anytime; and the mobile internet will take us

there using Electrons & Photons!