Communication and the Multicultural Society Joshua M. Phelps PSY2500.
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Transcript of Communication and the Multicultural Society Joshua M. Phelps PSY2500.
Communication and the Communication and the Multicultural SocietyMulticultural Society
Joshua M. PhelpsJoshua M. Phelps
PSY2500PSY2500
OutlineOutline
2 Lectures2 Lectures English LanguageEnglish Language
Lecture 1Lecture 1 Intro to CommunicationIntro to Communication Demonstration of Communication SituationDemonstration of Communication Situation Discussion of Communication SituationDiscussion of Communication Situation Blakar’s Communication TheoryBlakar’s Communication Theory
Lecture 2Lecture 2 Multiculture & CommunicationMulticulture & Communication Class Exercise: Public CommunicationClass Exercise: Public Communication
What is Communication?What is Communication?
Everyday UnderstandingsEveryday Understandings Common and universal activity for all Common and universal activity for all
human beingshuman beings Basic precondition for all social activity Basic precondition for all social activity Individual is embedded in different Individual is embedded in different
communication situations and participates communication situations and participates in communicative actsin communicative acts
Complex interactionComplex interaction ’’Restricted’ to Psychology and LanguageRestricted’ to Psychology and Language
Defining CommunicationDefining Communication
All inclusive: Behaviour and FlowAll inclusive: Behaviour and Flow Internet Definitions Internet Definitions www.dictionary.comwww.dictionary.com
The act or process of communicating The act or process of communicating the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or
information by speech, writing, or signs (Flow)information by speech, writing, or signs (Flow) The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as
by speech, signals, writing, or behavior (Behaviour and by speech, signals, writing, or behavior (Behaviour and Flow)Flow)
the expression to another of information or thoughts the expression to another of information or thoughts through speech, writing, or gestures through speech, writing, or gestures
Hogg & Vaughan (2005) Social Psychology: Hogg & Vaughan (2005) Social Psychology: transfer of meaningful information from one transfer of meaningful information from one person to anotherperson to another
Blakar’s (1984) DefinitionBlakar’s (1984) Definition
Communication: An intentional act to make Communication: An intentional act to make something known to someone elsesomething known to someone else Kommunikasjon: En intendert handling med sikte på Kommunikasjon: En intendert handling med sikte på
å gjøre noe felles med - eller kjent for - bestemte å gjøre noe felles med - eller kjent for - bestemte andreandre
Emphasizes behavioural (action) and Emphasizes behavioural (action) and directional component of communicationdirectional component of communication
Grounded mainly in face-to-face interactionGrounded mainly in face-to-face interaction Based on ’pragmatic’ aspects of Based on ’pragmatic’ aspects of
communicationcommunication
Communication SituationCommunication Situation
Demonstrate Communication in Demonstrate Communication in Face-to-Face InteractionFace-to-Face Interaction
Need 4 VolunteersNeed 4 Volunteers Leave the Room for a few minutes Leave the Room for a few minutes
while I set up…while I set up…
The Communication Conflict The Communication Conflict Situation (CCS)Situation (CCS)
A ’City’ MapA ’City’ Map Participant A must direct Participant Participant A must direct Participant
B to a particular destinationB to a particular destination 2 Routes—Simple and Complex2 Routes—Simple and Complex
Audience TasksAudience Tasks
How do P’s establish a ”shared How do P’s establish a ”shared reality”—codes, contracts, etc.reality”—codes, contracts, etc.
How do they make attributions for How do they make attributions for successful or unsuccessful successful or unsuccessful communication?communication?
How P’s try to improve How P’s try to improve communication?communication?
Write down examples of language Write down examples of language used and interaction. used and interaction.
DebriefingDebriefing
ExplanationExplanation Thoughts on participation?Thoughts on participation? Thanks!!!Thanks!!! ApplauseApplause
The Communication Conflict The Communication Conflict Situation (CCS)Situation (CCS)
The ’City’ Map(s) The ’City’ Map(s) Participant A must direct Participant Participant A must direct Participant
B to a particular destinationB to a particular destination 2 Routes—Simple and Complex2 Routes—Simple and Complex
Experimental Manipulation of Complex Experimental Manipulation of Complex RouteRoute
Audience Tasks – Round 2Audience Tasks – Round 2
How do P’s establish a ”shared How do P’s establish a ”shared reality”—codes, contracts, etc.reality”—codes, contracts, etc.
How do they make attributions for How do they make attributions for unsuccessful communication?unsuccessful communication?
How P’s try to improve communication How P’s try to improve communication and re-establish intersubjectivity?and re-establish intersubjectivity?
Write down examples of language Write down examples of language used and interaction. used and interaction.
The Communication Conflict The Communication Conflict Situation (CCS)Situation (CCS)
Experiment developed by Blakar in the 1970’sExperiment developed by Blakar in the 1970’s Constructed and controlled situation to Constructed and controlled situation to
examine when an essential aspect of examine when an essential aspect of communication is not fulfilledcommunication is not fulfilled
Simple but demandingSimple but demanding To see what happens when a basic To see what happens when a basic
precondition for ’successful communication’ is precondition for ’successful communication’ is not metnot met Everyday misunderstandingsEveryday misunderstandings
3 Goals of CCS3 Goals of CCS
Examine missing precondition of Examine missing precondition of same ’here and now’same ’here and now’
Examine attributions P’s made to Examine attributions P’s made to difficultiesdifficulties
Examine P’s attempts to improve Examine P’s attempts to improve communication effectiveness and re-communication effectiveness and re-establish intersubjectivityestablish intersubjectivity
Analysis of CCS Analysis of CCS
Simple RouteSimple Route Participants’ PerspectiveParticipants’ Perspective Experimenter/Audience PerspectiveExperimenter/Audience Perspective
Complex RouteComplex Route Participants’ PerspectiveParticipants’ Perspective Experimenter/Audience PerspectiveExperimenter/Audience Perspective
Class DiscussionClass Discussion
Questions and ThoughtsQuestions and Thoughts Audience?Audience? Participants?Participants?
Blakar Communication Blakar Communication TheoryTheory
Addressing questions about good or normal Addressing questions about good or normal communicationcommunication
Defining communication Defining communication Intentionality Intentionality
Identifying and understanding preconditions for Identifying and understanding preconditions for successful communicationsuccessful communication
Applying theory to social contexts: family, therapy, etc.Applying theory to social contexts: family, therapy, etc. Using abnormal to understand normalUsing abnormal to understand normal
Addressing conceptual, theoretical, and empirical Addressing conceptual, theoretical, and empirical confusion in communication research in social sciencesconfusion in communication research in social sciences Social-psychological perspectiveSocial-psychological perspective
Blakar Communication Blakar Communication TheoryTheory
Fundamental Question: What are the Fundamental Question: What are the prerequisites for (successful) prerequisites for (successful) communication? Under what conditions will communication? Under what conditions will somebody succeed (to a reasonable degree) somebody succeed (to a reasonable degree) in making something known to someone in making something known to someone else?else?
3 Main aspects3 Main aspects Preconditions for successful communicationPreconditions for successful communication Variables affecting Variables affecting Process of CommunicationProcess of Communication
Interplay of individual, social, and situational Interplay of individual, social, and situational preconditionspreconditions
The PreconditionsThe Preconditions
Most Basic Most Basic Establishment of a Establishment of a shared social realityshared social reality
Individual PreconditionsIndividual Preconditions Relational PreconditionsRelational Preconditions Technical PreconditionsTechnical Preconditions Situational PreconditionsSituational Preconditions Interaction between different Interaction between different
preconditionspreconditions
Individual PreconditionsIndividual Preconditions
Will Will Motivational Component Motivational Component Can Can Ability Component Ability Component
Capacity to decenter and take Capacity to decenter and take perspective of the otherperspective of the other
Individual’s self-esteem or self-Individual’s self-esteem or self-confidenceconfidence
Attunement to the Attunement Attunement to the Attunement of the Otherof the Other
Decentration and Perspective-TakingDecentration and Perspective-Taking Decentration Decentration
SenderSender ReceiverReceiver
EgocentrismEgocentrism Important during problems of Important during problems of
communication process to re-communication process to re-establish intersubjectivityestablish intersubjectivity
Relational PreconditionsRelational Preconditions
Relations between ‘actors’ in Relations between ‘actors’ in communicative actcommunicative act
Confidence in the other, trust/distrust, Confidence in the other, trust/distrust, seriousnessseriousness
Understanding that the other has Understanding that the other has different perspective/positiondifferent perspective/position
Interaction with individual Interaction with individual preconditionspreconditions
Technical and Situational Technical and Situational PreconditionsPreconditions
TechnicalTechnical Access to a common codeAccess to a common code
SituationalSituational Same contractual dimensions of here & Same contractual dimensions of here &
now now
Variables affectingVariables affecting
Variables that affect and determine Variables that affect and determine process of communicationprocess of communication
Background VariablesBackground Variables Age, Sex, Class, Education, EthnicityAge, Sex, Class, Education, Ethnicity
Personality VariablesPersonality Variables Level of anxiety, self-esteemLevel of anxiety, self-esteem Also affects the ‘Can’Also affects the ‘Can’
Process of CommunicationProcess of Communication
Contracts adoptedContracts adopted What kind?What kind? Adequacy Adequacy Adherence, violation, modificationAdherence, violation, modification Who proposes contracts?Who proposes contracts?
Control & PowerControl & Power Free vs. Bound InformationFree vs. Bound Information Control distribution and exertionControl distribution and exertion Attribution patterns of difficultiesAttribution patterns of difficulties Emotional climateEmotional climate
Complexity within the Complexity within the Preconditions and FrameworkPreconditions and Framework
Situational VariationSituational Variation Interplay between preconditionsInterplay between preconditions Background VariablesBackground Variables
General Theoretical General Theoretical Statements on CommunicationStatements on Communication
Language is most common and important medium Language is most common and important medium for communicationfor communication
Most essential characteristic is that something is Most essential characteristic is that something is being made known to another (Rommetveit, Blakar)being made known to another (Rommetveit, Blakar)
Requires empathy and perspective taking in some Requires empathy and perspective taking in some kind of shared social realitykind of shared social reality Only by the communicants taking the perspective of the Only by the communicants taking the perspective of the
other(s) into account, so that they (sender and reciever(s) other(s) into account, so that they (sender and reciever(s) may establish commonality, is communication rendered may establish commonality, is communication rendered possiblepossible (Blakar, 1984) (Blakar, 1984)
Complex act that requires fulfillment of several Complex act that requires fulfillment of several preconditions preconditions
Some IssuesSome Issues
Communication vs. Interaction Communication vs. Interaction Unintentional/unconscious aspects of Unintentional/unconscious aspects of
communication?communication? Non-verbal vs. verbal communication Non-verbal vs. verbal communication Too much of a situational, face-to-face Too much of a situational, face-to-face
definition? Too narrow?definition? Too narrow? Other aspects of intentionally making Other aspects of intentionally making
something knownsomething known E.g. media E.g. media
Expansion of Expansion of CommunicationCommunication
Rommetveit/Blakar model connected Rommetveit/Blakar model connected to face-to-face interactionto face-to-face interaction
How can we study communication How can we study communication that isn’t face-to-face from a social-that isn’t face-to-face from a social-psychological point of view?psychological point of view? Media communication?Media communication?
Next week: Communication in a Next week: Communication in a multicultural contextmulticultural context
Class DiscussionClass Discussion
Questions and ThoughtsQuestions and Thoughts What is successful or good What is successful or good
communication? communication? Everyday examplesEveryday examples
What about other theories for What about other theories for communication?communication?
Communication vs. Interaction?Communication vs. Interaction?
Last Word...Last Word...
Please keep quiet about the Please keep quiet about the Communication Conflict SituationCommunication Conflict Situation
Communication, Communication, Language, and the Language, and the
Multicultural SocietyMulticultural Society
Joshua M. PhelpsJoshua M. Phelps
November 13, 2006November 13, 2006
OutlineOutline
Class ExerciseClass Exercise Reminder about Language, Reminder about Language,
Communication, and IdeologyCommunication, and Ideology The Norwegian Multicultural ContextThe Norwegian Multicultural Context Communication, Social Relations, Communication, Social Relations,
and Ideology in a Multicultural and Ideology in a Multicultural SocietySociety
ExerciseExercise
12 minutes12 minutes Word AssociationWord Association
Language (Blakar, 1979; Language (Blakar, 1979; 2006)2006)
An important bridge between the society and An important bridge between the society and the individualthe individual
Culturally-mediated tool inherited from Culturally-mediated tool inherited from generation to generationgeneration to generation
Instrument that we use to understand and Instrument that we use to understand and grasp reality grasp reality Dyanmic and FlexibleDyanmic and Flexible Open and Generative SystemOpen and Generative System
Language is NOT neutral, objective, or ”fixed”Language is NOT neutral, objective, or ”fixed” Sender’s choice of expression affects the Sender’s choice of expression affects the
receiver’s understanding (Blakar, 1979)receiver’s understanding (Blakar, 1979)
Language (Blakar, 1979; Language (Blakar, 1979; 2006)2006)
Language is POWER Language is POWER All use of language implies structuring and All use of language implies structuring and
influencing of another’s experienceinfluencing of another’s experience ””Everyday Power”Everyday Power”
Language as a system reflects socio-Language as a system reflects socio-political power structure in a given political power structure in a given societysociety
Language is most common and Language is most common and important medium for communicationimportant medium for communication
Language, Language, CommunicationCommunication, , IdeologyIdeology
Investigating communication requires looking at the positions used Investigating communication requires looking at the positions used in establishment of social reality…mainly through language in establishment of social reality…mainly through language (Rommetveit, 1992)(Rommetveit, 1992)
Influenced by context: culture, historical moment, positioning of actors in Influenced by context: culture, historical moment, positioning of actors in situation, codes for correctness, etc. situation, codes for correctness, etc.
Certain words & expressions are ”reflections” of ideologies Certain words & expressions are ”reflections” of ideologies Linked with Blakar’s understanding of Language as mirroring and Linked with Blakar’s understanding of Language as mirroring and
expressing existing power relationsexpressing existing power relations We use Ideology as a critical concept for understanding how socially-We use Ideology as a critical concept for understanding how socially-
shared, taken-for-granted knowledge in society (by individuals) shared, taken-for-granted knowledge in society (by individuals) upholds or legitimizes power relationsupholds or legitimizes power relations
Changes in language use over time should reflect societal and Changes in language use over time should reflect societal and ideological developmentsideological developments
Media are important (most important?) platforms in which Media are important (most important?) platforms in which individuals negotiate meaning (i.e.attitudes, beliefs, etc.)individuals negotiate meaning (i.e.attitudes, beliefs, etc.)
Becoming increasingly as important as face-to-face interactionBecoming increasingly as important as face-to-face interaction Media language and change in media language can reflect Media language and change in media language can reflect
ideology(ies)ideology(ies)
What is ”Multiculture”?What is ”Multiculture”?
Descriptive: Word “reflecting reality” of Descriptive: Word “reflecting reality” of living in a society with cultural diversityliving in a society with cultural diversity
Analytical/Ideological/Prescriptive: specific Analytical/Ideological/Prescriptive: specific way of dealing with this cultural diversity or way of dealing with this cultural diversity or pluralismpluralism Liberal Ideology stressing equality, identity Liberal Ideology stressing equality, identity
recognition, integration, celebration of cultural recognition, integration, celebration of cultural traditions/diversitytraditions/diversity
Majority/Minority Relations & Majority/Minority Relations & MulticulturalismMulticulturalism
The Norwegian Multicultural The Norwegian Multicultural ContextContext
Steady increase in immigration from Steady increase in immigration from 1951 – present (1951 – present (www.ssb.nowww.ssb.no)) Largest Groups: Pakistanis, Swedes, Iraqis, Largest Groups: Pakistanis, Swedes, Iraqis,
Danes, VietnameseDanes, Vietnamese Increased migration of visible minorities Increased migration of visible minorities
since the 1970ssince the 1970s Pakistanis, Iraqis, Vietnamese, Somalis, Pakistanis, Iraqis, Vietnamese, Somalis,
Turks Turks Always been multicultural?Always been multicultural?
Communication in the Communication in the Multicultural SocietyMulticultural Society
What words and expressions do we use to What words and expressions do we use to describe and understand the multicultural describe and understand the multicultural context?context?
How might these words and expressions How might these words and expressions affect & reflect majority/minorities: social affect & reflect majority/minorities: social and power relations, group boundaries, and power relations, group boundaries, identities, etc.identities, etc. Ideology(ies)Ideology(ies)
How might one have ’successful’ How might one have ’successful’ communication in a multicultural context? communication in a multicultural context? Possibilities for perspective-taking?Possibilities for perspective-taking? Fulfilling of preconditions?Fulfilling of preconditions?
Examining Multicultural Examining Multicultural Communication & IdeologyCommunication & Ideology
Language in public discourse Language in public discourse New words and changes in New words and changes in
frequencies of words dealing with frequencies of words dealing with multicultural issuesmulticultural issues Atekst searchesAtekst searches Aftenposten 1984-2005Aftenposten 1984-2005
Longitudinal PerspectiveLongitudinal Perspective
Messages and Word AssociationMessages and Word Association
Word Association DiscussionWord Association Discussion
Semantic Network of..Semantic Network of.. Flerkulturelt SamfunnFlerkulturelt Samfunn FlerkulturelleFlerkulturelle
””Fest i Oslo” Mela FestivalenFest i Oslo” Mela Festivalen
Discussion in pairs Discussion in pairs General discussion of articleGeneral discussion of article Look at use of the words Look at use of the words
”multikultur*” or ”flerkultur*””multikultur*” or ”flerkultur*” From this article, how would you From this article, how would you
describe a multicultural festival or describe a multicultural festival or multicultural society?multicultural society?
””Fest i Oslo” Mela FestivalenFest i Oslo” Mela Festivalen
””I dag åpner Mela, en multikulturell I dag åpner Mela, en multikulturell festival…”festival…” DescriptiveDescriptive What is a multicultural festival?What is a multicultural festival?
””en av verdens største multikulturelle en av verdens største multikulturelle festivaler”festivaler” DescriptiveDescriptive
Arguing against FrPArguing against FrP
””Fest i Oslo” Mela FestivalenFest i Oslo” Mela Festivalen
””Den som tar turen til Rådhusplassen Den som tar turen til Rådhusplassen i helga, vil derimot få se hvilket glede i helga, vil derimot få se hvilket glede den flerkulturelle virkeligheten kan den flerkulturelle virkeligheten kan representere.”representere.”
From reading this article, what joys From reading this article, what joys are on show at the multicultural Mela are on show at the multicultural Mela Festival? Festival?
Showcase of Art & CultureShowcase of Art & Culture
””Fest i Oslo” Mela FestivalenFest i Oslo” Mela Festivalen
””Opprinnelig var Mela et norsk-Opprinnelig var Mela et norsk-pakistansk arrangement, men i år tar pakistansk arrangement, men i år tar festivalen mål av seg til å la så godt festivalen mål av seg til å la så godt som som alle norske minoriteteralle norske minoriteter få få komme til uttrykk” My italicskomme til uttrykk” My italics
””Fest i Oslo” Mela FestivalenFest i Oslo” Mela Festivalen
Dervisj-dans TyrkiaDervisj-dans Tyrkia Flerkulturelt band Flerkulturelt band
med kvinner fra: med kvinner fra: Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, Somalia, Tanzania, Somalia, Tanzania, Algerie, Russland, Algerie, Russland, Nigeria, og NorgeNigeria, og Norge
Vietnamesisk Vietnamesisk folkemusikkfolkemusikk
Flamenco og sufi-Flamenco og sufi-musikk fra Sørasiamusikk fra Sørasia
Internasjonal mat fra Internasjonal mat fra 35 boder35 boder
Norsk-vietnamesiske Norsk-vietnamesiske klesdesignerenklesdesigneren
300 internasjonale 300 internasjonale kunstere innen kunstere innen musikk, sang, dans, musikk, sang, dans, teater, teater, kunsthåndverkkunsthåndverk
””Fest i Oslo” Mela FestivalenFest i Oslo” Mela Festivalen
Associations of ”multicultural” after Associations of ”multicultural” after reading this article?reading this article?
Cultural markers: music, dance, art, Cultural markers: music, dance, art, foodfood
Where is the majority?Where is the majority?
Multicultural Message Multicultural Message StructureStructure
””I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det viktig å vite hvor man kommer er det viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og kjenne sin historie.”fra, og kjenne sin historie.”
Class Interpretations?Class Interpretations?
Multicultural Message Multicultural Message StructureStructure
””I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og kjenne sin historie.” kjenne sin historie.” Opening Mela Festival Opening Mela Festival
””I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og kjenne sin historie.” Adressavisen kjenne sin historie.” Adressavisen Carl I Hagen’s Campaign SpeechCarl I Hagen’s Campaign Speech
””I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og kjenne sin historie.” kjenne sin historie.” Adressavisen Adressavisen
Social Relations in the Social Relations in the Multicultural Society Multicultural Society
(Chryssochoou, 2004)(Chryssochoou, 2004) Moving into New EnvironmentsMoving into New Environments
Non-dominant cultural groups: MinoritiesNon-dominant cultural groups: Minorities Receiving Immigrants: Perceiving the Receiving Immigrants: Perceiving the
OtherOther Dominant cultural group: The MajorityDominant cultural group: The Majority
Living TogetherLiving Together Towards Cultural Diversity: Towards Cultural Diversity:
Representations, Identity, and Social Representations, Identity, and Social InfluenceInfluence
Minorities in the Multicultural Minorities in the Multicultural ContextContext
Choice of words to describe ”the other”Choice of words to describe ”the other” What words do we have to use in What words do we have to use in
describing the people moving into the describing the people moving into the Norwegian society?Norwegian society?
Are there new words reflecting this Are there new words reflecting this reality?reality?
How might these words influence common How might these words influence common sense & power relations (i.e. ideologies)?sense & power relations (i.e. ideologies)?
Innvandr*Innvandr*
Ikke vestlig innvandr*Ikke vestlig innvandr*
Utenlandsk Opprinnelse Utenlandsk Opprinnelse
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Norsk-pakistanskNorsk-pakistansk
The Norwegian MajorityThe Norwegian Majority
Words to describe NorwegianWords to describe Norwegian NorskNorsk NordmannNordmann Etnisk NorskEtnisk Norsk
Norsk og NordmannNorsk og Nordmann
Ethnic NorwegianEthnic Norwegian
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Ny Tid DiscussionNy Tid Discussion
Front page…Front page… How does Ny Tid’s choice of words How does Ny Tid’s choice of words
and signs influence our understandingand signs influence our understanding What is intetionally being made What is intetionally being made
known..i.e. communicated?known..i.e. communicated? What are some other choices/words What are some other choices/words
they could have made to alter the they could have made to alter the message and our understanding?message and our understanding?
Ny Tid DiscussionNy Tid Discussion
Etnisk NorskEtnisk Norsk What is an ’etnisk nordmann’?What is an ’etnisk nordmann’?
Denotation?Denotation? Connotations?Connotations?
Class Semantic Network AssociationsClass Semantic Network Associations Why is it so important to be a Why is it so important to be a
”nordmann”?”nordmann”?
Ethnic Norwegian Ethnic Norwegian AssociationsAssociations
Norw egian culture25 %
Colour23 %
Norw egianness20 %
Otherness13 %
Residual19 %
Discussion of Word AssociationDiscussion of Word Association
EN a recent emerging representation that is EN a recent emerging representation that is incorporated into ideologies of cultural diversityincorporated into ideologies of cultural diversity Emergence of “Ethnic Norwegian” = Norway in Emergence of “Ethnic Norwegian” = Norway in
Transition Transition Multiplicity of meaning…Multiplicity of meaning… However, ’etnisk norsk’ probably denotes white However, ’etnisk norsk’ probably denotes white
NorwegiansNorwegians Descriptive or Hegemonic?Descriptive or Hegemonic?
Probably both depending on contextProbably both depending on context Connotation still open, but could be leading Connotation still open, but could be leading
toward white hegemony and hierarchy of toward white hegemony and hierarchy of Norwegianness Norwegianness
Ny Tid DiscussionNy Tid Discussion
Great Example of Communication in Great Example of Communication in the Multicultural Societythe Multicultural Society
Social Issues?Social Issues?
ConclusionConclusion
Complexity in the Multicultural SocietyComplexity in the Multicultural Society Choice of words and message structure in Choice of words and message structure in
communication reflect ideologies in the communication reflect ideologies in the multicultural societymulticultural society Importance of context: sender/receiver, perceived Importance of context: sender/receiver, perceived
social relations, structuring of a messagesocial relations, structuring of a message Multicultural Communication affects and reflectsMulticultural Communication affects and reflects
Highlights issues involving minorities and the Highlights issues involving minorities and the majority: recognition of identites, inclusion/exclusion, majority: recognition of identites, inclusion/exclusion, racism, prejudices, threatracism, prejudices, threat
Reflects power relationsReflects power relations