Communicate With Your Dog

7/27/2019 Communicate With Your Dog

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Spend some time just watchingyour dog.

How to Communicate With Your Dog

Whether you have a new canine companion or you andyour dog have been together for a while, it's helpful to

know the meaning of your dog's communication methodsso that you can adjust your own behavior as needed andso that you can be assured of your dog's feelings. Dogsmake vocalizations and gestures using their face and bodyjust as humans do, in order to express their feelings. And

while some of these gestures can appear very similar toour own, they can have very different meanings. In this

article, you'll learn a range of interpretations for your dog'smessaging and you'll learn how to communicate effectively

with your canine pal.

Spend some time just watching your dog.Learning your dog's habits, mannerisms, andmovements through observation will allow theprocess of understanding its behavior to feel morenatural and there will be plenty of things it does thatwill make sense to you without explanation. Just asevery person is unique, so is your dog, andknowing its particular way of being is somethingthat only you can understand fully.

Be aware that much of a dog's language or communication skills are subtle.

The importance of learning canine language resides in the fact that you will be able torespond to any problems it expresses before they become more marked. Not noticingsmall signs of stress or unhappiness can soon lean to more aggressive or distressedbehaviors.

Remember that this is a two-way learning process. Dogs have to learn our behavioralcues as well, and knowing this is just as important because it will affect how you

Steps

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Start by understanding the value odog eye contact.

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Look at your dog's posture.

Confident stance: A dog that isfeeling confident will stand tall, have itstail up and probably wagging slowly, itsears will either be pricked up orrelaxed, and it will generally lookrelaxed.

respond to your dog, causing you to be more careful about your own gestures andposture.

Note that a dog's ability to signal may be hampered by the breed in question, forexample, if a dog has squat ears, a docked tail, etc.

Start by understanding the value of dog eyecontact. Consider how you feel when someonestares at you directly rather than uses normal eyecontact standards. Just as you find it confronting,dogs also feel confused and threatened by directhead-on staring because it is a threat stance forthem. A dog that looks away in this situation isactually being polite (or submissive) and is seekingto avoid confrontation.

Look at your dog's posture. The ways in which adog holds its body can tell you a great deal aboutits mood and emotions. Many of the signals will besubtle and it can take some time to learn all of itsexpressions but it is well worth the effort. Here aresome of the most common positions to know:

Confident stance: A dog that is feelingconfident will stand tall, have its tail up andprobably wagging slowly, its ears will eitherbe pricked up or relaxed, and it will generallylook relaxed. Its eyes will have smaller pupilsas they are also relaxed.

Bowing: Facing you and with head and chest dipped low to the ground to the ground,front legs splayed out, and with rear end and tail up is a clear invitation to play. This isknown as the "play bow". It can be mistaken by owners as an attack stance but it

clearly denotes playtime.

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Bowing: Facing you and with headand chest dipped low to the ground tothe ground, front legs splayed out, andwith rear end and tail up is a clearinvitation to play.

German Shepherds are renownedfor this trait

Rolling over: This action exposesthe dog's underbelly and is a gesturethat shows respect for authority.

Hip swings: Hip swings or nudges areanother sign of play.This involves the dogswinging around another dog and knockingthem to the ground using the backside (theend of the dog without teeth!). When thedog's rear is presented to you, it is anindication of trust and depending on your dog,it might mean your dog wants a scratch.Wiggling its rear end is a sign of excitementand friendliness.

Rolling over: This action exposes the dog'sunderbelly and is a gesture that showsrespect for authority. Giving a belly rubserves as excellent reinforcement for thisbehavior. This action can also indicatepassive resistance, resisting a threat in apassive and indirect manner, using feet topush away the problem (such as an ownerclipping nails); in this case, if it is you it isdirecting the passive resistance at, it is likelyto resort to finding a number of playdistracting behaviors to get you to dosomething else!

Pacing: Pacing can mean excitement, nervousness, or boredom (from a lack of

exercise or things to play with).

Raised hackles: This refers to the strip of fur running down the middle of the dog'sback. When it is raised, it can be a sign that the dog feels threatened and is trying to

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One of the signs of a pacing dogmay be a well worn path

Frightened or insecure: The dog willcower or crouch down.

Suddenly freezes in themiddle of action: This meansthat your dog isn't feeling sureof itself and would rather be leftalone, or is preparing for anattack.

make itself appear larger than normal. It isnot necessarily an aggressive stance but oneof "high alert", making itself ready forwhatever may come next. A scared dog canbite, so be extremely careful around a dograising its hackles.

Frightened or insecure: The dog will cower orcrouch down. A slight crouch will denotesubmissiveness or nervousness. Anotherresponse can be an arched back, slightly

bent legs, and the tail down (but not tuckedunder), and looking at what is concerning it.

Suddenly freezes in the middle of action: This

means that your dog isn't feeling sure of itself andwould rather be left alone, or is preparing for anattack. This is commonplace when a dog isholding a bone; don't get between the dog and itsbone!

Aggressive or threatened: The dog will lean forward and appear rigid. This occurs inresponse to what the dog perceives as a threat or a challenge. The tail will usually be

tucked down or under, wagging in a quick and frantic manner. The whites of theeyes will likely show as the dog turns away to look.

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Aggressive or threatened:The dog will lean forward andappear rigid.

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Look at your dog's gesture

Uncertainty or puzzlement: This cabe expressed in a number of ways,such as raising one paw, keeping mostof the body away from the person,animal or object creating uncertainty,

and backing away.

Look at your dog's gestures. Just as with people,certain gestures are clear signals that can be interpretedand understood. Some of the more common onesinclude:

Uncertainty or puzzlement: This can beexpressed in a number of ways, such as

raising one paw, keeping most of the bodyaway from the person, animal or objectcreating uncertainty, and backing away. If thehead is tilted to one side, this means that thedog is listening, or is uncertain and puzzledand is awaiting more information.

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Mounting: Mounting (orhumping) can be a sign of

stress in a dog, especiallywhere a low-confidence dog istrying to establish allegiancewith a higher-confidence animal

Raised paw touching knee or otherpart of person: The kneadingassociated with obtaining mother's milkas a pup turns into a pacifying gesture.

Dominance: This can beestablished in a number of ways,including placing their head or chin, ora paw, on the back neck or shoulders

of another dog.

Mounting: Mounting (or humping) can be a sign ofstress in a dog, especially where a low-confidencedog is trying to establish allegiance with a higher-confidence animal. Mounting is difficult forowners because it can be used as a dominancegesture, seeking to be more dominant in the packthan another person. Care should be taken wheninterpreting this gesture and the standard trainingapproaches to prevent a dog from jumping up canbe applied.

Raised paw touching knee or other part ofperson: The kneading associated withobtaining mother's milk as a pup turns into apacifying gesture. As time goes on, theraised paw becomes a way for the dog to getattention when it wants it from a human, tomake a request or ask for something, or toindicate a wish to play with other dogs.Pawing at the air is often used by puppies asan invitation to play. You can interpret theraising of a paw as similar to that of offering ahand for a handshake it's about connectingand friendship.

Dominance: This can be established in anumber of ways, including placing their heador chin, or a paw, on the back neck orshoulders of another dog. This may beaccompanied by staring and standing tall orstanding over another dog.

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Shaking the head and shoulders:This signals an end to an activity, suchas resting, playing, or training.

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Check the tail signals.

Upright tail: This indicatesconfidence, assertiveness, or highexcitement.

Tail in neutral (level with body orslightly lower: This indicates a relaxeddog, feeling secure and friendly.

Shaking the head and shoulders: This signalsan end to an activity, such as resting, playing,or training. It can also signal the end of acertain level of tension, such as being alert toa threat or an anticipated event that doesn'toccur.

Check the tail signals. While adorable, given thatwe don't come equipped with tails, it can be a littleharder for us to understand tail gestures withoutfurther understanding of the behavioral meaningbehind tail wagging. The tail can convey some veryimportant information to the astute watcher and it'simportant to bear in mind that this doesn't alwaysmean happiness! Here are some common tailsignals:

Upright tail: This indicates confidence,assertiveness, or high excitement. It canalso be seen as an "alpha" dog positionaround other dogs.

Tail in neutral (level with body or slightlylower: This indicates a relaxed dog, feelingsecure and friendly.

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Tail lowered or tuckedbetween legs: This showsanxiety, fear, and uncertainty.

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Well, most dogs can usetheir ears...

Tail lowered or tucked between legs: This showsanxiety, fear, and uncertainty. Wagging canstill occur in this situation, which can lead to themisunderstanding that the dog is happy. Thisposition can also indicate a need for reassurance orprotection.

[[Image:A swing..and a miss.jpg|right|220px|thumb|Fierce wag and tail up: This canindicate that the dog is feeling mischievous and inclined to bother and annoy you or afellow canine! It could also signal swatting away another animal.

Slight wag: This indicates that the dog is relaxed but alert and is anticipating, ready toplay.

Slow wag, tail slightly lowered: This can indicate that the dog is confused and isasking for an explanation, or is investigating a non-threat (curiosity).

Slight trembling of the tail, erect: This means that there is a challenge and the dog is

displaying dominant behavior.

Rapid wagging, tail in low position: The dog is submissive.

Slightly lowered tail, and still: This indicates that the dog is alert and watching. If thetail is lowered and is barely moving, it can also indicate insecurity.

If there is slight movement with a low tail, this can indicate that the dog is either sad ornot feeling well.

Look at your dog's ears. While we're not able to do

much with our own ears, a dog's ears can be incrediblyexpressive.

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Ears pricked forward or straight up:This can indicate that the dog is fullyengaged in play, hunting, orconcentration.

Ears flattened: Ears that sit againstthe dog's head indicate that the dogfeels afraid or threatened.

Ears part way back but notflattened: This indicated unhappiness,anxiety, or uncertainty.

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Ears pricked forward or straight up: This canindicate that the dog is fully engaged in play,hunting, or concentration. It's a sign of payingattention. This ear position can alsoindicate curiosity and can express the intentto do something, as the dog is turning tocatch sounds. It is an obvious ear position inthe early stage of a chase.

Ears flattened: Ears that sit against the dog'shead indicate that the dog feels afraid orthreatened. Ears that are forward but close tothe head can also indicate aggression.

Ears part way back but not flattened: Thisindicated unhappiness, anxiety, oruncertainty.

Learn about your dog's eye signals. A dog's eyes express as much as human eyes do,and just as you learn to interpret people's eye signals, you can also learn to interpret yourdog's. Here are some of the more common eye signals:

Eyes wide open: This means that your dog is feeling alert, playful, and ready.

Staring: As noted earlier, this is dominant, challenging behavior.

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Learn about your dog's eye signal

Eyes wide open: This means thatyour dog is feeling alert, playful, andready.

Staring: As noted earlier, this isdominant, challenging behavior.

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Avoiding eye contact: This can be a form ofpoliteness (in human speak) or of deference orsubmission (in dog speak).

Blinking or winking: Your dog is being playful.

Narrowed eyes: This can indicate that your dog is feeling aggressive and is preparingto attack. This gesture may be accompanied by staring.

Watch your dog's face. Facial expressions do exist ondogs and they are quite specific. As part of interpretingyour dog's gestures and behavior, understanding thefacial expressions is crucial:

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Avoiding eye contact: This can be aform of politeness (in human speak) orof deference or submission (in dogspeak).

Blinking or winking: Your dog isbeing playful.

Watch your dog's face.

Smile: If may be hard to spot a smile from a snarl, but check the entire body language.If everything else adds up to a happy dog, then your dog is smiling, and this means it'shappy and relaxed, as with humans.

Yawn: Yawning is very dependent on the context, just as it is with us (such asbecause we're tired, need more oxygen, we're feeling stressed or embarrassed, or we

notice someone else yawning). For dogs, yawning appears to be contagious just as itis with humans. Indeed, if you yawn in front of your dog, it may interpret it either asyou being stressed (in which case, it will likely turn away from you to give you somespace), or it will respond in kind and yawn too. Dogs also yawn as a way to ease

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Smile: If may be hard to spot asmile from a snarl, but check the entirebody language.

Yawn: Yawning is very dependenton the context, just as it is with us(such as because we're tired, needmore oxygen, we're feeling stressed or

embarrassed, or we notice someoneelse yawning).

Mouth: A dog that has its mouthstretched back, closed or just slightlyopen, is showing that it is verystressed, in fear, or in pain.

tension, to show confusion or when they feelslightly threatened especially when meetingnew situations or new dogs or animals.

Mouth: A dog that has its mouth stretchedback, closed or just slightly open, is showingthat it is very stressed, in fear, or in pain.This may be accompanied by rapid panting. Ifits mouth is stretched back and open, it is anneutral or submissive sign. A dog that is alertand content will have its mouth closed orslightly open, with the teeth covered.

Lip licking: If your dog licks its lips in combination with a yawn, this can be a clearindication that it is feeling stressed, under pressure, or facing a threat. It's acommonplace gesture shown by puppies around adults, again deriving from suckling

behavior. If puppies continue this behavior into adulthood, their constant licking willannoy both people and other dogs alike. And for mature dogs, licking can also be partof the dog's sexual behavior as it finds chemical signals on grass, carpet, and the

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Lip licking: If your dog licks its lipsin combination with a yawn, this can bea clear indication that it is feelingstressed, under pressure, or facing athreat.

Bared teeth: This is a signal ofaggression and an intention to use theteeth for biting.

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Listen to your dog.

genitals of other dogs. A dog that is lickinganother dog's lips is showing deferringbehavior.

Bared teeth: This is a signal of aggressionand an intention to use the teeth for biting.This doesn't mean that every flash of teethmeans aggression though, and you must takecare to note the other elements. If the teethare bared and there is no wrinkling of themuzzle, this is a warning and a sign ofdominance and territorial defensiveness. Ifthe lips are curled, the teeth are bared, the

muzzle is wrinkled, and the dog is snarling,this indicates that the dog is angry and readyto fight, and there is every chance that it willbite.

Listen to your dog. Barks, growls, yelps, andhowls all carry their own unique languageindicators that can take time to learn but are alsoan important part of understanding your dog's

overall behavior. Many people think a bark is abark is a bark. As you begin to really listen you willhear very distinct differences:

Learn to differentiate your dog's barks:

Loud, high pitched, rapid bark: This is both aggressive and territorial.

Guttural or short, frequent, alert bark: This type of bark is aimed at warning thepack (wolf or human) of potential danger. It may be accompanied by a snarl, orgrowls.

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Learn to differentiate your dog'sbarks:.

Learn to differentiate growls.

Crisp, short bark: This is a form ofgreeting from your dog.

High pitched bark: This is often heard when your dog is being playful. A short,high bark is a sign of friendliness, and may be accompanied by whimpering oryapping.

High pitched, sharp yelp: This is an indication that your dog is in pain.

Low pitched, single or spaced out bark: This is another warning to back off.

Learn to differentiate growls. Be aware thatplay growls are common during play so not allgrowls are to be viewed as aggressive orworried, but still be careful because a dogthat has become too boisterous and carriedaway in play may still snap at a human whointervenes or gets too close.

Low, quiet growl: This indicates that you need to back off. It is a sign ofassertiveness in a dominant dog.

Low growl ending with short bark: This is the sound made when your dog isresponding to threat. It can be a prelude to a snap.

Medium growl, leading to or combined with bark: This type of growl indicates thatyour dog feels nervous, and possibly aggressive.

Low murmuring grumble: This is a lovely sign of contentment. Soft growling isgenerally play growling; assess it by taking in the context and the generalstance of your dog. It will often be accompanied by excited barking.

Low sustained growl or 'woofing': This noise is an indication that your dog isfeeling either anxious or suspicious.

Learn to differentiate howls:

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Sometimes it's singing...

Learn to differentiate whines andwhimpers:.

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Understand pack order.

Long, sustained howl: separation, loneliness

Short, howl with rising pitch: This noise indicates that your dog is happy and/orexcited.

Baying: This is a hunting signal.Siren: This is a response to another howl or a sustained noise.

Learn to differentiate whines and whimpers:

Short whines accompanied by short barks: This indicates that your dog is eager,curious, and excited.

Short whimpers: This demonstrates fear or anxiety.

Low pitched whine: This indicates that your dog is mildly anxious or submissive.

Persistent high pitched whine: This is a plea for attention, or reflects intenseanxiety, or severe pain.

Note that a lack of barking or other dog noises can indicate a predatory state, aimed anot alerting the prey. This may also be accompanied by sniffing the air, keeping low,remaining rigid, ears flicking forward and backward to catch sounds, mouth closed aneyes wide open. Equally, no noise can indicate a submissive dog seeking approval.

Understand pack order. Dogs are pack animals,genetically programed to follow the hierarchy of thepack; their behavior and communication is basedon their "perceived" position in the pack. The GreekAlphabet is used to designate the positions held inthe pack. The more dogs you have, the more thisbehavior is emphasized. Many of the gestures orpostures that dogs use are related to pack orderand they are often mistaken for meaning otherthings. When you understand the gestures asdominant, submissive, or challenging behaviors,

you will then be able to understand your dog betterand can respond accordingly.

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You think I'd dress like this if I hadany say in it?

Alpha is the leader. This should be you, but look for indications that the dog may thinkshe is.

Other dogs will fall into next positionsBeta, Gamma, Delta and so forth until the mostsubmissive is Omega. If you have more than one dog you may see differentdominance, submission, challenging behaviors in their play and everyday habits. It istheir nature to try to move up in the pack order as well as strive to maintain their own

position, so you may notice challenging behaviors at times, even though there is aclear pack order.

Watch your own language and messaging.Dogs understand your language but it's on theirterms, and through their eyes, although recentresearch does suggest that dogs may have theability to understand some of our language. It'svery important to understand how you appear toyour dog and how some of your gestures may becausing your dog distress, fear, or worry, even

though you're completely unaware of this. Alwaysbe aware that your dog is watching you, learning,and seeking to predict your routine, habits, andpreferences. This is why dogs are so good atpredicting what we're about to do; they pick up onour subtle body changes and are able to use theseto predict our leaving, the arrival of visitors, andeven epileptic seizures. It's also how dogs learn that bared teeth in humans is no worry,and that our loud emanations such as sneezing and coughing are of no concern! Some ofthe common messaging that we can portray to our dogs includes:

Withdrawal of our gaze and our arms at the same time. This informs our dog that wehave decided not to touch it anymore and this results in her responding negatively.

Staring at our dog. This is viewed as a threat by our dog; some trainers believed thatdog looking away was a sign of disobedience but it is better understood now as beingone of politeness or submission.

Seeing the signs of fear on a dog as guilt and reacting as if a dog deservespunishment. This only serves to increase a dog's sense of fear and does nothing toinstill better behavior from our perspective.

Patting dogs on the head. Quite a number of dogs do not like being patted directly onthe head and this is something a dog usually needs to learn to tolerate. As such, itis never advisable to pat a strange dog on the head until you're more familiar with it. Inturn, if you live in an urban environment where people are likely to want to do this,early training (with treats) to help your dog tolerate head patting is essential.

Our own yawning, as noted earlier, can indicate to your dog that you're distressed andcause it to move away from you. It can be a good idea to cover your yawn around it ifit responds negatively.

Hugging and cuddling. Dogs are cute, adorable, and very hug-worthy. The problem isthat nature has programmed the dog to believe that being held in close proximitymeans one of two things: one, that it is trapped as prey, or two, that it is beingmounted. Since neither of these actions brings on happy responses, a dog that isnot used to frequent cuddling and hugging may respond by fleeing, wriggling, andsnapping. If this is the case with your dog, be patient and take a gradual approach togetting it used to your loving embrace. Ensure that children who hug dogs alwayskeep their faces away from the dog, and monitor the dog's reaction so that you canintervene quickly if needed.

Instilling a sense of isolation. Dogs are social animals and need contact. The firstnights of having a puppy in the home are a time when you need to dispense with your

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usual distancing from the dog; try to stay near the puppy (such as having its crate inyour room), and then gradually moving it to where it will sleep permanently. This willreassure it that all is well. Do not share your bed with it unless you want this tobecome an ingrained, permanent habit. Doing this creates a permanent expectation inyour puppy's mind.

Shouting at your dog and/or gesticulating wildly or shaking "weapons" like thebroomstick at your dog. This is crazy behavior and does nothing to change your dog's

behavior but can certainly upset an already insecure and fearful dog even more (tryseeing it from the dog's eye view not pretty). Spare your energy and stay calm.Always abide by the rule of making the minimum of fuss (also a good rule to have inplace with children).

This video shows a number of dog communications, alongwith "calming" signals that you can use to reduce tensionand stress for dogs.

Video

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Take time to learn about your own dog's messaging. As a unique individual, while much of whatis written here will be applicable, your dog will also display her own forms of messaging and it isthrough spending time with your dog that you will get to know her best.

If your dog lives in a apartment or doesn't have a yard to go potty off lead , start training the dogto go pee or poo on "command" . This is helpful in poor weather conditions, or busy mornings.teaching the dog to ring a bell hanging from the doorknob is helpful . Remember alsomovement helps make a bowel movement & a tired dog is a good dog.

It is important to note your dog's behavior around other species than humans and other dogs.When introducing other pets into the house, such as cats and rabbits, your dog's reactions arean important indicator as to the success or otherwise of the introduction and being ready tointervene quickly if things get out of hand can mean the safety of either animal is assured.Gradual introductions, careful supervision, and patience all tend to be required whenintroducing a new pet around a dog that has already established her place.

There are many more subtle signs that dogs use to show their anxiety, stress, interest, or othermoods. Get to know these signs to help you predict a dog's reactions.

Remember, every dog is different. If your dogs personality is passive, you may have passiveinstead of the neutral results that are stated here. Aggressive dogs will obviously actaggressively, but may be more passive. Every reaction can be different.

As clarified in the article's steps, be aware that a wagging tail does not necessarily mean thatthe dog is friendly or happy. Dogs can wag their tails for many reasons (just as humans cansmile or show their teeth for many reasons). If you're not familiar with the dog, always look forother signs that may suggest she is not in the mood for handling or that a swift retreat is inorder.

Do not force your dog into doing anything, and do not communicate with it in a way that couldcome off harmful or offensive.

Note! Any whine or whimper can mean pain or injury. Do not ignore any sustained whining orwhimpering if the cause is not known. Give your dog a thorough check over, and if you stillcannot find anything wrong and she continues to voice her unhappiness, see a vet immediately.

Training equipmentTime to observe your dog and to play together

Notebook for recording observations (optional)

Tips

Warnings

Things You'll Need

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How to Teach Your Dog to Sit with a Clicker

How to Give Your Dog Basic Training

How to Travel Safely with Your Dog in the Car

How to Train Your Dog to Walk or Heel Without a Choke Chain

How to Make Healthy Dog Treats

How to Teach Your Dog to Drop It

Sarah Whitehead, The City Dog: The Essential Guide for the Urban Owner, pp. 26-27,(2008), ISBN 978-0-600-61724-2

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Stacy Braslau-Schneck, Talking Dog: Body Language,http://www.wagntrain.com/BodyLanguage.htm

2.

Sarah Whitehead, The City Dog: The Essential Guide for the Urban Owner, p. 30, (2008),ISBN 978-0-600-61724-2

3.

Sarah Whitehead, The City Dog: The Essential Guide for the Urban Owner, p. 30, (2008),

ISBN 978-0-600-61724-2

4.

Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language, facial expressions, andvocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html

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See Fido, How to speak dog language, http://www.seefido.com/html/dog_language.htm8.


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Related wikiHows

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See Fido, How to speak dog language, http://www .]]Fierce wag and tail up: This canindicate that the dog is feeling mischievous and inclined to bother and annoy you or a fellowcanine!See Fido, How to speak dog language,http://www.seefido.com/html/dog_language.htm [[#_ref-22|]] See Fido,How to speak dog language, http://www.seefido.com/html/dog_language.htm [[#_ref-23|]] Stacy Braslau-Schneck, Talking Dog: Body Language,http://www.wagntrain.com/BodyLanguage.htm [[#_ref-24|]] Paws AcrossAmerica, How to interpret your dog's body language, facial expressions, and vocalizations,http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-25|]] PawsAcross America, How to interpret your dog's body language, facial expressions, andvocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-26|]] Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language, facial expressions,

and vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-27|]] Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language, facialexpressions, and vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-28|]] Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language,facial expressions, and vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-29|]] Sarah Whitehead, ''The City Dog: The Essential Guide for theUrban Owner'', p. 32, (2008), ISBN 978-0-600-61724-2 [[#_ref-30|]]Sarah Whitehead, ''The City Dog: The Essential Guide for the Urban Owner'', p. 32, (2008),ISBN 978-0-600-61724-2 [[#_ref-31|]] Paws Across America, How tointerpret your dog's body language, facial expressions, and vocalizations,http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-32|]] PawsAcross America, How to interpret your dog's body language, facial expressions, and

vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-33|]] Sarah Whitehead, ''The City Dog: The Essential Guide for the Urban Owner'', p. 32,(2008), ISBN 978-0-600-61724-2 [[#_ref-34|]] Sarah Whitehead, ''TheCity Dog: The Essential Guide for the Urban Owner'', p. 32, (2008), ISBN 978-0-600-61724-2 [[#_ref-35|]] Stacy Braslau-Schneck, Talking Dog: Body Language,http://www.wagntrain.com/BodyLanguage.htm [[#_ref-36|]] See Fido,How to speak dog language, http://www.seefido.com/html/dog_language.htm [[#_ref-37|]] Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language, facialexpressions, and vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-38|]] Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language,facial expressions, and vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-39|]] Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language,facial expressions, and vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-40|]] Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language,facial expressions, and vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-41|]] Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language,facial expressions, and vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-42|]] Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language,facial expressions, and vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-43|]] Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language,facial expressions, and vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-44|]] Paws Across America, How to interpret your dog's body language,facial expressions, and vocalizations, http://www.pawsacrossamerica.com/interpret.html [[#_ref-45|]] Wired, Dogs Understand Human Language,http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2004/06/63792 [[#_ref-46|]] Sarah Whitehead, ''The City Dog: The Essential Guide for the Urban Owner'', p. 26,(2008), ISBN 978-0-600-61724-2 [[#_ref-47|]] Jo Navarro and MarvinKarlins, ''What Every Body is Saying'', p. 118, (2008), ISBN 978-006-1438-295 [[#_ref-48|]] Sarah Whitehead, ''The City Dog: The Essential Guide for the

22.

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Urban Owner'', p. 27, (2008), ISBN 978-0-600-61724-2 [[#_ref-49|]]Sarah Whitehead, ''The City Dog: The Essential Guide for the Urban Owner'', p. 29, (2008),ISBN 978-0-600-61724-2 [[#_ref-50|]] Sarah Whitehead, ''The City Dog:The Essential Guide for the Urban Owner'', p. 34, (2008), ISBN 978-0-600-61724-2

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