Contents · Communication Theory as a Pluralistic Enterprise 29 27 CHAPTER Post.. ... CONTENTS vii...
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Contents Preface xv PAR T ONE Perspectives on Communication Theory 1 CHAPTER Conceptual Foundations: What Is Communication? 2 Defining Communication 3 Conceptualizing Communication: Points of Convergence Conceptualizing Communication: Points of Divergence Moving Beyond Definitions 11 Conceptual Domains of Communication Studies 11 Disciplinary Domains of Communication Studies 12 The Domain of This Textbook 15 Summary 17 5 8 CHAPTER Philosophical Foundations: What Is Theory? 18 The Nature of Theory 19 Conceptualizing Theory: What Is Theory? 19 Conceptualizing Theory: What Should Theory Do? Summary 23 Metatheoretical Considerations 23 Ontological Considerations 24 Epistemological Considerations 25 21 v
Transcript of Contents · Communication Theory as a Pluralistic Enterprise 29 27 CHAPTER Post.. ... CONTENTS vii...
Contents
Preface xv
PAR T ONE
Perspectives on Communication Theory 1
CHAPTER
Conceptual Foundations:What Is Communication? 2
Defining Communication 3Conceptualizing Communication: Points of ConvergenceConceptualizing Communication: Points of Divergence
Moving Beyond Definitions 11Conceptual Domains of Communication Studies 11Disciplinary Domains of Communication Studies 12The Domain of This Textbook 15
Summary 17
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CHAPTER
Philosophical Foundations:What Is Theory? 18
The Nature of Theory 19Conceptualizing Theory: What Is Theory? 19Conceptualizing Theory: What Should Theory Do?Summary 23
Metatheoretical Considerations 23
Ontological Considerations 24Epistemological Considerations 25
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Axiological ConsiderationsSummary 29
Theory in the Communication Discipline 29Communication Theory as a Pluralistic Enterprise 29
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Post.. Positivist Perspectiveson Theory Development 32
Philosophical Roots: PositivismClassical Positivism 33
Logical Positivism: The Vienna CircleThe Demise of Positivism 34
Post-Positivism in Social Research TodayMetatheoretical Commitments 35
Structure and Function of Post-Positivist TheoryCriteria for Evaluating and Comparing TheoriesThe Process of Theory Development 41
Post-Positivism in Communication Research
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Interpretive Perspectiveson Theory Development 46
Historical Background 46
Foundational Theoretical PositionsHermeneutics 47Phenomenology 49SymbolicInteractionism 50Summary 51
Interpretive Theory in CommunicationOntologyof Interpretive Theory 52Epistemologyof InterpretiveTheory 52Axiologyof Interpretive Theory 53
Structure and Function of Interpretive TheoryGeneral Interpretive Theories 54Grounded Theory 56
Summary 58
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Critical Perspectives onTheory Development 60
Historical Roots of Critical Theory 61The Influence of Marxism 61The Frankfurt School 63
Contemporary Critical Theory 64Ontological Commitments 65Epistemological Commitments 66Axiological Commitments 67Summary 69
Critical Approaches in CommunicationCultural Studies 69Feminist Studies 71
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PAR T TWO
Theories of Communication Processes
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Theories of Symbolic Organization
Social Scientific Approaches toSymbolic Organization 76Schema Theory 77Attribution Theory 81Summary of Social Scientific Approaches 83
Humanistic Approaches to Symbolic OrganizationNarrative Theory 84Dramatism 88
Comparison and Commentary 92
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Theories of Message Production
Constructivist Theory 96Metatheoretical Foundations of Constructivism
The Construct System 97Person-Centered Communication 97
Linking Constructs and Communication 98Message Design Logics 99
Action Assembly Theory 101Metatheoretical Commitments 103
Structures in Action Assembly Theory 103Activation and Assembly Processes 104Action Assembly Theory: Evidence and Extensions
Planning and Goals 106Explicating Relevant Constructs 107Berger's Theory of Planning 108
Comparison and Commentary
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113Theories of Message Processing
Three Classic Models of Persuasion
Cognitive Dissonance Theory 114Theory of Reasoned Action 115Social Judgment Theory 116Summary 117
Elaboration Likelihood Model 118
Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion 118Which Route Do You Take? 118And Where Does It Get You? 119
Critiques of the Elaboration Likelihood Model 119
Inoculation Theory 122Components of the Inoculation Process 123Tests of Inoculation Theory 125
Problematic Integration Theory 125What Is Being Integrated in Problematic Integration?When Is Integration Problematic? 126Communicative Implications of Problematic Integration
Comparison and Commentary 130
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Theories of Discourse and Interaction
Speech Act Theory 132Original Formulations of Speech Act Theory 133Applications and Challenges 135
Coordinated Management of Meaning TheoryMetatheoretical Foundations 136
Central Concepts of CoordinatedManagement of Meaning Theory 137
Evidence for and Critiques of CoordinatedManagement of Meaning Theory 140
Communication Accommodation Theory 141Central Concepts-What Happens in Interaction? 141Antecedents to Accommodation 142
Consequences of Accommodation 145Evidence for and Critiques of Communication
Accommodation Theory 146
Expectancy Violation and InteractionAdaptation Theories 146Original Statement-Expectancy Violation Theory 147Tests and Development of the Theory 149Interaction Adaptation Theory 150
Comparison and Commentary 150
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Theories of Communication inDeveloping Relationships 153
Social Penetration Theory 153Original Statement of Social Penetration Theory 154Meanwhile, in the Field of Communication. . . 158Developments and Tests of Social Penetration Theory 160Summary and Evaluation of Social Penetration Theory 162
Uncertainty Reduction Theory 163Original Statement of Uncertainty Reduction Theory 163Berger's Extensions to Uncertainty Reduction Theory 166Tests and Critiques of Uncertainty Reduction Theory 167Expanding the Scope of Uncertainty Reduction Theory 170Summary and Evaluation of Uncertainty Reduction Theory 171
Comparison and Commentary 172
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Theories of Communication
in Ongoing Relationships 174
Relational Systems Theory: The Palo Alto GroupThe Players: Gregory Bateson and Colleagues 174The Concept: Shifting the Focus
from Individual to System 175The Book: Pragmaticsof Human Communication 176Developments from the Palo Alto Group
in Communication 179
Theories of Relational DialecticsPhilosophicalRoots 183Central Concepts in Dialectics 185Relational Dialectics: Contradictions I 186Relational Dialectics: Praxis 188Research on Dialectics 189
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Comparison and Commentary 191
PAR T THREE
Theories of Communication Contexts
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Theories of OrganizationalCommunication 196
Weick's Theory of OrganizingThe Process of Organizing 198Tests and Applications of Weick's Model 201
Structuration Theory 201The Duality of Structure 202Key Concepts 202Structuration Theory in Organizational Communication
The Text and Conversation of Organizing 205The Core Concepts: Text and Conversation 207
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Unobtrusive and Concertive Control TheoryControl 210Identification 212Discipline 212ResearchApplicationsof Concertive Control Theory
Comparison and Commentary 214
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Theories of Small GroupCommunication 216
Formative Research in Group Interaction
Functional Theory 218Formative Influences of Functional Theory 218Assumptions and Predictions of Functional TheoryEmpirical Tests, Critiques, and Revisions of
Functional Theory 222
Structurational Approaches 224Structuration Theory Revisited 224The Structuration of Group Arguments 226Adaptive Structuration Theory 227
Symbolic Convergence Theory 229Theoretical Precursors and Original DevelopmentThe Symbolic Convergence Framework 230Explanations for Convergence in Small Group
Communication 232
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Comparison and Commentary 233
Theories of Media
Processing and Effects 236
The Development of Media Effects ResearchThe Bullet and the Needle 237
Alternatives to Strong Effects 238
Social Cognitive Theory 239Key Concepts in Social Cognitive Theory 240Social Cognitive Theory and the Communication MediaSummary 242
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Uses and Gratifications Theory 242What Gratifications Are Sought and Obtained
from Media? 243How Are Media Used in the Gratification Process? 244
Extensions and Critiques of the Uses and GratificationsApproach 245
Media Systems Dependency Theory 246Media Systems Dependency Theory: The Basic FrameworkTests and Extensions of Media Systems
Dependency Theory 249
Theories of the Media and Emotion
Excitation Transfer Theory 251Empathic Reactions to Media Content 252Social and Developmental Factors 253
Comparison and Commentary 254
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Theories of Media and Society 257
Agenda Setting Theory 257Defining Agenda Setting 258Agenda Setting: The Core Proposition 259Theoretical Developments in Agenda Setting 261Critiques of Agenda Setting Theory 263
Spiral of Silence Theory 264Major Components of Spiral of Silence Theory 264Evidence for and Extensions of Spiral of Silence TheoryCritiques of Spiral of Silence Theory 268
Cultivation Theory 269Historical Background 269Assumptive Base of Cultivation Theory 270Testing Cultivation Theory 271Critiques and Extensions of Cultivation Theory 2n
Comparison and Commentary 274
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Theories of Cultureand Communication 276
Speech Codes TheoryFormative Influences 278
A Seminal Study: "Talking Like a Man in Teamsterville"The Speech Codes Framework: Current CommitmentsResearch in the Speech Codes Tradition 284
Theories of Face and Culture 284Dimensions of Cultural Variability 285The Concept of Face 286The Concept of Facework 288
Theories of Co-Cultural GroupsStandpoint Theory 289Muted Group Theory 291Co-Cultural Communication 292
Comparison and Commentary
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Bibliography 297Credits 328Index 329
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