Developing Training Programmes for Qualified Teachers to Teach in Prisons

113991-CP-1-2004-1-MT-GRUNDTVIG-G11

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

The Programme for Education in PrisonThe Programme for Education in Prisonss

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION may be understood as may be understood as passing of:passing of:

InformationInformation

EmotionsEmotions

AttitudesAttitudes

We must fulfil conditions of compatible vaule orientation at least on the level of partial

similarity to be able sucesfully communicate with our partner.

VERBALVERBAL c cOMMUNICATIONOMMUNICATION

1. SUPLEMENTARY1. SUPLEMENTARY

• Continuous reciprocal levelling informative, emotinal and

experiencial level of exchanged comunication

• Both communicating sustain balance, they strive one ante

the other not to stay behind wtih their experiencies (friend-

friend)

2. COMPLEMENTARY2. COMPLEMENTARY

• one person is in directive, dominant position (senior-

inferior)

• both participants recpect such a division of roles, inferior

doesn´t strive to compete with senior dominant partner

• this type of communication is expediential and effectual

when exchanging informations

3. METACOMPLEMENTARY

• Person in dominant position doesn´t use this possibility

and relinguishes it purposely to the other (therapist-

patient)

• Here it displays art of hearing to the other, to keep

silence, to pierce to the problem better and then to find a

solution together

NONVERBALNONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

•Body moving

•Gestures

•Mimicry

•Eyes moving

•Quality of voice

•Breaks in speach

•Laughter

•Growling

•Space distance

•Odour perceptions

•Style of clothing

•Choice of cosmetics

•Derss colour

•Touches

make 90 – 94% of overall communication proces

SOCIAL SOCIAL COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

specific form of social contacts

it assumes understanding

of relation ship of individual and social milieu

it is executed between communionist and

communicator

communiqué

WHAT AND WHY WE COMMUNICATE

MOTIVE

Desire for knowledge

Estabilishing of emotional relationship

Power selfenforcement

undrstanding

CONTENT

Informations

Emotive words, nonverbal communication prevails

distance, selfconfirmation, haughitness

Explaining of postures, frankness, toleration

How we speak with our selfs Messages

and informations

How to understand what we are

saying

How we are and how we

feel

Attitude to the thing we are speaking

about

Attitude to hearer we

are speaking

with

Selfconception - who we

consider us to be

Ratifictionace, yourconception –

who I consider you to be

A touch of next course

of our relationships

Desirable rules of the

next phase of meeting

What we wish -

passions

PROCESS of COMMUNICATIONPROCESS of COMMUNICATION

Communication content itselfCommunication content itself

Colouring of the content (paralinguistic overtone)Colouring of the content (paralinguistic overtone)

Nonverbal attendance (deeds, acts, behavior)Nonverbal attendance (deeds, acts, behavior)

Kinéma (character of communication unfolding)Kinéma (character of communication unfolding)

KOMMUNICATION BARRIERS

LinguisticLinguistic

EthnicEthnic

InterestsInterests

CharacterCharacter

IntellectualIntellectual

They are uncontrollable differencies between cummunicating persons.

Communication is the more effective, the more interfacial areas exist.

When communication is working well in both levels (relational and contetual. Communicating persons understand each other well.

It is possible to avoid adverse events when communicating when we continuously ask back questions and make our selves certain if our partner understand us (problem in contentual level).

The Problem in relational level implies that the cause is in interrupted personal relationship metween communicating persons.

.

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

• Eypressing of thouhts with help of symbols.

• These and other paraluinguistic symbols are kind of legend how to understand content of communication:

Intenzity of voice expression

Voice depth

Voice colour

Lenght of speech

Speech pace

Speech content

Speech segmentation

AAii

?

Role of voice expressionRole of voice expression

ToneTone• Voice colouring – loudness• I must not sream – it would sound agressive• Don´t speak too quiet – the hearer woul feel insecure and irresolutely• Don´t speak monotonously –they woul think that you are not serious• Don´t raise your voice in the end of the sentence – in generates an image of question• Your voice should be steady – wtih pleasant conversational tone• When you are sure the voice shoul sound sure

Speed of speechSpeed of speech

• He speaks slowly – either he is deciding or he thinks slowly• He speaks too fast – he is either windbag or he is fulsome• Filling words – sound unprofessionaly and refer about low education• Breaks – when searching for the right word. Breaks provide strenght.

When hearing we can detect some qualities of the When hearing we can detect some qualities of the person: person:

• listen to overtones• loudness• stresses laid on certain words• speech speedpsychopath – speaks usually shortly and vigorously – agressivelypsychasthenic – painted speech, tendency to be original upon any termsAnxioius person – answers like short shots, often only YES or NOThysteric person – often changes subject of interwiew, intonation, speaks affectivly, don´t control him self very wellsubmissive p. – submits easy agrees, stable and bromidic expressionsneurotic – strays from the point easy, unrest, gesticulationintrovert – speaks not much, thoughtful, closedextrovert – speaks a lot about possible and also impossibleegoist – speaks a lot about himself; „Me“, „Mine“, „My opinion“autocrat – he would prefer to rule on his own, continuous dictates, he doesn´t admit any disscusionliberal – he behaves indifferently almost to all things, he doesn´t comment anything

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION•Shows emotions and attitudes of people•Maintaines or weakens veracity of verbal communication

MIMIC – communication through countenance

PROXEMIC – communication through distance

POSTHUROLOGY - physical attitudes, posture

HAPTIC – communicaton through touch

KINEZIC – communication through motions

SPEECH OF EYES AND WIEVS

GESTURES

Gestures of flat handsGestures of flat hands

Exposed flat hands

Raised finger

Hands across in front of the body

Hands across on leid on the table

Hands across in front of the face

Folded hands

Roof from fingers

Motions of hands over the face

Over mouth and nose

Underpinned head

Finger near to the forehead

Thumb, forefinger

Fingers go over the chin, heas is gently hung, body towards the partner

Fingers over the foreheas

Touchs of ear, nose, mouthCrossing of thelimbs

Eye contact

Beware of your eyes were stirring (discursive).

During the interwiew don´t look at the floor or at the ceeling.

We don´t have trust to somebody who cannot look into our eyes.

Keep straight, continuous eyecontact, however it must not threaten.

Acting with threatened people don´t last long.

Look at the person you are speaking to, straight. It looks plumb and openly.

By observing the pupils good observer can sense emotional motions of partner.

Posture

Speaks about your current state, mood.

Man in depression is out of hart and body.

Beware of descending your head to the side. It evokes feeling that you are either insure or servile.

Head can be turned to the side when hearing but not when speaking.

Relevance of your nessage heghtens whne you will be turned straight to your partner, stand or sit in the proper distance, be gently

bend and hold head up.

Posture when sitting

Deflection backwards from the backrest = vacillation, mistrust or even aversion

A tilt forwards = effort to communicate, interest

Interpretaion (commentary) of nonverbal signals is nessesary to maintain without simplification in the whole context of situation.Somebody has hands behind back not because he is hiding his plans but because he may stand for a long time and he has a backache.

If verbal and nonverbal expression don´t fit together we can recognize the speaker lies (the expression is not truswothy).

Proxemic

Interpersonal zones

Keyhole zone – 15-20 cm

Personal zone – 50-150 cm

Social zone – 1,5-3,5 m

Public zone – more then3,5 m

Haptic

One of the most common social touches is handshaking. It is of great importance in social contact.

Beware of tapping, claping on the back of communication partner, it wouln´t need to be pleasant to him.

Touches anywhere else than from shoulder to elbow can partner in communication sense as sexual undermeaning.

This is not always pleasant to the other.

Mistakes in perception and evaluation of the others

Hallo effect

First impression

Effect of anchorage

Influence of folk traditions

Current state of observer

Private personal theory

Influence of estetic stereotype

Influence of enviroment, where the appreciation proceeds

Preconception – ethnic, racial, etc.

Mistakes of lenity and severity – tendention to averaging

Factors, that affect our fruitfulness when judging other people

• ability to perceive, to think and to react accurate and well,

• social perceiving and empathy

• experiencies

• realism in selfwiew and in wiew on the others

• knowledge about personal structure and contexture of it´s influence

• knowledge of observing methods including their stable places

• knowledge of psychologist terminology

• knowledge of principles of social psychology

• ability to connect functional approaches and acting with psychological

knowledge

COMMUNICATION THROUGH DEEDSCOMMUNICATION THROUGH DEEDS

Communication through the deed includes not only specific deeds, but all that has got clear value impact or relationship to

behaving of one or the another communication partner.

Sometimes we use communication better in clear form, with out verbal part of communication if possible.

BibliographyBibliography

ADLER, A. Umění rozumět. Praha, Práh 1993.ADLER, A. Umění rozumět. Praha, Práh 1993.BERNE, E. Jak si lidé hrají. Dialog, 1992.BERNE, E. Jak si lidé hrají. Dialog, 1992.CARNEGIE, D. Jak získávat přátele a působit na lidi. Bradlo, CARNEGIE, D. Jak získávat přátele a působit na lidi. Bradlo, Bratislava 1991.Bratislava 1991.Hála,J., Soudková,P. Jak mluví čeští vězni.Příloha Českého Hála,J., Soudková,P. Jak mluví čeští vězni.Příloha Českého vězeňství č.4/2002vězeňství č.4/2002KŘIVOHLAVÝ, J. Jak si navzájem lépe porozumíme. KŘIVOHLAVÝ, J. Jak si navzájem lépe porozumíme. Svoboda, Praha 1988.Svoboda, Praha 1988.KŘIVOHLAVÝ, J. Povídej naslouchám. Návrat, Praha 1993.KŘIVOHLAVÝ, J. Povídej naslouchám. Návrat, Praha 1993.PLAŇAVA, I. Jak to spolu mluvíme. Brno, FF MU 1992.PLAŇAVA, I. Jak to spolu mluvíme. Brno, FF MU 1992.

BibliographyBibliographyBurgoon, J. K., Buller, D. B.,Woodall, W. G.: Burgoon, J. K., Buller, D. B.,Woodall, W. G.: Nonverbal Nonverbal

communication: the unspoken dialogue.communication: the unspoken dialogue. New York, Harper New York, Harper & Row 1989.& Row 1989.

Cherry, C.: Cherry, C.: On Human Communication (2nd ed.).On Human Communication (2nd ed.). Massachusetts, The M.I.T. Press 1970.Massachusetts, The M.I.T. Press 1970.

DeVito, J. A.: DeVito, J. A.: Messages: Building interpersonal Messages: Building interpersonal communication skills (4th ed.)communication skills (4th ed.),.NY: Longman 1999.,.NY: Longman 1999.

Fischer, B.A.: Fischer, B.A.: Perspecitives on Human CommunicationPerspecitives on Human Communication. . London, McMillan Publ. Co. 1987.London, McMillan Publ. Co. 1987.

Gibbon, J.W., Hanna, M.SGibbon, J.W., Hanna, M.S.: Introduction to human .: Introduction to human communicationcommunication. USA, WBC Wm. C. Brown Publisher 1992.. USA, WBC Wm. C. Brown Publisher 1992.

Griffin, E. M.: Griffin, E. M.: A first look at communication theory (2nd A first look at communication theory (2nd ed.).ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill 1994. NY: McGraw-Hill 1994.

Hartley, P.: Hartley, P.: Interpersonal Communication (2nd.ed).Interpersonal Communication (2nd.ed). London London – N. York, Routledge 1999.– N. York, Routledge 1999.

Knapp, M. L., Miller, G. R., Fudge, K.: Knapp, M. L., Miller, G. R., Fudge, K.: Handbook of Handbook of interpersonal communication interpersonal communication

(2nd Ed.).(2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 1994. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 1994. Littlejohn, S. J.: Littlejohn, S. J.: Theories of human communication (6th Theories of human communication (6th

ed.).ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth 1998. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth 1998.

Model situationModel situation

Through personal experience it is possible to sample:

Ability of practical analysis of different communications (through work with text and practical simulated situations).

Importance of training

To learn in the terms of personal experience to understand reactions of the other person, to forsee them and to influence them by adecvate nonagressive communication

To be able to recognize possible sources of social conflicts that rise from incorrect identification of formal or informal social roles.

To evidence ability of prepearing of model situation and it´s elaboration as a sign of ability to applicate theoretical kowledge along with obsreving and evaluation of signals verbal and nonverbal communication

DISCUSSION

Try to find differencies in possibilities of communication unapprehended and in prison.

Then try to describe an influence of these differencies on quality of life and mental condition of prisoner.

What do you imagine under active hearing and what is it´s importance for prisoners.

SummarySummary

Aim of this educational module:

To explain hearers with the fact, how prison enivroment influents ways of communication, to test practically impact of choice of unsuitable

communication strathegy and our following reactions in concrete saituation, to learn about transactional analysis in connection with communication, to

find out a level of communication and creative abilities of hearers.

To be able to react sensitively on the signals of verbal and nonverbal communication and to choose such a communication instrumentsso as to

eliminate as much as possible a danger of inception of agressive acting from the side of prisoned persons.