Communicable andChronic Diseases

We need real people

from the community

to get out there and

say, You know, I

was able to conquer

this. I was able to

do something

about it, and so

can you.

Dr. Amelie G. Ramirez,a behavioral research expert

and a member of theSusan G. Komen Breast Cancer

Foundations National Hispanic/Latino Advisory Council, speaking about breast cancer

Smoking and HealthResearch In 1964, the Surgeon General released the first report onthe health consequences of smoking. Since then, other reports haveincluded information about specific groups of people and smoking.Research Surgeon General reports on child and teen smoking, andpresent the results of your research to the class.

TEST YOUR DISEASE IQTrue or False?

1. Allergies are contagious.

FALSE: Unlike the common cold,you cannot catch allergies fromanother person. However, the symp-toms are quite similar to those ofthe common cold.

2. Cardiovascular disease kills morepeople than cancer each year.

TRUE: Cardiovascular diseases(CVD), such as heart disease andstroke, are the number one andnumber three leading causes ofdeath in the United States.

3. Diabetes is an old personsdisease.

FALSE: Type II diabetes, which usedto be considered an adult disease,now affects many teenagers.A sedentary lifestyle, along with ahigh-fat diet, are considered themain reasons why teenagers aremore at risk for developing diabetes.

482 UNIT 8 Communicable and Chronic Diseases

LESSON 44Avoiding Communicable Diseases

LESSON 45Dealing with Respiratory Diseases,

Asthma, and Allergies

LESSON 46Reducing the Risk of STDs and HIV

Courtesy Amelie G. Ramirez, DrPH

Visit www.glencoe.com to find regularly updated statistics on the flu.Using the information provided, research the answer to this question: Howmany Americans contracted the flu last year?

Visit www.glencoe.com to use , an inter-active tool that helps you determine your health status.

LESSON 47Reducing the Risk of

Cardiovascular Diseases

LESSON 48Managing Chronic Health Conditions

LESSON 49Reducing the Risk of Cancer

UNIT 8 Communicable and Chronic Diseases 483

WHATS YOUR VERDICT?To evaluate this advertisement, use the criteria for analyzing and evaluating healthmessages delivered through media and technology that you learned in Unit 1.

EVALUATING MEDIA MESSAGES

Roy Morsch/CORBIS

http://www.glencoe.comhttp://www.glencoe.com

I will choose behaviors that reduce my risk ofinfection with communicable diseases.

I will be aware of immunizations that protect health.

Most teens have a few colds a year. Colds are caused by a virus,one of several pathogens that can cause disease. In this lesson,you will learn about communicable diseases.

Avoiding Communicable Diseases

What Youll Learn1. Explain how the immune

system responds when apathogen enters the body.(p. 485)

2. Discuss ways to develop activeand passive immunity. (p. 485)

3. Identify types of pathogensthat cause disease, and giveexamples of the types ofdiseases caused by the typesof pathogens. (p. 487)

4. Discuss ways pathogens arespread. (p. 488)

5. Analyze strategies to preventinfection with communicablediseases. (p. 488)

Why Its ImportantDiseases affect people of all ages,races, and genders. Many of thesediseases can be prevented whenthe facts about these diseases areknown.

Key Terms lymphocytes B cell antibody helper T cell macrophage vaccine pathogen bacteria fungi protozoa

MAK 1

Writing About Containing Pathogens Suppose you are workingoutdoors in a garden. You come into your home for lunch, and asandwich is waiting for you. You are hungry and want to eat itimmediately. After reading the information on containing pathogens onpage 488, write an entry in your health journal about how you couldavoid becoming infected with pathogens.

484 UNIT 8 Communicable and Chronic Diseases

44

LESSON 44 Avoiding Communicable Diseases 485SPL/Photo Researchers

The system that removes harmful organisms from the blood and com-

bats pathogens is the immune system. The immune system is composed

of body organs, tissues, cells, and chemicals. Unbroken skin acts as a barrier to

prevent pathogens from entering the body. Tears, perspiration, saliva, and oils on skin kill

many pathogens. Mucus and hairs that line the inside of the nose also trap and destroy

pathogens. Other pathogens that are swallowed are destroyed by stomach acids.

Protection Inside the BodyThe immune system White blood cellsthat help the body fight pathogensare When a pathogenenters the body, lymphocytes multi-ply in lymph tissue to fight infection.Two types of lymphocytes are B cellsand helper T cells. A is a whiteblood cell that produces antibodies.An is a special protein thathelps fight infection. A is a white blood cell that signals Bcells to produce antibodies.

Soon after a pathogen invades thebody, helper T cells send signals to B cells to produce antibodies. Bcells enter the lymph nodes and otherlymph tissues. Antibodies then travelthrough the blood to destroy thepathogen. Antibodies can makepathogens ineffective and sensitiveto macrophages. A (MAkruh fahzh) is a white blood cell thatsurrounds and destroys pathogens.Antibodies attach to pathogens andmake them easier for macrophages todestroy. Destroyed pathogens enterlymph, are filtered in lymph nodes,and removed by the spleen.

Immunity The immune system helpspeople develop immunity. Immunityis defined as the bodys resistance to

disease-causing agents. Resistance todisease due to the presence of anti-bodies is called For example, after a person recoversfrom the chicken pox virus, thechicken pox antibody remains in thebody and protects him or her fromdeveloping chicken pox again.

Active immunity also can resultfrom being given a vaccine. A is a substance containing dead orweakened pathogens that is intro-duced into the body to give immunity.Vaccines are either given by injectionor orally.

Vaccines cause the body to makeantibodies for a specific pathogen. Ifthese pathogens enter the bodyagain, the antibodies destroy them.People should be immunized againstdiphtheria, pertussis (whoopingcough), tetanus, measles, mumps,rubella (German measles), polio, hep-atitis A, hepatitis B, and chicken pox.

Passive immunity is immunitythat results from introducing anti-bodies into a persons bloodstream.The antibodies may be from anotherpersons blood. This type of immu-nity is short-term and is used whenthe risk of developing a disease isimmediate.

vaccine

Active immunity.

macrophage

helper T cellantibody

B cell

lymphocytes.

White Blood Cells Anormal white bloodcell count is 4,000 to10,000 white bloodcells per cubicmillimeter of blood.

Alfred Pasieka/Photo Researchers

486 UNIT 8 Communicable and Chronic Diseases

What do a cold, the chicken pox, and rab

ies have in

common? They are all caused by viruses.

A virus is a

structure that consists of genetic materia

l enclosed in a

protein coat. Viruses are not considered

to be living

organisms because they cannot reproduc

e independ-

ently. Viruses can only reproduce by inva

ding another

cell and taking over that cells organelle

s. In the process

of viral replication, the host cell is destro

yed.

Diseases caused by viruses Viruses, s

uch as the

Ebola virus, polio virus, and the human im

munodeficiency

virus (HIV), are responsible for some of th

e most serious

diseases known to humans. Viruses are s

pread in the

same way as bacteria and other pathoge

nsthrough the

air and water, through handling contamin

ated objects,

and through carriers such as mosquitoes

and ticks.

Viruses can affect the gastrointestinal sy

stems, the respi-

ratory systems, and the nervous systems

of humans and

other animals. Antibiotics, which are use

d to fight bacter-

ial infections, are not effective against vi

ruses.

History of virusesViruses, which are m

icroscopic,

were first defined by scientists in the 193

0s. Early work

on viruses was done using a virus that a

ffects plants, the

tobacco mosaic virus. Viruses are groupe

d together in

families and classified based on characte

ristics, such as

the type of genetic material they have (DN

A or RNA), the

method by which they reproduce, and th

eir shape. Today,

much of the research on viruses focuses

on trying to

develop medications that will be effectiv

e against

viruses such as HIV and the common co

ld.

New viruses Emerging viruses, those t

hat are new or

changing, also are cause for concern in

the scientific and

medical communities. Diseases, such as A

IDS, hantavirus

pulmonary syndrome, and severe acute

respiratory syn-

drome (SARS) are examples of diseases c

aused by

viruses that were previously unrecognize

d until the out-

breaks occurred in 1981, 1993, and 2003

, respectively.

Sometimes, as in the case of HIV, it takes

several years of

research to be able to identify and descr

ibe an unknown

virus. Learning information about a viru

ss structure, how

it is transmitted, and what body systems

it affects can all

help in the development of possible vacci

nes or medica-

tions that fight the virus.

Some viruses have been linked to certain

types of

cancer. There is strong evidence that the

hepatitis B virus

plays a role in the development of liver

cancer. Several

viruses that affect the human immune sy

stems T cells

are known to cause leukemia and lymph

oma. It is esti-

mated that up to 10 percent of cancers a

re induced by

viruses.

Visit www.glencoe.com to resear

ch more infor-

mation about viruses.

What is a prion? What diseases a

re caused by

prions?

Describe research currently being

done in the

development of antiviral medications

.

Choose one virus and research its h

istory. When

was it first identified? What disease

does it cause

in humans, and what are the sympto

ms? In what

area of the world is it most prevalen

t? Write a

report about the virus and present it

to your class.

VIRUSES

This magnification of an influenza v

irus shows the

pink protein coat that allows the vi

rus to attach to

and infect the cells that line the re

spiratory tract.

Color-enhanced TEM Magnification: 2

50 000x

www.glencoe.com

http://www.glencoe.comhttp://www.glencoe.com

(tt)Aaron Haupt, (l)SCIMAT/Photo Researchers, Color-enhanced TEM Magnification: 4 000x, (r)LSHTM/Photo Researchers, Color-enhanced TEM Magnification: 5 700x

Agerm that causes disease is a . An illness caused by

pathogens that can be spread from one living thing to another is a

communicable disease, or infectious disease. Some pathogens

are spread more readily than others. There are many types of pathogens

that cause disease.

What to Know About Types of Pathogens

pathogen

LESSON 44 Avoiding Communicable Diseases 487

Bacteria There are many types ofor single-celled microor-

ganisms. Most bacteria are benefi-cial, but some are known to causedisease. Bacteria cause disease byreleasing toxins, or poisonous sub-stances. Some diseases caused bybacteria are strep throat, tuberculo-sis, tetanus, diphtheria, Lyme dis-ease, syphilis, and gonorrhea.Rickettsia (rih KET see uh) areintracellular parasites that are clas-sified as bacteria. Two diseasescaused by rickettsia are typhus andRocky Mountain spotted fever.

Fungi Another category of pathogenincludes single- or multi-celled para-sitic organisms called fungi.obtain their food from organic

materials, such as plant,animal, or human tissue.Fungi can live on the skin, mucousmembranes, and lungs and cause dis-ease in the process. Some diseasescaused by fungi are athletes foot,ringworm, jock itch, nail infections,and thrush.

Viruses One of the smallest knownpathogens is a When a virusenters a cell, it takes over the cell andcauses it to make more viruses.Newly produced viruses are releasedand take over other cells. In this way,viruses spread rapidly. Some viraldiseases are the common cold,mumps, hepatitis, mononucleosis,chicken pox, and influenza.

Protozoa Tiny, single-celled organismsthat produce toxins that cause diseaseare called Malaria, Africansleeping sickness, and dysentery arediseases caused by protozoa. Ahelminth is a parasitic worm. Peoplecan become infected with helmintheswhen they eat undercooked pork orfish or practice poor hygiene. Somehelminthes, such as tapeworms, pin-worms, and hookworms, can infect the human digestive tract. Other hel-minthes can infect muscle tissue and blood.

protozoa.

virus.

Fungi

bacteria,

Malaria parasiteStreptococcus faeciuumbacteria

Make theConnectionHepatitis For moreinformation abouthepatitis, see page503 in Lesson 46.

Color-enhanced TEM Magnification: 4 000x Color-enhanced TEM Magnification: 5 700x

1. How do vaccinesprevent disease?

2. What are thedifferent types ofpathogens thatcause diseases?

Practicing Healthful Behaviors:Avoiding Spreading Pathogens Follow the tips below to avoid spreading pathogens to keepyourself and your community healthy.

How pathogens are spread Patho-gens may be spread from person toperson through direct contact, shak-ing hands, intimate kissing, sexualintercourse, receiving a transfusion ofthe persons blood, touching ulcers orsores, or handling bodily fluids, suchas blood or urine. They may be spreadthrough the air by coughing or sneez-ing. Contact with contaminatedobjects can spread pathogens. Thisincludes sharing a needle with aninfected person to inject drugs or geta tattoo and using objects such ascombs, toothbrushes, razors, or eatingutensils touched by an infected per-son. Handling or being bitten by aninfected insect or animal also spreadspathogens. Other ways pathogens arespread include contact with contami-nated food and water by drinkinginfected water, eating infected food,undercooking meats and other foods,improperly canning or preparingfoods, and not washing hands afterusing the restroom.

488 UNIT 8 Communicable and Chronic DiseasesPhotodisc/Getty Images

1 If you are going to make ahealth behavior contract,write your name and thedate. Writing the date will help youkeep track of your start date.4

Write specific statements

that

describe how this healthfu

l

behavior reduces health r

isks.

Avoid crowded places, such a

s work, school,

or sports events, if you are no

t feeling well

and encourage others who ar

e ill to do the

same. Cover your mouth when

you cough

or sneeze.

2Write the hea

lthful behaviors you

want to practice as health

goals.

Always wash your hands for 10

20

seconds with soap and water a

fter you use the

restroom; blow your nose; han

dle raw meat,

poultry, or fish;take out the ga

rbage; or tend

to someone who is sick.

3 Only drink water that you knowis safe, such as tap water andbottled water. This is especiallyimportant while traveling or out innature. Get appropriate vaccinations.

6Do not eat raw

eggs, even incookie dough.

7Make a specific plan forrecording your progress and complete an evaluationof how the plan helped youaccomplish the health goal. Theevaluation will help you determine ifyou need to alter your plan to fullymeet your health goal.

5Keep hot foods hot and coldfoods cold to avoid bacteriagrowth, and wash fruits andvegetables before serving them.

Drinking water that you know is safe will helpkeep you healthy.

Make theConnection

Respiratory DiseasesFor more informationon respiratorydiseases, see page 491in Lesson 45.

44STUD

Y

GUIDE

LESSON 44 Study Guide 489

Key Terms ReviewComplete these fill-in-the-blank statements with the lesson Key Terms on the left. Do not write in this book.

1. A special protein in the body that helpsfight infection is a(n) _____.

2. Single- or multi-celled parasites are called_____.

3. The general term for a germ that causesdisease is a(n) _____.

4. A white blood cell that produces antibod-ies is a(n) _____.

5. A white blood cell that helps the bodyfight pathogens is a(n) _____.

6. _____ are single-celled organisms thatproduce toxins.

7. Single-celled microorganisms, most ofwhich are beneficial, are _____.

8. A(n) _____ is made up of dead or weak-ened viruses injected into the body.

9. A white blood cell that signals B cells toproduce antibodies is a(n) _____.

10. A white blood cell that surrounds anddestroys pathogens is a(n) _____.

active immunityantibodyB cellbacteriafungihelper T celllymphocytesmacrophagepathogenprotozoavaccinevirus

11. How is the risk of catching a cold reducedwhen someone covers his or her mouthwhen coughing?

12. Why are viruses so hard to control?

13. Why is cooking food thoroughly a goodway to reduce the risk of disease caused byeating certain foods?

14. How can a person become ill just by shak-ing another persons hand?

15. Why is sharing a needle to inject drugs or get a tattoo a risk factor for HIV infection?

16. Why can perspiration be helpful in preventing disease?

17. Why is the spleen an important part of theimmune system?

18. How does the immune system fight infection?

Critical Thinking19. What can happen to a person who has a

low helper T cell count?

20. Analyze how strategies can be used in dif-ferent settings to prevent the spread ofdisease.

21. If a person had a raised white blood cellcount, what would that signify? Explainyour answer.

22. When might passive immunity occur naturally?

Real-Life Applications23. Why do you think diseases spread so

quickly in developing countries?

24. Why might drinking water in another coun-try make you sick, but not make the peoplewho live there sick?

25. Why do you think antibiotics are not effec-tive in fighting viruses?

26. Why do you think some vaccinations arerequired for children to begin school?

ActivitiesResponsible Decision Making27. Inform Suppose you have a cold or the

flu. Your friend had planned to come toyour home to study with you. You reallyneed her help. What should you do? Referto the Responsible Decision-Making Modelon page 61 to review the steps involved inmaking responsible decisions.

Sharpen Your Life Skills28. Advocate for Health Prepare an

advertisement for a TV show in which youpromote reducing the risk of the flu spread-ing. Describe what students in your schoolcan do to reduce the risk. Analyze howthese strategies can be effective. Show theadvertisement to your classmates.

MAK 1

Recalling the Facts

Visit www.glencoe.com for more Health & Wellness quizzes.

http://healthmh.com/study_guide

Health & WellnessTable of ContentsUNIT 1 Health SkillsLesson 1 Taking Responsibility for HealthLesson 2 Accessing Valid Health Information, Products, and ServicesLesson 3 Practicing Healthful BehaviorsLesson 4 Analyzing Influences on HealthLesson 5 Using Communication SkillsLesson 6 Setting Health Goals and Making Responsible DecisionsLesson 7 Being a Health Advocate

UNIT 2 Mental and Emotional HealthLesson 8 Developing Good CharacterLesson 9 Developing a Healthy MindLesson 10 Expressing Emotions and Managing StressLesson 11 Dealing with DepressionLesson 12 Dealing with Loss and Grief

UNIT 3 Family and Social HealthLesson 13 Developing Healthful Family RelationshipsLesson 14 Adjusting to Family ChangesLesson 15 Examining Dating and FriendshipsLesson 16 Practicing Abstinence From SexLesson 17 Recognizing Harmful RelationshipsLesson 18 Preparing for Marriage and Parenthood

UNIT 4 Growth and DevelopmentLesson 19 Keeping Your Body HealthyLesson 20 Learning About the Reproductive SystemsLesson 21 Learning About Pregnancy and ChildbirthLesson 22 Caring for Infants and ChildrenLesson 23 Developing Learning and Planning StylesLesson 24 Aging Healthfully

UNIT 5 NutritionLesson 25 Choosing Healthful FoodsLesson 26 Following Dietary GuidelinesLesson 27 Using Diet to Guard Against DiseaseLesson 28 Developing Healthful Eating HabitsLesson 29 Maintaining a Healthful Weight

UNIT 6 Personal Health and Physical ActivityLesson 30 Having Regular Physical ExamsLesson 31 Being Well-GroomedLesson 32 Getting Adequate Rest and SleepLesson 33 Participating in Physical ActivityLesson 34 Practicing FitnessLesson 35 Exercising Safely

UNIT 7 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other DrugsLesson 36 Using Prescription and OTC Drugs SafelyLesson 37 Choosing an Alcohol-Free LifestyleLesson 38 Choosing a Tobacco-Free LifestyleLesson 39 Avoiding Illegal Drug UseLesson 40 Avoiding Drug DependenceLesson 41 Resisting Pressure to Abuse DrugsLesson 42 Reducing Risk by Being Drug FreeLesson 43 Assessing Treatment Options

UNIT 8 Communicable and Chronic DiseasesLesson 44 Avoiding Communicable Diseases.Lesson 45 Dealing with Respiratory Diseases, Asthma, and AllergiesLesson 46 Reducing the Risk of STDs and HIVLesson 47 Reducing the Risk of Cardiovascular DiseasesLesson 48 Managing Chronic Health ConditionsLesson 49 Reducing the Risk of Cancer

UNIT 9 Consumer and Community HealthLesson 50 Acquiring Knowledge of Health LawsLesson 51 Managing Time and MoneyLesson 52 Analyzing Media MessagesLesson 53 Accessing Reliable Health CareLesson 54 Investigating Health CareersLesson 55 Learning About Public Health

UNIT 10 Environmental HealthLesson 56 Learning About Environmental IssuesLesson 57 Preventing Air and Water PollutionLesson 58 Preventing Noise and Visual PollutionLesson 59 Practicing Recycling and ConservationLesson 60 Protecting the Environment

UNIT 11 Injury Prevention and Personal SafetyLesson 61 Reducing Unintentional InjuriesLesson 62 Staying Safe During Severe Weather and Natural DisastersLesson 63 Reducing the Risk of ViolenceLesson 64 Respecting Authority and Obeying LawsLesson 65 Protecting Yourself From Physical ViolenceLesson 66 Protecting Yourself From Sexual ViolenceLesson 67 Staying Away From GangsLesson 68 Reducing Weapon InjuriesLesson 69 Performing Common First Aid ProceduresLesson 70 Performing Emergency First Aid Procedures

Health ResourcesEnglish/Spanish GlossaryIndexCredits

Feature ContentsActivity: Using Life SkillsSpeaking OutHealth NewsFacts AboutJust the Facts

Student WorkbooksReading EssentialsTo the StudentUnit 1: Health SkillsLesson 1: Taking Responsibility for HealthLesson 2: Accessing Valid Health Information, Products, and ServicesLesson 3: Practicing Healthful BehaviorsLesson 4: Analyzing Influences on HealthLesson 5: Using Communication SkillsLesson 6: Setting Health Goals and Making Responsible DecisionsLesson 7: Being a Health Advocate

Unit 2: Mental and Emotional HealthLesson 8: Developing Good CharacterLesson 9: Developing a Healthy MindLesson 10: Expressing Emotions and Managing StressLesson 11: Dealing with DepressionLesson 12: Dealing with Loss and Grief

Unit 3: Family and Social HealthLesson 13: Developing Healthful Family RelationshipsLesson 14: Adjusting to Family ChangesLesson 15: Examining Dating and FriendshipsLesson 16: Practicing Abstinence From SexLesson 17: Recognizing Harmful RelationshipsLesson 18: Preparing for Marriage and Parenthood

Unit 4: Growth and DevelopmentLesson 19: Keeping Your Body HealthyLesson 20: Learning About the Reproductive SystemsLesson 21: Learning About Pregnancy and ChildbirthLesson 22: Caring for Infants and ChildrenLesson 23: Developing Learning and Planning StylesLesson 24: Aging Healthfully

Unit 5: NutritionLesson 25: Choosing Healthful FoodsLesson 26: Following Dietary GuidelinesLesson 27: Using Diet to Guard Against DiseaseLesson 28: Developing Healthful Eating HabitsLesson 29: Maintaining a Healthful Weight

Unit 6: Personal Health and Physical ActivityLesson 30: Having Regular Physical ExamsLesson 31: Being Well-GroomedLesson 32: Getting Adequate Rest and SleepLesson 33: Participating in Physical ActivityLesson 34: Practicing FitnessLesson 35: Exercising Safely

Unit 7: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other DrugsLesson 36: Using Prescription and OTC Drugs SafelyLesson 37: Choosing an Alcohol-Free LifestyleLesson 38: Choosing a Tobacco-Free LifestyleLesson 39: Avoiding Illegal Drug UseLesson 40: Avoiding Drug DependenceLesson 41: Resisting Pressure to Abuse DrugsLesson 42: Reducing Risk by Being Drug FreeLesson 43: Assessing Treatment Options

Unit 8: Communicable and Chronic DiseasesLesson 44: Avoiding Communicable DiseasesLesson 45: Dealing with Respiratory Diseases, Asthma, and AllergiesLesson 46: Reducing the Risk of STDs and HIVLesson 47: Reducing the Risk of Cardiovascular DiseasesLesson 48: Managing Chronic Health ConditionsLesson 49: Reducing the Risk of Cancer

Unit 9: Consumer and Community HealthLesson 50: Acquiring Knowledge of Health LawsLesson 51: Managing Time and MoneyLesson 52: Analyzing Media MessagesLesson 53: Accessing Reliable Health CareLesson 54: Investigating Health CareersLesson 55: Learning About Public Health

Unit 10: Environmental HealthLesson 56: Learning About Environmental IssuesLesson 57: Preventing Air and Water PollutionLesson 58: Preventing Noise and Visual PollutionLesson 59: Practicing Recycling and ConservationLesson 60: Protecting the Environment

Unit 11: Injury Prevention and Personal SafetyLesson 61: Reducing Unintentional InjuriesLesson 62: Staying Safe During Severe Weather and Natural DisastersLesson 63: Reducing the Risk of ViolenceLesson 64: Respecting Authority and Obeying LawsLesson 65: Protecting Yourself From Physical ViolenceLesson 66: Protecting Yourself From Sexual ViolenceLesson 67: Staying Away From GangsLesson 68: Reducing Weapon InjuriesLesson 69: Performing Common First Aid ProceduresLesson 70: Performing Emergency First Aid Procedures

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