COMMUNICATION …

• is the process of conveying information  through the exchange of ideas, feelings, intentions, attitudes, expectations, perceptions or commands, through speech, gestures, writings, and behavior.

•is the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express one’s ideas, thoughts, or feelings, to others.

COMMUNICATION …

LANGUAGE …

•is the system of words or signs that people use to express thoughts and feelings to each other.

•is our most effective medium of communication.

•is the vehicle through which messages are sent and received.

•is the expression of thoughts and feelings using spoken language.

PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGE

• is SYSTEMATIC It is a highly organized system in which each unit plays an important part which is related to other parts and which when put together constitute a whole.

LANGUAGE …

LANGUAGE IS…

is ARBITRARY

There is no necessary connection between the sounds people produce and the objects to which these sounds refer.

is GOVERNED BY RULESLANGUAGE …

The underlying rules that govern the use of language are embodied in what is called grammar.

LANGUAGE … has a DUAL STRUCTURE

It has a system consisting of two subsystems: sound and meaning

LANGUAGE …

is GENERATIVE

The speaker has the ability to understand and produce any number of sentences or utterances. 

LANGUAGE …

is a SOCIALLY LEARNED BEHAVIOR

A speaker learns a language to which he/she is exposed.

It is a skill acquired as one grows up in a society. 

It is culturally transmitted. 

LANGUAGE …

is a SOCIAL INTERACTIVE TOOL

It is a shared code that enables its users to transmit feeling, ideas, and desires to one another.

ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION

A. VERBAL OR LINGUISTIC

Makes use of words. It may be oral or written.

B. NONVERBAL OR EXTRALINGUISTICa. NONLINGUISTIC ELEMENTS

1. KINESIC COMMUNICATION is communicating by body movement.1.1 Body Posture- the way the body is held can 

communicate many different messages.

1.2 Gestures – is communicating through the movement of body and arms.

1.3 Facial Expressions 

2. PROXEMIC COMMUNICATION – is defined as the interrelated observations and theories of man’s use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture.

3.CHRONEMIC COMMUNICATION is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. The way that one perceives and values time. It includes punctuality, willingness to wait and interactions. The use of time can affect lifestyle, speed of speech, movements and long people are willing to listen.

4. HAPTIC COMMUNICATION – the way by which people and other animals communicate through touching. The six kinds of touching are: positive, playful, controlled, ritualistic, task-related, and unintentional.

5. OLFACTION COMMUNICATION – the ability of human beings to communicate specific biologic information via body odor. Reports say that humans can detect individuality, gender and reproductive state from olfactory cues.

6. ARTEFACTUAL (US artifactual) - used to communicate information about oneself. Artifacts include clothes, jewelry, trinkets, accessories like handbags,. Umbrellas, fans, and hats.

7. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE - the speaker’s clothing, hairstyle, use of cosmetics, neatness and stature may cause a listener to form impressions about his/her occupation, socio-economic level, competence, etc.

b. PARALINGUISTIC ELEMENT – is the non phonemic properties of speech that people use to inflect the meaning of their verbal language.

1. Voice Attributes

1.1 Vocal Quality refers to the variations in the way one speaks.

1.2 Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of sound.

1.3Tempo refers to the speed of utterances.

1.4  Volume refers to the amount of sound that is produced.

1.5 Juncture is the relationship between two successive syllables in speech. A means by which a listener can distinguish between tow identical sequence of sounds that have different meanings.

c. METALINGUISTIC ELEMENT

•Implies the ability to think and discuss language. 

•Requires an awareness of others as a listeners.

•Ability to recognize significant details that indicate changes in speech.

•Speaker knows what kind of speech is appropriate in various environments with various speakers.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION1. INTRAPERSONAL – is communication with oneself.

2. INTERPERSONAL –is communication among relatively small number of people.

3. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION- involves communication between one and several other people

4. MASS COMMUNICATION – these are the printed form, radio, television and the movies. The tools used are called mass media.

5. ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION - communication in the organization. May be horizontal or vertical.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

SENDER/SPEAKER

MESSAGE CHANNEL

RECEIVERFEEDBACK

STAGES OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS1. STIMULUS/STIMULICondition, event, situation, feeling or emotion which  triggers the speaker or sender to communicate. 

2. IdeationBased on the idea fed by the stimulus, the sender formulates and organizes the ideas  to  answer a need to communicate. 

3. EncodingIt is the process of assembling the message (information, ideas and thoughts) into a  representative design with the objective of ensuring that the receiver can comprehend it. Symbols in the form of sounds or words are used.

4. TRANSMISSION

The encoded message is sent through an appropriate channel. The choice of channel depends on the sender’s purpose in sending the message.

5. RECEPTIONThe message which been sent  by the sender  through a medium chosen by the sender reaches the receiver.

6. DECODING

The codes or symbols used to transmit the message are converted to ideas or mental images.

7. UNDERSTANDING

The message which has been transformed into thought or mental images are interpreted by the receiver.

8. ACTIONS

The receiver responds to the message through feed back.

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION

1. HIGH –SOUNDING WORDS - words that are meant to sound important and impressive. 

2.  POWER FAILURE

3. NOISE

4. MANNERISM- a habitual way of doing something.

5. LACK OF TRUST - forms the foundation for effective communication.

6. LOSS - the state of being deprived of or of being without something that one has had.

7. PREJUDICE - is prejudgment, or forming an opinion before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. Usually unfavorable, judgments toward people or a person because of gender, political opinion, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, race/ethnicity, language, nationality or other personal characteristics.

8. JARGON

•the language, especially     the vocabulary peculiar   to a particular trade, profession, or group.

•unintelligible or meaningless talk or writing; gibberish.

•any talk or writing that   one does not understand.

9. HOSTILITY - is seen as form of emotionally-charged angry behavior. In everyday speech it is more commonly used as a synonym for anger and aggression.

10. CLOSE-MINDEDNESS -having a mind firmly unreceptive          to new ideas or arguments.

11. MISPRONUNCIATION -the act or an instance of mispronouncing.

12. DAYDREAMING

is a short-term detachment from one's immediate surroundings, during which a person's contact with reality is blurred and partially substituted by a visionary fantasy especially one of happy, pleasant thoughts, hopes or ambitions, imagined as coming to pass, and experienced while awake.

13.DISTANCE - the extent or amount of space between two things, points, lines; the state or fact of being apart in space, as of one thing from another; remoteness.

14.DELAY - to postpone until a later time.

15. VOICE QUALITY -the sound made by the vibration of the vocal cords, esp. when modified by the resonant effect of the tongue and mouth.  

      LISTENING IN COMMUNICATION

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BEST KIND OF LISTENING

1. VOLUNTARY –willingness to participate

2. PURPOSEFUL – has a reason

3. MOTIVATED – to stimulate toward action.  

4. COOPERATIVE - working or acting together willingly   for a common purpose

5. CRITICAL  - able to make intellectual judgment

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