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Transcript of Commons SouthAsia
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Governing the Commons in
South Asia :
Implications of the work by Elinor
Ostrom on resource governance in
the region
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Outline
Elinor Ostrom:
Scholar
Nobel co-laureate for economics in 2009
Importance of the Contribution
Context,
Key concepts
Importance
Relevance and key implications
Implications for resource management in South
Asia
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Elinor Ostrom : Scholar
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Elinor Ostrom : Scholar (contd..)
Born in 07, August 1933
Ph. D in Political science from University of California, Los
Angeles (UCLA) in 1965
Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science of Indiana
University ( served the faculty of IU since 1966)
Founding Director of Center for Institutional Diversity, Arizona
State University
Past President of American Political Science Association
Several awards for academic excellence often with thedistinction of being the first women to receive them
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Elinor Ostrom : Scholar (contd..)
Areas of Research Interest
Broad fields: Economic governance, Organizationtheory, Theory of institutions, Public choice theory
Focus areas: Common property resources,Collective action, Community management ofresources, Diversity of Institutions
Objects of study: Watersheds, Fisheries, Irrigation
Systems, Forests, Grazing Lands
Undertook field studies in number of developingcountries in Asia and Africa
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Nobel Co-laureate for Economics 2009
First women to behonored with theNobel Prize forEconomics - 2009
for her analysis ofeconomic
governance,especiallythe commons
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Nobel Co-laureate for Economics 2009 (cont..)
Challenged the conventional wisdom that common property ispoorly managed and should be either regulated by centralauthorities or privatized
Based on numerous studies of user-managed fish stocks,pastures, woods, lakes, and groundwater basins, concludedthat the outcomes are, more often than not, better thanpredicted by standard theories
Provided evidence that common property can be successfullymanaged by user associations
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Importance of the Contribution
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Context of the Contribution
Issue of property rights has long been debated
over political ideologies:
Private property (capitalist view) vs. state/collective
property (Marxist view)
Strongly influenced the competing camps of
development thinkers
Collapse of Soviet bloc symbolized the triumph of
private property
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Context of the Contribution (cont..)
Common property resources were largely
overlooked in the debate
Viewed as: Inherently inefficient
Vulnerable and declining
Backward
Tragedy of Commons Hardin, 1969
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Context of the Contribution (cont..)
CPR School of Thought: Ostrom is one among otherpioneers
Among other pioneers: Robert Wade, Narpat Jodha, JeanMarie Baland, Jean Philip Platteau, Pranab Bardhan, DanielBromley, Arun Agrawal
Major Research Questions Addressed:
Why collective action is effective and sustainable in certainlocal resources where it failed in others
What factors ensure effective, sustainable cooperation oflocal communities for managing commons?
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Context of the Contribution (cont..)
Regulatory Approach (state property)
Widely implemented Applications in fisheries, forestry, land,
water
Limited success
Private Property
High theoretical appeal Limited scope for practical
Co-Management
Sharing of responsibilitybetween State agencies and
community users
Common Property Resources
Tragedy of Commons- Hardin Every bodies property. Nobodies
property
Community Based ManagementSystems
Based on the observations intraditional systems - Ostrom (1991)and others
Invoke a legitimacy for non-privately
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Key Concepts
Institutions
Govern the relationships and interactions among
individuals
Could be formal, informal or customary
Include laws, rules, norms, customs, hierarchies,
monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms
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Key Concepts (cont..)
Property Rights
A Social Institution
Governed by broad operational rules
Rules on Access : Defines the
individuals/groups who are entitled to the flowof benefits from a resource
Rules on Use/Conservation : Set the limits to the
flow of benefits from the resource
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Key Concepts (cont)
Broad regimes of property rights
Private property
State owned property (public property)
Common property
Open access
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Key Concepts (cont)
Collective Action
Action taken by a group ( either directly
or on its behalf through an organization)
in pursuit of members perceived shared
interests
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Key Concepts (cont)
Co-Management
Sharing the responsibility and authority of
managing resources among government
agencies and local community through
co-operative arrangements
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Importance of the Contribution
Dialogue on CPR brought the depth, objectivityand relevance to the problem of property rights
debated over political ideologies
Recognized the legitimacy of rights and
aspirations of millions who have depended on
CPR for centuries
Idea was keenly taken by policy planners,
resource managers, community leaders,
development workers etc. rather than by political
activists
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Importance of the Contribution (cont..)
Emphasized the ecological/environmental basisof human property relationships
Advocated the sustainable development rather thangrowth
Highlighted the importance of Natural capital &
Social capital for development.
Opened up the avenue for practical solutions
Communitybased natural resource management
Co-management arrangements
Community participation in resource management
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Relevance and Key Implications
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Relevance and Key Implications
Commons are widespreadGlobal commons : Oceans, Atmosphere, Tropical bio-diversityLocal commons: Grazing lands, Watersheds, Irrigation
systems, Fisheries, Forests
Large masses are still dependent on
commons: Food security
livelihoods and income
Social equity and welfare
Poverty alleviation
Conservation of resources
Managing commons are fundamentallyimportant
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Relevance and Key Implications
CPR systems are facing the greatest testof their survival
Rapid increase in population
Commercialization of rural economies
Modernization of technology
Transformation of traditional living patterns
New demands over CPR
Invention of new uses over traditional CPR
Market, policy or technology driven changes
Challenge: Collapse or adapt?
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Implications for resourcemanagement in South Asia
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CPR : Situation in South Asia
SA houses nearly a quarter of world population
High incidence of poverty among large masses ofprimary producers
Heavy dependence natural resources withcommon ownership Grazing lands (livestock)
Arable dry lands (rain-fed shifting agriculture)
Village tanks/ponds (irrigation, freshwater fish)
Watersheds/groundwater aquifers (water supply)
Coastal fisheries
Local forests (fuel wood, food, medicines, timber, pasture)
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CPR in South Asia: Examples
India : Commons in dry regions (Jodha, 1986 and2008) CPRs could cover up to 25% of village resources
On average 17%-23% household income comes from
local CPRS Share could be even higher in poorer households withlimited private assets
Near total dependence over certain products (e.g. fuelwood)
Village Republics (Wade, 1988) Village councils play a major role in collective action
Better cooperation in areas with high scarcity
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CPR in South Asia: Examples (cont..)
Nepal : Village forests
Subsistence farmers rely heavily on local forests for
livelihood needs Fuel wood, fodder and grass, leaf litter, timber,
NTFP
Distribution of income from forests unequal amonghouseholds: Dependence of poor households is high
CFUG- Community Forestry User Groups
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CPR in South Asia: Examples
Bangladesh : Haor eco systesms Bowl shape low-lying lands goes under water during
rainy season
Unique eco-system with conjunctives uses of wetland,
cropland and fallow land
Rainy season: water bodies for fisheries
Dry season: rice, livestock and fish
Numerous eco-systems services
Complex system of ownership rights: Community
managed, state owned (de-facto commons)
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Change in CPR: Village Tanks in SL
Major forces of transformation
Long Term Growth of population: intensifies both land & water scarcity
Growth of market opportunities : (forward market contracts,
infrastructure and market centers, middlemen) Enhance the opportunity for cash crop cultivation
Technological innovations: (micro-irrigation; labor savingmachinery; chemical inputs)
Enhance the option for production intensification
Short run
Government incentives: (Input subsidies and price supports)
Re-defining the incentive structure
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Change in CPR (cont..)
Response to the Land scarcity:
Fragmentation of paddy units; usually private
ownership Productivity effects Income effect
Expanding the paddy area: Akkarawela; Conversion ofsupportive water storage units (Wew kotu) ?
Encroachment of state owned highland areas Practically all forest lands have been cleared unless declared
as reserves
Decline of shifting agriculture: permanent farm lands
Subsistence to commercial
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Change in CPR (cont..)
Response to the Water scarcity:
Intensification of highland rain-fed agriculture during
Maha Contract farming option; very popular for maize, soy
High input intensive farming of hybrid varieties
Large mono-crop cultivations in nearly all available lands
Highland cash crop farming under agro-wells
Usually in Yala. (In some areas, from January) High cost of water supply. Only cash crops are grown
High disease incidence and price uncertainty
Expansion of market opportunities and technological
innovations highly facilitate this trend
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Implications for Managing Commons
Resource management policies in South Asiancountries has generally been biased towardscommand & control approaches
Resources are mostly owned and managed by thegovernments: Sometimes influenced by colonialpolicies
Resulted in degradation of resources Poor governance
Neglect of community rights and welfare
Resource use conflicts
Physical degradation of resources
I li ti f M i C
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Implications for Managing Commons
(cont..)
Influence of community management school,however, fast being felt in policy circles
Significant attempts to incorporate new ideas:
Attempts to accommodate community needs
Recognizing community rights for resources
Facilitating collective action in existing commons
Community participation in resource management
State-Community partnerships: Co-management
I li ti f M i C
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Implications for Managing Commons
(cont..)
Some examples Forest resources: Community Forestry in Nepal
Joint Forest Management in India
Community Forestry in Sri Lanka
Fisheries:
Co-management in selected coastal and inlandfisheries in Sri Lanka
Co-management of fisheries in Bangladesh
Irrigation:
Irrigation management transfer in Sri Lanka
I li ti f M i C
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Implications for Managing Commons
(cont..)
Insights from CPR school has been incorporatedin many areas of resource management policies
and activities
Despite traditional bias to command & controlapproach, slow yet steady progress could be
observed in favor of community interests
Even the donor community has welcome the trend
and facilitated the process
I li ti f M i C
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Implications for Managing Commons
(cont..)
So far exposure and influence is restricted toclassical commons
There are other potential areas to be explored.
Joint adaptation to climate change
Common rights for intellectual property
Open Source/Shareware Indigenous knowledge
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Thank You
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