Common Course in Malayalam For BA/B Sc I SEMESTER€¦ · School of Distance Education k¿§m-ﬂI...

$: Common Course in Malayalam For BA/B Sc I SEMESTER€¦ · School of Distance Education k¿§m-ﬂI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 2 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF$
School of Distance Education

k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw (I Sem BA/B Sc) 1

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpwBi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

Common Course in Malayalam

For

BA/B Sc

I SEMESTER

(2011 Admission)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Calicut University P.O. Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635

107



UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA/B Sc

I Semester

Common Course in Malayalam

k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

Prepared by:

Sri. A.P. SasidharanAssistant Professor,Department of Malayalam,A.V.A.H. Arts & Science College,

Payyoli Angadi

Sruitnized by:Dr. K.M. PriyadarsanlalSwathi, MalapparambaKozhikode - 673009.

Layout: Compputer Section, SDE

(c)Reserved



samUyqÄ þ1 Fgp-¯nsâ kmam\y \nb-a-§Ä 5

samUyqÄ- þ2 cN\m ]cn-io-e\w 11

samUyqÄ þ3 ae-bm-fhpw P\-]n-b-am-[y-a-§fpw 19

samUyqÄ --- -----þ4 ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¦-Xn-I-Xbpw 31

Df-f-S°w t]Pv



samUyqƒ ˛1

Fgp-Øns‚ kmam\y \nb-a-ßƒ

hni-Z-]-T\w: k¿§-km-lnXn

1. Hcp IY P\n-°p∂p -- ˛ Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

sshb-‡n-Im-\p- -h-ßfpw kmaq-lym-\p- -h-ßfpw Hcp ]tXy-I- co-Xnbn¬ cmk-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ°v

hnt[-b-am-Ip-tºm-gmWv k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpsS BIm-i-ßƒ hnI-kz-c-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-Øns‚

GtXXv sIń-°p-Sp-°p-I-fn-emWv Ie-bpsS Du¿÷w kw -cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v IemImc\v t]mepw

hy‡-√. Hmtcm Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\p≈nepw Hfn®p shbv°-s∏´ A·n-bp-≠v. Xs‚ cN-\m-X-¥-ß-fpsS

khn-ti-j-X-bn¬ AXv kzbw ]Im-in-°p-I-bm-bn.

Fgp-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-ß-sf-°p-dn®v, Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ cN-\m-Iu-i-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Fw.Sn Fgp-

Xnb teJ-\-ß-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv "ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏pc-'. CXn¬ \n∂pw FSpØp tN¿Øn-´p-≈-

XmWv "Hcp IY P\n-°p∂p' F∂ teJ-\w. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS inev]-ssi-en-bmWv At±lw Cu teJ-\-

Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[-\m-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. G‰hpw ]nb-s∏´ IY F∂ \ne-bn¬ "\ns‚ Hm¿Ωbv°v'

Fgp-Xm-\n-S-bmb kµ¿`-amWv teJ-\-Øns‚ hnj-b-sa-¶nepw Xs‚ a‰v Nne IY-Ifpw IYm-]m-X-

ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bmb ]›m-Ø-ehpw hni-Z-am-°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp IY ]Wn-∏p-c-bn¬ cq]w ]m]n-°p-

∂-sX-ßns\ F∂v kzm\p-`-h-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-W-t±-lw.

Hcp IY-bpsS P∑-Im-cWw Fs¥∂v Fgp-Øp-Im-c\p t]mepw hy‡-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-X√

F∂v Fw.Sn.\o-co-£n-°p∂p Hcp ]mSv aps∂m-cp-°-ß-fp-ambn sN∂n-cp-∂m¬ \S-°p∂ ]In-bb√

IYm-c-N-\. F∂m¬ Hcp aps∂m-cp-°-an-√m-sXbpw Xn-I®pw A¤p-X-I-c-ambpw AXv ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw sNbvtX-°mw. kplr-Øp-°-fp-sSbpw ]X-°m-cp-sSbpw \n¿_-‘-hpw, kΩ¿±hpw,

]tem-`-\hpw H∂pw cN-\bv°v klm-b-I-am-I-W-sa-∂n-√. ]et∏mgpw Fgp-X-W-sa∂v Btem-Nn-°pI

t]mepw sNømØ ka-b-Øm-bn-cn°pw Fgp-Øns‚ an∂¬ ]nW-cp-Iƒ cq]w sIm≈p-∂Xv. Xs‚ ]e

IY-Ifpw Cßns\ Ahn-Nm-cn-X-ambn cNn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v Fw.-Sn.-\n-co-£n-°p-∂p-≠v.

Fgp-Øm-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v apºp Xs∂ IYsb ]q¿Æ-ambn ImWm≥ Ign-b-W-sa∂v Fw.-Sn.-]-d-

bp-∂p. IYm-]m-X-ßƒ, kw`m-j-W-ßƒ, Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ, mh-ßƒ Ch-sb-°p-dn-s®√mw hy‡-am-sbmcp

[mc-W-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. XpS-°-hpw, Ah-km-\-hpw, IYbpsS t]cpw IqSn Xocp-am-\n® tij-am-sW-

¶n¬ ]ns∂ ]I¿Øn Fgp-Øns‚ ]iv\w amXta D≠m-Ip-∂p-≈q. CXn-\n-S-bnepw s]s´-∂p≈

t]c-W-sIm≠v Nne am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xpw km[m-c-W-am-Wv. CØcw `mK-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw ]n∂oSv

Gsd i≤n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv.

Fw.-Sn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ IY-sb-gp-Øn\v kmam-\y-amb Hcp \nb-ahpw C√. \n›-bn-®p-d-∏n-

°-s∏´ ka-b-tam, ]≤-Xntbm H∂pw IY-sb-gp-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ]men-°-s∏-ńń√. "A°¬Zm-a-bn¬

]q°ƒ hnS-cp-tºmƒ' F∂ IY-sb-gp-Xnb ]›m-Øew Fw.-Sn. -hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. ss__nƒ

kzm[o-\-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnb IY-bmWXv. ss__nƒ hmbn-°p∂ ka-bØv IY-sb-gp-Øn-s\-°p-dn-s®m∂pw

Btem-Nn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]n∂o-SmWv ssZh-]p-X\pw, bqZmkpw I≠p-ap-ń-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂ Btem-N\

D≠m-hp-∂-Xv. Aßs\ XnI®pw bmZr-—n-I-ambn Fgp-XnØo¿∂ IY-bmWv AsX∂v Fw.Sn

Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p.

Iptý-SØn, Ccp-ńs‚ Bflmhv F∂o ]kn≤ IY-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-sØ-∏-‰nbpw kmµ¿`n-I-

am-bn- Fw.-Sn. kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. henb A[zm-\-sam∂pw IqSmsX Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-Øo¿Ø IY-

bmWv Iptý-S-Øn. henb ]tNm-Z-\-sam∂pw AXn-\p-≠m-bn-ń-√. ]tNm-Z\w Hc¿∞-Øn¬ I≈-\m-W-

b-am-sW∂mWv Fw.-Sn-bpsS ]£w. shdpsX kz¥w Kma-sØ-°p-dn-®m-tem-Nn-°n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xd-hmSn¬

\n∂v ]≠v Bfl-lXy sNbvX ao\m-£n-tb-S-Ønsb Hm¿Øp. Aßn-s\-bp-≠mb IY-bmWv

Iptý-S-Øn.



Xs‚ IYm-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Gsd thZ-\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw Fgp-Xn-°-gn-™-t∏mƒ Ic-bn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvX Hcp IY amX-ta-bp≈q F∂v Fw.Sn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. kz¥w Pohn-XØn¬ \n∂pw No¥n-sb-

SpØ tNmc s]mSn-bp∂ Hmtc-Sm-bn-´mWv "\ns‚ Hm¿Ωbv°v' F∂ IYsb Fw.-Sn. -C-∂p-tam¿Ωn-°p-

∂Xv. ktlm-Z-cn-am-cn-√msX hf¿∂ Ipń-°m-eØv A—s‚ IqsS kntem-Wn¬ \n∂pw h∂ Hcp

s]Ïp-ń-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ thZ\ \nd™ Hm¿Ω-bmWv Cu IYbv°v ASn-ÿm-\w. Hcp ktlm-Zcn

h∂p Ib-dn-b-Xns‚ BÀm-Z-amWv Fw.-Sn°v D≠m-b-sX-¶n¬, hoń¬ AsXmcp `qIºw Xs∂-bm-Wp-

≠m-°n-b-Xv. Hcp Ipń-bpsS a\- n\v Dƒs°m-≈m≥ ]‰mØ Fs¥-√mtam ]iv\-ßƒ B h-c-h-n¬

Xs∂ D≠m--bn-cp∂p F∂v A—\pw AΩbpw XΩn-ep≈ hg°n¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-hp-∂p-≠v. Ipd®v

Znh-kßƒ°v tijw A—≥ t]mb-t∏mƒ B Ipńbpw Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. ]n∂o-sSm-cn-°epw Ahsf

ImWm-\nS h∂n-ń-√. Gsd h¿j-ßƒ°v tijw Hcp kvt\ln-Xs‚ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS Ieym-W-Øn\v

t]mb ka-bØv Btcm B s]Ïp-ń-bpsS hnhmlw Ign™ IY Fw.-Sn-tbmSv ]d-bp-∂p. ]gb

Hm¿Ω-I-sf√mw CtXmsS Fw.-Sn-bn-te°v Xncn®p hcn-I-bp-≠m-bn. AtXmsS A\p-`-hn® thZ\

Fßns\sb¶nepw IYm-cq-]-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-W-sa∂ Nn¥-bm-bn. Fgp-Xm≥ Bcw- n-®-tXmsS ]bm-

k-ßfpw Bcw-`n-®p. AΩ-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-tem, s]Ïp-ń-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sntem BcpsS `mKØv

\n∂m-hWw IY ]d™v XpS-tß-≠Xv F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]iv\w. Ah-km\w IY \S-°p∂ ImesØ

Xms\∂ ]Øv hb- p-Im-cs‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS ]nb-k-tlm-Z-cn°v awKfw t\¿∂p sIm≠v IY FgpXn

Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Xs‚ a\- n¬ Hcp-]mSv Imew thZ-\n-∏n® Hcp IY-bmbn´mWv Cu

IYsb Fw.-Sn.-]-cn-Nbs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

2. Fs‚ ]Wn-∏pc ˛ CS-t»cn

Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS kz]v\-tem-I-ß-fnepw sshIm-cn-IXbpsS anYym-`-a-ß-fnepw Ipcp-ßn-t∏mb

ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb hos≠-SpØv ho≠pw P\- Po-hn-X-Øns‚ km[m-cW ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-te°v sIm≠p

hcp-∂-Xn¬ ][m\ ]¶v hln® Ihn-bmWv CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿. PohnX ]Xn-k-‘n-Isf

t\cn -Sp -∂-Xn¬ ]I-Sn -∏n® [oc-Xbpw B¿÷-hhpw BWv CS-t»-cnsb ae-bm-f -Øns‚

]nb-I-hn-bm°nØo¿Ø-Xv.

"Ipgn-shń aqSpI thZ-\-Iƒ

IpXn-sImƒI i‡n-bn-te°p \Ωƒ' ˛ F∂ ]Jym-]\w At±-lsØ i‡n-bpsS Ihn F∂

hnti-j-W-Øn\v A¿l-\m-°n-Øo¿°p-∂p. hbepw hb¬°-cbpw, ]qXhpw, ]qØ-amhpw sXø-t°m-

e-ßfpw Imh¬ \n¬°p∂ Kmao-W-Pn-hn-X-am-bn-cp∂p CS-t»cn Ihn-X-I-fpsS Du¿÷w. kz¥w

Ihn-Xm-c-N-\-bpsS hnhn[ L´-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf Ah-tem-I\w sNøp∂ teJ-\-amWv "Fs‚

]Wn-∏pc-'.

D≈n¬ X´p∂ GX-\p-`hhpw Ihn-Xbv°v Imc-W-amhmw. bp‡n-sb-°m-tfsd, Abp-‡n-°pw,

`mh-\-bv°p-amWv Cu L´-Øn¬ ]m[m-\yw. A¥¿ap-J-Xzhpw GIm-¥-X-bp-amWv Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬

Ihnsb `cn-°p-∂-Xv. "a[p-c-amb thZ-\-bpsSbpw, Bkzm-Zy-amb Zp:JØn-s‚bpw Imew' F∂mWv

CS-t»cn Cu L´sØ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. a\kv hnIm-c-`-cn-X-am-b-Xp-sIm≠p amXw Ihn-Xm-c-N\ km[y-am-

I-W-sa-∂n-√. IhnX Fgp-X-W-sa∂ C—m-i‡n IqsS Ds≠-¶n¬ amXta IhnXm cN\

km[y-am-hp-I-bp≈q F∂v CS-t»cn Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p.

GtXm AKm-[-Xbn¬ \n∂v hmcnsbSpØ Abn¿a-Æp-ambn Ihn Xs‚ ]Wn-∏p-c-bn¬ ]th-in-

°p-I-bm-Wv. ]n∂oSv as‰mcp Imcy-Ønepw i≤ \¬ImsX Abn¿a-Æns\ ]mIs∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-em-bn-

cn°pw Ihn-bpsS GIm-K-X. Cu L´-Øn¬ as‰m∂pw Ihnsb Atemk-c-s∏SpØp∂n-√. hmcn-sb-

SpØ Abn¿a-Æn¬ IhnXbv°p th≠ Aev]w Awi-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Ahy-‡amb cq]hpw

Fgp-Xm≥ t]mIp-∂-Xns‚ GI-tZi `mh-ßfpw CXn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn°pw.

"]pØ≥ Iehpw Acn-hmfpw' F∂ Xs‚ IhnXbpsS cq]-s∏-S¬ Fßns\ Bbn-cp∂p F∂v

Ihn Btem-Nn-°p-∂p-≠v. c≠v tNmZy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Cu Ihn-X-bpsS Dev]-Øn°v \nZm-\w. Bcv hnX®p?

Bcv sImbvXp? Cu c≠v tNmZy-ßƒ Hcp-]mSv Imew Ihn-bpsS a\- n¬ apg-ßn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.

]n∂o-SmWv Ahbv°v Xmfhpw `m-hhpw IYm-]m-X-kz-`m-h-ßfpw ]I¿∂v C∂sØ \nebn¬

]kn-≤-am-hp-∂-Xv.



t_m[-]q¿∆-a√msX Hcp Ihn-Xbpw Xm≥ Fgp-Xn-bn-´n-s√∂v CS-t»cn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. AYhm

Fgp-Xn-t∏m-bm¬ Xs∂ t_m[-]q¿∆w ]cn-tim-[n®pw an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw \ncq-]Ww sNbvXpw amXta

hmb-\-°m¿°v apºn¬ FØn-°m-dp-≈q.

Fgp-Xn-°-gn™ Ihn-X-bn¬ \ncq-]-W-_p≤n ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-t\mSv CS-t»-cn°v A[nIw tbmPn-

∏n-√. Ipfn-∏n®v Ipfn-∏n®v Ip´nsb C√m-Xm-°p∂ KXn hc-cpXv F∂mWv Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ At±-l-

Øn\v ]d-bm-\p-≈-Xv. IhnXm \n¿Ωm-W-th-f-bn¬ Ipd®v \ncq-]-W-_p≤n sNep-Øm≥ Ihn-sb

t]cn-∏n-®Xv Nne \√ kplr-Øp-°fmsW∂v Ihn Hm¿°p∂p. F¥m-bmepw \ncq-]-W-Øns‚

Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp a[y-h¿ØnXzw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-XmWv \√-sX∂v At±-l-Øn\v A`n-]m-b-ap-≠v.

Ihn-Xbv°v cq]-amtWm `mh-amtWm BZyw D≠m-hp-∂Xv F∂-Xn\v IrXy-ambn DØcw

]d-bm-\m-hn√ F∂mWv kzm\p-`-h-Øn¬ \n∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. cq]-Øn\v th≠ `mh-tam, `mh-

Øn\v th≠ cq]-tam, kzbw hm¿∂p-ho-Wp-sIm≈pw F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-`-hw.

Xs‚ IhnXm cN-\-bpsS ]Wn-∏pcsb \m´p-ºp-dsØ "Icp-hms‚ Be'-tbm-SmWv Ihn kmZr-

iy-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. Be-bn¬ i≤m-]q¿∆w ]Wn-sX-SpØ Hcp t]\m-°Øn Xs‚ Icp-hm-Ønsb

ImWn-°p-∂p. Ah-cXv Xncn®pw adn®pw ]cn-tim-[n®v \∂m-bn-´p≠v F∂-`n-]mbw ]d-bp-∂p. kwXr-]vX-

\mb Ihn c≠v XpS-bv°¬ IqSn XpS®v AXv Bh-iy-°m¿°v \¬Ip-I-bm-Wv. Cßs\ Xnf-°hpw

aq¿®bpw `wKn-bp-ap≈ Hcp IØn Icp-hms‚ Be-bn¬ \n∂v, \n¿Ωn-°-s∏Spw t]mse-bmWv kz]v\-

ßƒ°v ta¬ X] v sNbvXv ]Xw hcp-Øn Xm≥ IhnX sa\-s™-Sp-°p-∂-sX∂v CS-t»cn hy‡-am-°p-

I-bm-Wv.

3. cwK-]-km-[\w ˛ Hcp Ie- - Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈

ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bn¬ mh-cq] Ah-X-c-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]co-£-W-ß-fpsS Ime-am-bn-

cp-∂p. Pn.-i-¶-c-]n-≈-bpsS Imew: \mS-I-c-N-\-bnepw, kwhn-[m-\-Ønepw Gsd ]cn-N-b-ap≈ At±lw

ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS Zriy-t_m-[sØ kmc-ambn kzm[o-\n® \mS-I-]-h¿Ø-I-\mWv. \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-I-fpw,

]pcm-W-I-Y-Ifpw h¿Ø-am\ PohnX ]cn-k-cØv ]p\¿hm-b-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ ImenI

]k-‡n-bp≈ Ht´sd hnj-b-ßsf cwK-th-Zn-bn-se-Øn-°pIbpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Xs‚ \mS-Im-\p-`-h-

ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn \mS-I-c-N-\bpw, Ah-X-c-Whpw hni-Z-am-°p∂ [mcmfw teJ-\-ßƒ At±-l-Øn-

s‚-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ "\mS-I-Z¿i\w' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ \ns∂-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-XmWv "cwK-]-km-

[\-w˛ Hcp Ie' F∂ teJ-\w. IYm-c-N-\bpw Ihn-X-sb-gpØpw t]mse Xs∂ \mS-I-kw-hn-[m-\hpw

Hcp k¿§m-flI ]h¿Ø-\-am-sW∂v ÿm]n-°m\pw, Hcp \√ \mS-I-Øns‚ krjvSn°v

Bfl-t_m-[-ap≈ Hcp kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ klmbw A\n-hm-cyamsW∂v hy‡-am-°m-\p-amWv Cu

teJ-\-Øn¬ At±lw ian°p-∂-Xv.

\mSIw Hcp Zriy-I-e-bm-Wv. cwKm-h-X-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- mWv AXv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬

\mSI cN\ Hcp k¿§m-flI Ie-bm-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-h¿ t]mepw cwKm-h-X-cWw shdpw Iuiew

amX-am-bn- mWv ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. Fgp-Øp-Im-cs\ At]-£n®v c≠mw ÿm\w amXta kwhn-[m-b-I\v

e`n-®n´p≈q. cwK-]-km-[\w Hcp kzX-¥-I-e-bm-sW∂v \ncq-]-I¿ Bcpw kΩ-Xn-®-Xmbn

Adn-hn-√. \mS-I-Øns‚ Poh≥ Ah-X-c-W-Øn-em-sW∂pw cwK-]-km-[\w Hcp Ie-bm-sW-∂pw

hy‡-am-°p-I-bmWv Cu teJ-\-Øns‚ e£yw.

cwK-thZn \So-\-S-∑m¿°v kw`m-j-W-ßƒ hnfn®p ]d-bm-t\m, Ae-¶m-c-∏Wn sIm≠v tamSn-

]nSn∏n°mt\m D≈ Hcp CSw amX-a-√. AXn\p Poh\pw ssNX-\yhpw `mj-bp-ap-≠v. thZn-bpsS Cu

khn-ti-jX Xncn-®-dn™v AXns\ Bflm-hn-jvIm-cØns‚ am[y-a-am°nØo¿°p-I-bmWv cwK-]-km-

[\w F∂ Ie.

"tπ s]mU-£≥' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ an¬´¨ kvanØmWv cwK-]-km-[-\sØ hy‡-ambn \n¿h-

Nn-°p-∂-Xv At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ "kvIn]v‰v tπ Bbn-Øo-cp∂ ]In-b-bmWv cwK

-]-km-[\w'. kwhn-[m-b-I≥, \mS-I-Ir-Øv, cwK-th-Zn, \S≥ F∂n-h-cpsS HØp tNc-en-emWv cwKm-h-X-

c-Ww ]q¿Æ-X-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. \mS-I-c-N-bn-Xm-hns‚ `mh-\-bn¬ cq]w sIm≠ Hcp kz]v\-tem-IsØ

t]£-I\v apºn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Ie-bmWXv. Cu Ie-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ \mS-Iw, \So-\-S-∑m¿,



thZn-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw tNcpw-]Sn tN¿°p∂ Hcp kwLm-S-I-\mWv kwhn-[m-b-I≥.

\mSIw D≠mb Imew apX¬ Xs∂ Cu kwLm-S-I\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]mNo\ `mc-Xob \mS-I-ß-

fn¬ kqX-[m-cs‚ ]¶v cwKm-h-X-cW kwLm-S-\-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v teJ-I≥ \nco£n°p-∂p-≠v.

dnb-en-ÃnIv Ime-L- -Øn-emWv kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ [mcW D≠m-

hp-∂-Xv. AtXm-sS Ah-X-cWw shdpw Iui-e-am-sW∂ ImgvN-∏mSv amdn. Iem-Im-cs‚ AXo-µn-b-kz-`m-

htØmsS ]h¿Øn°p∂h-\mWv kwhn-[m-b-I≥ F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv cq]-s∏-´p. kz¥w k¿§-i-‡n-

bpsS Awiw Ie¿Øn cN-\sb ]p\:kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Iem-Im-c-\mWv kwhn-[m-b-I≥ F∂v hy‡-am-

°-s∏-´p.

Hcp \√ kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-Xƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v teJ-I≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.

Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ ]Xn-`bpw, kwLm-S-I-i-‡nbpw, \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \√ t_m[hpw

Abmƒ°p-≠m-h-Ww. Hcp \mSIw Xs∂ hyXykvX kwhn-[m-b-I¿ hyXykvX coXn-bn-emWv cwKØv

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kmln-Xy-IrXn \√ coXn-bn¬ a\- n-em-°nb tijta Abm-ƒ cwKm-h-X-c-W-

Øn\v Xøm-dm-hm≥ ]mSp-≈q. CXn\v \mev L´-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. [ym\-L´w, Bkq-X-W-L-´w, in£-W-

L-´w, ]tbm-K-L´w F∂n-h-bm-W-h. cN-\m-th-f-bn¬ kw -hn-°p∂ am\-kn-I-]-In-b-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv

Ah-X-c-WL´Ønepw kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv F∂v [ym\-L´w ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ a\- n-em-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

\mS-I-amWv kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p≈ -

\mSIw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Abmƒ Nne Imcy-ßƒ i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Xs‚ Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-°-\p-

tbm-Py-amb Hcp \mS-I-am-bn-cn-°Ww AXv. Ah-X-c-W-s®-ehv˛]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p≈ kabw F∂nh

t\csØ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°-Ww. F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn \mSIw ImWm-s\-Øp-∂-hsc°pdn-®p≈ Hcp kmam-

\y- [m-c-Wbpw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. \mSIw sXc-s™-SpØp Ign-™m-¬ Ah-X-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

Btem-N-\-bmWv. Hcp \mS-I-Øn¬ ][m-\-ambpw c≠w-i-ß-fmWp≈-Xv. cN-\-bn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp∂ \mS-

I-Øns‚ k¶ev]w, kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ k¶ev]w. Hcp \mS-I-Øn\v

CXp c≠pw ][m-\-amWv

\√ cN-\bpw \√ cwK-]-[m-\hpw Hcp \mS-I-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn\v ][m-\-amWv. IrXn-bnse

ASn-ÿm-\m-ibw Nne-t∏mƒ ]Xy-£hpw Nne-t∏mƒ ]tcm-£hpw Bbn-cn-°mw. NneXv ]e Xcw

hyJym-\-ßƒ°pw CS \¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. CXn¬ G‰hpw bp‡hpw, lrZ-b-kv]¿in-bp-amb

Bibw Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-emWv kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ hnP-bw. \mS-IsØ Adn-b-emWv kwhn-

[m-b-Is‚ [¿Ωw. \mS-I-Øns‚ Bflmhv Is≠-Øn-bm¬ as‰√mw Xmt\ cq]-s∏- p-sIm≈pw F∂mWv

teJ-Is‚ A\p-`-hw.

IY-b-dn™v [mc-W-bn-se-Øn-bm¬ kwhn-[m-b-I≥ Bkq-X-W-Øn-te°v Xncn-bp-I-bm-bn. Hcp

hnImcw hf¿∂v hnI-kn®v kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xn\v XpeyamWv Cu L´w.

CsX√mw sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv at‰-sXmcp k¿§m-flI ]h¿Ø\w t]mse Xs∂-bmWv cwK-]-km-

[-\hpw F∂-m-Wv. ]t£ C∂pw \mS-I-thZn Fgp-Øp-Im-c-s‚bpw, \S-s‚bpw, amt\-P-cp-sSbpw amX-

amWv. cwK-]-km-[-\sØ Ie-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw. kwhn-[m-b-Is\ Iem-Im-c-\m°n kzoI-cn-°p-

Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ amXta \√ \mS-I-ßƒ D≠m-hp-I-bp≈q F∂mWv teJ-I≥ A n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

4. IY-bn¬ \n∂v Xnc-°-Y-bn-te°v ˛ B¿.-hn.-Fw.-Zn-hm-I-c≥

B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS Iem-cq-]-amWv kn\n-a. hmb-\m-\p-`-h-Øn¬ \n∂v XnI®pw

hyXy-kvX-amb A\p-`-h-amWv kn\n-a-bnse Zriym-\p-`hw \¬Ip∂-Xv. Zriym-\p-`-h-ßƒ°v ]n∂n¬

]h¿Øn-°p∂ kmln-Xym-\p-`-h-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv Cu teJ\w N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv. kmlnXy cN-\-Isf

ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kn\n-a-Iƒ sNøp-tºmƒ ][m\ D]m-[n-bmbn hcp-∂Xv Xnc-°-Y-I-fm-Wv. kmln-Xy-

IrXn Xnc-°-Y-bm-hp-tºmƒ bp‡-amb am‰-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. C∂v Xnc-°-Y-I-fpw kmln-Xy-

cq-]-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hmb-\-°msc BI¿jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. Fw.-Sn.-

hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb-cpsS ][m\ Xnc-°-Y-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kmln-Xy-`mj Fßns\ Zriy-`m-j-

bmbnØocp∂p F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bmWv teJ-I≥.

Ae≥ sds\, sKmZm¿Zv XpS-ßnb temtIm-Øc kwhn-[m-b-I¿s°m∂pw Xs∂ t\mh¬

kn\n-a-bm°n am‰p-∂-Xn-t\mSv tbmPn-∏n-√. "XWpØ `£Ww ho≠pw NqSm°n Ign-°p-∂-Xn-'t\m-SmWv



A\p-I-ev]\w F∂ ]In-bsb Ae-≥ sds\ kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. F¶nepw BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Xs∂

]i-kvX-ß-fmb ]e kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw kn\n-am-cq]w ssIs°m-≠-Xmbn ImWp-∂p-≠v. kmln-Xy-

IrXn kn\n-a-bm-hp-tºmƒ kw-hn-[mbIs\-°mƒ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Xnc-°-Ym-Ir-Øn-\m-sW∂v teJ-I≥

]d-bp-∂p. AXp sIm≠m-bn-cn-°Ww BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´-h¿ Xs∂bmWv

Xnc-°-Ym-Ir-Øp-°-fmbn Adn-b-s∏-´-Xpw. ]pXnb ImeØv Xnc-°Ym cN\ Hcp kvIn¬Uv tPm_m-

sW∂ \ne-bn¬ B¿°p-sa-gp-Xm-hp∂ H∂mbn amdn-bn-´p-≠v. Xnc-°Ym cN-\-bv°p≈ tkm^v‰vthdp-

Ifpw C∂v am¿°-‰n¬ e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.

Xnc-°Ym cN-\bv°v a‰v kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ ][m\ hyXym-k-ambn ImWp-∂-Xv,

Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ kzmX-¥y-°p-d-hmWv. kwhn-[m-b-Is‚, \n¿Ωm-Xm-hns‚, A`n-t\-Xm-hn-s‚-sb√mw Xm¬]-

cy-ßƒ Abmƒ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠n hcpw. IqSmsX am[ya-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Abmƒ \√ coXn-bn¬

a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

kmlnXyIrXn kn\n-a-bm-°p-tºmƒ Xnc-°-Ym-Ir-Øn\v [mcmfw km[y-X-I-fp-≠v. A\p-I-ev]\w

Hcp Xcw kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-am-sW∂p hsc A`n-]m-b-ap-≠v. t\mh-en¬ ]e-Xcw IYm-L-S-\-Iƒ \ne-

\n¬t° X\n°v BI¿j-Wo-b-ambn tXm∂nb IYm-K-Xnsb Ah-ew-_n-®mWv Abmƒ Xnc-°Y Xøm-

dm-°p-∂-Xv. X¿÷-a-bn¬ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv IhnX F∂v hnh¿Ø-\-sØ-°p-dn®v t^mÃv ]d-™Xv

A\p-I-ev]-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw icn-bm-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬ [mcmfw hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ, ]tXy-In®v

Zriy-Øn\v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂h hcp-Øn-bmWv Xnc-°Y Xøm-dm°p-∂-Xv.

tPm¿÷v ªqkvt‰m-Wns‚ "t\mh¬kv C‚p ^nenw' F∂ A\p-I-ev]-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ IrXn-

bn¬ Hcp t\mhepw A∏msS Xnc-°-Y-bm-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Ht´sd IYm-]m-X-ßfpw

A\-h[n D]-I-Y-Ifpw Hs°-bp≈ kmln-Xy-km-K-c-amb t\mh-ep-Iƒ BZyw Npcp-°n-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xn\v

tijta Xnc-°Ym cq]-Øn¬ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-Sp-Ømhq F∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v. sNdp-I-Y-bmWv kzoI-

cn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ Iqń-t®¿°-ep-I-fmWv th≠n -h-cp-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Gsd i≤ ]nSn®p ]‰nb Xnc-

°-Y-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb Fw.-Sn°v sNdp-I-Y-I-fmWv IqSp-X¬ kzoIm-cy-ambn tXm∂n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. kz¥w IY-

Isf IqSmsX Fkv.-sI, sNdp-Im-Sv, F≥.-F≥. ]njm-cSn F∂n-h-cpsS IY-Iƒ°pw At±lw Xnc-°-Y-

Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v.

Fw.Sn Fgp-Xnb Xnc-°-Y-I-fn-te-sdbpw kz¥w IY-Isf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv. kz¥w Pohn-Xm-

\p-`-h-ßfpw X\n°p Np‰p-ap≈ temI-hp-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ hnj-b-ßƒ. Xs‚ Kma-Ønse

thembp[≥ F∂ `m¥s‚ IY-bmWv "Ccp-ńs‚ Bflmhv.' them-bp-[≥ ImWp∂ temI-amWv IY-

bpsS hnj-bw. them-bp-[s‚ Afl-K-X-amWv IY-bpsS `mj. CXv Xnc-°-Y-bm-b-t∏mƒ them-bp-[s\

\nco-£n-°p∂ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS IÆn-eq-sS-bmWv IY hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xv. IY-bn¬ Ahs‚ `m¥mWv hnj-

b-sa-¶n¬ Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v Ahs\ `m¥-\m-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.

Hcp Ipń-bpsS IÆn-eqsS temIsØ ImWp∂ Hmt∏mƒ F∂ IY Xnc-°-Y-bm-b-t∏mgpw

Fw.Sn Nne am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. IY-bn¬ A∏p ImWp∂ temI-am-sW-¶n¬, kn\n-a-bn¬ A∏p-

hns‚ temIsØ \ap°v ImWn®p Xcn-I-bmWv Xnc°YmIrØv sNøp-∂-Xv. amX-a√ IY-bn¬ \n∂v

hyXy-kvX-ambn [mcmfw Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Ifpw Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. A∏p Ieym-W-Øn¬ ]s¶-

Sp-°p-∂Xpw, Hmt∏m-fpsS H∏w hb-\m-ń-te°v t]mIp-∂Xpw, A∏p Xs‚ aI-\m-sW∂v amfp tKmhn-

µ≥Ipń°v apºn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-sa√mw kn\n-a-bv°m-h-iy-amb Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ BWv.

Iptý-SØn X\n°v IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-ap≈ ao\m-£n-tb-S-Øn-bpsS IY-bm-Wv. kuµ-cy-

an-√m-ØXp sIm≠v amXw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´v Ah-km\w Bfl-l-Xy sNtø≠n h∂ IYm-]m-X-am-W-

h¿. Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ Hc-Zr-iy-k-©m-cn-bpsS ho£-W-Øn¬ vfmjv_m°nemWv IY \S-°p-∂-Xv. Iptý-

SØn acn®p F∂ IY-]-d-®n-en¬ \n∂mWv kn\n-a-bm-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.

AXp-t]mse "]≈n-hmfpw Im¬®n-eºpw' F∂ IY "\n¿ameyw' F∂ kn\n-abmbt∏mgpw Hcp

]mSv am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn-b-Xmbn ImWmw. hncp-≤-_nw-_-ßsf tN¿Øv kn\n-a-bv°m-h-iy-amb kvs]j¬

C^-IvSp-Iƒ krjvSn°m\pw Fw.Sn i≤n-®n-´p-≠v.

Fkv.-sI.-s]m-‰-°m-Sns‚ "IShv tXmWn' F∂ IY "IShv' F∂ t]cn¬ Ne-®n-X-am-°n-b-

t∏mgpw [mcmfw am‰-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-bn-´p-≠v. XnI®pw Hcp ]pXnb IY Xs∂-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂p



IS-hv.IY-bn¬ tXmWn-°mWv ][m-\y-sa-¶n¬ kn\n-a-bn¬ IS-hn-\mWv ]m[m\yw e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.

IYsb bp‡n`Z-am-°pIbmWv Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ sNbvX-Xv. I≠p ]cn-N-b-s∏-´- Hcp s]Ïp-ńtbbp

a-t\z-jn®v t]mIp∂ HcmÏp-ń-bpsS IY-bm-bn-´mWv Fw.-Sn. Cu IY ]cn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

t\csØ Xm≥ Xs∂ Fgp-Xnb Hcp IY Xnc-°-Y-bm°n am‰n Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ Hcm-fl-hn-a¿i\w

IqSn \S-°p-∂p-≠v. kmln-Xy-am-[y-a-Øn¬ \n∂v Zriy-am-[y-a-Øn-te°v hcp-tºm-gp≈ F√m sshhn-[y-

ßfpw Dd-∏m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. "iXp' F∂ IY "kZbw' F∂ kn\n-a-bm-b-t∏mƒ D≠mb am‰hpw CXv

Xs∂-bm-Wv. Xq°p-acw ImØn-cn-°p∂ Hcp Pbn¬∏p-≈n-bpw, Pbn¬ kµ¿in-°m-s\-Øp∂

Hcm-fns‚ A\p-`-h-ß-fp-amWv IY-bpsS hnj-b-sa-¶n¬, Xs‚ aIs\ sIm∂ sIme-bm-fn-bpsS Xq°p-

a-cWw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Sm≥kv^¿ hmßn-sb-Øp∂ Hcp tUmIvSdpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fneqsS-bmWv

kn\n-a-bnse IY Npcp-fgnbp∂Xv. Ah-km\w sIme-]m-X-I-Øns‚ kXymwiw a\- n-em-hp-∂-tXmsS,

sIme-]m-X-In-sb-°mƒ \nIr-jvS-\mWv sIm√-s∏´ Xs‚ aI≥ F∂v Xncn-®-dnbptºmƒ tUmIvS¿°p-

≠m-hp∂ a\w-am-‰hpw thZ-\-bp-amWv kn\n-a-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

Fw.-Sn-bpsS IYm-`m-jbpw Xnc-°Y `mjbpw XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≠v. kn\n-am-‰n-°m-hm≥ Ah-

iy-amb LS-\m-]-c-amb `mj, Xnc-°Y kn\n-a-bm-°m≥ th≠ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Ip∂ `mj, Xnc-°-Y-

bnse kw`m-j-W-`mj ˛ Ch aq∂pw tN¿∂-XmWv Xnc-°-Y-bpsS `mj. Xnc-°-Ybv°v kmln-Xy-

Øns‚ cq]-`m-h-ßƒ th≠. NnXo-I-c-W-£-a-a-√m-ØXv Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ h∂n´v Imcy-an-√. F¶nepw Fw.-

Sn-bpsS Xnc-°-Ym-`m-j-bn¬ kmln-Xy-`mj \√ coXn-bn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.

DZm: tNmZy-Nn”w t]mse Abmƒ \n∂p.

kwKoXw Ab-hn-d-°p∂ \Zo-Xo-cw.

CØcw NnXo-I-c-W-£-a-a-√mØ Imcy-ßƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ kwhn-[m-b-I-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

Xs∂-bm-Wv. Iyma-d, shfn-®w, i_vZw, kwKoXw F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v kwhn-[m-b-I≥ Cu aqUv kn\n-

a-bn-te°v sIm≠p htc-≠-Xp-≠v.



samUyqƒ-˛2.

cN\m ]cn-io-e\w

A ô®¿ ssd‰nwKv:

B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn¬ hmb-\-°m-cpsS khn-tij i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰p∂XmWv o®-dp-Iƒ. o®-dp-

Iƒ Hcp Xc-Øn¬ h¿Ø-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. mj-bnepw Ah-X-c-W-Øn-ep-amWv hyXym-k-ap-≈-Xv. hm¿Ø-

Iƒ kw`-h-Øns‚ tIµm-ibsØ amXw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ ô®¿ kaK NnXo-I-c-W-amWv \S-

Øp-∂-Xv. teJ-Is‚ \nco-£-W-]m-Shhpw, s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\hpw hkvXp-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv

BI¿j-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-amWv ô®-dns\ hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS teJ-Is‚

hy‡n-]-c-ambn Ign-hp-Iƒ°v Gsd ]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. hen®p \oń Fgp-Xp∂ hm¿Ø-b√ ô®¿; AXv

IYtbm teJ-\tam A√, CXn-s‚-sb-√mw tNcp-h-Iƒ o®-dn¬ D≠p-Xm-\pw. ""hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v ]n∂nse

ck-I-chpw hn⁄m-\-]-Z-hp-amb Imcy-ßƒ hm¿Øm-cq-]-Øne-√msX IYm-cq-]-Øntem Be-¶m-cn-I-

amtbm Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv ô®¿ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.'' ô®-dp-Iƒ°v GsX-¶nepw hm¿Ø-I-fp-

ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. IYm-kz-`m-h-ap-s≠-¶nepw CXv shdpw IY-b-√. IY-Iƒ km¶-ev]n-I-am-bn-cn-

°pw. ô®-dp-Iƒ bmYm¿∞y-hp-am-bmWv _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

teJ-\-kz-`m-h-ap-s≠-¶nepw km[m-cW A¿∞-Øn¬ teJ-\-ß-f√ Ch. teJ\w Hcp ImgvN-

∏m-Sns‚ Ah-X-c-W-am-Wv. AXv efn-X-am-h-W-sa-∂n-√. ô®-dp-Iƒ efn-Xhpw ck-I-c-hp-am-bn-cn-°-W-

sa∂v \n¿_-‘-am-Wv.

hm¿Ø-I-fmWv ô®-dp-I-fpsS ]`-h-tI-µ-sa-¶nepw Ah shdpw hm¿Øm-h-X-c-W-a√ \S-Øp-

∂-Xv. hm¿Ø-I-sf-°mƒ hmb-\-£-aX ô®-dp-Iƒ°p-≠m-h-Ww. hm¿Ø-Iƒ Bcpw \n¿_-‘n-∏n®v

hmbn-∏n-t°-≠-Xn-√. F∂m¬ ô®-dp-I-fn-te°v hmb-\-°m-cs‚ i≤ BI¿jn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hm¿Ø-

Iƒ t]mse ka-b-_-‘n-X-am-bn-cn-°n√ o-®-dp-Iƒ. hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v B ka-bsØ aqeyw amXtabp≈q.

ô®-dp-Iƒ Aßn-s\-b-√. AsXt∏mgpw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ô®-dp-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf Cßs\ Npcp-°mw ˛ efn-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww, ck-I-c-am-bn-cn-°-

Ww, hn⁄m-\-]-Z-am-bn-cn-°-Ww, sshIm-cn-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww, ]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnj-b-sØ-∏‰nbmh-Ww.

km[m-cW hmb-\-°msc ap∂n¬ I-≠mWv ^n®¿ cN\ \S-tØ-≠-Xv. efn-X-ambpw ck-I-c-ambpw

BI¿j-Wo-b-ambpw kwhn-[m\w sNbvXm¬ amXta Bfp-I-fpsS i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-

≈q. t]Pp-Iƒ adn-°p-tºmƒ hmb-\-°m-cs‚ IÆp-Isf ]nSn®p \ndp-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ hn[w NnX-

ßƒ, t^mt´m-Iƒ, sNdnb Ce-kvtS-j-\p-Iƒ, Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ, Km^p-Iƒ F∂nh o®-dp-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

hnhn-[-Xcw ô®-dp-Iƒ

F. hm¿Øm- o-®-dp-Iƒ: hm¿Ø-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-≠m-Ip∂ ô®-dp-I-fm-Wn-h. hm¿Ø-bv°p-]n-

∂nse bYm¿∞ Imc-W-ß-fpw, AXns‚ Ncn-X-hpw, ZrIvkm-£n-hn-h-c-W-ßfpw F√mw CXn¬ hcpw.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp hnam-\m-]-ISw \S∂p F∂ hm¿Ø h∂m¬ IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ ac-W-a-S-

bp--∂-tXmsS AXv ]m[m-\y-ta-dnb hm¿Ø-bm-hp-∂p. F∂m¬ A]-I-Sw \S∂ ÿew, AXns‚ hnh-c-

Ww, hnam-\-°-º-\n, b¥-Ø-I-cm-dv, Ah-cpsS a‰v hnam-\-ß-fpsS ÿnXn, ap≥]v CtX t]mse \S∂

hnam-\m-]-I-S-ß-fpsS Ncn-Xw, kw`hw \S∂ XnøXn°p≈ ]m[m-\yw, ]cp°v ]‰n-b-h-cp-am-bp≈

C‚¿hyq-Iƒ, ZrIvkm£n hnh-c-Ww, t^mt´m-Iƒ, A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Ai-≤, ]cn-lm-c-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ

F√mw tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw ô®-dns‚ LS-\. \mS-Io-b-Xbpw sshIm-cn-I-Xbpw, CØcw A]-I-S-ßƒ

Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ k∑--\-kp-sa√mw ô®-dns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

hm¿Ømô®-dns‚ as‰mcp apJ-amWv "I¿´¨ sdbvk¿' ô®-dp-Iƒ. DZm-l-c-W-ambn temI-

I∏v ^pSvt_mƒ XnøXn ]Jym-]n-°s∏´p Ign-™m¬ Ifn XpSßp∂Xns‚ Ht∂m ct≠m Znh-kw-

apºv ]X-ß-fn¬ ]gb Ifn-I-fp-sSbpw Ifn-°m-cp-sSbpw A]q¿hNn-X-ßƒ klnXw o®-dp-Iƒ ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-°pw. CXmWv I¿´¨ sdbvk¿ ô®-dp-Iƒ.



_n. B\nth-gvkdn ô®-dp-Iƒ: h¿jw-tXmdpw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏--Sp∂ D’-h-ßƒ, BtLm-j-ßƒ,

hnti-j-Zn-h-k-ßƒ F∂n-hbv°v ]nd-Inse kw`-h-K-Xn-I-fpsS ck-I-c-amb NnXo-I-c-W-ß-fmWv Ch.

HmWw, ]pXp-h-’-cw, _Io-Zv, kzmX-¥y-Zn-\w, Km‘nPb¥n, Xriq¿]qcw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ o®-

dp-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. F√m h¿jhpw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw sshhn-[y-

ß-fmWv ô®-dp-I-fpsS BI¿j-Wo-b-X. t\csØ Xs∂ Xøm¿ sNbvXp sh°mw F∂-XmWv Cu

ô®-dp-I-fpsS ]tXy-I-X. CØcw o®-dp-Iƒ Xøm--dm-°m≥ sshZ-KvZy-ap≈ ]tXyIw teJ-I¿ Xs∂

Hmtcm ]X-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

kn. lyqa¿ C‚-dÃv ô®¿: hmb-\-°m-cn¬ kl-Xm-]hpw sshIm-cn-I-Xbpw krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv

CØcw o®-dp-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. henb ]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ßƒ, A-]-I-S-ßƒ, IÆo-cns‚ IY-Iƒ F∂nh

CØcw o®-dp-I-ƒ°v hnj-b-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn BZn-hmkn taJ-e-I-fnse ]ńWn ac-W-

ßƒ, F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ Zpcn-X-_m-[n-X¿, km[m-c-W-°m¿ t\cn-tS≠n hcp∂ ASn-®-a¿Ø-ep-Iƒ

F∂nh lyqa¨ C‚-dÃv ô®-dp-I-fmbn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.

Un. hnt\mZ o®dpIƒ: hmb\°msc ckn-∏n-°m\pw, hnt\m-Zn-∏n-°m\pw th≠n amX-ap-≈-h-bmWv

Ch. Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ \¿Ω-t_m-[hpw, GXv hnj-b-sØbpw Xam-i-bm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ Ign-

hp-amWv CXn-\-Sn-ÿm-\w. Bt£-]-lmkyw CØcw ô®-dp-I-fpsS ][m-\- k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

C. t]gvk-Wm-en‰n o®¿: Hm¿Ωn-°-s∏-tS≠ ]kn≤ hy‡n-I-fpsS Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ NnXo-I-

c-W-am-Wn-h. imkvX-⁄-∑m¿, kmaq-ly-˛-cm-jvSob taJ-e-I-fnse ]apJ hy‡n-Xz-ßƒ F-∂n-hsc

A\p-kva-cn-t®m, PohnX L-´-Øn¬ A`n-apJw \S-Øntbm Xømdm-°p∂ ô®-dp-I-fm-Wn-h. hy‡n-I-

fpsS t\ -ßƒ, Ah-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ F∂nh ]pXnb Xe-ap-dbv°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ e£yw

IqSn CØcw ô®-dp-Iƒ°p-≠v.

F^v. A\-en-‰n-°¬ ô®¿: Kuc-h-s∏´ hnj-b-ßsf°pdn®p≈ Bg-ta-dnb ]T-\-ß-fmWv Ch.

kmº-ØnI cmjvSob imkvX taJ-e-I-fnse Nne ][m-\-hn-j-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ \nco-£-W-ßfpw

]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßfpw Bb Ch hnt\m-Z-hm-b-\bv°v th≠n D≈-h-b-√.

Pn. sskUv _m¿ ô®¿: Hcp ][m\ hm¿Ø-tbm-sSm∏w htc≠ Imcy-ßƒ AXn¬ t\cn´v Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-tºmƒ hm¿Øm-a-[y-Øn-tem, hm¿Øm-`m-K-ß-fn-tem, ]tXy-Iw-t_m-Ivkp-I-

fntem, \ndw amdntbm tN¿°p-∂-h-bm-Wn-h. hm¿Ø-I-sf-°mƒ Bfp-Iƒ°v Xm¬]cyw Cu t_mIvkv

tImf-ß-fn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

F®v. ss_‰v o®¿: s]s´∂v hmb-\-°msc BI¿jn∏n°pw hn[w \nd-ß-fn-tem, NnX-ßƒ tN¿tØm,

t_mIvkp-I-fntem \¬Ip∂ sNdnb ô®-dp-I-fm-Wn-h. ]e-t∏mgpw hnkva-b-I-c-amb kw`-h-ß-fm-bn-

cn°pw Ch-bpsS hnj-bw.

sF. t^mt´m o®¿: Hcp hnti-j-hy-‡nsb A\p-kva-cn°¬, ][m\ BtLmjßƒ, F∂n-hsb

\nc-h[n t^mt´m-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂XmWv t^mt´m o®¿. Hcp ]kn≤ hy‡n acn-®m¬ At±-

l-Øns‚ PohnX NnXo-I-cWw t^mt´m-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ]X-ß-fn¬ km-[m-c-W-amWv

AXp -t]mse ]kn -≤ -ß-fmb BtLm-j-ß-fpw, D’-h-ß-fpw, t^mt´m -I -fn -eqsS

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

sP. tImºn-t\-j≥ ô®¿: ô®dpw t^mt´mô®dpw tN¿tØm, As√-¶n¬ H∂n-tesd ô®-dp-I-

fmtbm tImºn-t\-j≥ o®-dp-Iƒ D≠m-hmw. Iqń-bn-W°n Xøm-dm-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bmWv tImºn-t\-j≥

ô®-dp-Iƒ.



ô®¿ cN\: ô®¿ cN-\bv°v BZyw th≠Xv km[y-X-bp≈ Hcp hnjbw Is≠-Øp-I-bm-Wv.

hnjbw e`n-®m¬ AXns\-°p-dn®v In´m-hp∂ F√m hnh-c-ßfpw tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. t^mt´m-Iƒ,

NnX-ßƒ, A`n-ap-J-ßƒ Cßs\ Bh-iy-ap-≈-sX√mw tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

hmb-\-°msc BI¿jn--°p∂ B-ap-J-amWv ô®-dns‚ ][m-\-`m-Kw. AXp hmbn-®m¬ ô®¿

apgp-h≥ hmbn-°m-\p≈ BKlw hmb-\-°m-c-\p-≠m-h-Ww. Hcp IY-bn-eq-sS-tbm, D≤-c-Wn-bn-eq-sS-

tbm, Hcp tNmZy-Øn-eq-sS-tbm, Ihn-Xm-i-I-e-Øn-eq-sStbm BapJw Bcw-`n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

BapJw Ign-™m¬ o®¿ ico-c-am-bn. hmb\ XpS-cm≥ t]cn-∏n-°p∂ BImw£ \ne-\n¿Øm≥

ico-c-Øn\v Ign-b-Ww. ]n∂oSv D]-kw-lm-c-am-Wv. hmbn® o®-dns\ Aev]-Zn-hktØs°-¶nepw Hm¿Ω-

bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ coXn-bn-em-hWw AXns‚ D]-kw-lm-cw. A\m-h-iy-amb ]Z-ßfpw

Bh¿Ø\ hnc-k-amb ssien-Ifpw a\w aSp-∏n-°p∂ ]tbm-K-hn-ti-j-ßfpw ô®¿ cN-\-bn¬ Hcn-

SØpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-cpXv F∂Xv Hm¿Ωn-t°≠ Imcy-am-Wv.

tdUntbm o®¿: tdUntbm o®-dp-Iƒ s]mXpsh NnXo-I-c-W-ßƒF∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hkvXp-

X-Isf \mS-Io-b-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂Xpw, sdt°mUv sNøm-hp∂ F¥pw i_vZ-hn-

\ym-k-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-sa-∂Xpw CXns‚ ta∑-bm-Wv. BIm-i-hm-Wn-bn¬ hbepw hoSpw,

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p th≠n, A≤ym-]-I¿°v th≠n F∂n-h-bn-se√mw ô®-dp-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

Ipam-c-\m-im-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ Hcp ]`m-jWw A[n-I-t\cw tIńcn-°pI aSp-∏p-f-hm-°n-tb-°mw. Hcp hy‡n-

Xs∂ kzc-t -Z-an-√msX Aßns\ kwkm-cn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv. F∂m¬ Bim-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ Hcp o®¿

hfsc BI¿j-Iambpw D≈n¬X´pw hn[hpw Ah-X--cn-∏n-°mw. Hcp Ipń Bims‚ Ihn-Xm-`mKw

sNm√n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXp-tI´v sIm≠p-hcp∂ Hcmƒ AXn-s\-°p-dn®v XpS-ßp∂ kwi-b-

Øntem, tNmZy-Øn-tem, A`n-]m-b-Øntem AXv Bcw-`n-°mw. ]ns∂ Iq´mb N¿®-I-fpw, thsdbpw

IYm]mX-ßfpw kw`m-j-W-ß-fp-sa√mw k∂n-th-in-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. sshhn-[y-am¿∂ i_vZßfpw

]›m-Ø-e-kw-Ko-Xhpw Adn-hns‚ Bg-hp-sa√mw tdUntbm o®-dns\ \√ co-Xn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥

klm-b-I-am-Ip∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv.

C. eLp-teJ:

I®-hS tIµn-X-amb am[y-a-k-aqlw P\-km-am-\yØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-]-iv\-ßƒ a-d∂v sk≥tk-

j-\¬ \yqkp-Iƒ°v ]n∂mse t]mIp-tºmƒ AXns\ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ th≠n cq]w sIm≈p-∂-

XmWv eLp-te-J-b-S-°-ap≈ kam-¥c am[y-a-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ. P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ]iv\-

ß-fn-te°v s]mXp-k-ΩXn B¿÷n-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv eLp-te-J-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp

]tXy-I-]iv\w ap≥\n¿Øn GsX-¶nepw cmjvSo-b, kmkvIm-cnI thZn-I-tfm, kwL-S-\-Itfm ]p-

dØnd°p-∂-h-bmWv CXn-te-sd-bpw. kuP-\y-am-tbm, \n m-c- XpI kw`mh-\-bmbn kzoI-cnt®m eLp-

te-J-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNøm-dp-≠v.

\√ ]T-\-hpw, Kuc-h-ta-dnb kao-]-\hpw GsXmcp eLp-te-J-bp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.

km[m-c-W-°m¿°v ]nSn-In-´mØ Hfn-™p-In-S-°p∂ hnj-b-ßƒ ]pd-sØ-SpØv N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-°n-

Øo¿°m≥ Ch \s√mcp D]m-[n-bm-Wv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A`n-]m-b-kzm-X-¥y-Øns‚ \√

thZn-I-fmWv Ch.

eLp-te-J-bpsS ]h¿Ø\ Ncn-X-Øn¬ hnkva-cn-°m-\m-hmØ \ma-amWv tXmakv s]bn-\n-t‚-

Xv. Cw•-≠nepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw sXmgn¬]-c-amb ASn-®-a¿Ø-en-s\-Xn-cmbn s]bn≥ ]pd-Øn-d-°nb

eLp-te-J-Iƒ `c-WIqSØns‚ \ne-\n-ev]ns\ Xs∂ tNmZyw sNøp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚

"tIma¨sk≥kv', ssd‰vkv Hm^v am≥', "GPv Hm^v dok¨' XpS-ßnb eLp-te-J-Iƒ eLp-te-Jm-N-

cn-X-Ønse al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-I-fmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw, tPmen-bn¬ \n∂v ]ncn-

®p-hn-S-s∏-Sp-Ibpw, ]e h´w Pbn¬in-£bv°v hnt[-b-\m-bnØo-cp-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶nepw s]bv≥ eLpteJ-

Iƒ hgn `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-t\mSv Xs‚ kacw XpS-cpI Xs∂ sNøp-∂p-≠v.



C∂pw P\-Po-hn-XsØ _m[n-°p∂ ASn-ÿm-\-]-iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ A`n-]m-b-cq-]o-I-

cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ eLp-te-J-Iƒ°v henb ]¶p-≠v. cmjvSo-b-]m¿ń-I-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v ]I-S-\-

]-Xn-IIƒ C°q- -Øn¬ hcp-∂-h-bm-Wv. sske‚ vhmen, πm®n-a-S, BZn-hmkn qan, F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥

XpS-ßnb P\-Po-hn-XsØ _m[n-°p∂ ]iv\-ßƒs°√mw i‡-amb sh-√p-hn-fn-bp-b¿Øm≥ eLp-

te-J-Iƒ°v Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

D en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ

Hcp sNdnb hmb-\m-hrµw amX-ap-≈Xpw, I®-h-S-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn F√m-Øcw

A[n-Im-c-L-S-\-Iƒ°pw, FÃm-ªn-jvsa‚p-Iƒ°pw FXn-cmb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ sh®p ]pe¿Øp∂Xp-

amb sNøp∂ kam-¥c cN-\-I-fmWv en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ. apJy-[mcm am[y-a-ß-fpsS I®-hS Xmev]-

cy-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbmWv en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ cq]w sIm≠-Xv. \S∂p ]g-Inb hgn-I-sf-bpw, Bh¿Ø\hn-

c-k-amb Bhn-jvI-cW kº-Zm-b-ß-sfbpw ]cn-jvI-cn-°-W-sa∂v AK-ln-®n-cp∂ F√m temI-ß-

fnepw en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Cw•ojv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS h‡m-hmb Sn.-Fkv.F-en-b-‰v,

F^v.-B¿ ehokv F∂n-h¿ Ah-cpsS ImeØv en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

Fw.-hn.-tZ-hs‚ ]Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ 1950-I-fn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb \h-km-ln-Xn-bmWv ae-bm-f-Ønse

BZy en‰n¬ amKkn≥. A∂sØ ]kn≤ Ihn-I-fmb CS-t»-cn, F≥.hn F∂n-h¿ CXns‚ ]Xm-[n]

kanXnbnep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \mS-I-IrØpw kzX-¥-Nn-¥-I\pambn-cp∂ kn.-sP.-tXm-a-kns‚ c£m-[n-Im-c-

Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb "tKm]pcw' hfsc ]kn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. _jo-dns‚ "]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv'

tKm]p-c-Øn-emWv BZyw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.

ae-bm-f-Ønse F°m-e-sØbpw al-Ømb en‰n¬ amK-kn≥ Nn¥-I\pw lyqa-\n-Ãp-amb Fw.-

tKm-hn-µs‚ ]Xm[n]-Xy-Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb "kao£' Bbn-cp∂p. B\-µns‚ "ac-W-k¿ń-^n-°-‰v,

kn.-F≥ s‚ "Ien' F∂nh BZyw ]kn-≤o-I-cn°p∂Xv CXn-em-Wv. CXn¬ \ncq-]-Ww, Ihn-X, NnX-Ie

F∂-nhbv°mbn ]tXyI ]w‡n-Ifpw, kvs]jy¬ ]Xn-∏p-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1960 Ifn¬

a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kzX-¥-Nn-¥-I-cp-sSbpw, Iem-Im-c-∑m-cp-sSbpw \√ coXn-bn-

ep≈ kl-I-cWw kao-£bv°v e`n-®n-cp-∂p.

Aø-∏-∏Wn°cpsS "tIc-f-I-hnX-, F.-A-ø-∏s‚ "A£cw', k®n-Zm-\-µs‚ "Pzme' XpS-ßn-bh

Kuc-h-ta-dnb hmb-\bv°pw Nn¥bv°pw ]m[m\yw \¬In. t_m[n, t]c-W, sb\m≥, kwI-aWw,

]mT-t`Zw F∂n-hbpw AA-°m-e-L-´-Øn¬ hnπ-h-I-c-amb Nph-Sp-Iƒ sh® en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-I-fm-bn-

cp-∂p. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øns‚ XS-h-d-bn¬ Ipcp-ßn-t∏mb mj-sbbpw, Bhn-jvI-cW ]≤-Xn-I-sfbpw

]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂-Xn¬ en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-Iƒ hln® ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm--bn-cp-∂p.

E Npa¿amK-kn-\p-Iƒ: t\mó-kp-Ifpw, t]mkv‰-dp-I-fp-ambncn°Ww Npa¿amK-kn-\p-I-fpsS

ap≥Kman-Iƒ. Bfp-Iƒ Adn-b-W-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ Imcy-ßƒ Hcp IS-em-kn-se-gpXn Nph-cn¬ ]Xn-

°pI F∂-Xm-Wn-Xns‚ coXn. ]X-ßƒ hcp-∂-Xn\v apºv Xs∂ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Bi-b-]-N-cW

kº-Zm-b-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kvIqfp-I-fnepw tImtfPv Imº-kp-I-fnepw hmb\m-aq-e-Ifpw AhnsS

Nph¿ amK-kn-\p-Ifpw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. sNehv Ipd™ coXn-bn¬ Imcy-ßƒ hmb-\-°m-cn¬ FØn-

°pI F∂-XmWv CXv e£yw sh°p-∂-Xv. temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb Npa¿]-X-ambn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-

∂Xv tImgn-t°mSv ae-_m¿ InkvXy≥ tImtf-Pnse tP¿W-enkw ¢_v ]Z¿in-∏n® "HUo nbmWv.

Cu ]Xw IS-em-kn-e√ XpWn-bn-em-Wv \n¿Ωn®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

F A`n-ap-J-ßƒ: ]X-am-[y-a-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A`n-ap-J-ßƒ kp]-[m-\-am-Wv. A`n-ap-

J-Øn\v Xøm-sd-Sp-°p∂ teJ-I\v Xm≥ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-sb-°p-dn®pw At±-l-Øns‚ ]h-

¿-Ø\ taJ-e-sb-°p-dn®pw \√ Adnhv D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. NnX-Im-c-t\m, Ihn-tbm, ImbnI Xmc-

tam, kn\nam Xmc-tam, cmjvSo-b- km-aq-ly-]-h¿Ø-It\m Bcm-bmepw At±-l-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ta-

J-e-sb-∏‰n s]mXp-hmb Adn-hn-√mØ Bƒ A`n-ap-J-Øn\v t]mIm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. Nne ]tXyI



hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Hcmƒ°p≈ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ, hntbm-Pn-∏p-Iƒ, \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂nh s]mXp-P\ ka£w

Adn-bn-°p-I-bmWv A`n-ap-J-Øns‚ e£yw. A`n-ap-J-Øn\v hnt[-b-\m-Ip∂ Bƒ GsX-¶nepw taJ-e-

bn¬ ]h¿Ø sshZKv[yw sXfn-bn® hy‡n-bm-bn-cn-°pw. At±-l-Øn\v X\n-°-dn-tb≠ Nne hnj-b-

ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØ-c-apt≠m F∂mWv tNmZy-I¿Øm-hn-\-dn-tb-≠-Xv. AXp-

sIm≠v Xs∂ tNmZy-I¿Øm-hns‚ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ°v ChnsS Hcp ]k-‡n-bp-an√ F∂v a\- n-em-°-

Ww. A`n-apJw Hcn-°epw Hcp N¿®-b-√, tNmZy-I¿Øm-hns‚ Adnhv ]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ thZn-bp-a-√.

A[n-Im-c-a-√, hn\-b-amWv ChnsS ]I-S-am-tI-≠-Xv. "Rm≥' F∂ Hcp ]Zw tNmZy-I¿Øm-hns‚ ]Zm-h-

en-bn¬ t]mepw D≠m-hm≥ ]mSn-s√-∂mWv hnZ-KvZ-\n-co-£-Ww. kw`m-j-W-°m-c-\m-b-√- \s√mcp tIƒhn-

°m-c-\m-bmWv tNmZy-I¿Ømhv CS-s]-tS-≠-Xv. temI-]-kn-≤-cmb ]e ]X-]-h¿Ø-Icpw Ncn-X-Øn-

enSw t\Sn-bXv Xß-fpsS A`n-apJ dnt∏m¿ńwKv hgn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tXm°n\v apºn¬ `b-s∏-SmsX Xoh-

hmZn tIµ-ß-fnepw a‰pw t]mbn Ah-cpsS t\Xr-XzsØ C‚¿hyq sNbvXv ]kn-≤-cmbh¿ \ΩpsS

]X-]-h¿Ø-\-cw-KØpw D≠v. X¥-]-c-Xbpw, hnthIhpw \b-]-c-amb kao-]-\hpw teJ-I\v D≠m-bn-

cn-°-Ww. Abm-fpsS kao-]-\-amWv C‚¿hyq-hns‚ hnP-b-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\w.

A`n-ap-J-ßƒ aq∂p hn[-Øn-em-Wp-≈Xv

C≥^¿ta-j≥ C‚¿hyq

H∏o-\n-b≥ C‚¿hyq

ô®¿ C‚¿hyq

C≥^¿ta-j≥ C‚¿hyq hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Im≥ th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. ]tXy-In®v aps∂m-cp-°-

ßƒ H∂p-an-√m-sXbpw CXv th≠n hcm-dp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp _ -]-ISw \S∂ CSØv teJ-I≥

FØn-t®-cp-tºmƒ hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\mbn Abmƒ ]e-scbpw kao-]n-t°≠n hcpw. ZrIvkm-£n-

Iƒ, bmX-°m¿, t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿, Bip-]Xn Poh-\-°m¿ Cßs\ ]e-scbpw kao-]n-®mWv

Abmƒ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

k¿°m¿ Xe-Øn-ep≈ Nne hnh--c-ßƒ Adn-bm≥ D∂-tXm-tZym-K-ÿsc kao-]n-°p-∂Xpw

CØcw C‚¿hyq-hn¬s]-Sp-∂p. ChnsS Adn-tb≠ hnh-c-ßƒ-F-s¥-√m-am-sW∂v t\csØ A[n-Im-cn-

Isf [cn-∏n-t°≠n hcpw.

H∏o-\n-b≥ C‚¿hyqIƒ Nne ]tXyI hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ A`n-]m-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-

Øns‚ mK-ambn \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. k¿°m-cns‚ Hcp ]tXyI t]mfn-kn-sb-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv,

hnZym¿∞n kwL-S-\-Iƒ, sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂v A`n-apJw hgn-bmbn A`n-]mbw

tiJ-cn-°p-∂Xv am[y-a-ß-fn¬ km[m-c-W-am-Wv.

ô®¿ C‚¿hyqIfmWv bYm¿∞ A`n-ap-J-ß-fpsS kz`mhw ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS Adn-

tb≠ Imcy-ßƒ tNmZy-I¿Ømhv hnh-c-Zm-b-I\v apºn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw IrXy-amb t\mSvkp-I-

fn-eq-sSbpw sdt°m-Unw-Kn-eq-sSbpw ]n∂oSv ]I¿Øn-sb-SpØv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-IbpamWv sNøp∂Xv.

CØcw C‚¿hyq-I-fn¬ teJ-Is‚ kmln-Xy-]-cn-N-bw, h¿Æ-\m-t_m-[w, at\m-[¿Ωw F∂n-hbv°p

IqSn kmwK-Xy-ap-≠v. hy‡n-bpsS t^mt´m-Iƒ, Pohn-X-Ønse hnhn[ kµ¿`-ßƒ F∂nh C‚¿hyq-

hns‚ `mK-ambn sImSp-Øn-cn-°pw.

A`n-ap-J-ß-fn¬ kw`m-j-Is‚ hnizmkw B¿÷n-°m-\mWv tNmZy-I¿Ømhv ian-t°-≠-Xv.

Cbmƒ Ipg-∏-an√ F∂p tXm∂n-bm¬ tNmZn-°m-Ø-Xn\pw Bbmƒ adp-]Sn ]d-s™-∂n-cn-°pw. Cßs\

X\n°p th≠-sX√mw hy‡-ambpw kXy-k-‘-ambpw cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Hcp kµ¿`-ambn tNmZy-

I¿Ømhv A`n-ap-J-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

\mSIw tdUn-tbm-hn¬

kmln-Xy-IrXn tdUn-tbm-hn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ipsd-°m-cy-ßƒ i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hmb-

\m-\p-`-hsØ shdpw ihy-ambn amXw kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp-]m-Sv am‰-ßƒ IrXn°v hcp-tØ-≠-Xp-

≠v. km[m-c-W-bmbn tÃPn¬ \mw ImWp∂ \mSIw F∂ Iem-cq-]-sØ-bmWv tdUn-tbm-hn-te°v

sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-sX-¶n¬ NXp¿hn-[m- n-\-b-ß-fn¬ hmNnIw amX-amWv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kw`m-j-Whpw



ku≠v C^-IvSp-Ifpw amXw Bi-bn®v ]›m-Ø-ehpw IYm-Jym-\hpw km[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu ]cn-an-

Xn-Iƒ D≈-t∏mƒ Xs∂ as‰mcp am[y-a-Øn-\p-an-√mØ Ipsd km[y-X-Ifpw tdUn-tbm-hn-\p-≠v. temI-

Øn-se-hn-sSbpw D≈ IY F∂ \ne-bn¬ ˛ Ic-bn-tem, IS-en-tem, BIm-i-tØm, I∏-entem, hnam-\-

Øn-tem˛ Fhn-sS-bm-bmepw D≈ cwK-ßƒ \njv]-bmkw tdUntbm \mS-I-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥

km[n-°pw.

tÃPv \mSIw IÆns‚ Ie--bm-sW-¶n¬ tdUntbm \mSIw ImXns‚ Ie-bm-Wv. tÃPv \mS-I-

Øn¬ F√mw IÆns‚ ap∂n¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ tdUn-tbm-hn¬ F√mw ku≠v C^-IvSp-I-

fn-eqsS t]£I a\- n¬ tXm∂n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.

tÃPv \mS-I-Øn¬ F√mw t\cn´v I≠v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ tdUntbm \mS-I-Øn¬

hm°p-I-fn-eqsS amXta a\- n-em-hp-I-bp-≈q. IØn-bp-ambn AIan-°m≥ hcp∂ Hcmsf cwKØv

ImWn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-am-Wv. tdUn-tbm-hn¬ " B IØn Xmsg CSq' F∂p ]d-™m¬ amXta AI-an-

bpsS Iøn¬ IØn-bp-s≠∂v a\- n-em-hp-I-bp-≈q. AXp-t]mse IYm-]m-X _‘ßƒ, AIew ASp∏w

F∂n-hbpw kw`m-j-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]tXyI i_vZ hy\ym-k-Øn-eqsSbpamWv tdUntbm \mS-I-ß-

fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Zriy-_nw-_-ßsf apgph≥ i_vZ-_nw-_-ß-fm°n am‰n-s°m≠v amXta \mS-

I-a-S-°-ap≈ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßsf tdUn-tbm-hn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.

hni-Z-]-T\w: 1. D®m-c-Ww˛ F.-B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

ae-bm-f kmlnXy-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw, mjimkvXm hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb

\ma-amWv F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿ΩbptS-Xv. mjm imkvX-Ønepw, hymI-c-W-Øn-epw, mjm Ncn-X-Ønepw

At±-l-Øns‚ imkvXo-bhpw kq£va-hp-amb Z¿i\w hym]cn-®-Xns‚ A\-iz-c-amb amXr-I-bmWv

"tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw' F∂ hymI-cW KŸw. cNn-°-s∏´v \qtdmfw h¿j-ßƒ Ign-s™-¶nepw AXns‚

amlm-fly-sØbpw, A]-am-Zn-Xz-sØbpw adn-I-S-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp hymI-c-W-K-Ÿhpw ae-bm-f-°-c-

bn¬ D≠m-bn-´n-√. IhnXm kw_-‘-amb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ hna¿i-\m-flI ZrjvSn-Iƒ

]Xn-™-Xns‚ al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-I-fmWv hrØ-RvP-cnbpw, `mjm-`q-j-W-hpw. hrØ-kw-_-‘-amb

]iv\-ßƒ°v C∂pw B[n-Im-cnIw hrØ-a-RvPcn BbXp t]mse Ae-¶mc kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-

d-bmbn \n¬°m≥ mjm- q-j-W-Øn\pw Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. kmln-Xy-A-°m-Zan ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "]_-‘-kw-

Klw' F∂ F.-B-dns‚ IrXn-bn¬ \ns∂-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-XmWv "D®m-cWw' F∂ `mKw. D®m-c-W-hn-j-b-

Øn¬ imkvXo-b-Xbpw auen-I-Xbpw Hmtcm `mjbpw ImØp-kq-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bmWv

At±lw Cu `mKØv N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-amWv `mj-bpsS e£y-sa-∂n-cn-s°, A¿∞-hn-

\n-a-b-Øns‚ Hcp ][m\ ASn-ÿm\w ]tZm-®m-cWw Xs∂-bm-sW∂v At±lw ChnsS hy‡-am-°p-I-

bm-Wv. Cw•ojv, kwkvIrXw t]mep≈ `mj-I-fn¬ `mjm ]T-\-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ D®m-cW ]T-\-

Øn\pw ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂Xv C°m-c-W-Øm-em-Wv.

Hcp `mj ]uV-`m-j-bm-I-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn¬ en]nbpw kmln-Xyhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. en]nbpw

kmln-Xyhpw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv hsc D®m-c-W-ßƒ°v hyhÿbp≠m-hp-I-bn-√.- \√ cq]-ßƒ Is≠Øn

kmln-Xy-`m-j-bn¬ am\-Io-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc ]Xn-Zn\w D®m-cWw hyXym-k-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.

]ucm-WnI kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ sshZn-I-kw-kvIr-X-sa∂pw euInI kwkvIr-X-sa∂pw c≠pƒ]n-

cn-hp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. thZ-ß-fnepw _m“-W-ß-fnepw ImWp∂ `mj sshZn-I-hpw ImfnZm-k-s\-

t∏m-ep≈ Ihn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv euInI kwkvIr-X-hp-am-Wv. thZ-ß-fn¬ D®m-c-W-ßƒ°v ]tXyI

ÿm\-ap-≠v. EtKz-Z-Øn¬ "U'Im-csØ "f' F∂pw "V' sb "fvl' F∂pw D®-cn-°-Ww. bPp¿th-Z-

Øn¬ "^'bv°v F s‚ D®m-c-W-am-Wp≈-Xv. A\p-kzm-csØ "Kvw' F∂m-Wp-®-cn-t°-≠-Xv. CØcw

D®m-cW hnti-j-ß-sf√mw hy‡-am-°n-s°m≠v Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≈ ]mNo\ D®m-c-W-im-kvX-K-Ÿ-

ß-fmWv "]mXn-im-Jy-ßƒ'.

D®m-c-W-Øn¬ i≤n-t°≠ as‰mcp Imcyw Cw•o-jn¬ accent F∂p hnfn-°p∂ bXv\-t`-Z-

am-Wv. Hcp ]Z-Ønse F√m A£-c-ß-sfbpw Htc _e-Øn-e√ D®-cn-t°-≠-Xv. ][m\ A£-c-ßsf

\√ _e-Øn¬ D®-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]Ir-Xn-]-Xyb-ßƒ tNcp-∂n-SØv ]Ir-Xn°v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬



\¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. Cw•ojv t]mep≈ `mj-I-fn¬ \masØ Inb-bm°m-\pw, Ime-t`Zw ImWn-°m\pw,

A¿∞-hy-Xymkap≠m-°m-\p-sa√mw D®m-c-W-Zm¿Uyw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ CØcw

D®m-cW hyXym-k-ßsf s]mXpsh "kzcw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. DZm-Øw, A\p-Zm-Øw, kzcnXw F∂n-

ßs\ aq∂p kzc-hy-Xn-bm-\-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. ]IrXn ]Xy-b-ß-fn¬ ][m-\amb ]IrXnsb Db¿∂

ÿmbn-bnepw A][m\-amb ]Xy-bsØ Xmgv∂ ÿmbn-bn-ep-amWv D®-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXmWv kzc-t`Zw

F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

kwkvIr-X-Ønse as‰mcp D®m-c-W-hn-tijw _mWn AYhm CuWw BWv. Hmtcm `mj-

Iƒ°pw D®m-c-W-Øn¬ AXn-s‚-Xmb CuWw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ae-bmfnIsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw

Xangv kwkvIrX _‘w D≈-Xn-\m¬ temI-Ønse GXv ]Zßfpw D®-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp ]bm-k-hp-an-

s√-∂v F.-B¿ \nco-£n-°p-∂p. Cusbmcp Imcy-Øn¬ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ `mKy-hm-∑m-cm-sW-∂mWv At±-l-

Øns‚ kpNn-¥n-Xm-`n-]m-bw.

]e `mj-Iƒ°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb D®m-c-W-hn-ti-j-ßƒ D≠v. _wKm-fn-Iƒ "h' F√mw "_'

BbmWv D®-cn-°p-I. Xan-gn¬ tLmj-i-_vZ-ßƒ°v D®m-c-W-an-√, arZp-hm-bn-´mWv D®m-c-Ww. ae-bm-f-

Ønepw Nne D®m-cW hne£-W-ßƒ D≠v. Nµ-\sØ N∂hpw, KW-]-Xnsb sKW-]-Xn-bpw, D’m-

lsØ Devkm-l-ambpw BWv ae-bm-fn-Iƒ D®-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw D®m-c-W-ßƒs°√mw Xs∂ Ncn-

X-]-c-amb Imc-W-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn°pw F∂mWv F.-B-dns‚ hnZKv≤ \nco-£-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T\w:2 ae-bmf ssien (H-∂m-a-[ym-bw): Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

ae-bm-f kmlnXy-Ncn-X-Øn¬ A¿∞-h-Ømb hm°p-sIm≠pw Nn¥-sIm≠pw A\-izc kw`m-

h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb t]mb Xe-ap-d-bnse \ncq-]-I-\mWv Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬

tbmPn-∏n-s‚bpw hntbm-Pn-∏n-s‚bpw `mj sIm≠v At±lw krjvSn® kuµ-cy-a-WvUew kqcy-tX-P-

t msS C∂pw ]Imiw ]cØn \n¬°p-∂p.

Fgp-Øn\pw hm°n\pw kw`-hn-°p∂ t_m[-]q¿∆tam A√m-ØtXm Bb sshI-ey-ß-sf-°p-

dn®v F√m-bvt∏mgpw Akz-ÿ-X-bpw, BIp-e-Xbpw sh®v ]pe¿Ønbp-cp∂ `mjm-kvt\-ln-bm-bncp∂p

amcm¿. kz¥w mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ A⁄X sImt≠m, hntZ-i-`m-j-I-tfm-Sp≈ Aan-Xm-Z-chv sImt≠m

ae-bm-f-sa-gp-Xp-tºmƒ kw`-hn-°p∂ h≥ho-gvN-Isf AwKo-I--cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ a\- m-bn-cp-∂n√ amcm-

cp-tS-Xv. ae-bmf ssien F∂ KŸw Cu hgn-°p≈ At\z-j-W-^-e-amWv. sX‰n-√mØ ae-bmfw F∂

ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ B[n-Im-cn-I-hpw auen-I-hp-amb BZy i_vZw Xs∂-bmWv Cu IrXn.

`mj-bn¬ kw -hn-°p∂ ]ptcm-K-Xn-sbbpw hnIm-k-sØbpw kwi-b-ZrjvSym t\m°n-°m-Wp∂

\ncq-]-I-\√ amcm-cv. cma-N-cnXw apX-en-tßm-´p≈ enJnX kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\Øn¬ `mjm

]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hºn® am‰-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-bn-Øo¿∂ mj-bmWv a-e-bm-fw.

cma-N-cn-Xw, IÆ-»-cm-am-bWw Ch-bnse `mj C∂sØ ae-bm-fn°v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-X-√.

Hcp `mj-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf c≠p-X-c-Øn¬ ImWm-sa∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. H∂v

\nco-£n-°p-∂p. AXv kwkm-cn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS kuI-cyhpw Ffp-∏hpw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ am‰-

am-sW-¶n¬, at‰Xv Fgp-Xp-∂-Xp-h-cp-sSbpw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw Adn-hn-√m-bva-bn¬ \n∂v DS-se-

Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. "ImWp-hm≥' F∂Xv "ImWm≥' F∂p Npcp-ßp-∂Xv kuI-cy-am-sW-¶n¬, "Im-Wp-∂-Xn-

tebv°v' Fs∂m-cmƒ ]d-bp∂Xv Adn-hn-√mbva sIm≠m-sW∂v At±lw \nco-£n°p∂p. k¶o¿Æ-X-

bn¬ \n∂v emfn-Xy-Øn-te-°mWv `mj ]ptcm-K-an-t°-≠-Xv. ]Icw k¶o¿Æ-Xbpw ÿqe-Xbpw h¿≤n-

°p-∂Xv Hcn-°epw `mjbv°v \√-X-√.

a‰p `mj-I-fn¬ ]tXyIn®v Cw•o-jv, kwkvIrXw F∂n-h-bn¬ Adnhp t\Sn-b-h¿°v kz¥w

`mj-tbmSv tXm∂p∂ A\m-Z-c-hmWv `mjm ]ptcm-K-Xn°v henb XS- -ambn \n¬°p-∂-sX∂v DZm-l-

cW klnXw At±lw hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.- a-ebmf mjbv°v a‰p ]e mj-I-tfm-sSm∏w \nev°m≥ i‡n

t]mc F∂ [mc-W-bmWv ]e Fgp-Øp-Imcpw kq£n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu [mcW icn-b-√ F∂ A`n-]m-b-

amWv teJ-I-\p-≈-Xv. ]e hniz-a-lm-K-Ÿ-ß-sfbpw hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ Ign™ ae--bm-f-Øn\v at‰Xv

`mj-bvs°m-∏hpw \n¬°m-\p≈ ]mam-Wyhpw ]m[m-\yhpw Ds≠-∂mWv At±lw hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.



apºv kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p `mjsb XmgvØn--s°-´m≥ ian-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ C∂v

Cw•ojv ]Tn-®-h-cn¬ \n∂mWv mjbv°v Gsd ]cp-°p-Iƒ Gevt°≠n hcp-∂-Xv. Ah¿ Cw•ojv a´n¬

ae-bmfw Fgp-Xp-∂Xp sIm≠v kw -hn-°p∂ XI-cm-dp-Iƒ sNdp-X-√ F∂v At±lw hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

]Ir-Xn-°p-ta¬ ]Xybw tN¿Øp-≠m-°p∂ mj-bmWv ae-bm-fw. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ btYm-

NnXw ]Xy-b-ßƒ tN¿Øp-am-Xta D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw ]mSp-≈q. as‰mcp ][m-\-]iv\w Cw•o-jns\

A\p-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v A\m-h-iy-ambn \e-bm-f-Øn¬ Bh¿Øn-°p∂ "Hcp' BWv.

DZm: cmas\ Hcp ]mºp ISn-®p. Chn-sS-sbms° Cw•ojv \nb-a-amWv ae-bm-f-Ønse Fgp-Øp-

Im¿ A\m-h-iy-ambn ]n¥p-S-cp-∂Xv F∂v amcm¿°v A`n-]m-b-ap-≠v.

Cw•o-jns\ A\p-I-cn®v ae-bm-f-Ønep≠mb as‰mcp hne-£-W-X-bmWv A\m-h-iy-ambn I¿Øm-

hns\ hmIy-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-Xv. DZm: B ]gb hoSn\p Np‰pw Ct∏mgpw Ipsd hmg-Iƒ

\n¬°p-∂Xv Hcp kµ¿i-I\v ImWmw. ChnsS kµ¿i-I≥ F∂p tN¿°msX Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Øn¬

A¿∞-]q¿Øn h∂p sIm≈pw. A\m-h-iy-ambn sIm≠v, th≠n F∂o KXn-Isf hmIy-Øn¬ LSn-∏n-

°p-∂Xv C∂v BVw-_cw t]mse h∂n-cn-°p-∂Xpw Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø-I-∑m¿ D≠m-°nb Ipg-∏-am-

sW∂v amcm¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse H‰-∏Z-ambn Npcp-°m-hp∂ ]eXpw hnkvX-cn-s®-gp-Xp-

∂Xpw Cßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Ch-bmWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ssieo-`w-K-ßƒ F∂v amcm¿ hna¿in-

°p-∂p-≠v. `mj P\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ krjvSn-bm-Wv. ]pdta hcpØp∂ Nn√d ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ sIm≠v

`mjsb am‰m≥ Ign-bn-√. B \nebv°v ]g-bXpw ]pXn-bXpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv `mjbv°v KpWw

sNøp∂Xv amXw kzoI-cn-°m-\mWv amcm¿ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.



samUyqƒ ˛ 3

ae-bm-fhpw P\-]n-b-am-[y-a-ßfpw

P\-]-n-bkw-kvImcw: P\-ßƒ°v CjvS-ap-≈Xv F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ P\-]n-b-Xsb \n¿∆-Nn-°m-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. GsXmcp kaq-l-Øn-sebpw P\-ßƒ Nn¥-bp-sSbpw Bkzm-Z\-Øn-s‚bpw Bhn-jvI-c-W-

Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-ß-fn¬ Htc \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√. Hmtcm hy‡n-bp-sSbpw

A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv Abm-fpsS hnZym- ym-kw, kmwkv-ImcnI ]›m-Ø-ew, a‰v uXnI kml-

N-cy-ßƒ F∂n-h-bm-Wv. CXns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Xm¬]-cy-ß-sfbpw _m[n-°p-∂p. Btcm-

Ky-Øn-s‚bpw hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ C¥y-bnse at‰Xv kwÿm-\-sØ-°mfpw ap≥]-¥n-

bn-emWv tIc-fw. _mey-Øn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v kuIcyw e`n-°m-Ø-h¿°v t]mepw htbm-P-\-hn-Zym-

`ym-kw, km£-c-Xm-]-h¿Ø\w F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ]n¬°mew hmb-\-bn-te°pw Fgp-Øn-te°pw IS∂p

hcm-\p≈ kuI-cy-ßƒ Chn-sS-bp-≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ \S∂ ]cn-jvI-c-W-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \thm-∞m-\-

]-ÿm-\-ßfpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS temI-ho-£WsØ Xs∂ am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂p-≠v. KŸ-im-em -]-ÿm-\hpw

KmaoW hmb-\-im-e-Ifpw hmb-\-bpsS Hcp ]pXnb NI-hmfw ChnsS hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. hkvXw,

]m¿∏n-Sw, XpS-ßnb ASn-ÿm-\m-h-iy-ßƒ°v Xpey-ambn hnZym- ym-k-sØbpw I≠-h-cmWv ae-bm-fn-Iƒ.

GsXmcp P\-X-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-ho-£Ww cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw, [mc-W-Isf am‰nØo¿°p-

∂-Xnepw Ahn-sS-bp≈ am[y-a-ßƒ°pw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ°pw ]eXpw sNøm-\p-≠v. ]pkvX-I-ßƒ P\-

k-aq-l-ß-sf-bpw, kmam-Py-ß-sfbpw krjvSn-°m≥ Icp-Øp-≈-h-bm-Wv. aX-K-Ÿ-ßƒ°v ]n∂n¬

hnizm-kn-Iƒ AWn-\n-c-°p-∂Xpw cm„o-b-X-Xz-im-kvX-Ir-Xn-Iƒ°v ]n∂n¬ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ Bthiw

sIm≈p-∂Xpw A£-c-ß-fpsS i‡n shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. "IpXn-c-sb-°mƒ thK-Xbpw Aºn-s\-°mƒ

aq¿®-bp-ap≠v D®-cn-°-s∏´ hm°p-Iƒ°v' F∂ ]kvXm-h-\bpw "c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS c‡-sØ-°mƒ

hne-s∏-´-XmWv t]\-bnse ajn' F∂ sNm√pw Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hm°n-s‚bpw i‡nbpw \n›-b-

Zm¿Vyhpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. F∂m¬ hmb-\bpw Nn¥bpw icn-bmb Zni-bn¬ Xs∂-bmtWm F∂v

Atem-Nn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hmb-\-°m-cp≈ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpw, G‰hpw IqSp-X¬

Bfp-Iƒ ImWp∂ kocn-bepIfpw F¥mWv sNøp-∂Xv F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ P\-]n-bX F∂Xv

F¥m-sW∂v N¿® sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. D]t-`mK--kw-kvImcØn¬ P\-]n-b-X I®-h-S-tI-µn-X-am-bn-

Øo-cp-Ibpw Itºm-f-Øn-te°v Bfp-Isf FØn-°m-\p≈ ]c-ky-hm-l-I-cmbn Iem-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ

amdp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Bi-b-]-c-amb a¿±-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ F∂mWv Itºm-f-I-

esb A¬Øp-k¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

ss]¶nfn kmlnXyw: ap´Øv h¿°n-bpsS "]mSmØ ss]¶nfn' F∂ t\mh¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-tXm-

sS-bmWv sshIm-cn-Imwiw IqSp-X-ep≈ IrXn-Isf ss]¶nfn kmlnXyw F∂p hnfn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.

Iem-km-ln-Xy-ß-fpsS taJ-e-bn¬ sse‰v B¿s´∂pw kocn-bkv B¿s´∂pw D≈ hn`-P\w GsXmcp

`mjm-k-aq-l-Ønepw D≠v. shdpw Xam-ibvt°m t\cwt]m°nt\m th≠n amX-ap≈ Iem-kr-jvSn-I-

fmWv sse‰v B¿´p-Iƒ. hy‡n-Iƒ°v kmaqlyPohn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Ah-t_m[w D≠m-°pI F∂

e£y-tØmsS Kuc-h-ta-dnb A\p-`-h-ßsf Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-h-cmWv kocn-bkv B¿´p-Iƒ. a.-]-kn-

≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw, ss]¶nfn t\mh-ep-Ifpw tkm∏v kn\n-a-Ifpw IÆo-c-Wn-bn-°p∂ saKm-ko-cn-b-ep-Ifpw

sse‰v B¿´ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn-emWv hcp-∂-Xv. Ch hy‡-amb PohnX-e-£y-ßƒ H∂pw Ahn-jvI-cn-°m≥

th≠n D≠m-Ip-∂-X-√. a\p-jy-a-\- nse Xmgv∂ -Xcw hnIm-c-ßƒ°mWv Ch ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

I®-h-S-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ]pXn-b-Im-eØv D¬∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬°m-\p≈ kqX-hm-Iy-ß-fmbn Iem-

cq-]-ßƒ amdptºmƒ AXv P\-hn-cp-≤-am-bmWv amdp∂Xv. ss]¶nfn kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Hcp ][m\ ]tXy-

IX AXns‚ D≈-S-°-Øns‚ \ne-hm-c-an-√m-bva-bm-Wv. CS-Xp-]-£- _p≤nPohn-Ifpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-

Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw ss]¶nfnkmln-Xy-Øn\pw AXns‚ P\-]n-b-X-b°pw FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-cpsS \nc-¥-

c-hn-a¿i\w ae-bm-f-km-ln-XysØ c≠p X´p-I-fn-em-°n-Øo¿Øp. Kuc-h-ap≈ hmb\ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-

∂-hbpw t\cw-t]m-°n-\p-≈-h-bpw. ss]¶nfn ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒs°√mw Nne s]mXp kz`mh-ßƒ



D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "a' F∂ A£-c-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Ch-bn¬ ]e-Xn-s‚bpw t]cp-Iƒ. F∂m¬ "a'bn¬

XpS-ßp∂XpsIm≠p amXw Hcp ]kn-≤o-c-Whpw ss]¶n-fn-bm-h-W-sa-∂n-√. ss]¶nfn kmln-Xy-Øns‚

D≈S°w ]e-t∏mgpw Htc kz`mhw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ht∂m ct≠m t\mh-ep-Iƒ, Hcp Ip‰m-t\z-jW

t\mh¬, Hcp a¥-hmZ t\mh¬, tUmIvS-tdmSv tNmZn-°p-I, a\:imkvX-⁄-t\mSv tNmZn-°p-I, Pohn-

XZp:Jw, IÆo-cns‚ IY, efnX ]mN-Iw, ên-Xw, ]mc-Un-Iƒ, ka-kym-]q-cWw F∂nh ss]¶nfn

]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fnse ÿncw ]w‡n-IfmWv.

P\-]n-b-]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS cq]-`m-h-ß-fn¬ Imem-\p-kr-X-amb am‰-ßƒ D≠m-hm-dp-≠v.

Hmtcm ImeØpw ]c-am-h[n hmb-\-°m-cpsS IÆo-cmWv Ch e£yw shbv°p-∂-Xv. 1950Ifnepw 60Ifnepw

BZ¿i ]W-b-am-bn-cp∂p ][m\ hnj-bw. kmº-Øn-I-ambn c≠p [ph-ß-fn-ep≈ \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-

∑m¿ ]W-b-_-≤-cm-Ip-∂Xpw Ah-km\w ]Xn-_-‘-ßsf XcWw sNbvXv hnhm-ln-X-cm-hp-∂Xpw ÿncw

]ta-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ hn√-∑mcpw a‰v Nne-t∏mƒ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw kvt\l-Øn\v XS -ambn

hcp-∂p. F¥pw kw -hn-°m-hp∂ Znh-k-ßƒ. JWvU-i-bmbn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ Hmtcm

BgvNbpw ]Xo£tbmsS hmb\°m¿ ImØn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-km\w \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-∑m¿ hnhm-ln-X-

cm-hp-∂-tXmsS hmb-\m-°m¿°pw kam-[m-\-am-bn. Ime-L-´-Øns‚ P\-a-\ v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-

bn¬ ]ta-b-ßƒ amdnsIm≠n-cp∂p. ]e hmcn-I-I-fnepw Hcmƒ Xs∂ hnhn[ t]cp-I-fn¬ t\mh-ep-Iƒ

Fgp-Xn, IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS t]cn-tem, ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-tem- amXw hyXym-k-ap≈ IY-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-

®p. Ct∏mƒ Imº-kp-Iƒ tIµ-am-°nbpw sF.-Sn.-]m¿°p-Iƒ ]›m-Ø-e-am-°nbpw, Zmº-Xy-X-I¿®-

Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbpw G‰hpw ]pXn-b-Xmbn Izt´-j≥ kwL-ßsf Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønbpw hf¿∂p

sIm≠n-cn-°p∂p ss]¶nfn kmln-Xyw.

t^m¿ape ssd‰nwKv: P\-]nb hmcn-I-I-fnse G‰hpw ][m\ BI¿jW tIµw XpS¿t\m-h-ep-I-fm-

Wv. Hmtcm BgvN-bnepw IY CXp-hsc F∂v Npcp°w sImSp-Øn-cn-°pw. NnX-ßƒ If-dnepw ]c-am-

h[n an\p-ks∏-Sp-Ønbpw, icoc hSnhv hy‡-am-°p∂ hn[-Øn-ep-am-bn-cn°pw. ASpØ e°w F¥m-bn-

cn°pw F∂ BImw£ \ne-\n-dp-Øn-bmWv Hmtcm e°hpw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv. kw`m-j-W-ßfpw \mS-

Io-b-X-bp-amWv sshIm-cn-IX krjvSn-°m-\-p≈ am¿§-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. t\mh-ep-Iƒ°v t]cv \¬Ip-

∂Xv t\mh-en-Ãm-bn-cn-°n-√, Hmtcm Ime-Øn-s‚bpw P\-a-\- -dn™ ]Xm-[n-]-k-anXn Xs∂-bm-bn-cn°pw.

hmb-\-°m-cpsS Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v IY-bnepw am‰-ßƒ hcmw. CsXm∂pw t\mh-en-Ãns‚ hcp-Xn-bn-

em-h-W-sa-∂n-√. I®-h-S-em`w amXw ap∂n¬ I≠v ÿm]-\-Øns‚ \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw Nne ]tXyI am\-

Z-WvU-ßƒ A\p-k-cn®v cN\ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv t^m¿ape ssd‰nwKv F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

hnhn[ P\-]nb amkn-I-Iƒ

h\nXm amkn-I-Iƒ: P\-]n-b-]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ ]-[m-\-amb ÿm\w h\nXm amkn-I-Iƒ°p-≠v.

kvXoIƒ°v th≠n F∂ ]N-c-W-tØmsS ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßp∂ h\n-X, Krl-e-£van, kJn,

aln-fm-N-µn-I, aln-fm-c-Xv\w, kvt\ln-X, kvXo F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ h\nXm ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ.

D≈-S-°-Ønepw sIńepw ańepw Ch GXm-s≠√mw Htc t]mse Xs∂-bmWv. ]c-ky-ß-fmWv Chsb

Xmßn \n¿Øp-∂-Xv. kvXoI-fpsS kuµ-cy-h¿≤I hkvXp-°-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]c-ky-ß-fmWv Ch-bn¬

Gsdbpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I.

kvXoIƒ°p th≠n-bp≈ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-sW∂pw kvXo]-iv\-ß-fmWv CXn¬ N¿® sNøp-

∂Xv F∂p-amWv s]mXpsh Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ kvXo ]pcp-js\ BI¿jn-°m-\p≈ Hcp

kpµ-c-hkvXp amX-am-sW∂pw Ah-sfmcp icocw amX-am-sW∂pw ]N-cn-∏n°pIbmWv ê-Øn¬

sNøp-∂-Xv. hÆw Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ am¿§-ßƒ, hnhn[ Xcw hymbma apd-Iƒ, DS-ens‚ Hmtcm `mKhpw

Fßns\ BI¿j-I-am-°mw XpS-ßnbhsb-°p-dn®v ÿncw ]w‡n-Iƒ Xs∂-bp-≠v. bmXm-\p-`-h-

ßƒ, tjm∏nw-Kv, IuXp-I-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, ]W-ap-≠m-°m-\p≈ Ffp-∏-h-gn-Iƒ, kpc-£n-X-amb Zmº-Xyw,

IÆo¿°-S¬ Xm≠n-b-h¿, kn\nam hm¿Ø-Iƒ, hf¿Øp-ar-K-ß-fpsS ]cn-N-c-Ww, hoSv hyØn-bmbn

kq£n-°¬ F∂nh F√m e°-ß-fnepw D≠m-hpw.



P\-]n-b-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hn`m-K-amWv h\nXm amkn-I-Iƒ. Imcy-ßsf hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn ImWp-

∂-Xn\v ]Icw sshIm-cn-I-amb kao-]-\-amWv Ch¿ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kvXobpsS _p≤n-]-c-X-bvt°m,

kzX-¥-Nn-¥bvt°m CXn¬ ÿm\-an-√. kvXokzm-X¥yw, s]sÆ-gpØv XpS-ßnb Zm¿i-\nI kwhm-Z-

ß-fn¬ \n∂pw IrXy-amb AIew ]men-°p-I-bm-Wn-h¿. shfp-∏mWv kuµ-cy-sa∂pw shfp-°m-\p≈

D]m-[n-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW-∂p-amWv ][m-\-Nn-¥m-hn-j-bw. BZn-hmkn, sXcp-hnse PohnXw, ]cn-ÿnXn

aen-\o-I-cWw CsXm∂pw ChcpsS ]iv\-ta-b-√. Hcn\w cmjvSo-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpamb N¿®m-hn-

j-b-ß-sfm∂pw CØcw amkn-I-I-fn¬ ImWm-dn-√. _p≤n-]-cX ]pcp-js‚ temI-am-sW∂v kΩ-Xn®v

kvXosb AXn¬ \n∂v AI‰n \ndp-Øp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. BtKm-f-Xm-]\w sXmen-bpsS shfp-∏ns\

_m[n-°ptam F∂Xp-amWv Ch-cpsS Nn¥m-hn-j-bw. a[y-h¿K-k-aq-l-ß-fnse kvXoI-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn-

Iƒ°pw s]mß-®-ßƒ°pw t]m’m-l\w \¬In Ahsc am¿°-‰n-te-s°-Øn-°pI F∂-XmWv Ch-

cpsS ][m\ I®-hS X¥w. hnev]-\bpw em`hpw amX-amWv Ch-bpsS e£yw. AXv h¿≤n-∏n-°m-

\p≈ X¥-ß-fmWv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ][m-\-ambpw ho -Ωamcmb kvXoI-sf-bmWv Ch¿ ]Xo-£n-

°p-∂-Xv. Nne ]tXyI hnj-b-ßƒ°v Ch¿ Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. BI¿j-I-amb ]pdwN´ \n¿_-‘-

amWv. D≈-S-°-Øn¬ t\mh¬, IY, ên-Xw, tUmIvS-tdmSv tNmZn-°p-I, a\:imkvX-⁄-t\mSv tNmZn-

°p-I, Pohn-XZp:Jw, efn-X-]m-N-Iw, Iznkv, ]mc-Un-Iƒ F∂nh ÿncw ]w‡n-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw. H∂mw

t]Pn¬ Xs∂ al-ZvhN-\-ßfpw "C∂sØ Nn¥m-hn-j-bhpw' D≠mhpw, GsX-¶nepw BNm-cy≥ \¬Ip∂

DØcw t]mse-bm-Wnh hcp-∂-sX-¶nepw ]e-t∏mgpw tNmZyhpw DØ-chpw Hcmfns‚ Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-bn-

cn-°pw. ]pXnb ImeØv "Fwt_m-bvU-dn, kuµcykwc-£-Ww, \£-X-êw F∂nh IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-

∂p-≠v. hmb-\-°m-cpsS IØp-Iƒ ÿncw ]w‡n-bmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v.

Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-Iƒ : P\-]-nb ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-

Ifpw hcp-∂-Xv. kao-]-Im-e-Ømbn ae-bm-f-Ønse F√m apJy-[mcm ]X-ßƒ°pw Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-

Iƒ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-°-gn-™n-´p-≠v. a[y-h¿K Pohn-X-Øn¬ ac-W-`bw h¿≤n-°p-Ipbw ac-W-Øn\v tcmK-

ßƒ Hcp Imc-W-am-sW∂v hcn-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS Bip-]-Xn-Ifpw acp-∂p-Ifpw G‰hpw \√ aqe-[-

\-\n-t£] tIµ-ß-fmbn hfcp∂ ImgvN-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm Ah-b-h-Øn\pw ]tXyIw ]tXyIw

]cn-N-c-Whpw AXn-\mbn kvs]jyen-Ãp-Ifpw D≠m-bn-Øp-S-ßn. IqWp-Iƒ t]mse kq∏¿ kvs]jym-

en‰n tlmkv]n-‰-ep-Iƒ Kmaßfn¬ t]mepw Db¿∂p hcm≥ XpS-ßn. Btcm-KysØ kw_-‘n®

hy‡n-I-fpsS hºn® D¬°-WvT-Iƒ NqjWw sNøm-\p≈ Hcp hgn-bmbn amdn sshZy-im-kvXcwKw.

Cu Np‰p-]m-Sn-emWv Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-I-fpsS ]N-cWw a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv. ]e Akp-J-ßfpw

sX‰mb Pohn-X-co-Xn-sIm-≠pw, `£-W-Iaw sIm≠pw, A\m-h-iy-amb acp-∂p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-

sIm≠pw D≠m-hp∂p F∂-XmWv bmYm¿∞yw. F∂m¬ Cu hkvXpX X¥-]-c-ambn ad-®p-sh-°-s∏-

Sp-Ibpw DS-en¬ ImWp∂ Hcp ]mSv, Hcp XSn-∏v, Hcp InX∏v F∂n-hbn¬ b-s∏-SpØn Bfp-Isf Bip-

]-Xn-bn-te°v HmSn-°p-IbpamWv CØcw ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xv.

GsX-¶nepw Hcp ][m\ tcmK-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kvs]jy¬ ]Xn-∏m-bmWv Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-Iƒ

]pd-Øn-d-ßp-∂-Xv. apJ-NnXw an°-hmdpw GsX-¶nepw kn\nam \Sn-bp-sStbm at‰m Bbn-cn-°pw. a™-

∏n-Øw, ]ta-lw, ªUv]-j¿, lm¿´v A‰m°v XpS-ßnb tcmK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw Ih¿t]Pn¬ Xs∂

kqNn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ N¿®m-hn-j-bw. CØcw tcmK-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnhn[ tUmIvS¿am¿ \S-Øp∂ A`n-

]m-b-ßfpw NnIn’m coXn-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Atem-∏-Xn, Bbq¿thZw, tlmantbm, \m´p-

sshZyw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-se-√m-ap≈ NnIn-’-I-∑m¿ tcmKsØ°pdn®v hni-Z-am-b \nco-£-W-ßƒ \S-

Øp-Ibpw ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. hmb-\-°m¿°v Bscbpw kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-

Xm-Wv. Atem-∏Xn acp∂pIƒ henb tXmXn¬ sskUv CÎvSpIƒ D≠m-°p∂p F∂ ]N-cWw \ne-

\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]mc-º-cy-\m´p NnIn-’m-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw henb tXmXn¬ hmWn-Py-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

sl¿_¬ Bbn e`n-°mØ acp-∂p-Iƒ H∂pw Xs∂-bn-√.

Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-bn¬ ÿnc-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp tcmKw ssewKn-I-]-iv\-ß-fmWv.

skIvkv ASn-®-a¿Øn kq£n-°p∂ \Ωp-sSXv t]mep≈ Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ AXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ GXv

N¿®bpw Bth-i-I-c-ambn hmbn-°-s∏-Spw F∂p-d-∏p-≠v. K¿`-[m-c-Ww, ]khw F∂n-hbpw Zo¿L-



\mƒ NnIn-’- sN-tø≠ amcItcmK-ßƒ F∂ \ne-bn-emWv CØcw amkn-I-I-fn¬ ]Xy£s∏Sp-∂-

Xv. ssewKn-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ sX‰mb [mc-W-Iƒ \√ coXn-bn¬ NqjWw sNøm\pw Ch¿°v km[n-

°p-∂p. Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-I-fn¬ ÿncw ]w‡n-I-fmbn a‰v P\-]n-b-am-kn-I-I-fn¬ hcp∂ tUmIvS-tdmSv

tNmZn-°mw. a\:imkvX-⁄-t\mSv tNmZn°mw F∂nh Ipsd-°qSn hnim-e-ambn \evIn-b-Xmbn ImWmw.

sNdp-I-Y, t\mh¬, kn\n-am jqńw-Kns‚ hnh-c-W-ßƒ F∂n-hbpw Ch-bn¬ km[m-cW

ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

kn\n-am-]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ:

G‰hpw P\-Io-b-ambn Iem-cq]w F∂ \nebv°v kn\n-abv°v kaq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂ ÿm\-

amWp≈-Xv. at‰Xv am[y-a-ß--sf-°mfpw kzoIm-cyX kn\na t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ [mcmfw Imc-Wßfp-≠v.

]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-tem-IØv ]pcp-js‚ ImgvNb-sbbpw Xmev]-cy-ß-sfbpw ]c-am-h[n kwc-£n-°m≥

Itºmf kn\na Xøm-dm-hp∂p F∂-XmWv Hcp Imc-Ww. Xmtcm-Z-b-ßƒ°v apºn¬ \ng-ep-t]mse

amXw \n¬°p-∂-XmWv kn\n-a-bnse kvXo. AXm-hs´ ]pcp-j-ssew-Ko-I-X-bpsS ]q¿Øo-I-cW D]m[n

F∂ \ne-bn¬ shdpw ico-c-ambn amXhpw. Xntb-‰-dp-I-fn¬ ImgvN-°m-cmbn FØp-∂-h-cn¬ Gsdbpw

]pcp-j-∑m-cmWv AXn¬ Xs∂ Iuam-c-]m-b-°m-cmb BÏp-ń-I-fmWv. Ahsc BI¿jn-°m\pw

hcp-Xn-bn¬ \ndp-Øp-hm\pw Bh-iy-amb akm-e-°q-´p-Iƒ \n¿tem`w Itºm-f-kn-\n-a-bn¬

D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

sh≈n-Øn-c-bn¬ A¤p-X-amsbØp∂ kn\n-a-bpsS ]n∂m-ºp-d-ß-sf-∏‰n Adn-bm-\p≈ hyK-X-

I-fmWv kn\nam amkn-I-°m¿ NqjWw sN-øp-∂Xv. Ign™ A≥]Xv h¿j-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ amXw

ap∏-tXmfw kn\n-am ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≠mbn-´p-≠v. ]eXpw Aev]m-bp- m-bn-cp-s∂-

¶nepw C∂pw hnP-b-I-c-ambn ap-t∂m´v t]mIp-∂-h-bp-ap-≠v. \m\, NnX-`q-an, sh≈n-\-£-Xw, Ne-®n-Xw

F∂nh Ch-bn¬ ][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.

kn\nam ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSsb√mw D≈-S°w GXm-s≠mcp t]mse-bmWv. A®-Sn-tb-°mƒ

t^mt´m-Iƒ°mWv Ch-bn¬ ]m[m-\yw. \So-\-S-∑m-cpsS hnhn[ t]mkn-ep≈ t^mt´m-Iƒ sIm≠v

t]Pp-Iƒ \nd™p InS-°p-∂p. jqńwKv hnti-j-ßƒ, semt°-j-\p-Iƒ, Xam-i-Iƒ, \So-\-S-∑m-cpsS

kzIm-cy-Po-hnXw, IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xw, ]W-bw, F∂n-h-sb√mw hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. dneokv

sNøm≥ t]mIp∂ ]S-ß-sf-∏‰n hni-Z-ambnØs∂ hnh-c-W-ß-fp-≠mIpw. Bcp-a-dn-bmØ cl-ky-

ßƒ ]¶p shbv°p∂ tKmkn-∏p-I-fmWv kn\n-am-]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfnse NqtS-dnb as‰mcp hn`-hw.

CsX√mw ÿnc-ambn hmbn-°p-I-bpw, CXn-se√mw Bflm¿∞-ambn hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂

hnZym-k-º-∂cmb bphm-°ƒ t]mep-ap-≠v F∂-XmWv AXn-i-b-I-c-amb hkvXp-X.

_me-am-kn-I-I-ƒ:

Ipń-°mew hmb-\-bpsS BtLm-j-°m-e-am-Wv. temI-Øn¬ G‰hpw A[nIw hmb-\-

°m-cp-≈Xv Ipń-I-fpsS temI-Øm-Wv. apXn¿∂-h¿ PohnX ]bm-k-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hmb-\-bn¬ \n∂v

AI∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ CØcw ]iv\-ßƒ Im-cy-ambn _m[n-°mØ Ipń-Iƒ hmb-\-bpsS temIØv

B\µw Is≠-Øp-I-bmWv. Ipń-Iƒ F√m-bvt∏mgpw kz]v\-tem-I-Øm-Wv. k¶-ev]hpw bmYm¿∞yhpw

XΩn¬ Ah¿°v AXn¿ hc-ºp-I-fn-√. b£n-°-Y-I-fpw, ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ IYm-]m-X-ß-fmbn hcp∂

IY-Ifpw kwi-b-sam-∂p-an-√msX hmbn®p ckn-°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign-bpw.

IY-Iƒ, Fgp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v apºv Xs∂ hmsam-gn-bmbn ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ]mNo-\-`m-cXw IY-I-

fpsS alm-]-]-©-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]©-X-¥-I-Y-Iƒ, hnIa-am-Zn-Xy-I-Y-Iƒ, IYm-k-cn-’m-K-cw, PmX-I-I-Y-

Iƒ F∂nh temI-Øn\v Xs∂ \nXym-¤p-X-ß-fmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. ]m›mXy-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-h∂

Cutkm-∏p-I-Y-Iƒ Ad-_n-\m-Sp-I-fpsS kw`m-h-\-bmb Bbn-c-sØm∂p cmhp-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw Ipń-

Iƒ°v th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw KpW-]m-T-I-Y-I-tfm, A\ym-]-tZ-i-I-Y-Itfm Bbn

]kn-≤-ß--fmb-h-bm-Wv. alm-cm-Pmhns‚ a°sf temI-\oXn ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ hnjvWp i¿a F∂ _m“-

W≥ Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv ]©-X-¥w. CXn¬ ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ a\pjy-kz-`m-h-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-bmWv

]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.



ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZy-an-d-ßnb _me-]-kn-≤o-I-cWw "_me≥' F∂ hmcn-I-bmWv. Cutkm-∏p-I-

Y-Iƒ BZyw hcp-∂-Xv CXn-emWv. Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn-te°v Xncn-™-tXm-sS- Ip-ń-I-

fpsS ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ c≠mw L´w Bcw--`n-®p. temI-`m-j-I-fn¬ \ns∂√mw IY-Iƒ X¿÷a

sNbvXv ]kn-≤o-I-cn°m≥ XpS-ßnbXv At∏m-gm-Wv.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hmb-\-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hnPbw t\Snb Ipń-I-fpsS BZy-am-knI Zo]nI ]pd-

Øn--d-°nb "Ip-ń-I-fpsS Zo]nI' BWv. Aa¿NnX-I-Y-I-fpsSbpw Im¿´q¨ amkn-I-I-fp-sSbpw Ime-am-

b-tXmsS Ipń-I-fpsS ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ hk-¥-Im-e-amb aq∂mw L´-am-bn. `mc-Xob ]pcm-tW-Xn-

lm-k-ß-fnse IYm-]m-X-ßsf Ipń-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØpI F∂ e£ytØmsS A\¥v ss]

XpSßnsh® Aa¿Nn-X-I-Y-Iƒ hmb-\-bpsS temIØv Hcp hnπhw Xs∂ krjvSn-®p. At±l-amWv

ae-bm-f-Ønse F°m-e-sØbpw ]Nm-c-ap≈ Ipń-I-fpsS ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-amb ]qºm-‰bv°v XpS-°-an-Sp-

∂-Xv. 1970-I-tfmsS h≥In-S-]-X-ßƒ _me-]kn≤oI-c-W-ß-fn¬ i≤n-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. _me-c-a, _me- q-

an, _me-aw-Kw-fw F∂nh Cßs\ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. Ipń-Isf BI¿jn--°m\pw hmb-\-bn¬

Dd-∏n®p \ndp-Øp-hm\pamh-iy-amb X¥-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v henb a’cw Xs∂ Cu cwKØv \S-°p-

∂p-≠v. ]n -ss]-adn Ipń-Iƒ°m-bp≈ Ifn-s®-∏v, Ifn-°p-Sp-°, Ipń-I-fn¬ imkvXo-bm- n-cpNn e£yw

sh®p-≠mb bpdo-°, imkvX-tI-c-fw, imkvX-KXn F∂nh \√ ]Nm-c-ap≈ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fm-bn-

cp-∂p.

Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ cN-\m-X-¥-ßfpw, NnX-Im-cs‚ Akm-am\y `mh-\bpw Iq´p-tN¿∂mte

\s√mcp _me-km-ln-Xy-]-kn-≤o-I-cWw P∑w sIm≈pIbp-≈q. A¤p-X-ß-fpsS temIØv IÆpw-\-ń-

cn-°p∂ IpńIƒ°v A¤p-X-I-c-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏-´mse AXv kzoIm-cy-am-hp-I-bp-≈p F∂-XmWv

bmYm¿∞yw.

]c-ky-c-N\

apX-em-fnØ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ a’-c-hn-]-Wnsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]c-ky-ßƒ A¥y-¥m-

t]-£n-X-am-Wv. Htc Xcw hkvXp-°ƒ hyXykvX \nd-ß-fnepw aW-ß-fnepw _m≥Up-I-fnepw hn]-Wn-

bn-se-Øp-tºmƒ Htcm-∂n-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-∏‰n D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv ]c-

ky-ß-fm-Wv. I®-hS kwkvIm-csØ \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xnepw apt∂m´v sIm≠p-t]m-hp-∂-Xnepw ]c-ky-

ßƒ°v \√ ]¶p-≠v. ]e h≥InS Iº-\n-Ifpw Ah-cpsS apS-°p-ap-X-ens‚ `qcn-`m-Kw iX-am\hpw ]c-

ky-ßƒ°mWv \o°n-sh-bv°p-∂-Xv. Dev]∂w hn]-Wn-bn-seØpw apºv ]c-ky-ß-fm-sW-Øp-∂-Xv.

Dev]-∂-ßƒ°v amX-a√ tkh-\-ßƒ°pw Bi-b-ßƒ°p-sa√mw ]c-ky-ßƒ AXymh-iy-am-Wv.

""km[-\-ßƒ, tkh-\-ßƒ, Bi-b-ßƒ F∂nhsb-∏‰n D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ Adn-bn-°m-\p≈

D]m-[n-I-fmWv ]c-ky-ßƒ'' F∂p \n¿∆Nn-°mw. D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ GsX-¶nepw \ne-bn¬ hio-I-cn®v

hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-t°-≠-Xp-sIm≠p Xs∂ ]ckyw kwhn-[m\w sNøp-∂Xv as‰-¥n-s\-°mƒ

i≤m-]q¿∆w Bbn-cn-°-Ww. ]ckyw Hcp am[y-a-amWv. am[y-a-Øn\v Hcp `mj D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]c-ky-

`mj kw`m-j-W-Øn-s‚tbm Fgp-Øn-s‚tbm amX-a√; Ie-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw k¿∆-km-

[y-X-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn s°m≠mWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. ]cn-an-X-amb ÿehpw, ka-bhpw

ap∂n¬I≠v ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ coXn-bn-emWv ]c-ky-ßƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. G‰hpw

efn-Xhpw Imhym-fl-I-hp-amb `mj ]c-ky-ßfp-sS-Xm-Wv. Hcp XhW tI´m¬ Hcn-°epw ad-°m≥ Ign-

bmØXm-bn-cn-°Ww ]c-ky-hm-N-I-ßƒ. ]c-ky-hm-N-I-sa-gpØv Hcp ]T-\-im-J-bmbnt∏mepw hf¿∂n-

cn-°p-∂p. kµ¿`-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-amb hmIy-ßƒ Fgp-Xm≥ imkvXo-b-]-cn-io-e\w e`n® hnZ-KvZ-kw-

L-ßƒ hsc Cu taJ-e-bn¬ D≠v.

a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W, `mjm-]-cn-⁄m-\w, Iem-t_m[w F∂n-h-bp≈ Hcm-

fn\p amXta \√ ]c-ky-c-N-bn-Xm-hm-Im≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. FX ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn´pw C∂pw

]pI-hen XpS-cp-∂-Xns‚ ][m\ Imc-W-ambn Hcp ]T\w ]d-bp-∂Xv hn¬kv Iº-\n-bpsS "A[zm-\n-°p-

∂-h\v kwXr]vXn' F∂ ]c-ky-hm-N-I-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-^-e-am-sW-∂m-Wv. tIc-f-Ønepw H\nUm Snhn-

bpsSbpw (Neighbour’s Envy Owner’s Pride), ae-_m¿ tKmƒUn-s‚bpw (Beauty Meets Quality)



knt ¿kv knK-c-‰n-s‚bpw (Made for Each Other) sFUnb samss_-en-s‚bpw (An Idea can changeyour life) kv]nwKnƒ D∏n-s‚bpw (D-s∏∂v amXw ]d-bmsX kv]nwKnƒ F∂p tNmZn®p hmßq) Gjy≥

s]bn‚ns‚bpw (]m-bte hnS, ]q∏te hnS) ]c-ky-hm-N-I-ßƒ D≠m-°nb XcwKw C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-

∂p-≠v. \√ ]c-ky-hm-N-I-ßƒ hmb-\-°m-c-s‚bpw, ImgvN-°m-c-s‚bpw a\- n¬ Hc´n-a-dn-bmWv krjvSn-

°p-∂-Xv. t]mkn-‰o-hmbn amX-a√ s\K-‰o-hmbpw ]c-kyw kzm[o-\n-°pw F∂-Xns‚ DZm-l-c-W-amWv

H\o-U-bpsS sNIp-Øm≥.

Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv Xs∂ ]c-ky-h-cp-am-\-Øn-em-Wv. ImgvNsb AXn-th-K-X-bn¬

NqjWw sNøp∂p Ch. C°m-eØv a\p-jy-_-‘-ßƒ Xs∂ hn]Wn hyh-ÿ-bn-em-Wv \ne\n¬°p-

∂-Xv. C∂v k¿∆-tcm-K-kw-lm-cn-bmbn Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂Xv tjm∏nwKv BWv. AXp-Xs∂ Hcp tcmK-

ambpw amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kmaq-ly-]-Zhn tjm∏nw-Kn-eqsS t\Sm-sa∂v ]c-ky-ßƒ thymtam-ln-∏n-°p-∂p.

]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-tem-IØv kXo-tI-µo-Ir-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂p ]c-ky-ßƒ. sam´p-kqNn apX¬ tamt´m¿

ssk°nƒ hsc hn¬°m-\p≈ ]c-ky-Nn-X-amWv kvXo.

Pohn-X-Ønse Ah-iy-h-kvXp-°ƒ°v F¥n-\mWv ]ckyw F∂m-bn-cp∂p s]mXp-[m-c-W. C∂v

AXpw amdn. D∏v sXm´v I¿∏qcw hsc C∂v ]c-ky-Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-Øn-emWv hnev]-\-bvs°-Øp-∂-Xv.

D≈n-en-cp∏v F¥m-bmepw ]p©n-cn-°p∂ Hcp apJ-ap-s≠-¶n¬, AIØv F¥m-bmepw Xnf-°-ap≈ Hcp

t]∏¿ sIm≠v s]mXn-™m¬ hmß¬°m-c\v kwXr-]vXn-bm-bn. Cu at\m-`mhw \∂mbn NqjWw

sNøp-I-bmWv ]c-ky-ßƒ.

Fkv.-Fw.-F- p-Iƒ

samss_¬ t^mWp-ambn _‘-s∏´v cq]w sIm≠-XmWv tjm¿´v sat Pv k¿∆okv AYhm

Fwkv.-Fw.-F-kp-Iƒ. ktµ-i-ßƒ Ab-°pI F∂-Xn-\-∏pdw h≥P-\-°q-´-ß-fpsS ]n¥pW B¿÷n-

°pI F∂p-hsc FØn-bn-cn-°p∂p CXns‚ ]tbm-P-\w. Fkv.-Fw.-F-kns‚ I®-hS km[y-X-Iƒ

Gsd apX-se-Sp-°p∂Xv Snhn Nm\-ep-I-fmWv. Ah-cpsS ]e P\-]n-b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \ne \n∂p t]mIp-

∂Xv Fkv.-Fw.-F-kns‚ ]n≥_-e-Øn-em-Wv. F^v.-Fw.-td-Un-tbm-I-fpsS hcp-am\ am¿§hpw CXp Xs∂.

`mj-bnse hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb hymI-c-W,-en]n kº-Zm-b-ßsf Xncp-Øn-°p-dn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Fkv.-Fw.-

F-kp-Iƒ ]N-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kz¥-amb Hcp en]n, hmIy-hy-h-ÿ Xs∂ Ch-bv°p-≠v. hm°p-Iƒ°v

]Icw H‰ A£-c-ß-tfm, A°-ß-tfm, Nn”-ßtfm D]-tbm-Kn-°pI CXns‚ coXn-bm-Wv.

DZm: You - UOkay - KGoodnight - Gdn8There fore - thr4

]Xhpw ]X-`m-jbpw

Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-Py-Øn¬ ]X-ßƒ°p≈ ÿm\w hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. P\m-`n-]mbw kam-l-

cn-°m\pw, Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m-\pw, D≈n-en-cp-∏p-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm\pw ]X-ßƒ°v

]¶p-≠v. Agn-a-Xnbpw, kzP-\-]-£-]m-Xhpw, a‰p kmaq-ly-hn-cp-≤-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥

]X-ßƒ kZm-Pm-K-cq-I-cm-Wv. "P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Imh¬`-S-∑m¿' F∂-mWv ]X-ßƒ°p≈ hnti-

j-Ww. \mhv \jvS-s∏-´-hs‚ \mhmbn AXv kaq-lsØ tkhn-°p-∂p. kmt¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy-Iƒ FX

Xs∂ hnI-kn-®mepw ]X-hm-b-\-bv°p≈ ÿm\w H´pw Ipd-bp-∂n-√ F∂mWv A\p- -h-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-

∂-Xv.

B[p-\nI kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ ]X-ßsf Hcp-]mSv ]cn-jvI-cn-®n- p≠v. ]Xm-[n-]¿, dnt∏m¿´¿am¿,

]n‚¿am¿ XpSßn ]X-hn-ev]-\-°m-c≥ hsc-bp≈h-cpsS Iq´m-bva-bpsS Dev]-∂-amWv ]X-ßƒ.-

aebmfnsb kw_-‘n-s®-Sp-tØmfw Zn\-N-cy-bpsS `mK-amWv ]X-hm-b-\. Hcp-]mSv ]X-ßƒ ae-bm-f-

Øn-ep-s≠-¶nepw Nne ]X-ßƒ°v k¿°p-te-j≥ IqSpw. CXn\v ]e Imc-W-ß-fm-Wv. ]X-`m-j, Ah-

X-c-W-co-Xn, hm¿Øm-]m-[m-\yw, cmjvSob Nmbvhp-Iƒ, \njv]-£X F∂n-h-sb√mw ]X-ß-fn-te°v

hmb-\-°msc BI¿jn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. henb Xe-s°-´p-Iƒ, t_mIvkv tImf-ßƒ,



Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ, t^mt´m-Iƒ, i≤m-]q¿∆w Xøm¿ sNbvX ô®-dp-Iƒ F∂nh ]X-ß-fnse i≤m-hn-

j-b-ß-fm-Wv. apJ-]-kw-K-ßƒ Kuc-h-kz-`m-h-tØmsS Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

hy‡Xbpw emfn-Xy-hp-ap≈ D]-\ymk ssien, at\m-l-c-amb BJym-\w, kw`-hm-hn-jvI-c-W-

ß-fnse \mS-Io-b-X, NSp-e-amb mj, \√ s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\w, £a, \n¿`-bXzw F∂o -Kp-W-ßƒ ]Xm-

[n-]¿°pw teJ-I¿°pw s]mXp-hmbn D≠m-th-≠-Xm-Wv.

Snhn-bpsS hc-thmsS ]X-ßƒ°p≈ ÿm\w \jvS-s∏´p F∂p ]d-bm≥ Bhn-√. F∂m¬

hm¿Ø-Iƒ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ henb a’cw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. a’cw h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ

]ng-hp-Ifpw km[m-c-W-am-Wv. IqSp-X¬ i≤ Bh-iy-amb Hcp L´-am-Wn-Xv.

hm¿Ø-Iƒ : hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v th≠n-bmWv Bfp-Iƒ ]X-ßƒ hmbn-°p-∂-Xv. NqSm-dmØ hm¿Ø-

Iƒ hmbn-®v, kwhm-Z-ß-fn-eqsS s]mXp-A-`n-]mbw cq]-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. kw`-h-ßƒs°√mw

Htc kz`m-h-a√ D≈-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v dnt∏m¿ńwKpw Htc coXn-bn-e-√. hml-\]IS-Øn¬ acn-°p-∂-Xpw,

]mbm-[n-Iy-Øm¬ acn-°p-∂-Xpw, BI-a-W-Øn¬ sIm√-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ac-W-am-sW-¶nepw Htc coXn-bn-

e√ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-∂-Xv. kw`-h-Øns‚ hnh-cWw AYhm Ipdn-∏mWv hm¿Ø. "temI-ÿn-Xnsb Adn-

bn-°p-∂Xv' F∂mWv i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en-bn¬ hm¿Øbv°v \¬Ip∂ \n¿h-N-\w. Cw•o-jn¬

NEWS-North, East, West, South F∂n-h-bpsS Npcp-°-am-sW-∂mWv ]d-bm-dv. temI-sØ-hn-sSbpw

kw`-hn-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fpsS kwK-l-hn-h-c-W-amWv hm¿Ø F∂p ]d-bmw.

Hcp kw`hw hm¿Ø-bm-Ip-∂Xv ]e LS-I-ßƒ tN¿∂m-Wv.

1. kw`hw \S∂ ÿew

2. Imc-W-°m-c-\mb hy‡n

3. kw`-hn® Imcyw.

ChbpsS ]m[m\yw IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv hm¿Øm ]m[m\yw D≠m-hp-∂-Xv. kw`hw hm¿Ø-

bm-Ip-tºmƒ Db¿∂p hcp∂ A©v tNmZy-ßƒ D≠v. Who? What? Where? When? Why? (Five Ws)Cu tNmZy-ßƒ°p≈ DØ-c-tØm-sSm∏w How? F∂-Xn-\p≈ DØcw IqSn e`n-®m¬ hm¿Ø ]q¿Øn-

bm-hp-∂p.

]Xw Hmô-kp-I-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn Ht´sd hm¿Ø-Iƒ FØm-dp-≠v. CXn¬ ]eXpw IrXy-

amb sXfn-hn-√m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cn-tem, ]m[m-\y-an-√m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cntem \ncm-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv.

CØcw hm¿Ø-Isf amXw Bi-bn®v ]X-Øn\v apt∂m´v t]mIm-\m-hn-√. FØn-t®-cp∂ hm¿Ø-

Isf Bi-bn-®p≈ ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ]m ohv tP¿W-enkw F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]X-te-J-I-∑m¿

At\z-jW DtZym-ÿ-sc-t∏mse hm¿Ø-Iƒ tXSn-s®√pIbpw Ah-bpsS ]n∂mºpd-ß-fn¬ Ccp´v

aqSn-°n-S-°p∂ bmYm¿∞y-ßsf shfn-®Øv sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠v. CØcw kµ¿`-ß-fn¬

Poh\v t]mepw oj-Wn-Iƒ D≠m-hm-dp-≠v. Cßs\ ac-W-sØ-t∏mepw b-s∏-SmsX hm¿Øm-ti-J-c-W-

Øn-\mbn apt∂m v t]mIp-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv At\z-j-Wm-flI ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ’Investigative Journalism'F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Dd-hnSw shfn-s∏Sp ØmØ hm¿Ø-Ifpw D≠v. AXv ]X-ßƒ cl-ky-ambn

kq£n-°pw.

hm¿Ø-bpsS Dd-hn-S-ßƒ :

Hcp \√ dnt∏m¿´sd kw_-‘n-s®-Sp-tØmfw F√m ImgvN-Ifpw, hy‡n-I-fpw, ÿm]-\-ß-fpw,

hkvXp-°fpw hm¿Øm-hn-X-cW tIµ-ß-fm-Wv. HutZym-Kn-I-ambn hm¿Ø-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNøp∂

GP≥knI-I-fp-ap-≠v. Kh:]kv dneo-kp-Iƒ, PTI, UNI, AFP, B.B.C, tdmbv´¿, tdUn-tbm,

sh_vssk‰pIƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°mw. ]X-k-tΩ-f\-ßƒ, A`n-ap-J-ßƒ, skan-

\m-dp-Iƒ, ]kw-K-ßƒ, ka-c-ßƒ, tImS-Xn, t]meokv tÃj-≥, Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ, `c-W-kn-cm-tI-µ-

ßƒ, ZrIvkm-£n-Iƒ, hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ, \m´p-h¿Ø-am-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw hm¿Øm

tkmX- p-I-fm-Wv.



hm¿Øm-hn-`-P\w:

kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v hm¿Ø-Isf ]e-Xmbn hn`-Pn-°mw.

1. kmµ-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: ]X-Ønse ][m-\- hm¿ØI-fm-Wn-h. Imcy-am-X-]-k‡hpw Kuchhpw \nd™

hm¿Ø-I-fm-Wn-h.

DZm : tIµ-a-¥n-k` A[n-Im-c-Øn¬

: temIv]m¬ _n√n\v Ah-X-c-Wm-\p-aXn

: ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿ ˛ kp]ow tImSXn hn[n

: tIµ-_-P-‰n¬ Bbncw tImSn hnlnXw tIc-f-Øn\v

]e-t∏mgpw km[m-c-W-°m¿ CXns‚ Xe-s°´v amXta hmbn-°m-dp-≈q.

2. kl-Xm] hm¿Ø-Iƒ: hmb\°m-cn¬ kl-Xm-]-ap-≠m-°p∂ Xcw hm¿Ø-I-fm-Wn-h. A]-I-S-a-c-

W-ßƒ, k¶-S-I-c-amb A\p-`-h-ßƒ, Bfl-l-Xy-Iƒ F∂o hm¿Ø-Iƒ.

3. kw`-a-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: Cu temIØn\n Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂p tXm∂n-∏n-°p∂ Xcw hm¿Ø-Iƒ,

]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ßƒ, Ahn-iz-k-\ob-amb ]oV-\-ßƒ, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ-˛-C-hsb Ipdn-®p≈ hm¿Ø-

Iƒ.

4. kc-k-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: hmb-\-°m¿°v IuXp-Ihpw BÀm-Zhpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xcw hnNn-X-hm¿Ø-I-

fmWv Ch-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. ]e-t∏mgpw t^mt´m-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ˛ "sshZypXn sse\n¬ IpSp-ßnb

sIm‰nsb sse≥ Hm^m°n c£n-®p', "Fenbpw ]q®bpw Nßm-Xn-am¿'.

5. Bizm-k-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: hmb-\-°m¿°v Bizmkw ]Icpw hn[-ap≈ hm¿Ø-I-fm-Wn-h.

"C-‘\ hne Ipd™-p', "\nb-a\-\n-tcm-[\w ]n≥h-en®p', "Kh¨sa‚ v k_vkn-Un-Iƒ

]p\:kvYm]n®p'.

6. kt¥m-j-hm¿Ø: a\- n\v kt¥m-jhpw kam-[m-\hpw \¬Ip∂ Xcw hm¿Ø-I-fm-Wn-h. "a’-c-hn-

P-b-hm¿Ø-Iƒ', "Ahm¿Uv ]Jym-]-\-ßƒ', "\√ hn[n ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ' F∂nh CØcw hm¿Ø-I-

fn¬ hcpw.

7. k¥m-]-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: a\- ns\ k¶-S-Ønem-gvØp∂ hm¿Ø-I-fm-Wn-h. ac-W-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, ]cm-P-b-

hm¿Ø-Iƒ, A\p-Iq-e-a√mØ hn[n ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ F∂nh CXn¬ hcpw.

8. Nc-a-hm¿Ø-Iƒ: ]X-ß-fn¬ ]tXyI t]Pp-Iƒ Xs∂ CXn-\mbn \o°n sh°mdp-≠v. kwÿm\w

H´msI Adn-tb-≠-Xm-sW-¶n¬ BZy-t]-Pn¬ Xs∂ hcpw. tem°¬ Adn-bn∏p amX-am-sW-¶n¬ Nc-a-

tIm-f-Ønte hcn-I-bp-≈q.

Hcp ]X-te-J-I\v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpW-ßƒ:

hm¿Ø-I-fpsS Dd-hn-S-ßƒ tXSn FX thW-sa-¶nepw k©-cn-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤X; kw`-h-hn-

Im-k-ßfpw, ]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw ap≥Iqń I≠v tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv, ka-Im-enI cmjvSob

kmaqly kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ \√ [mc-W, ]c∂ hmb-\bpw s]mXp hn⁄m-\-hpw, Bh-

iy-an-√mØ Imcy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ hnth-Iw, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hnizmkw B¿÷n-°m-\p≈

Ign-hv, H∂pw IÆ-S®v hniz-kn-°msX kz¥-amb At\z-j-W-Øn-eqsS kXym-hÿ ]pd-Øp-sIm≠p

hcm-\p≈ B¿÷hw CsXms° Hcp\√ ]X-te-J-I-\p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpW-ß-fm-Wv.

hm¿Øm aqeyw: Hmtcm Ime-L-´hpw, NcnXkmµ¿`n-I-X-I-fp-amWv hm¿Ø-bpsS ]m[m-\ysØ

\n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. F√m kw`-h-ßfpw hm¿Ø-bm-I-W-sa-∂n-√. Cw•o-jn¬ Hcp sNm√p-≠v. Ipńsb ]ń

ISn®p F∂Xv hm¿Øm-aq-ey-ap≈ hm¿Ø-b-√. F∂m¬ ]ńsb Ipń ISn®p F∂-Xn\v ]m[m-\y-ap-≠v.

aqeyap≈ hm¿Ø-Isf Is≠-Øm≥ teJ-I¿°v Ign-b-Ww. CXmWv hm¿Ø-Iƒ ]X-Øn¬ k÷o-I-

cn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-am°nØo¿°p-∂-Xv.



hm¿Øm-L-S\: ]X-hm-b\ Hcp ioe-am-°n-bp≈ ae-bm-fn°v hmb-\-bn¬ Nne kº-Zm-b-ßƒ D≠v.

]Xw Inń-bm¬ BZyw Xpd∂p t\m°p∂Xv GXp t]PmWv F∂p hsc ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Nne¿°v

t_mIvkv tImfw sF‰w-kn-emWv Xmev]-cyw. Nne¿ apgp-h≥ hmbn®p Xo¿t∂ ]Xw \neØv hbv-°q.

Hcp hm¿Ø hmbn-°p-tºmƒ BZyw AXns‚ Xe-s°´v t\m°pw. AXn\v tijw dnt∏m¿´v

sNbvXXv Bcm-sW∂v t\m°pw. Nne-t∏mƒ AhnsS kz.-te. Ft∂m kz¥w ]Xn-\n[n Ft∂m ImWpw.

CXns\ "sIUn‰v sse≥' F∂mWv-]bp-∂-Xv. sIUn‰v sse\n¬ dnt∏m¿ -dpsS t]cp-s≠-¶n¬ ss_sse≥

F∂mWv ]d-bp-I. ASp-Ø-Xmbn dnt∏m¿´v sNbvX ÿe-am-bn-cn-°pw. CXn\v "tπkv sse≥' F∂mWv

]d-bp-I. ]n∂oSv hm¿Ø-bpsS BZy-J-WvUn-I-bm-Wv. ChnsS hmbn-°m-\p≈ Xmev]cyw krjvSn-°p∂

coXn-bn-em-hWw Ah-X-c-Ww. CXn\v "eoUv' As√-¶n¬ "C≥sSm' F∂p ]d-bpw. AXn\p ]n∂mse

hm¿Øm icocw BWv, Ah-km\w D]-kw-lmcw AYhm hm¬°jvWw F∂p ]d-bpw. Xe-s°-´p-

apX¬ XpSßn ]m[m\yw Ipd-™v, Xn-cn®p sh® Hcp ]nc-anUv t]mse-bmWv hm¿Øm-L-S\ F∂p ]d-

bm-dp-≠v.

Xe-s° v: ]X-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v Xe-s°´v \¬Ip-hm≥ ]tXyIw XkvXnIIƒ Xs∂-

bp-≠v. Xe-s°-ń-eq-sS-bmWv Ae-k-ambn hmbn-°p-∂-hsc hmb-\-bn-te°v £Wn-®p-sIm≠p t]mth-

≠-Xv. Hcp Xe-s°-ń\v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ KpW-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

a) hm¿Ø-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°m≥ Ign-bWw

b) hm¿ØbpsS kmcmwiw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww

c) hm¿ØbpsS kz`mhw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww

d) \ne-hm-c-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn°Ww

e) \n›n-X- ÿeØv HXp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-hWw

f) GsX-¶nepw ]£-]m-Xn-Xz-ßƒ C√m-Ø-XmhWw

hni-Z-]-T\w: teJ-\-ßƒ

1. kmln-Xyhpw am[y-a-ßfpw: tUm:jmPn tP°_v

amdn amdn hcp∂ am[y-a-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w Iem-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ FX-tØmfw ]Xn- -en-°p∂p

F∂v ae-bmf kmln-XysØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-s°m-≠p≈ At\z-j-W-amWv tUm:jmPn tP°_v \S-

Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. kmt¶-XnI hnZybpsS hnImk Ncn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv am[y-a-ß-fpsS hnIm-k-]p-

tcm-K-Xn-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-Po-hnX Ncn-X-Øns‚ A¿∞-h-Ømb ]Xn-I-cWw F∂ \ne-

bn¬ Iem-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ ]m[m\yw ]nSn®p ]‰p-∂p. Hmtcm Ime-L- -Øn-sebpw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Ifpw

am[y-a-kw-kvIm-chpw ]Xo-£-I-fm-tbm, DXvI-WvT-I-fmtbm a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns\ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂n-cp∂p

F∂-Xn-\p≈ A\p-`-h-km-£y-ß-fmWv Iem-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-^-en-°p∂ am[y-a-Nn-¥-Iƒ F∂v

Nne DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eqsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv teJ-I-≥.

en]nbpw kmln-Xyhpw \ne-\n¬°p∂ `mjmkaq-l-ß-fn¬ BZyw cq]w-sIm≠ am[y-a-ßƒ

]X-am-[y-a-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. hyh-kmb hnπ-hhpw A®-Sn-bpsS ]Nm-chpw ]Xam[yaß-fpsS hf¿®bv°pw

kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hf-®bv°pw Htc t]mse ]tbm-P-\-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ ]X-]-h¿Ø-\hpw kmln-

Xyhpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Xs∂, ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ c≠p Xe-ß-fnse

A\p-`-hm-hn-jvIm-c-ß-fmWv Ah ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. H∂v bYm¿∞y-Øns‚Xmbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬

at‰Xv mh-\-bpsSbpw kz]v\-Øn-s‚-bp-ambncp∂p. B[p-\nI temI-Øns‚ cmjvSo-b-]-cn-kcw \n¿W-

bn-®Xv ][m-\-ambpw _lp-P-\-am-[y-a-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. B[p-\nI t\mh-en¬ cmjvSob hnh-£-Iƒ C]-

Imcw am[y-a-_-‘-Øn¬ \n∂v cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v _jo¿, B\µv F∂o Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS

IrXn-I-fn-eqsS teJ-I≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

am[y-a-ß-ƒ B[p-\nI B[p-\n-Im-¥-c-Im-e-L- -Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ 3 hn[-Øn-emWv kzm[o\w

Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.



1. kmln-Xy-Ønse am[y-a-kq-N-I-ßƒ, ]Xo-I-ßƒ, _nw_-ßƒ

2. am[y-ao-IrX kmln-Xy-`m-jbpw LS-\bpw

3. kn\nam kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bn¬

_jo¿ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ cmjvSo-b, Ncn-X-kz-Xz-ß-fp-ambn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv

km[m-c-W-amWv. t]a-te-J\w apX-ep≈ t\mh-ep-I-fn-epw, \oe-sh-fn®w Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ IY-I-fnepw

IYm-_oPw F∂ \mS-I-Ønepw Ncn-X-Im-cs‚ kzXz-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-am-Ip∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs\

Is≠Ømw. "hn\o-X-\mb Ncn-X-Im-c≥' F∂mWv _jo-dns‚ ]Jym-]-\w. B\-µn¬ Ncn-X-Im-cs\

Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw Fgp-Øp-Im-cs\ Ncn-X-Im-c-\mbpw ImWp∂ B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-k-ao-]-\-amWv

ImWp-∂-Xv. Fgp-Øv, Fgp-ØvIm-c≥ ]pkvX-Iw, hmb-\-ime F∂nh ]iv\-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ [mcmfw

IrXn-Iƒ B[p-\oIm\¥-c-Im-e-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. ]X-]-h¿Ø\w t\cn-t´m, A√m-sX-tbm,

ae-bmf t\mh-ep-Iƒ°v hnj-b-am-Ip-∂Xpw it≤-b-am-Wv. ]X-te-J-I-tcm, ]X-ÿm-]-\-ß-tfm,

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS tIµ-ÿm-\-sØ-Øp-∂Xv H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥, Fw.-ap-Ip-µ≥, Fw.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-≈,

F≥.-F-kv. am[-h≥ apX-em-b-h-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ [mcm-f-am-bp-≠v. X\n tIc-fob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

Fgp-Xnb tZhns‚ `m¥m-e-bw, Ddq-_ns‚ kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-∑mcpw XpS-ßnb t\mh-ep-I-fnepw

]X-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS CS-s]-S-en-eqsS \S-°p∂ kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-cWw sXfn™p ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]X-am-[y-a-ß-sf-t∏mse tdUn-tbm-bpsS CS-s]-Sepw kmln-Xy-Øn¬ kPo-h-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-]-cn-kcw B[p-\n-I-X-bn¬ \n∂p≈ ]cn-t—Zw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-hsc

ImØp kq£n® aqey-t_m-[-ß-fpw Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw A´n-a-dn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hy‡n-hm-Z-Øns‚ temIw

A`n-hr-≤n-]m-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Iq´m-bva-bp-sSbpw am\-hn-I-X-bp-sSbpw A¿∞w \jvS-am-hp-Ibpw

AXn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-amb Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]Xw, tdUntbm F∂n-h-sb-°mƒ kzm[o\w ÿm]n-®Xv

]pXnb sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpsS `mK-ambn h∂ Snhn, Iºyq-´¿, C‚¿s\‰v F∂n-h-bm-Wv. Snhn Nm\-ep-I-

sfbpw AXp cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ hyh-ÿ-bn-√m-bva-I-sfbpw BZyw apXte iXp-Xm-]-c-am-bmWv kmln-Xy-

temIw t\m°n-°-≠-Xv. kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønse F√m Po¿Æ-X-Iƒ°pw DØ-c-hm-Zn-bmbn Ah¿

sSen-hn-js\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. Hmw tNcn-bpsS "]fbw' F∂ \mS-I-Øn-emWv sSen-hn-j≥ Hcp kqN-I-

ambn BZyw IS∂p hcp-∂-Xv. h¿Ø-am\ a\p-jym-h-ÿ-bpsS ioe-ßƒ°pw kº-Zm-b-ßƒ°pw

Imc-W-°m-c-\mb Hcp IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ tdmfn¬ Xs∂-bmWv Snhn ChnsS ]Xy-£-am-hp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv

ae-bm-f-Ønse FÆ-s∏´ Fgp-Øp-Im-sc√mw kmwkvIm-cnI Pohn-XsØ aen-\-am-°p∂ hnUvVn-s∏-´n-

bmbn Snhnsb Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p-≠v. A]-Xo-£n-X-ambn amdn-t∏mb Pohn-Xhpw

AXns\m∏w k©-cn® kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw henb ]Xo-£m-\-jvS-ß-fm-bmWv Cu Fgp-Øp-Iƒ

]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.

1990-Iƒ°v tijw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ Ime-am-Wv. ssk_¿ kmlnXyw

F∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂ Xc-Øn¬ C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpsS ]cn-k-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´p sIm≠p≈

kmln-Xy-c-N-\-Iƒ ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-∂Xv Cu L´-Øn-emWv. hneyw Kn]vk¨s‚ Neuromancer F∂

t\mh-emWv BZysØ ssk_¿ t\mh¬ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kb≥kv n£≥ B[p-\nI ImesØ

^m‚-kn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ssk_¿ ^n£≥ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS bmYm¿∞y-am-sW-∂mWv \nco-£n-

°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Snhn sIm®p-_m-h-bpsS "sIm°-cWn' Nµ-a-Xn-bpsS "sh_vssk‰v' F∂o IY-Iƒ

C‚¿s\‰pw Iºyq-´dpw krjvSn-°p∂ Atem-k-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v DXvIWvT ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.

kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ im¥-am-sbm-gp-Ip∂ Xß-fpsS Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf aen-\-am-°n-°-f-bptam F∂

`b-Øns‚ XpS¿® Xs∂-bmWv C‚¿s\‰v b-hp-sa∂v teJ-I≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Cu b-ß-sf-sb√mw

A-ÿm-\Øm°ns°m≠mWv C‚¿s\‰v km[y-X-Iƒ hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xv. Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hmb-\-bp-

sSbpw temIØv ]cn-]q¿Æ-kzm-X¥yhpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw \¬Ip∂ Hcp taJ-e-bmbn tªmKp-Ifpw,

C˛-hm-b-\bpw bmYm¿∞y-am-b-tXmsS kmln-Xy-temIw `b-∂-t]mse AI‰n \n¿tØ≠ H∂√ Cu

kmt¶-XnI hnZy F∂v C∂v hy‡-am-bn-´p-≠v.



kn\nam kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-Øn¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-XmWv 3m-asØ L´w. kn\n-abpw kmln-Xy-hp-

am-bp≈ _‘-sØ-∏‰n [mcmfw ]T-\-ßƒ \S∂p Ign-™n-´p-≠v. slanwKvth apX¬ am¿tIkv hsc-

bp≈ t\mh-en-Ãp-Iƒ Xß-fpsS cN-\-I-fn¬ kn\n-a-bnse thK-X-Ifpw A¤p-X-km-[y-X-Ifpw ]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Ønepw henb tXmXn¬ kn\n-a-bpsS Bhn-jvI-c-W-coXn IS∂p

h∂n-´p-≠v. Zriy-ßƒ°pw Zriy-_nw-_-ßƒ°pw ssIh∂ ]m[m-\yw, Iyma-d-°-Æn-eqsSbp≈ temI-

ho-£Ww F∂n-h-bmbn kmln-Xy-Øn¬ CXv ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hni-Z-]-T\w: teJ-\-ßƒ

2. ]c-kyhpw D]-t`m-K-Xz-cbpw: kn.-Ku-co-Zm-k≥ \mb¿

B[p-\nI temI-Øns‚ I®-hS kwkvIm-c-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb ]c-ky-ßƒ krjvSn-

°p∂ kwth-Z-\-]-cn-k-c-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv kn.-Ku-co-Zm-k≥ \mb-cpsS teJ-\w. Iº-\n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS

apS-°p-ap-X-ens‚ hen-sbmcp iX-am\w \o°n-sh-bv°p-∂Xv ]c-ky-ßƒ°m-Wv. Dev]∂w hn]-Wn-bn-

seØpw apºv ]c-ky-ßƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cßs\ k¿∆-hym-]n-bmbnØo¿∂ ]c-ky-ßƒ Itºm-

f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-sX-s¥∂v hy‡-am-°p-I-bmWv teJ-I≥.

kz¥-am-sbmcp mjbpw kn≤m-¥-hy-h-ÿbpw D≈ taJ-e-bmbn ]c-ky-ßƒ amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p.

tIm∏n ssd‰nwKv F∂ Hcp ]T-\-imJ Xs∂ ]c-ky-hp-ambn _‘s∏´v D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. a\p-jy-a-\- nse

D]-t`mK hmk-\-Isf \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xnepw, Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw ]ckyw hln-°p∂ ]¶n-s\-∏‰n

[mcmfw ]T-\-ßƒ \S∂p Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

C∂v Bh-iy-ßƒ kzm`m-hn-I-am-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-X-√, ]c-ky-ßƒ hgn D≠m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. th≠

km[-\-ßƒ amX-a√ A\m-h-iy-ambpw Bfp-Iƒ km[-\-ßƒ hmßn-°q-´p∂ Hcp ]Xn-`mkw ]c-ky-

kr-jvSn-bm-Wv. tjm∏nwKv Hcp tcmKw t]mse hym]n∏n°p∂Xn¬ ]c-ky-ßƒ hln-°p∂ ]¶v sNdp-X-√.

Bfp-I-fpsS am\-kn-Im-hÿ I≠-dn™v hnhn[ X¥-ß-fn-eqsS AXv Xßƒ°-\p-Iq-e-am°n

]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv ]c-ky-ß-fpsS [¿Ωw. ]e-t∏mgpw H∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw as‰m∂p kqNn-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn-bmWv ]c-ky-ß-fp-tS-Xv. Hcn-°epw D]-t`m-‡mhv CXn¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-∂n√

F∂-XmWv A¤p-Xw. ]c-ky-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Dev]-∂-ßƒ KpW-\n-e-hmcw ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-s√-

¶nepw hmß¬°m-c\v AXn¬ ]cm-Xn-sbm-∂p-an-√. CXv \∂mbn NqjWw sNbv-XmWv ]c-ky-ßƒ

\ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. ]c-ky-Øns‚ sIWn-bn¬ \n -lm-b-cm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ P\-k-aq-l-amWv Itºm-f-kw-

kvIm-c-Øns‚ Cc-I-fmbn \ap°v apºn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-Xv.

amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ A`n-cp-Nn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw, P\-ß-fpsS t_m[-\-\n-e-hm-c-sØ-°p-dn®psa√mw

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-ß-fmWv Iº-\n-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. CØcw ]T-\-ßƒ°v tij-amWv GXv ImeØv GXp-

ev]∂w, AXn\v GXv Xcw ]ckyw F∂-h¿ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv.

BtKm-f-h¬°-cWhpw I®-h-S-kw-kvIm-chpw F√m-‰n-s\bpw I®-h-S-®-c-°m°n am‰n-°-gn-™p.

]gb tkh-\-ßƒ t]mepw C∂v Dev]-∂-ß-fmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IpSn-sh≈w Ah-Im-i-am-bn-cp-s∂-

¶n¬ C∂v hne sImSp-Øp-hm-tß≠n hcp∂ Dev]-∂-am-Wv. kwkvImcw t]mepw hyh-km-b-ambn

amdn-°-gn™ ]pXnb ImeØv Dev]-∂-ßsf hn]-Wn-bn¬ kwi-b-te-i-at\y sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥

]c-ky-ßƒ a’-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. F√m ]c-ky-ßfpw ]d-bp-∂Xv Hcp Imcyw Xs∂-bm-Wv. Xßƒ ]cn-N-

b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Dev]-∂-Øns‚ A\-\y-Xbpw, B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bpw. D≈-S°w H∂m-sW-¶nepw \nd-Ønepw

aW-Ønepw cq]-Ønepw _m≥Unepw hyXy-ÿ-ß-fmbn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Dev]∂-ßƒ°v D]-t`m-‡m-

hns‚ a\- n¬ ambmØ HcnSw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv ]c-ky-ßƒ.

apºv Ahiy-h-kvXp-°ƒ°v ]ckyw ths≠-∂m-bn-cp-∂p Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂v D∏n\pw

apf-In\pw hsc ]c-ky-am-Wv. A\m-h-iy-ß-sf-t∏mepw Bh-iy-ß-fm-°m≥ ]c-ky-ßƒ°v km[n-°p-

∂p. hkvXw hy‡nXzØns‚ e£-W-ambn, SqØv t]Ãv ]W-b-Øns‚ am[y-a-ambn ]ckyw am‰p-∂p.



Hcp kvt] Xfn-®m¬ ]ucpjw e`n-°p-sa∂pw Hcp tkm∏v D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ kvXoIƒ ]n∂mse

hcp--sa∂pw AXv ]pcp-j-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂p.

ico-c-Øns‚ BtLm-j-amWv ]c-ky-ß-fpsS as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X. AXpw kvXo ico-c-Øn¬

ad®pw adbv°m-sX-bpap≈ Ah-X-c-Ww. sam´p kqNn apX¬ tamt´m¿ ssk°nƒ hsc hnev°m-\p≈

]c-ky-Nn-X-amWv kvXoi-co-cw. t]mkn-‰ohv sk≥kn¬ amX-a√ s\K-‰ohv sk≥knepw ]c-ky-ßƒ

C∂v ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ImgvN-°m-c\v Bfl-\nµ tXm∂n-∏n°pw hn[w ]c-ky-ßƒ s]cp-am-dp-∂p.

A[-a-t_m-[-Øn¬ \n∂v c£ t\Sm-\p≈ D]m[n Ah¿ \n¿t±in°p∂ Dev]∂w kz¥-am-°p-I-bm-Wv.

]cn-lm-k-hpw, Bt£-]-lm-kyhpsa√mw CØcw ]c-ky-ß-fpsS apJ-ap-Z-I-fm-Wv.

Iºyq- ¿ bpK-Øn¬ ]c-ky-ßƒ C‚¿s\-‰nepw Ib-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hcmƒ°q- -sØ-bmWv am[y-

a-ß-fn¬ CXp-hsc ]c-ky-ßƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ C‚¿s\-‰n¬ Hcp hy‡n-sb-bmWv A`n-

ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]c-ky-tem-IØv hºn® A´n-a-dn-Iƒ°n-S-bm-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw Cu kao-]\w F∂

Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an-√.



samUyqƒ 4.

ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-Xbpw

ae-bmf `mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw Iºyq- -dn¬

C‚¿s\‰v ]N-cn®v 25 h¿j-tØm-f-am-bn. ae-bmfw Iºyq-´-dn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpSßnbn´pw

AX Xs∂ h¿j-ß-fm-bn. ae-bmf `mj D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ][m-\-ambn A®-Sn-bpsS taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.

a‰p `mjm kaq-l-ßƒ Iºyq-´-dn¬ Hcp]mSv apt∂-dn-b-t∏mgpw, Un.-Sn.]n sNøm-\p≈ Hcp-]-I-cWw

F∂ \ne-bv°mWv Iºyq-´-dns\ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ I≠-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu taJ-e-bnepw BZy-Im-e-sØm∂pw

Imcy-amb ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-°m-ØXpw, en]n-bpsS

Imcy-Øn¬ am\-Io-I-cWw \S-°m-ØXpw henb ]iv\-ß-fmWp≠m-°n-bXv. 20-tesd hyXy-kvX-amb

F≥tIm--UnwKv hyh-ÿ-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw Ahy-hÿ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-

∂-Xv. Iºyq- -dnse hnh-c-ti-J-cWw A°-ßƒ hgn-bmWv. Hmtcm A£-c-Øn\pw ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Hmtcm

A°-ßƒ BWv Iºyq-´-dn¬ D≠m-hp-I. hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb F≥tIm-UnwKv hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Htc A£-

c-Øn\v Xs∂ hyXykvX A°-ßƒ \¬In-b-Xn-\m¬ 20-tesd F≥tIm-UnwKv hyh-ÿ-Iƒ D≠m-

bn´pw, Hcp hyh-ÿ-bn-se-gp-Xn-bXv as‰mcp hyh-ÿ-bn¬ hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bm-sX t]mbn. temI-Ønse

F√m `mj-I-fn-sebpw A£-c-ßƒ°v ÿnc-amb \º¿ \¬In hyh-ÿ-s∏-Sp-Ønb ssk‰mWv bq\n-

t°mUv I¨tkm¿jyw F∂ `mjm-hn-ZKvZ kwL-S\ kwhn-[m\w sNbvX bp\n-t°mUv knÃw.

bq\n-t°mUv \ne-hn¬ h∂-tXm-sS-bmWv I®-h-Sm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Un.-Sn.]n, ]pkvI-]-kn-≤o-I-cWw

F∂o taJ-e-Iƒ°-∏pdw Bi-b-]-Im-i-\-Øns‚ Xe-Øn-te°v ae-bmfw Iºyq- -nwKv hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xv.

tªmKp-I-fmWv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw apt∂m´v h∂n-´p-≈-Xv.

Iot_m¿Un¬ hnc¬ Aa¿Øp-tºmƒ tamWn-‰-dn¬ GsXms° A£-c-ßƒ sXfn-b-W-sa∂v

Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ k¶o¿Æ-amb- ]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ am∏nwKv kº-Zm-b-amWv F≥tIm-

UnwKv knÃw. mjm Iºyq- nw-Kns‚ ASn-ÿm\w CXm-Wv. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb F≥tIm-

UnwKv knÃ-ßƒ hyXykvX coXn-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p A£-c-ßƒ°v tImUv \¬In-bncp∂Xv. Cw•o-jn\p

t]mepw Cu ]iv\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Iºyq-´-dn¬ D≠m-°nb ^b¬ as‰mcp Iºyq-´-dn¬ Xpd°m-

t\m hmbn-°mt\m CXp ImcWw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu ]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv F≥tIm-

Unw-Kn¬ am\-Io-I-cWw \S-∏m-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. Cß-s\-bmWv ASCII (AkvIn) American StandardCode for Information Interchange \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. ASCII \ne-hn¬ h∂-tXmsSbmWv ae-bm-f- mj

Iºyq-´-dn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ ia-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.

ASCII F≥tIm-UnwKns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Iºyq-´-dn¬ aebmfw Fßns\

ssS∏v sNømw F∂ At\z-j-W-Øn\v c≠p L´ß-fp-≠v. t]mKm-a¿am¿ kzbw \n›-bn® F≥tIm-

UnwKv ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn® BZy-L-´hpw, CXv hn\n-a-b-Øn\v XS- -am-sW∂v a\- n-em-b-

t∏mƒ F≥tIm-UnwKv hyh-ÿ-Iƒ am\-Io-I-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dmb c≠mw L´-hpw. k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-

amb ]qs\-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ kn -UmIv ASCII sb ]n¥p-S¿∂v ISCII (CkvIn) Indian StandradCode for Information Interchange F∂ tImUnwKv hyhÿ cq]o-I-cn-®p. C∂pw A®Sn cwKØv CkvIn-

X-s∂-bmWv kzm[o\w Dd-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nwKv NcnXw C]-Imcw CkvIn-]q¿∆w, CkvIn-

L-´w, bq\n-tImUv L´w F∂n-ßs\ aq-∂mbn Xncn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ISCII L´w F∂Xv ASCII sb ]n¥p-S¿∂p≠mb-Xm-Wv. ASCII bqtdm-]y≥ mj-Iƒ°v s]mXp-

hm-bp≠mb F≥tIm-UnwKv knÃ-am-sW-¶n¬ C¥y≥ mjm-en-]n-Iƒ°v s]mXp-hmbn Iao-I-cn-®-XmWv

ISCII. CkvIn F≥tIm-Unw-Kns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n D≠m-°nb t^m≠v tImUmWv ISFOC. C¥y≥

kvIn]v‰nwKv t^m≠v tImUv. kvIn]v‰v F∂m¬ mj F∂m-W¿∞w. ISFOC tImUnwKns‚ ASnÿm-

\-Øn¬ t^m≠p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\mbn Xøm¿ sNbvX Iot_m¿Uv amt\-P¿ t]mKm-amWv I.S.MAYhm C≥t^mIv kvIn]v‰v amt\-P¿.



kn˛-UmIv Dev]-∂-ßƒ ]N-cn-®-tXmsS 90'Iƒ BZyw Xs∂ Un.-Sn.-]n. tIcfw apgp-h≥ hym]n-

®p. C∂v thUv t]mk- nwKn\pw, Un.-Sn.-]nbv°pw IqSp-Xepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv kn˛-Um-°ns‚

]mt°-Pp-I-fmWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw t^m≠p-I-fpsS tiWn-bpw Ch-cp-sS-Xm-Wv. tamtWm-

enw-Kz¬, Cw•ojpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ ss_enw-Kz¬ t^m≠p-Iƒ, sh_vt^m-≠p-Iƒ F∂n-

ßs\ kn˛-Um-°ns‚ ]mt°-Pp-Iƒ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. CXn-se-√m-ap≈ Hcp ][m-\-]iv\w D]-tbm-Kn®

en]n ]pXnb en]n Bbn-cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Iq´-£-c-ßsf Nµ-°-e-bn´v th¿s]--Sp-Ønbpw a‰pw AXv

henb Akzm`m-hn-I-XI ƒ krjvSn-®p. ]qs\-bnse Xs∂ tamUp-e¿ C≥t^m-sSIv "ioen]n' F∂

]mt°-Pp-ambn h∂-tXmsS Cu ]iv\-Øn\v Hc-f-thmfw ]cn-lm-c-am-hp-∂p-≠v.

Cu kµ¿ -Øn¬ hn≥tUmkv Hcp Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw F∂ \ne-bn¬ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°pw kzoIm-

cy-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-≠v. IqSmsX en\-Ivknepw ae-bmf km∂n[yw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. ssatIm-

tkm-^v‰ns‚ tkz—m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ hntbm-Pn-∏p-≠mb Nne¿ tN¿∂v ae-bmfw en\Ivkv F∂ t]cn¬

Hcp kzX¥ kwhn-[m\w Xs∂ D≠m-°p-∂Xpw Cu kµ¿`-Øn-em-Wv.

ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-kwJy Iºyq- -dn¬ ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂pw AXv ]cn-jvI-

cn-°-W-sa-∂p-ap≈ hmZ-ßƒ C\nbpw Ah-km-\n-®n-ń-√. ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-t¥mdpw hyh-ÿ-bn-√m-Xm-hp-I-

bmWv F∂ bmYm¿∞yw Adn-bp-∂-h¿ Xs∂-bmWv Cu hmZw D∂-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xpw CØcw

hmZ-ß-fnse Akw-_‘w Xpd∂v Imń-s°m-≠mWv X\Xp en]n-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Iq´mb ]cn-iaw

F∂ \ne-bn¬ cN\ A£-c-thZn cq]s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kn\v G‰hpw tbmPn-®Xv ]gb

en]n Xs∂-bm-sW∂v CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ae-bm-f-Ønse GXm-s≠√m Fgp-Øp-Imcpw cN-\-bpsS

ia-ßƒ°v sFIy-Zm¿Uyw ]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂p

ae-bmfw bq\n-t°mUv: ae-bmfw Iºyq-ń-ßns‚ B[p-\nI NcnXw bq\nt°mUpambn _‘-s∏-

-Xm-Wv. temI- m-j-I-fpsS ]pXnb Ãm≥tU¿Umbn bq\n-t°mUv kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Xqen-I, ARvPen

F∂o t^m≠p-Iƒ°p ]n∂mse cN\ bq\n-t°mUv t^m≠v IS∂p hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. bq\n-t°mUv

kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bn¬ ]gb en]n, ]pXnb en]n F∂o th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ Xs∂ hy‡-a-√. ]gb en]n-bn¬

A®-Sn-®Xv ]pXnb en]n-bnepw ]pXnb en]n-bn¬ A®-Sn-®Xv ]gb en]n-bnepw hmbn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ae-

bmfw bq\n-t°m-Uns‚ kmt¶-XnI km[y-X-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv tªmKp-I-fm-Wv. Ign™

GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fn¬ tªmKp-I--fn¬ D≠mb h¿≤\ hnkva-bm-h-l-am-Wv. C∂v C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂ G‰-

hp-a-[nIw tªmKp-I-fp≈ ]mtZ-inI `mj-bmWv \Ωp-tS-Xv.

ssl∏¿ sSIvÃv (Xn-c-sam-gn)

hmsam-gn, hc-samgn F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v hvXykvX-ambn \ho\ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS Ime-L-´-

Øn¬ Hcp mjbv°v e`n-°p∂ A[nI am\-amWv ssl∏¿ sSIvÃv. Xntbm-U¿ F—v.-s\¬k¨ BWv

BZy-ambn Cu t]cv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. F√m hnh-c-ßfpw UnPn-‰-embn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw, hmbn-

°m\pw Ign-bp∂ kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv. ssl∏¿sS-Ivkv‰n\v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Xnc-samgn F∂ t]cv \¬In-

bXv Ihn. ]n.-]n.-cm-a-N-µ-\m-Wv. Xnc-bn¬ ImWm-hp∂ samgn Ft∂m, Xnc-bn¬ ImWpw t]mse

Aÿn-c-amb samgn Ft∂m A¿∞w ]d-bmw.

kzX-¥hpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-amb CS-s]-S-epw, tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw, hmb-\bpw km[n°pw

F∂-XmWv ssl∏¿sS-IvÃpIfpsS khn-ti-j-X. hmb\ ChnsS sX∂n \oß-emWv. ssl∏¿

en¶p-I-fm¬ _‘n-°-s∏´ hnh-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hnh-c-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Hcp k©m-c-am-Wn-Xv. CjvS-ap≈

t^m≠n¬, CjvS-ap≈ tamUn¬, NnX-ß-fn¬, \nd-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-Xm-ev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v am‰-ßƒ

hcp-Øn-s°m≠v hmb-\-bpw, FgpØpw \n¿∆-ln-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂Xv CXns‚ CXns‚ khn-ti-j-X-

bm-Wv. ssl∏¿ en¶p-I-fn-eqsS t]mIm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xn\m¬ Hcp ]pkvXIw hmbn®p XpS-ßp-∂-bmƒ

as‰m-t´sd ]pkvXI-ß-fn-eqsS k©-cn®v Ah-km\w as‰-hn-sS-tbm, Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv

sNøp-∂-Xv. Cßns\ Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw temIsØ F√m A[n-Imc hyh-ÿ-I-sfbpw

Ań-a-dn-°p-∂-XmWv Xnc-sam-gn.



ae-bmfw C‚¿s\-‰n¬

C‚¿s\-‰nse ae-bm-f-Øns‚ ]Xy-£-s∏-S¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ taJ-e-I-fn-em-Wv.

sh_vssk‰pIƒ, t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, C˛tP¿Wep-Iƒ, a‰v ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ.

sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ : ae-bmfw sh_vssk-‰p-IfpsS Bcw`w bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ]X-am-[y-a-ß-fp-ambn

_‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. C‚¿s\‰v km[y-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°nb ]X-ßƒ sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ Bcw`n®XmWv

ae-bmfw C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ XpS-°w. Zo]nI ]X-amWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZy-ambn C‚¿s\‰v FUn-j≥

Bcw-`n-®-Xv. C∂v ae-bm-f-Ønse GXm-s≠√m ]X-ßfpw C‚¿s\-‰n¬ hmbn-°m≥ Ignbpw.

]n∂oSv amkn-I-Ifpw hmcn-I-Ifpw C‚¿s\‰v hgn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. ae-bm-f-Ønse

][m\ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ F√mw C‚¿s\‰neqsS e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. AXp IqSmsX C‚¿s\‰n¬ amXw

e`y-amb Nne ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ thsd-bp-ap-≠v. ]pg.-tImw BWv ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy sh_v

amK-kn≥. Nn¥, Ab-\w, Pb-tI-c-fw F∂nh hntZ-i-a-e-bm-fn-I-fpsS kwc-w`-am-sW-¶n¬ lcn-X-Iw,

Nncn-s®∏v F∂nh ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂p Xs∂-bp≈ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

hm¿Ø, hnt\m-Zw F∂n-hbv°v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ sh_vssk ‰pIfpw Ct∏mƒ [mcm-f-ambn

cwKØv hcp-∂p-≠v. Aiz-ta-[w, kmbqPyw F∂nh CXns‚ apt∂m-Sn-I-fmbn ]Xy-£-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.

Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb-cpsS kºq¿Æ-Ir-Xn-Iƒ sh_vssk‰n¬ ]kn≤oI-cn®XmWv as‰mcp ][m\

kw -hw. Cµp-te-J.tImaneqsS-bmWv CXv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. Hcp C¥y≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ F√m ]pkvX-

I-ßfpw C‚¿s\-‰n-se-Øp-∂Xv BZy _lp-a-Xn-bmbncp∂p. ]pkvX-Iw, NnX-I-e, ]mN-Iw, ^mj≥,

hoSv \n¿Ωm-Ww, hnt\m-Z-bmX F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-se√mw i≤ sNep-Øp∂ sh_vssk‰pIfpw C∂v

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ hI-bm-bn-´p-≠v.

t]m¿ -ep-Iƒ: "hnim-e-amb IhmSw' F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv t]m¿´¬ F∂ ]Zw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p-]-cn-bmbn Hcm-fns‚ Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ F¥pw \¬Ip∂ Ihm-S-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv Ch.

C˛-sa-bn¬, Nm‰nw-Kv, hymbm-aw, sKbn-ap-Iƒ, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, H]o-\n-b≥ t]mƒ, tjm∏nwKv F∂n-ßs\

hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb kuIcyßƒ \¬Ip-∂- C‚-dm-IvSohv ssk‰p-I-fm-Wn-h.

ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-t]m¿´¬ C¥ym C≥t^m.tImw BWv.-sh-_vtemIw BWv as‰m-∂v. ae-bmfw

sk¿®v F©n-\mb At\zjn, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ sabn¬ sNøm-hp∂ C.-]X F∂nh CXns‚ `mK-am-Wv.

C -tP¿W-ep-Iƒ: Xam-ibv°pw hnt\m-Z-Øn\pw, t\cw-t]m-°n-\p-amWv km[m-c-W-°m¿ s]mXpsh

ssk‰p-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ hnZym-`ym-k- Imcyßƒt°m, ]-T-\Ønt\m, Kth-j-W-Ønt\m

th≠n-bp≈ Kuc-h-ta-dnb ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fmWv Ce-IvtSm-WnIv amK-kn-\p-Iƒ. t\csØ

]W-a-S-®mWv Ch e`n-®n-cp-∂--sX-¶n¬ kuP-\y-ambpw C∂v Ch e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.

tªmKp-I-ƒ:

kzX¥ cN-\-bp-sSbpw Bhn-jvIm-cØns‚bpw taJ-e-bnse G‰hpw henb hnπ-h-am-bn-´mWv

tªmKp-Iƒ ]N-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ssl∏¿ en¶p-Iƒ hgn ]N-cn-°p∂ sNdnb sh_vssk-‰p-I-fm-Wn-h.

sh_vtemKv F∂Xns‚ Npcp-°-cq-]-amWv tªmKv.

ae-bmfw tªmKn-ßn\v GXm≠v A©p h¿jsØ Ncn-X-ta-bp-≈q. ae-bmf tªmKv Iq´m-

bvasb "_qtemIw' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® BZy tªmKv "PmeIw' BWv.

Ihn-X, IY, a‰v kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßƒ, ^enXw, Im¿´q¨, ]mN-Iw, bmXm-hn-h-c-Ww, \ncq-]Ww, cmjvSo-

bw, Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw tªmKp-I-fn¬ ]Xy£s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

]n‚nwKv am[y-a-ß-fn¬ ]ªn-j-dmWv A¥na hn[nI¿Øm-sh-¶n¬ tªmKp-Iƒ Fgp-Øp-Im-c\v

]q¿Æ-kzm-X-¥yhpw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. tªmKp-Iƒ XpS-ßm≥ henb kmt¶-XnI ⁄m\-sam∂pw

Bh-iy-an√ F∂Xpw, ]W-s®-e-hn√ F∂Xpw Bfp-Isf CXn-te°v Ffp∏w BI¿jn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-

fm-Wv. A©p h¿j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ CX-tbsd ]N-cn® as‰mcp P\-Iob ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ta-J-ebpw ae-

bm-f-Øn-en-√. "PmeIw' F∂ XpS-°-Øn\v tijw hnim-e-a-\-kvI≥, cmXn-©-c≥, NnX-Im-c≥,



IS-Ø-\m-S≥, ssIX-ap-≈, IpSpw-_w- I-e-°n, k¶p-NnX a\-kvI≥ F∂n-ßs\ [mcmfw t]cp-Iƒ°v

]n∂n¬ Hfn-®n-cp∂v tªmKp-Iƒ ]N-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v.

kmln-Xy-hn-j-b-Øn-emWv Gsdbpw tªmKp-Iƒ D≈-Xv. it≤-b-amb Hcp IYm tªmKv "s]cn-

tßm-S≥' BWv. ^enXw \nd™ tªmKp-I-fn¬ hnim-e-a-\-kvIs‚ "sImS-Ic ]pcmWw' ]tXyIw

i≤n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. B£-c-t«m-I-ßƒ°v amX-am-bp≈ Hcp tªmKv BWv "A£-c-t«mIw.-tªm-Kvkvt]m-

´v.tImw'.

en_-d¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ `c-W-Iq-SsØ Hcp ]cn[nbpan-√msX hna¿in-°m-\p≈ \s√mcp

am[y-a-amWv tªmKp-Iƒ. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ sk≥k¿jn-∏p-Iƒ Cs√-∂Xv C°m-cy-Øn¬ Ah¿°v Gsd

klm-b-I-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-≠v. temI-sa-ºmSpw Cßns\ `c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn tªmKp-Iƒ

]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hy‡-amb cmjvSob \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kq£n-°p∂ tªmKp-Iƒ FÆ-

Øn¬ Ipd-hm-Wv. "IS-Ø-\m-S≥' F∂ t]cn¬ hy‡-amb CS-Xp-]-£, sXmgn-emfn h¿§ \ne-]mSv

ImØp-kq-£n-°p∂ Hcp tªmKv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v.

tªmKns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-bp≠m-°p∂ ]pkvX-IsØ "ªq°v' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu

hn`m-K-Øn¬ BZy-tØXv "sImS-I-]p-cm-W--amWv.'

sh_v Unssk-\nwKv: C‚¿s\-‰nse hnh-c-tI-µ-ß-fmWv sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ. hnhn-[m-h-iy-ßƒ°mbn

hyXykvX hnj-b-ß-fn¬ ssk‰p-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. _nkn-\-kv, B¿In-sS-Iv‰v, dnb¬ FtÃ-‰v, kmln-

Xyw, Ie, Btcm-Kyw, hnZy-`ym-kw, \nb-aw, s]bn‚nw-Kv, kwKo-Xw, ]mN-Iw, ^mj≥, kvt]m¿Svkv,

kn\na F∂n-h-sb√mw ssk‰p-I-fn¬ e`y-am-Wv. GsX-¶nepw Hcp hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v hnh-c-ßƒ e`y-

am-°m-\p≈ C‚¿s\‰v Bkq-X-W-sØ-bmWv sh_vUn-ssk-\nwKv sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

Hcp ssk‰v cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Nne ][m-\-L-´ßfp≠v. mh-\, Bkp-X-Ww, D≈° cN-\, cq]-

I-ev]-\, A]vtemUnwKpw ]cn-tim-[-\bpw, cq]o-I-c-Ww, kwc-£Ww F∂n-h-bm-W-h.

Hcp sh_vssk-‰ns‚ ]m[m\yw AsX¥v Dƒs°m-≈p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ hnh-

c-ß-fpsS ssS‰n-ep-Iƒ ASp°n D≈S°w Xøm-dm-°p-∂p. Ch hnhn[ t]Pp-I-fn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n®p

en¶p-Iƒ hgn tlmw t]Pp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p. BI¿j-I-amb cq]-ap-s≠-¶n¬ amXta AXn-te°v

Bfp-Iƒ BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q. F.-F-kv.]n, Pmh XpS-ßnb t]mKmw `mj-I-fmWv CXn-\m-bp-]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ASpØ L´-Øn¬ ssk‰v GsX¶nepw _uk-dns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ sk¿h-dn¬

tlmÃv sNøp-∂p. hnhn[ _uk-dp-Ifn¬ ssk‰v ]h¿Øn-°p-∂pt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw

thWw. ]h¿Ø\w XpS-ßn-bm¬ kwc-£-Whpw ]cn-]m-e-\hpw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Imem-\p-kr-X-amb

]pXp-°-ep-Ifpw am‰-ßfpw D≠m-th-≠-Xm-Wv.

hn°n-]o-Unb

hnhn[ mj-I-fn¬ kzX-¥hpw hnim-e-hp-amb hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw kwhn-[m\w sNøm-\p≈

Iq´m-bva-bmWv hn°n-]o-Un-b-bpsS XpS-°w. t\c-sØ-bp≈ hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-ßƒ hnZ-KvZ-cpsS kan-Xn-

I-fpsS krjvSn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ B¿°pw Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-Xpw, Fgp-Xn-b-Xnse sX‰p-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-´m\pw

Xncp-Øm\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-amWv C‚¿s\-‰nse Cu hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X. B¿°pw

Ft∏mgpw Fgp-Xm-sa-∂p-≈-Xpw, FUn‰v sNøm-sa-∂p-≈-Xp-amWv CXns‚ P\-Io-b-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-

\w.

ae-bm-f-Ønepw C‚¿s\-‰n¬ hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw ]kn-≤o-I-cn®p Ign-™n-´p-≠v. ]mtZ-in-I-

amb Adn-hp-Iƒ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ Ign-bp∂ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°p apºn¬ kuP-\y-ambn

FØn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂-XmWv ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-b-bpsS khn-ti-j-X.

en]y-¥-cW tkm^v‰p-th-dp-Iƒ:

Hcp mj-bnse hmIy-ßsf as‰mcp mj-bn-se en]n D]-tbm-Kn®v Fgp-Xp-∂-XmWv en]y-¥-cWw

ChnsS en]n amXta amdp-∂p-≈q. D®m-cWw, A¿∞w F∂nh amdp-∂n-√.



DZm: How Are you?lu B¿ bq? CXv en]y-¥-c-W-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ [mcmfw en]y-¥-cW tkm v‰vthdp-I-fp-≠v.

hc-sam-gn, Cf-sam-gn, kz\-te-J, aw•ojv F∂nh Ah-bn¬ NneXp amX-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-Ønse ][m\

bq\n-tImUv t^m≠p-Iƒ aoc, ARvP-en, Im¿Øn-I, XqenI F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T\w: 1 .

ae-bmfw Iºyq- nwKv Ncn-Xm-h-tem-I-\w˛ tUm:atljv awK-em´v

kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn-\p≈ ][m\ D]m-[n-bmbmWv a\p-jy≥ `mjsb Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv.

]Z-]-tbm-Khpw ]mZ-]-tbm-K-hp-amWv a\p-jys\ a‰v Pohn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ

F∂v kmaq-ly-im-kvX-⁄¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Hcp `mj Hcp ]mSv Imew hmsam-gn-bmbn \ne-\n-

∂-Xn\v tij-amWv AXn¬ Fgp-Xm-\m-h-iy-amb en]nbpw teJ-\-hn-Zy-Ifpw ]Xy-£-am-Ip-∂-Xv. C∂pw

`qap-J-Øp≈ qcn-]£w mj-Ifpw en]n-tbm, kmln-Xytam C√msX hmsam-gn-bmbn amXw Pohn-°p-∂-

h-bm-Wv. en]n-bpsS hnImkw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bp-am-bmWv _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]pXnb ImeØv hnhc

hn\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fn-ep-≠mb hºn® IpXn®p Nm -ßƒ a\p-jy-cm-insb \mfn-Xp-h-sc-bn-√mØ

]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am -°n-bn -cn -°p-∂p. Iºyq-´dpw C‚¿s\‰pw AXns‚ teJ\

hnZy-I-fpw, hmsam-gn, hc-samgn F∂n-h-bv°-∏pdw Xnc-samgn F∂ aq∂m-a-sXmcpw km[yX IqSn mj-I-

fn¬ D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ssk_¿ Ime-L-´-Ønse ae-bm-f-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ Fs¥∂pw

ssk_¿kvt]-kn¬ \ΩpsS `mj-bpsS hnIm-k-N-cn-Xw Fs¥-√m-sa-∂p-ap≈ ]cn-tim-[-\-bmWv

tUm:atljv awK--em-ńs‚ aebmfw Iºyq-ńwKv Ncn-Xm-h-tem-I\w F∂ teJ-\w. as‰mcp mj-bn-ep-an-

√mØ hn[w k¶o¿Æ-amb ae-bm-f-Øns‚ en]n hyh-ÿbpw `mjm-I-ºyq-ńwKpw CW-°n-t®¿°m≥

hømØ IÆn-I-fmbn Icp-X-s∏´p h∂ ]gb Ime-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn bq\n-t°mUv \S-∏m-b-

tXmsS ae-bm-f-Øn-\p-≠mb ]ptcm-KXn Fs¥∂v hni-Z-am-°m-\mWv teJ-I≥ ian-°p-∂-Xv.

Iºyq- ¿, A®-Sn-bm-h-iy-Øn\pw Un.-Sn.-]n°pw th≠n amX-ambncp∂p BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬- a-e-bm-

fn-Iƒ Bi-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Bi-bm-hn-jvIm-c-Øn\pw kzX-¥-c-N-\-bv°p-ap≈ km[y-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-b-

tXmsS kz¥-amb Hcp Iºyq´¿ `mjm-]-≤-Xn-bv°m-bp≈ At\z-j-W-ßfpw Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-bn.

`mjm Iºyq- nw-Kns‚ ASn-ÿm\w F≥tIm-UnwKv hyh-ÿ-bm-Wv. Iot_m¿Un¬ hnc-e-a¿Øp-

-tºmƒ tamWn-‰-dn¬ F¥p sXfn-b-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv F≥tIm-Unw-Km-Wv. Hmtcm A£-c-Øn\pw

Hmtcm tImUv \º¿ \¬IpI F∂XmWv Cu hyh-ÿ. Hmtcm Iºyq-´-dp-I-fnepw hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb

F≥tIm-UnwKv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Iºyq- -dp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v XS- -ambnØo¿∂p.

Hcp Iºyq-´-dn¬ sNbvX ^b¬ a-s‰m-∂n¬ Xpd-°m-t\m, hmbn-°mt\m Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cw•ojv

`mjbv°v t]mepw Cu ]iv\w t\cn-tS≠n h∂n-´p-≠v. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv bqtdm-∏n¬ Iºyq-´¿

`mjm am\-Io-I-cW ia-ßƒ \S-°p∂-Xv. ASCII (AkvIn) American Standard Code for InformationInterchange Cu cwKØv hnP-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ASCIIbpw henb ]iv\-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. BZy-L- -ß-fn¬ t]mKm-

a¿am¿ kz¥w \ne-bn¬ tImUnwKv \S-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv hnh-c-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v H´pw klm-b-I-am-bn-

cp-∂n-√. ]qs\-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-®ncp∂ tIµ-k¿°m-cns‚ kn -UmIv BWv CXn-s\mcp ]cn-lmcw \n¿t±-

in-°p-∂-Xv. ACII sb ]n¥p-S¿∂v sIm≠v Indian Standrad Code for Information Interchange ISCII(CkvIn) F∂ Hcp tImUnwKv hyhÿ Ah¿ cq]o-I-cn-®p.ISCII bpw Ah-cpsS Ckvt^mIv (ISFOC)

F∂ t^m≠pw ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kns\ Hcp]mSv hnI-kz-c-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂p.

ae-bm-fw Iºyq-ńwKv Ct∏mƒ bq\n-t°mUv hyh-ÿ-bn-em-Wv. temI-Ønse GXp `mjm-en-]n-

Iƒ°pw kzoIm-cy-amb F≥tIm-UnwKv hyh-ÿ-bmWv "bq\n-t°mUv I¨tkm¿jyw' F∂ `mjm

hnZ-KvZ-cpsS Iq´mbva \n¿t±-in® bq\n-t°mUv hyh-ÿ.

hn]p-e-amb ]≤-Xn-I-fp-ambn kn -Um°v cwK-]-thiw sNbvX-tXmsS tIc-f-Øn¬ Un.-Sn.]n hym]-

I-ambn ]N-cn-®p. thUv t]mk-knwKv, Un.-Sn.-]n.-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ knUm-°ns‚ ]pXnb kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ ]co-£n-



°-s∏- p. H‰ `mj amX-ap≈ tamtWm-enw-Kz¬ t^m≠p-Iƒ, Cw•ojv H∏-ap≈ ss_enw-Kz¬ t^m≠p-Iƒ,

sh_vt^m-≠p-Iƒ F∂nh Cu cwK-tØ°v IS-∂p-h-cm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv Imcy-ßƒ Ffp∏am-°n.

Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw F∂ \ne-bn¬ hn≥tUmkpw, en\-Ivkpw ae-bmfØnte°v IS-∂p-h∂

L´w IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. ssatIm-tkm- v‰ns‚ B-[n-]-Xy-w Ak-ly-am-b-t∏mƒ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ

Hcp kwLw ae-bmfw en\Ivkv F∂ t]cn¬ en\Ivkv UnkvSn-_yq-j≥ Xs∂-bp-≠m-°n. ae-bmfw

Iºyq-ń-ßns‚ C°m-esØ G‰hpw henb ojWn Hcp F≥tIm-Unw-Knepw hg-ßmØ en]n-hy-hÿ

Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw AXv Imcy-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-°p-I-bm-

Wp-≠m-b-Xv. ]cn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-t¥mdpw `mj-bpsS X\na \jvS-s∏-Sp-sa∂v a\- n-em-°nb Hcp Iq´w

Iºyq-´¿ hnZ-KvZ-∑m¿ X\Xp en]n-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ At\z-jWßƒ Bcw-`n-®p. Iºyq-ńw-Kn\v ]pXnb

en]n Bh-iy-an-s√∂pw ]gbn en]n-bmWv AXn\v IqSp-X¬ kzoIm-cy-sa∂pw Ah¿ hy‡-am-°n. "cN\'

F∂ ]gb en]n-bn¬ Xs∂ sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ "FUn-‰¿' Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv. ae-

bm-f-Ønse ][m\ Fgp-Øp-Im-sc√mw cN\ A£-c-th-Zn°v AI-a-gn™ ]n¥pW \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.

\nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn-bpsS "Xpº∏q apX¬ kqcy≥ hsc' F∂ ]pkvXIw ]gb en]n-bn¬ Xs∂ ]Im-

in-∏n®p sIm≠mWv cN-\-bpsS ta∑ hy‡-am-°-s∏-´-Xv.

ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ h¿Ø-am\w bq\n-t°m-Um-Wv. AkvIn, CkvIn Ime-L-´-Ønse

F√m ]iv\-ßfpw bq\n-t°mUv hgn ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw. ]gb en]n/ ]pXnb en]n F∂ th¿Xn-

cnth CXn-ep-≠mhn√. GXv en]n-bn¬ sNbvXmepw hmbn-°m-hp∂ kml-Ncyw bq\n-t°mUv \¬Ip-∂p-

≠v. tªmKp-Iƒ, hn°n-]o-Un-b, \nL-≠p-°ƒ F∂nh C‚¿s\-‰n¬ kPo-h-am-Im≥ ][m\ ImcWw

bq\n-t°m-Uns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-am-Wv. mjm kvt\ln-I-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bpsS e-ambn cq]-s∏´ ARvPen,

aoc, Xqen-I, hc-samgn F∂o t^m≠p-I-sfbpw Cubh-k-c-Øn¬ Hm¿Ωn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

hni-Z-]-T-\w.2. Xnc-samgn . ]n.-]n.-cm-a-N-µ≥

XpS¿®-bmbpw Ia-hp-an-√mØ FgpØv F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ Xnb-tUm¿ FOv.-s\¬k¨ BWv

BZy-ambn ssl∏¿sSIvÃv F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Xnc-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-sXt∂m Xnc-t]mse

Aÿn-c-amb samgn Ft∂m D≈ A¿∞-Øn¬ ssl∏¿sS-IvÃns\ Xnc-samgn F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv ]n.-

]n.-cm-a-N-µ\mWv. hmsam-gn°pw, hc-sam-gn°pw tijw Iºyq-´¿ ]Nm-chpw hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnI

hnZy-bpsS hnIm-khpw \S∂ \ΩpsS Ime-L-´-Øn¬ `mj-b-°p-≠m-Ip∂ aq∂m-asØ t`Z-amWv Xnc-

samgn F∂v At±lw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-ap-≠mbn Im¬\q-‰m-≠n-tesd Bsb-¶nepw Cub-SpØ Ime-ØmWv

ae-bmfw AXns‚ kPo-h-km-∂n[yw Adn-bn®p XpS-ßn-b-Xv. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]ªn-jnw-Kv, ]n‚nwKv

Bh-iym¿∞w amX-am-bn-cp∂p ae-bmfw Iºyq-´-dns\ Bi-bn-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ ]n∂oSv Bi-b-hn-\n-a-

b-Øn\pw Bhn-jvIm-c-Øn-\p-ap≈ D]m-[n-bmbn AXns\ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. ]X-ßƒ B\p-ImenIßƒ,

t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kPo-h-km-∂n≤yw C∂v C≥¿s\-‰n-ep-≠v. bq\n-

tIm-Uns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv Cu am‰w `mj-bn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.

A\m-Zn-a-[ym-¥hpw he-°-Æn-I-fm¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘n-X-hp-amb ]mT-ti-Jcw F∂v Xncsamgnsb

\n¿∆-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Xnc-samgn tcJo-bhpw kmº-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb F√m hmb-\m-hy-h-ÿ-I-sfbpw Ań-

a-dn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ ÿm\Øv Ahy-h-ÿn-Xhpw Ia-c-ln-X-hp-amb hmb-\sb ]Icw shbv°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂p. km[m-cW A®Sn ]pkvX-I-ßƒ H∂mw t]Pv apX¬ Ah-km\ t]Pv hsc hmbn-

°p∂ kº-Zm-b-am-Wp-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ Xnc-sam-gn-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ C˛-hm-b\ Cu kº-Zm-bsØ \ntj-

[n-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ kwhn-[m-\hpw A®-Snbpsams° ]km-[-Is‚ Xocp-am-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-

s∂-¶n¬ Xnc-samgn hmb-\-bn¬ AXpw C√m-sX-bm-hp-∂p. ChnsS hmb-\-°m-c-\mWv ]c-am-[n-Imcn.

Abm-fpsS Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv ]pkvX-Iw, hmb\ Ch kwhn-[m\w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

Hmtcm t]Pnsebpw \n m-c-kw-i-b-ßƒ°v t]mepw en¶p-I-fn-eqsS \ap°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥

Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Fgp-Ø-—s‚ cmam-bWw hmbn®p XpS-ßp∂ Hcmƒ en¶p-I-fn-eqsS k©-

cn®v as‰-hn-sStbm BWv hmb\ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. sNcn∏p hmßm≥ Ibdn ImgvN-Iƒ I≠p \S∂v

Ah-km\w sXm∏n hmßn Cd-ßnb A\p-` -h-am -bn -´mWv C˛-hm-b-\sb teJ-I≥

kmZr-iy-s∏SpØp∂-Xv.



A®Sn ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ÿnc-am-Wv. ASpØ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ amXta AXv am‰-Øn\v hnt[-

b-am-hp-∂p-≈q. F∂m¬ Xnc-samgn Hmtcm hmb-\-°m-c-s‚bpw Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v am‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-

am-Wv. Hcp Xnc samgn-∏p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hmb-\-°m-cs‚ Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Ifpw, apdn-®p-

am-‰-ep-Ifpw \S-Øm≥ km[n-°pw. IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ t]cn-tem, IYm-L-S-\-bn-tem, NnX-ß-fntem, IY

\S-°p∂ ÿe-Øntem, CØcw am‰-ßƒ hmb-\-°m-cs‚ IuXp-I-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-

sa-∂Xv apsºm-cn-°epw \¬ImØ kzmX¥yw hmb-\-°m-c\v \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.

hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hc-sam-gn-bn-te°pw ]n∂oSv Xnc-sam-gn-bn-te-°p≈ mjm hnImkw A\n-hm-

cy-am-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv teJ-Im-`n-]m-bw. Adn-hn-s‚bpw A\p-`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-h¬°-c-

Whpw, hntI-µo-I-c-Whp-am-bn-cp∂p Cu am‰-ßƒ e£yw sh°p-∂-Xv. hmsam-gn-bmbn hy‡n-tI-µo-

Ir-X-amb Adn-hns\ hc-samgn A®-Sn-co-Xn-bn¬ P\-Io-b-h-XvI-cn-®p. Xnc-sam-gn-bm-hs´ hc-sam-gn°v IqSp-

X¬ kwhm-Z-km-[y-X-Iƒ ]Zm\w sNøp-I-bm-sW∂v teJ-I≥ \nco-£n-°p-∂p-. apºv hmsamgn amXw

D≠m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv c≠v hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn¬ \S-Øp∂ kw`m-j-W-Øn\v Xnc-sam-gn-bp-ambn kmZr-iy-

ap-s≠∂v ImWmw. kw`m-j-W-Øn\v Hcp hyh-ÿ-bp-an-√. ]eXpw hnj-b-ß-fm-hmw. bYm¿∞ ]mT-

Øn¬ \n∂v hyXn-N-en-®p-t]m-hmw. Cusbm-cp-kz-`mhw Xs∂-bmWv ]pXnb bpK-Ønse Xnc-sam-gnbpw

apt∂m v shbv°p-∂-Xv F∂v teJ-I≥ \nco-£n-°p-∂p. H∂pw B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn shbv°msX B¿°pw

CS-s]´v Xncp-Ø¬ hcp-Øm-hp∂ Iq´m-bva-bpsS krjvSn-bmbn Xnc-samgn amdp-∂p. Ce-IvtSm-WnIv

bpK-Øn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp Iq´m-bva-bpsS tKmX-kw-kvIrXn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bmWv Xnc-samgn

sNøp-∂Xv F∂mWv teJ-I≥Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

hni-Z-]-T-\w: 3 sh_vam-K-kn-\p-Iƒ ˛ hn.-sI.-B-Z¿iv

ssk_¿ kvs]bvkv Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am-hp-Ibpw Iºyq-´¿, Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-

fnepw kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX Ign™ \q‰m≠ns‚ Ah-km\ h¿j-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ A®Sn

]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒs°√mw C‚¿s\‰v FUn-j-\p-Ifpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. ]X-ßƒ, amkn-

I-Iƒ F∂nh C‚¿s\-‰nse ][m\ hmb-\m-\p-`-h-ßfm-bn-Øo¿∂-Xns‚ eLp hnh-c-W-amWv hn.-sI.-

B-Z¿ins‚ Cu teJ-\w. sh_vamK-kn-\p-Iƒ F-∂mWv C‚¿s\‰v amK-kn-\p-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

IY, Ihn-X, teJ\w F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒs°m∏w C‚¿s\‰v ]Zm\w sNøp∂ C‚-dm-£\pw

sh_v amK-kn-\p-Iƒ°p-≠v. ]e amK-kn-\p-Ifpw kuP-\y-am-bmWv hmb-\-°m-c\v ap∂n-se-Øp-∂-Xv.

ae-bm-f-Ønse Hcp ][m\ sh_vam-K-kn≥ ]pg.tImw BWv. \m´-dn-h-Iƒ, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ,

]pg InUvkv, ]pg amK-kn≥, hm¿Ø F∂o hyXykvX Nm\-ep-Ifpw CXn-t\m-sSm-∏-ap-≠v. ]pg InUvkv

Ipń-Iƒ°p-≈-Xm-Wv. ]pg ¢mkn-Ivkn¬ Kuc-h-s∏´ hmb-\-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. Ct∏mƒ Zn\-∏-X-ß-fnse

hm¿Ø-Ifpw ]pg \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.

Ihn-Xbv°v amX-am-bp≈ sh_vam-K-kn-\mWv lcn-X-Iw.-tImw. hfsc `wKn-bmbn cq]-I-ev]\

sNbvX CXn¬ Ihn-I-fpsS sh_vssk-‰n-te-°p≈ en¶p-I-fp-ap-≠v. bp≤-Øn\pw òIc-hm-Z-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-

cm-bp≈ amK-kn-\mWv XW-¬. ]hmkn ae-bm-fn-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ Ab\w, `wKn-tbmsS

cq] Iev]\ sNbvX Xpjm-cw, F∂n-hbpw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ sh_vam-K-kn-\p-I-fmWv.



First Semester B.A/B.Sc Degree Examination

MA IA 07 (02) kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

(I) Xmsg sImSp- n-cn-¡p¶ FÃm tNmZy-§Ä¡pw D¯cw Fgp-XpI. Hmtcm-

¶n-sâbpw aqeyw þ1

1. Ipt«y-S¯n Fgp-Xm-\p--mb kml-Ncyw F´v?

2. Xsâ ]Wn- p-csb F´n-t\m-SmWv CS-tÈcn kmZr-iy-s -Sp- p-¶Xv?

3. "cwK-]-km-[\w'þ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡pI.

4. A\p-I-ev]-\-s -¡p-dn¨v Ae-³sds\ ]d-bp-¶-sX´v?

5. hnh-c km-t¦-XnI hnZy þ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡pI

6. hmÀ¯bpw ^o¨dpw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw F´v?

7. ss_sse³ F¶m-se´v?

8. S.M.S `mj-bpsS kz`m-h-sa´v?

9. bq\n-tImUv F¶m-se´v? 9x1=9

(II) GsX-¦nepw 5 tNmZy- n\v Hmtcm JWvUn-I-bnÂ D¯cw Fgp-XpI.

10. kz´w Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-§-fmWv Fw.-Sn-bpsS IY-IÄ. ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

11. ]p¯³ Iehpw Acn-hmfpw cNn-¡m-\n-S-bmb kml-N-cysa´v?

12. cwK-]-km-[\w Hcp Ie-bm-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶-sX-´p-sIm-v?

13. IShv tXmWn F¶ IY IShv F¶ kn\n-a-bm-b-t¸mÄ h¶

amä-§Ä Fs´Ãmw?

14. ]c-ky§Ä- Bfp-Isf BIÀjn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

15. tdUntbm \mS-I- nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw?

16. t»mKp-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Hcp Ipdns¸gp-Xp-I. 5x2=10

(III) GsX-¦nepw cs--®-¯n\v D-]\ymkw X¿m-dm-¡pI

17 .\mS -I -hn -P -b -¯n\v cwK - ] -km -[\w A\n -hm -cy -am -sW¶v

]d-bp-¶-sX-´p-sIm- v?

1 8 .A\y -`mjm ]mWvUnXyw ae -bmf `mj -bnÂ D - m -¡p¶

hne-£-WX-IÄ DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

19. CâÀs\-änÂ ae-bmf km¶n[yw FX-t¯m-f-sa¶v hni-Z-am-¡pI

2x4=8

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