Communication

MEANING OF COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION IS THE BASIC ELEMENT OF HUMAN INTERACTION THAT ALLOWS PEOPLE TO ESTABLISH,MAINTAIN AND IMPROVE CONTACTS WITH OTHERS

DEFINITION

THE WORD “COMMUNICATION” IS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD “COMMUNICARE”

OR “COMMUNICO” BOTH OF WHICH MEANS “TO SHARE” . COMMUNICATION IS DEFINED AS AN EXCHANGE OF

FACTS,IDEAS,OPINIONS OR EMOTION BY TWO OR MORE PERSONS

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

ELEMENTS

1.Referent

2.Sender

3.Message

4.Channel

5.Receiver

6.Feedback

LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION

1. INTRAPERSONAL

2. INTERPERSONAL

3. TRNSPERSONAL

4. PUBLIC

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION

ON THE BASIS OF RELATIONSHIP formal informal ON THE BASIS OF FLOW downward upward horizontal

contd

ON THE BASIS OF EXPRESSION

VERBAL oral written

NONVERBAL

IT INVOLVES FACIAL EXPRESSION BODY POSTURE TOUCH EYE CONTACT PERSONAL APPEARANCE GESTURES

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION INVOLVES Interchange of facts and thoughts a two- way process continuous or never-ending process pervasive function to create mutual understanding

OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION

TO INFORM TO EDUCATE TO MOTIVATE TO RELATE TO PROMOTE

TO ENTERTAIN

Factors Influencing communication

Developmental level Gender Sociocultural differences Roles and responsibilities Space and territoriality Physical mental and emotional state Values Environment

Using therapeutic communication in the helping relationship

It doesn’t occur spontaniously Presence of unequal sharing of information The ralationship is built on patient’s needs Clear sense of professionalism in the dealings. It is a dynamic process Purposeful and time limited Insists on professional accountability

Phases of helping relationship

Orientation phase Working phase Termination phase

Orientation phase

Patient will call the nurse by name Patient will accurately describe the roles of

the participants in the relationship Pt and nrs will establish an agreement about

-goals of relationship

-location, frequency, and length of contacts

-duration of relationship

Working phase

Patient will actively participate in the relationship

Patient will coopereate in activities that work toward mutually acceptable goals

The patient will express feelings and concerns to the nurse

Termination phase

Patient will participate in identifying the goals accomplished or the progress made toward goals

The patient will verbalize feelings about the termination of the relationship

Factors promoting effective communication within the helping relationship

Warmth and friendliness Openness and respect Empathy Honesty authenticity and trust Caring Competence Comfortable environment Privacy Confidentiality

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

Identify clearly what is to be communicated Set the climate according to the goal Consider the individuals possible reaction Be aware of the nonverbal communication

being transmitted Time of the message should be according to

the convenience of others

contd

Wait for feedback from other individuals

(This will aid in determining whether or not

the message has been correctly understood) Listen and observe, give full attention during

receiving and interpreting the message. do not interrupt the response

Look for implied meaning of other individual

contd

Evaluate the effectiveness of communication

process in achieving the goals intended

INTRODUCTIONCommunication is an essential component of

survival for all creature. Even plants communicates. Research says,

“Trees communicate with chemical message

Animals and birds with sound and movement

Master communicator Human being with use of language”

MEANING OF COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION IS THE BASIC ELEMENT OF HUMAN INTERACTION THAT ALLOWS PEOPLE TO ESTABLISH,MAINTAIN AND IMPROVE CONTACTS WITH OTHERS

DEFINITION

The word “communication” is derived from the Latin word “communicare”

Or “communico” Both of which means “to share” . Communication is defined

As an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotion by two or more persons

Definition

It is the art of transferring or exchanging information ideas or thoughts easily and correctly through verbal or non-verbal language .

It is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols , signs, or verbal behavior

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

ELEMENTS

1.Sender

2.Message

3.Channel

4.Receiver

5.Feedback

Communication is a Series of Experiences ofHearing

Smell

Taste Touch

Seeing

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?Communication the exchange of information Is dynamic [changing] Never-ending Usually purposeful Influenced by feelings and value.

HOW TO RECEIVE COMMUNICATION

60%

30%

10%

Nature of communication

C. involves interchange of facts and thoughts from one person to another

C . Is a two way process involving sending of a message and receiving the reaction to the message

C . Is a continuous or never ending process

Objectives of communication

To inform To educate To motivate To integrate To relate To promote To entertain

COMMUNICATION PURPOSES.

1. Social

2. Therapeutic

3. Relationship development

4. Giving information

5. Clarifying

6. Conveying feeling.

Levels of communication

Intrapersonal C. : it is a powerful form of communication that occurs within the individual

e.g. self talk

Interpersonal C. it is the interaction between two people or in a small group and that is face to face

e.g. problem solving, sharing ideas, decision making

Transpersonal C. it is the interaction which occurs with in a personal spiritual domain.

e.g. prayer, meditation ,religious rituals

Public C. it is an interaction with audience or a large group of people

e.g. giving lecture to the students, health education

Classification of communication

On the basis of relationship

On the basis of flow

On the basis of expression

formal Informal verbal Non verbal

Oral

written

downward

upwardHorizon

tal

Communication process

Sender

Feed back

Message

Receiver

InterpersonalVariables

SENDER RECEIVER MESSAGEVERBAL/ NON-VERBAL

FEEDBACK

ENVIRONMENT

Channel:

Communication process

Referent Referent

Referent : referent motivates one person to communicate with another

E.g. sound, color, objects, emotions, ideas etc. initiate communication

Sender

Sender is the person who encodes and delivers the message . C. begins with the sender

Message

Message is the body or subject matter of C. it contains words, symbols, pictures or some other form, which will make the receiver to understand the message

Channel

Channel is the medium through which the message passes from the sender to the receiver

Receiver

Receiver is the person who receives and decodes the message

Feedback

The reaction, reply, or response , which the receiver of the message send back to the sender

Interpersonal variables

These are the factors within both the sender and the receiver that influence C.

Environment

It is the setting for sender and receiver interaction

Types of communication1. VERBAL1. VERBAL Uses of spoken Uses of spoken

or written words or written words including vocal including vocal qualities like qualities like loudness, tone, loudness, tone, pitch of voice.pitch of voice.

2. NON-VERBAL2. NON-VERBAL Eye contactEye contact Body languageBody language Facial expressionsFacial expressions SilenceSilence Vocal cuesVocal cues TouchTouch AppearanceAppearance Postures and gaitPostures and gait Gestures etc.Gestures etc.

Barriers in Communication(that have to do with the COMMUNICATOR)

Unwillingness to say things differentlyUnwillingness to say things differently Unwillingness to relate to others differentlyUnwillingness to relate to others differently Unwillingness to learn new approachesUnwillingness to learn new approaches Lack of Self-ConfidenceLack of Self-Confidence Lack of EnthusiasmLack of Enthusiasm Voice qualityVoice quality PrejudicePrejudice

Disagreement between verbal and non-verbal messages

Negative Self Image Lack of Feedback Lack of Motivation and Training Language and Vocabulary

External Barriers in Communication

Environment – The venue– The effect of noise– Temperature in the room

Other People – Status, Education Time

Barriers in Communication(that have to do with the RECEIVER)

Selective Perception Unwillingness to Change Lack of Interest in the Topic/Subject Prejudice & Belief System Personal Value System internal & external factors

Barriers in Communication(that have to do with the COMMUNICATOR)

Unwillingness to say things differently Unwillingness to relate to others differently Unwillingness to learn new approaches Lack of Self-Confidence Lack of Enthusiasm Voice quality Prejudice

Barriers in Communication(that have to do with the COMMUNICATOR)

Disagreement between verbal and non-verbal messages

Negative Self Image Lack of Feedback Lack of Motivation and Training Language and Vocabulary Level Lack of Self Awareness

Barriers in Communication(that have to do with the RECEIVER)

Selective Perception Unwillingness to Change Lack of Interest in the Topic/Subject Prejudice & Belief System Rebuttal Instincts Personal Value System Here-and-Now internal & external factors

External Barriers in Communication

Environment – The venue– The effect of noise– Temperature in the room

Other People – Status, Education Time

5 Basic reasons we Do Not Listen

Listening is Hard Work Competition The Rush for Action Speed differences (120 wpm v/s 360 wpm) Lack of Training

4 Levels of Listening

The Non-Listener The Marginal Listener The Evaluative Listener The Active Listener

Improving Listening Skills

By not being Preoccupied Being Open Minded & Non Defensive Minimizing Interruptions Effective Listening is: Hearing, interpreting

when necessary, understanding the message and relating to it.

By Asking Questions

TYPES OF BODY LANGUAGERemember that you are dealing with “PEOPLE”

(P)OSTURES & GESTURES– How do you use hand gestures? Stance?

(E)YE CONTACT– How’s your “Lighthouse”?

(O)RIENTATION– How do you position yourself?

(P)RESENTATION– How do you deliver your message?

(L)OOKS– Are your looks, appearance, dress important?

(E)PRESSIONS OF EMOTION– Are you using facial expressions to express emotion?

COMMUNICATION

7% WORDS– Words are only labels and the listeners put their own

interpretation on speakers words 38% PARALINGUISTIC

– The way in which something is said - the accent, tone and voice modulation is important to the listener.

55% BODY LANGUAGE– What a speaker looks like while delivering a message

affects the listener’s understanding most.

mullersworkshop_sivaku 61

Guidelines for effective communication

Clarify ideas before communicating Examine the true purpose of the

communication Consider the setting of the communication Consult with others when appropriate in

planning communication Be mindful of the non-verbal messages you

send

cotd

Communicate something helpful Follow up on communication, feedback of

some form is necessary Be sure your actions support your

communication Be a good listener.

FOLLOW LADDER

L - LOOK AT THE OTHER PRESON,MAINTAIN EYE CONTACT

A - ASK APPROPRIATE QUESTIONS. D - DON”T INTERRUPT D - DON”T CHANGE THE SUBJECT E - EXPRESS EMOTIONS WITH CONTROL R - RESPONSIVELY LISTEN

Communication barriers

Barriers arising from the linguistic capacity of the sender and the receiver

Barriers arising from the emotional or psychological status of the sender and receiver

Barriers arising within the organizational structure

contd

Barriers arising from the individuals

Barriers arising from the environmental factors Mechanical Geographical distance Noise

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN HOSPITALS

Periodical talk between employer and employees

Sign posts for the patients and the general public

Staff conference to get suggestions and for decision-making

Social gathering to improve interpersonal relationships.

contd

Employ counseling in problem-solving Standing orders and protocols Hand book for general information Manuals(poicy,procedure) Bulletin boards.

CONCLUSION

WITHOUT COMMUNICATION THERE CAN BE NO ORGANISATION, FOR THERE IS NO POSSIBILITY THEN OF THE GROUP INFLUENCING THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE INDIVIUAL

HERBERT SIMON

THANKS

IN AN ATMOSPHERE

OF OPEN COMMUNICATION THE EMPLYEES WILL BE MORE COMMITTEDTO THE ORGANISATION