COMMISSION SCOLAIRE CATHOLIQUE - North Grenville · 2018. 12. 16. · Site BgFv-8 may represent the...

APPENDIX F

ENVIRONMENTAL SITE FEATURES

STUDY LIMIT LINE

CUM1

MAS

LAT1

FOD5

SWD5

Butternut trees observed

Monarch Butterfly Habitat

Least Bittern Habitat1:2000

0m 20 40 80m

240, Catherine st., suite 110Ottawa (Ontario) K2P 2G8

www.cima.ca

Telephone :Fax :

(613) 860-2462(613) 860-1870 A000473

Municipality of North GrenvilleProposed Trail and Bridge

3ofScale:

Drawn By:

Prepared By:

Date:

Verified By:

Drawing Number:Project Number:

Client: Title:Datedd/mm/yyByDescriptionNo.

Plan

T.DANNELL

S.LANDSLEY

T.DANNELL

9 September 2014

1:2000 1

Habitat and Species at risk1 For Final Report T.D. 16/09/14

STUDY LIMIT LINE

CUM1

MAS

LAT1

FOD5

SWD5




0m 20 40 80m


www.cima.ca

Telephone :Fax :

(613) 860-2462(613) 860-1870 A000473


3ofScale:

Drawn By:

Prepared By:

Date:

Verified By:



Plan

T.DANNELL

S.LANDSLEY

T.DANNELL

9 September 2014

1:2000 2


STUDY LIMIT LINE

CUM1

MAS

LAT1

FOD5

SWD5




0m 20 40 80m


www.cima.ca

Telephone :Fax :

(613) 860-2462(613) 860-1870 A000473


3ofScale:

Drawn By:

Prepared By:

Date:

Verified By:



Plan

T.DANNELL

S.LANDSLEY

T.DANNELL

9 September 2014

1:2000 3


Appendix 6

STAGE 1, 2 AND 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS, WATERFRONT TRAIL/PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE, KEMPTVILLE, LOTS 26, 27, 28 AND 29, CONCESSION 3, GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF OXFORD ON RIDEAU, MUNICIPALITY OF NORTH GRENVILLE

STAGE 1, 2 AND 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL

ASSESSMENTS

WATERFRONT TRAIL/PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE -

KEMPTVILLE

LOTS 26, 27, 28 AND 29, CONCESSION 3

GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF

OXFORD ON RIDEAU

MUNICIPALITY OF NORTH GRENVILLE

STAGE 1, 2 AND 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS, WATERFRONT TRAIL/PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE, KEMPTVILLE, LOTS 26, 27, 28 AND 29, CONCESSION 3, GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF OXFORD ON RIDEAU, MUNICIPALITY OF NORTH GRENVILLE Prepared for: Mark Guy Director Parks, Recreation & Culture Department Municipality of North Grenville 285 County Road #44 P.O. Box 130 Kemptville, ON K0G 1J0 Phone: 613-258-9569 ext. 107 E-mail: [email protected] Re: Municipal Class EA Study Schedule ‘B’ Prepared by: Andy Snetsinger, M.A. (R1089) Staff Archaeologist Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. 4534 Bolingbroke Road, R.R. #3 Maberly, ON K0H 2B0 Phone: 613-267-7028 E-mail: [email protected] PRAS Project No.: PR15-14 Stage 1, PR15-22 Stage 2 and PR15-47 Stage 3 Licensee: Adam Pollock, M.A., Licence P336 Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. P.I.F. No.: P336-0083-2015 Stage 1 P336-0090-2015 Stage 2 P336-0112-2015 Stage 3 Date: June 13, 2016 Revised Report

Stage 1, 2 and 3 Archaeological Assessments Waterfront Trail and Pedestrian Bridge, Kemptville Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Mr. Mark Guy, Director of the Parks, Recreation & Culture Department with the Municipality of North Grenville, provided overall project direction and relevant background documents. Mr. Philip Gerrard, Senior Planner, Planning & Development Department with the Municipality of North Grenville also provided background documents and input regarding the pathway layout and construction. Mr. Kevin Henry, Facilities Superintendent and his staff from the Parks, Recreation & Culture Department of the Municipality of North Grenville assisted with removing backdirt and backfilling the Stage 3 units.

Mr. Robert von Bitter, Archaeological Data Coordinator, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, provided a current listing of archaeological sites located within a 1.0 km radius of the study area.

PROJECT PERSONNEL Project Manager Brenda Kennett, M.A. (P030) Licence Holder Adam Pollock, M.A. (P336) Field Director Andy Snetsinger, M.A. (R1089) Field Crew Brenda Kennett Adam Pollock Dan Goss, M.A. (P391) Peter Sattelberger, M.A. (P111) Edward Thierry Caitlyn Howard, B.A. Shyong En Pan, B.Sc. Stephanie Halmhofer, M.A. Historical Research Andy Snetsinger Drafting Andy Snetsinger GIS Mapping Andy Snetsinger Adam Pollock Report Writing Andy Snetsinger Report Review Brenda Kennett


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. was retained by the Municipality of North Grenville

to undertake Stage 1, 2 and 3 archaeological assessments of a proposed waterfront trail and

associated pedestrian bridge situated within Lots 26, 27, 28 and 29 of Concession 3 in the

geographic Township of Oxford on Rideau, now within Kemptville, Ontario (see Maps 1

through 4). The proposed trail is approximately 1.25 kilometres long and passes through land

along the north shore of Kemptville Creek (the South Branch of the Rideau River).

The purpose of the Stage 1 investigation was to evaluate the archaeological potential of the study

area and present recommendation for the mitigation of any significant known or potential

archaeological resources. To this end, historical, environmental, and archaeological research

was conducted in order to make a determination of archaeological potential. The Stage 1

assessment determined that the majority of the proposed trail passes through property which

possesses potential for both pre-Contact and post-Contact period archaeological resources, with

the exception of some disturbed areas and wetlands, and all areas of potential were

recommended for Stage 2 assessment.

A Stage 2 assessment was conducted by means of a shovel test pit survey along the length of the

corridor determined to exhibit archaeological potential. Artifacts of further cultural heritage

interest or value were recovered in association with one specific section of the corridor and

registered as the Kemptville Creek Pathway Site - BgFv-8 (see Map 37). It was recommended

that a Stage 3 archaeological assessment would be required within the limits of construction

impacts for the alignment of the proposed linear corridor associated with site BgFv-8.

Accordingly, a Stage 3 assessment was completed, conducted by means of the hand excavation

of one metre square units, within the proposed corridor alignment (see Map 44). Most of the

recovered artifacts, which dated to the mid-nineteenth century, are likely part of a diffuse scatter

associated with site BgFv-8 and the more general nineteenth century occupation of the area. No

features or dense clustering of artifacts, however, were noted within the Stage 3 study area and a

twentieth century trench disturbance was documented in two thirds of the excavated units,


iv

suggesting that most of the site lies to the south of the proposed pathway alignment. Site BgFv-8

may represent the remnants of an ancillary building for a wharf associated with the mid-

nineteenth century steamboat trade serving Kemptville via Kemptville Creek and the Rideau

Canal. If this is the case, site BgFv-8 is potentially associated with the merchants Bowman and

Henderson who owned the town lots on which the site appears to be concentrated between c.

1834 and 1842 and operated a nearby general store between c. 1830 and 1848.

The cumulative results of the Stage 1, 2 and 3 assessments documented in this report form the

basis for the following recommendations:

1) Given the association with the Kemptville Creek Pathway Site (BgFv-8), the linear

corridor for the proposed pathway within the un-opened Curry Street road allowance

between c. 40 metres east of the James Street road allowance and c. 10 metres west of the

property boundary between Lot 28 and Lot 27 (see Map 45), Stage 4 archaeological

mitigation of this section of the pathway corridor is required. This mitigation should

involve mechanical excavation of the pathway extending to the subsoil under

archaeological supervision. Any archaeological features or significant cultural

stratigraphy encountered during the mechanical excavation should be hand excavated

according to MTCS standards for Stage 4 excavation as detailed in Section 4.2.3 of the

Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 20111).

2) In order to ensure the protected areas of site BgFv-8 are not impacted for the duration of

the planned construction-related activities, temporary physical barriers (i.e. snow fencing)

should be installed along the southern edge of the pathway corridor between c. 40 metres

east of the James Street road allowance and c. 10 metres west of the property boundary

between Lot 28 and Lot 27 (see Map 45) and a licensed consultant archaeologist should

be retained to ensure that the temporary barriers are correctly located. The Stage 4

excavation area should be backfilled immediately following the archaeological

excavation to ensure the site area is stabilized. In addition, a post-construction site visit

should be conducted by a licensed consultant archaeologist to ensure that the site was not

impacted during construction-related activities.


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3) Any alteration to the pathway alignment or other associated construction impacts that

would result in below surface disturbance (e.g. staging areas, lay down areas, etc.)

beyond the areas investigated as part of the present Stage 1, 2 and 3 assessments will

require additional archaeological assessment.

4) The portions of town lots beyond the limits of the linear corridor assessed by the Stage 2

and 3 archaeological assessments of the pedestrian pathway retain their archaeological

potential as indentified in the Stage 1 component of this report (see Map 25). They will

minimally require a Stage 2 assessment before any future below grade disturbance. The

recommended Stage 2 assessment strategy would be to perform a shovel test pit survey at

5 metre intervals as per Section 2.1.2 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant

Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).

5) Any portion of the proposed future pathway extensions identified as having

archaeological potential that were not subject to Stage 2 archaeological assessment as

documented in this report (i.e. Riverside Park, Rotary Park and the private properties east

of Rotary Park) will require a Stage 2 assessment before the construction of these

pathway extensions (see Map 46). The recommended Stage 2 assessment strategy would

be to perform a shovel test pit survey at 5 metre intervals as per Section 2.1.2 of the

Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).

6) Any future archaeological assessments should be undertaken by a licensed consultant

archaeologist, in compliance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant

Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).

The reader is also referred to Section 7.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage

Act as it may relate to this project.


vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.

Acknowledgments ii Project Personnel ii Executive Summary iii List of Maps viii List of Images x List of Tables xii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 PROJECT CONTEXT 2

2.1 Property Description 2 2.2 Development Context 3 2.3 Access Permission and Limitations 3

3.0 STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 4

3.1 Historical Context 4

3.1.1 Previous Historical Research 4 3.1.2 Regional Pre-Contact Cultural Overview 4 3.1.3 Regional Post-Contact Cultural Overview 7 3.1.4 Property History 11

3.2 Archaeological Context 13 3.2.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites 13 3.2.2 Previous Archaeological Research 14 3.2.3 Identified Local Cultural Heritage Resources 15 3.2.4 Heritage Plaques and Monuments 15 3.2.5 Cemeteries 16 3.2.6 Local Environment 17

3.2.7 Property Inspection 18 3.3 Analysis and Conclusions 19

3.3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential 19

3.3.2 Archaeological Potential Mapping 21 3.3.3 Stage 1 Recommendations 22


4.1 Fieldwork Methodology 23

4.2 Fieldwork Results 24 4.2.1 Operation 1 - Pathway East of Bridge Street 24

4.2.2 Operation 2 - Curry Park 25 4.2.5 Operations 3 and 4 - Additional Testing of the Un-opened Curry Street Road

Allowance 29


vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page No.

4.2.3 Operation 5 - West of Curry Park 31 4.2.4 Operation 6 - Future Bridge Crossing 32

4.3 Analysis and Conclusions 32 4.4 Stage 2 Recommendations 34


5.1 Additional Stage 3 Historical Research 35 5.2 Fieldwork Methodology 36 5.3 Fieldwork Results 38

5.3.1 Stratigraphy 39 5.3.2 Artifacts 39 5.3.3 Artifact Analysis 42

5.4 Analysis and Conclusions 43 5.5 Stage 3 Recommendations 43

6.0 FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS 48

7.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION 50 8.0 LIMITATIONS AND CLOSURE 51 9.0 REFERENCES 52 10.0 MAPS 61 11.0 IMAGES 107 APPENDIX 1: Photograph Catalogue of Stage 1 Property Inspection 155 APPENDIX 2: Photograph Catalogue of Stage 2 Fieldwork 156 APPENDIX 3: Photograph Catalogue of Stage 3 Fieldwork 160

APPENDIX 4: Stage 2 Artifact Catalogue 163 APPENDIX 5: Stage 3 Artifact Catalogue 172 APPENDIX 6: Glossary of Archaeological Terms 183


viii

LIST OF MAPS

Map No. Page No. 1. Location of the study area 61 2. Plan of study area 62 3. Overlay of the proposed pathway on a 2014 satellite image 63 4. Proposed pathway imposed on Kemptville property parcels 64 5. Segment of a survey plan of the Rideau River, dated 1828, showing the north half of Lot 27, Concession 3 as the location of the “Clothier’s Mill” settlement 65 6. Portion of the 1861 Walling map of Kemptville showing the study area 66 7. Detail of the 1861 Walling map of Kemptville focusing on the structures located along the north shore of Kemptville Creek between Prescott and Bridge streets 67 8. Detail of the 1861 Walling map of Kemptville focusing on the structures located close to the proposed future pedestrian bridge over Kemptville Creek 68 9. Segment of the 1908 first edition one-mile-to-one-inch topographic map of Kemptville 69 10. Portion of the 1940 topographic map for Kemptville 70 11. Portion of an aerial photograph showing the study area east of Bridge Street, dated 1976 71 12. Portion of the 2001 topographic map showing three structures along the proposed pathway east of Bridge Street 72 13. Portion of an aerial photograph showing the study area east of Bridge Street, dated 2002 73 14. Portion of an aerial photograph showing the study area east of Bridge Street, dated 2011 74 15. Location of previously registered archaeological sites 75 16. Location of Lyman Clothier Jr.’s house, a registered heritage property, relative to the proposed future extensions of the pathway 76 17. Location of the Old Methodist Cemetery (1831-1895) relative to the proposed pathway 77 18. Segment of the surficial geology map showing the study area 78

19. Overlay of a segment of the Grenville County soil map showing the study area 79 20. Map showing the location and direction of photographs used in Section 3.2.7 of this report 80 21. Map showing the location and direction of photographs used in Section 3.2.7 of this report 81 22. Map showing the location and direction of photographs used in Section 3.2.7 of this report 82 23. Pre-Contact archaeological potential of the study area based on a 300 buffer from primary water sources 83 24. Historic archaeological potential of the study area based on a 100 m buffer from historic roadways, Clothier Street and County Road 43, and a 300 m buffer from selected structures from the 1861 Walling map of Kemptville 84 25. Map showing the archaeological potential for the study area as well as disturbed areas and wetlands 85


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LIST OF MAPS (continued)

Map No. Page No. Page No. 26. Map indicating the portions of the proposed trail which will require a Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment 86 27. Map showing the location and direction of photographs used in Section 4.0 of this report 87 28. Map showing the location and direction of photographs used in Section 4.0 of this report 88 29. Map showing the location and direction of photographs used in Section 4.0 of this report 89 30. Map showing the location and direction of photographs used in Section 4.2 of this report 90 31. Map showing the locations of the Stage 2 test pitting operations 91 32. Map showing the general location of artifacts recovered during the Stage 2 assessment 92 33. Results of Stage 2 test pit survey of Operation 2 93 34. Results of the shovel test pit survey of Operation 3 and 4 94 35. Map showing the location of the ash deposit identified during the Stage 2 fieldwork 95 36. Map showing only the positive test pits from the Stage 2 test pit survey 96

37. Map showing the results of Stage 2 archaeological analysis 97 38. Map showing the Stage 2 assessment results for the entire proposed pathway corridor 98 39. Portion of a map of the town lots of the Village of Kemptville, dated 1862 99 40. Map showing location of the pathway corridor as surveyed by the Municipality of North Grenville 100 41. Map of the Stage 3 unit locations 101 42. Map showing the location and direction of photographs used in Section 5.0 of this report 102 43. Map showing the showing the extent of the uncovered trench disturbance 103 44. Map showing artifact totals per Stage 3 Unit 104

45. Map showing the recommended Stage 4 mitigation strategy 105 46. Map depicting the cumulative results of the Stage 1, 2 and 3 assessments for the entire length of the linear corridor for the proposed pedestrian pathway 106


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LIST OF IMAGES

Image No. Page No.

1. View of Lyman Clothier Jr.’s house 107 2. View of the monument for the Old Methodist Cemetery 107 3. View of the existing North Grenville Trail immediately east of Bridge Street 108 4. View of the existing North Grenville Trail east of Bridge Street, facing northeast 108 5. Disturbance associated with the mid-twentieth century light commercial buildings east of Bridge Street 109

6. Disturbance associated with the mid-twentieth century light commercial buildings east of Bridge Street 109 7. Remnants of asphalt in the area of disturbance associated with the mid-twentieth century light commercial buildings east of Bridge Street 110 8. View of the existing North Grenville Trail extension to the corner of Clothier and Court streets 110 9. View of the existing North Grenville Trail through the woods near the eastern end of the path 111 10. View of wetland east of the existing North Grenville Trail 111 11. View of the area along County Road 43 for proposed future trail 112

12. View of the proposed trail route through Curry Park 112 13. View of the proposed trail route through Curry Park adjacent to the boat launch access 113 14. View of the proposed trail route through Curry Park 113 15. View of stones along the creek bank near approximate location of the store house marked on the Walling 1861 map of Kemptville 114 16. View of stones along the creek bank near approximate location of the store house marked on the Walling 1861 map of Kemptville 114 17. View of the proposed trail route along the raised road allowance west of Lydia Street South 115 18. View of the proposed trail route along the raised road allowance extending south from Barnes Street 115

19. View of a manhole adjacent to the intersection of the raised road allowances 116

20. View of the proposed future trail route through private property west of the Barnes Street road allowance extension 116 21. View of the proposed future trail route through private property west of the Barnes Street road allowance extension 117 22. View of the proposed future pathway extension through Rotary Park 117 23. View of the proposed bridge pathway along the Harriet Street road allowance 118 24. View of the proposed bridge pathway along south of the Harriet Street road allowance 118 25. View of the proposed bridge pathway between the Harriet and Alfred Street road allowance extensions 119

26. View of the proposed bridge pathway between the Harriet and Alfred Street road allowance up to North Grenville Alfred Street water pumping station 119 27. View of proposed bridge pathway along the Alfred Street road allowance 120


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LIST OF IMAGES (continued)

Image No. Page No.

28. View across Kemptville Creek in the location of the proposed future bridge crossing 120 29. View of gravel road/track in Riverside Park 121 30. View of manicured lawn of Riverside Park in area of the proposed future bridge 121 31. View of chain link fence which separates the forested south shore of Kemptville Creek from the manicured lawn of Riverside Park 122 32. View of the forested area on the south shore of Kemptville Creek 122

33. View of crew testing in Curry Park 123 34. View of crew testing the western end of Curry Park 123 35. View of the crew testing in Interpretative Area 4 in Operation 1 124 36. View of the profile of a representative test pit from Operation 1 124 37. View of asphalt within a test pit in Operation 1 125 38. View of fragments of concrete along the north shore of Kemptville Creek 125 39. View of a representative test pit from the wooded portion of Operation 1 126 40. View of a ‘push’ pile adjacent to the west side of the pathway in the wooded area of Operation 1 126 41. View of a ‘push’ pile adjacent to the west side of the pathway in the wooded area of Operation 1 127 42. View of a sample test pit adjacent to the western side of the boat launch access laneway 127 43. View of Test Pit 2A 128 44. View of Test Pit 2B 128 45. View of Test Pit 2C 129 46. View of Test Pit 2D 129 47. View of Test Pit 2J 130 48. View of Test Pit 2P 130 49. View of Test Pit G 131 50. View of Test Pit M 131

51. View of brick and mortar fragments on the bed of the creek 132

52. View of Test Pit 2K 132 53. View of Test Pit 2Q 133 54. View of Test Pit 2L 133

55. View of Test Pit 2R 134 56. View of Test Pit 2T 134 57. View of Test Pit 2S 135 58. Photograph of a sample of artifacts recovered from the topsoil of Operation 2 135 59. Photograph of a sample of artifacts recovered from the ash lot of Operation 2 136

60. Photograph of a sample of artifacts recovered from the potential buried topsoil in Operation 2 136

61. Photograph of the stratigraphy of Test Pit 3H, a representative test pit for the stratigraphy of Operation 3 137


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LIST OF IMAGES (continued)

Image No. Page No.

62. Photograph of the stratigraphy of Test Pit 4M 137 63. Photograph of the stratigraphy of Test Pit 4L 138 64. Photograph of the stratigraphy of Test Pit 4J 138 65. Photograph of the stratigraphy of Test Pit 4H 139 66. Photograph of the stratigraphy of Test Pit 4MN/3MN 139 67. Photograph of a sample of artifacts recovered from Operations 3 and 4 140

68. View of mostly aquatic grasses and weeds in Interpretive Area 1 in Operation 5 141 69. View of sample test pit from Interpretative Area 1, Operation 5 141 70. View of a representative test pit from Operation 6 142 71. Photograph of the crew performing the Stage 3 assessment 142 72. Photograph of the crew performing the Stage 3 assessment 143 73. Photograph of the municipality backfilling units with clean gravel, the base of the units had been lined with geotextile fabric 143 74. Stage 3 unit profile drawings 144 75. Stage 3 unit profile drawings 145 76. Stage 3 unit profile drawings 146

77. Stage 3 unit profile drawings 147 78. Photograph of the west profile of Unit N00E40 148 79. Photograph of the east profile of Unit N00E20 148 80. Photograph of the east profile of Unit N00E00 149 81. Photograph of the west profile of Unit S03W10 149 82. Photograph of the south profile of Units S04W12 150 83. Photograph of a sample of artifacts from Context 1 - topsoil of the Stage 3 assessment 151 84. Photograph of a sample of artifacts from Context 2 - trench cut of the Stage 3 assessment 152 85. Photograph of a sample of artifacts from Context 3 - buried topsoil of the Stage 3 assessment 153

86. Photograph of a sample of artifacts from Context 3 - buried topsoil of the Stage 3 assessment 154

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No.

1. Inventory of the Stage 1 Documentary Record 18

2. Inventory of the Stage 2 Documentary Record 24 3. Inventory of the Stage 3 Documentary Record 38

Stage 1, 2 and 3 Archaeological Assessment Waterfront Trail and Pedestrian Bridge, Kemptville Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. (Past Recovery) was initially retained by the Municipality of North Grenville to undertake a Stage 1 archaeological assessment of a proposed 1.25 km waterfront trail and associated pedestrian bridge within the Town of Kemptville. The trail would cut through Lots 26, 27, 28 and 29 of Concession 3 along the north shore of Kemptville Creek, also known as the South Branch of the Rideau River, in the geographic Township of Oxford on Rideau, now part of the Municipality of North Grenville (Maps 1, 2 and 3). Subsequently, Past Recovery was retained to undertake a Stage 2 assessment of portions of the pathway and a Stage 3 assessment of a specific section where archaeological deposits were encountered. This report presents the results of all three stages of the assessment.

The objectives of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment were as follows: To provide information about the geography, history and current land condition of the

study area; To describe any previous archaeological fieldwork and evaluate the archaeological

potential of the study area; and To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 2 archaeological assessment in the event

further assessment is warranted. The objectives of the Stage 2 archaeological assessment were as follows:

To determine whether archaeological resources, artifacts or sites with cultural heritage value or interest were present along the corridor; and

To determine whether these resources required further assessment. The objectives of the Stage 3 investigation were as follows:

To determine the cultural heritage value and significance of the archaeological deposits identified during the Stage 2; and

To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 4 mitigation if required.


2

2.0 PROJECT CONTEXT

This section of the report provides the context for the archaeological work undertaken, including a description of the study area, the related legislation or directives triggering the assessment, any additional development-related information, and the confirmation of permission to access the land, if required.

2.1 Property Description

The study area is located within Lots 26, 27, 28 and 29, Concession 3 of the geographic Township of Oxford on Rideau, now part of the Municipality of North Grenville (see Maps 1, 2 and 3). The proposed pathway, including future extensions, is approximately 1.25 km long and passes through land adjacent to the north shore of Kemptville Creek, also known as the South Branch of the Rideau River in the Town of Kemptville (see Map 2). The project includes the redevelopment of an existing section of trail which extends east of Bridge Street along the northwest shore of Kemptville Creek ending at a wetland west of Highway 43 and with a side connection to Court Street. A new section of trail will extend westward from Bridge Street through the manicured lawn of Curry Park and sections of manicured lawn on road allowances along the north shore of Kemptville Creek with a connection to Clothier Street via the Barnes Street road allowance. A proposed future extension at the east end of the trail would include a boardwalk across the wetland to the west side of Highway 43. A proposed future extension at the west end of the trail would connect with Rotary Park at the intersection of Clothier and Prescott streets. Six interpretive areas adjacent to the Kemptville Creek shoreline, most of which require access pathways extending south from the main pathway, are also planned (see Map 2).

In addition, the future development of a new pedestrian bridge across Kemptville Creek connecting Riverside Park on the south side of the river to Clothier Street on the north side forms part of this project. The proposed path north of the creek initially included potential alignments along either the Harriet Street road allowance or an extension of the Alfred Street road allowance (see Map 2).

The typical pathway width will be 2.5 m and in most locations excavation will extend c. 30 cm below grade to allow the laying of woven geotextile, a 20 cm thick base of compacted granular “A” and a 10 cm thick surface of compacted limestone screenings. In low-lying or wet areas, pathway construction will include the addition of fill above the existing grade followed by the installation of the pathway geotextile, base and surface to match non-fill areas.

The limits of the study area were determined using a plan of the proposed trail and bridge route provided by the Municipality of North Grenville (see Map 2). For the purposes of this assessment, this map was geo-referenced using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software and the limits of the various corridors were overlain on recent high resolution satellite imagery (see Map 3). The trail plan was used by Past Recovery staff to determine the limits of the areas of investigation in the field using roads, the creek and the extant buildings as reference points.


3

2.2 Development Context

The Stage 1 archaeological assessment is being completed as part of a Municipal Class Environmental Assessment Study, Schedule ‘B’ (Construction of Linear Paved Facilities and Related Facilities). Approval authority over Municipal Class Environmental Assessments within the municipality rests with the Municipality of North Grenville, as per the Planning Act, R.S.O. 1990, Ch. P.13. The municipality of North Grenville has identified archaeological resources as a contributor to their cultural identity (Municipality of North Grenville 2010a:26).

2.3 Access Permission and Limitations

Permission to access the study area and complete all aspects of the archaeological assessment activities, including photography, test pitting, excavation, and the collection of artifacts, was granted by the Municipality of North Grenville.


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3.0 STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

3.1 Historical Context

This section of the report includes an overview of human settlement in the region with the intention of providing a context for the evaluation of known and potential archaeological sites, as well as a review of property-specific detailed archival research presenting a record of land use history.

3.1.1 Previous Historical Research

Histories of Leeds and Grenville Counties offer some insights into the development of the general study area. The History of Leeds and Grenville Ontario, from 1749 to 1879, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of some of its Prominent Men and Pioneers by Thaddeus W.H. Leavitt (1879) is an important early account of the settlement of the region. The primary published history of the area is Leeds and Grenville: Their First Two Hundred Years (McKenzie 1967), which again provides general information on the history of the region. More recently, the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville (2000) prepared Our Living History: An Historical Guide to the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville which identifies various historical properties in the county. The Illustrated Historical Atlas of the Counties of Leeds and Grenville (Mika, ed. 2002) provides a late-nineteenth century account of the county’s geography and settlement, and also includes some information regarding the Township of Oxford on Rideau and the Town of Kemptville. Two histories of Kemptville itself were also consulted: Kemptville Centennial 1957 – Historical Review of Kemptville and District (Kemptville Centennial Committee 1957) and Kemptville Past and Present (Anderson 1903).

3.1.2 Regional Pre-Contact Cultural Overview

Our understanding of the pre-Contact sequence of human activity in the area is very incomplete, stemming from a lack of systematic archaeological surveys in the region, as well as from the destruction of archaeological sites caused by development prior to legislated requirements for archaeological assessments to be completed. It is possible, however, to provide a general outline of pre-Contact occupation in the region based on archaeological, historical, and environmental research conducted in eastern Ontario.

The earliest human occupation of southern Ontario began approximately 11,000 years ago with the arrival of small groups of hunter-gatherers referred to by archaeologists as Palaeo-Indians (Ellis and Deller 1990:39). These groups gradually moved northward as the glaciers and glacial lakes retreated. While very little is known about their lifestyle; it is likely that Palaeo-Indian groups travelled widely relying on the seasonal migration of caribou as well as small animals and wild plants for subsistence in a sub-arctic environment. They produced a variety of distinctive stone tools including fluted projectile points, scrapers, burins and gravers. Most archaeological evidence for the Palaeo-Indian period has been found in south-western and south-central Ontario at sites located on the former shorelines of glacial Lake Algonquin. First Nations settlement of eastern Ontario was late in comparison to these other parts of the province as a result of the high water levels of the St. Lawrence Marine Embayment of the post-glacial Champlain Sea (Hough 1958:204).


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The Ottawa Valley remained very much on the fringe of the portions of the province occupied by Palaeo-Indian colonizers. The ridges and old shorelines of the Champlain Sea and the Ottawa River channels would be the most likely areas to find evidence of Palaeo-Indian occupation. Evidence of a Late Palaeo-Indian presence in the general region includes two fluted points from the Rideau Lakes area, two lanceolate points from un-specified locations in Lanark County, and a chipped stone semi-lunar ulu from Bob’s Lake in Bedford Township (Watson 1999). Late Palaeo-Indian non-fluted lanceolate points have been found in the Thousand Islands and along the Cataraqui River just north of Kingston (Heritage Quest 2000). In recent years, Ken Swayze has found possible Palaeo-Indian material in several locations in the City of Ottawa, including near Greenbank Road (Kinickinick Heritage Consultants 2003a), near the intersection of Albion Road and Rideau Road (Kinickinick Heritage Consultants 2004) and along the Carp Ridge (Swayze and McGhee 2011). The presence of beach deposits likely associated with the Champlain Sea at several locations in western Lanark, southeastern Renfrew and central Frontenac Counties, as well as earlier channels of the Ottawa River up the Ottawa Valley, hint at the potential for more sites of this age to be found in this region (Watson 1999:35-38).

During the succeeding Archaic period (c. 7000 to 1000 B.C.), the environment of southern Ontario approached modern conditions and more land became available for occupation as water levels in the glacial lakes dropped (Ellis, Kenyon and Spence 1990:69). Populations continued to follow a mobile hunter-gatherer subsistence strategy, although there appears to have been a greater reliance on fishing and gathered food (e.g. plants and nuts) and more diversity between regional groups. The tool kit also became increasingly diversified, reflecting an adaptation to environmental conditions similar to those of today. This included the presence of adzes, gouges and other ground stone tools believed to have been used for heavy woodworking activities such as the construction of dug-out canoes, grinding stones for processing nuts and seeds, specialized fishing gear including net sinkers and a general reduction in the size of projectile points. The middle and late portions of the Archaic period saw the development of trading networks spanning the Great Lakes, and by 6,000 years ago copper was being mined in the Upper Great Lakes and traded into southern Ontario. There is increasing evidence of ceremonialism and elaborate burial practices and a wide variety of non-utilitarian items such as gorgets, pipes and ‘birdstones’ were being manufactured. By the end of this period populations had increased substantially over the preceding Palaeo-Indian occupation.

More extensive First Nations settlement of eastern Ontario began during this period, sometime between 5,500 and 4,500 B.C. (Kennedy 1970:61; Ellis, Kenyon and Spence 1990:93). By this time, the Ottawa River and its major tributaries including the Madawaska, Mississippi and Rideau River systems had developed and would have served as major transportation corridors. Artifacts from Archaic sites in eastern Ontario suggest a close relationship to the Laurentian Archaic stage peoples of New York State. Laurentian peoples occupied the Canadian biotic province transition zone between the deciduous forests to the south and the boreal forests to the north. The Laurentian Archaic artifact complex contains large, broad bladed, chipped stone and ground slate projectile points, and heavy ground stone tools. This stage is also known for the extensive use of cold-hammered copper tools including “bevelled spear points, bracelets, pendants, axes, fishhooks, and knives” (Kennedy 1970:59).


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Significant Archaic sites have been located at Leamy Lake Park in Gatineau (Laliberté 1998, 2000) and on Allumette and Morrison Islands on the Ottawa River near Pembroke (Clermont, Chapdelaine and Cinq-Mars, eds. 2003). Over 1,000 copper artifacts and other exotic materials were recovered from the Allumette Island-1 Site (Kennedy 1966). Burial features excavated on the Allumette Island-1 and Morrison Island-6 sites, dating to the Middle Archaic period, are some of the earliest recorded human burials found in eastern Ontario (Kennedy 1966, 1965, 1964, 1962). Late Archaic sites have also been identified in the Rideau Lakes, and at Jessups Falls and in the Pendleton area along the South Nation River (Watson 1982; Daechsel 1980). A few poorly documented finds of Archaic artifacts have been made within Gloucester Township (Jamieson 1989), and sites at Honey Gables and at the Albion Road and Rideau Road intersection in Ottawa may contain Early Archaic material (Kinickinick Heritage Consultants 2004, 2003b).

The introduction of ceramics to Ontario marked the beginning of the Woodland period (c. 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1550). Local populations continued to participate in extensive trade networks that, at their zenith at c. A.D. 200, spanned much of North America and included the movement of conch shell, fossilized shark teeth, mica, copper and silver. Social structure appears to have become increasingly complex, with some status differentiation evident in burials. It was in the Middle Woodland period (c. 300 B.C. to A.D. 900) that distinctive trends or ‘traditions’ evolved in different parts of Ontario for the first time. The Middle Woodland tradition found in eastern and south-central Ontario has become known as ‘Point Peninsula’ (Spence, Pihl and Murphy 1990:157). Investigations of sites with occupations dating to this time period have allowed archaeologists to develop a better picture of the seasonal round followed in order to exploit a variety of resources within a home territory. Through the late fall and winter, small groups would occupy an inland ‘family’ hunting area. In the spring, these dispersed families would congregate at specific lakeshore sites to fish, hunt in the surrounding forest and socialize. This gathering would last through to the late summer when large quantities of food would be stored up for the approaching winter.

Towards the end of the Woodland period (c. A.D. 800) domesticated plants were introduced in areas to the south of the Canadian Shield. Initially only a minor addition to the diet, the cultivation of corn, beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco gained economic importance for late Woodland peoples. Along with this shift in subsistence, settlements located adjacent to corn fields began to take on greater permanency as sites with easily tillable farmland became more important. Eventually, semi-permanent and permanent villages were built, many of which were surrounded by palisades, evidence of growing hostilities between neighbouring groups.

The proliferation of sites suggests an increase in the population of eastern Ontario, although the Ottawa area has yet to yield as many sites as other parts of southeastern Ontario. Significant Middle Woodland components have been found at the Leamy Lake sites (Laliberté 2000) and at a recently discovered site in Vincent Massey Park (which also contains Late Archaic material; Fisher Archaeological Consulting 2012). Fragments of an early ceramic vessel were recovered from the Deep River Site (CaGi-1) on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River across from Chalk River (Mitchell 1963). The Meath Sites (BkGg-1 to 10), located on Mud Lake in the Muskrat River Basin south of Pembroke, have yielded a range of occupations from the Archaic through to the Middle Woodland (Robertson and Croft 1975, 1971; Croft 1986). The Wilbur Lake sites on


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the Bonnechere River near Eganville are centered on the Kant Site (BjGg-1), which is primarily related to aspects of the Middle Woodland cultural period, although they also contain elements spanning the Late Archaic to Late Woodland periods (Mitchell 1990, 1989, 1988, 1987; Pendergast 1957). Middle Woodland sites have been noted in the South Nation Drainage Basin and along the Ottawa River including the northwest part of Ottawa at Marshall’s and Sawdust Bays (Daechsel 1981, 1980). Late Woodland sites have been recorded throughout the Ottawa Valley. Of particular note is an ossuary burial identified in Ottawa in 1843 (Van Cortlandt 1853) which hints at a more permanent occupation of the area. Although ossuaries are a burial practice normally associated with Iroquoian speaking populations, especially the Huron, this interment may have been Algonquin.

Three pre-Contact stage tribal groups occupied eastern Ontario in the final decades prior to the arrival of Europeans. Agricultural villages, dating to A.D. 1400, of an Iroquoian people referred to as “proto-Huron” have been found in southern Hastings and Frontenac counties (Pendergast 1972). By A.D. 1500, however, the easternmost settlements of the Huron were located between Balsam Lake and Lake Simcoe. The St. Lawrence Iroquois occupied the upper St. Lawrence River valley. The material culture and settlement patterns of the fourteenth and fifteenth century Iroquoian sites found along the upper St. Lawrence in Ontario are directly related to the Iroquoian-speaking groups that Jacques Cartier and his crew encountered in 1535 at Stadacona (Quebec City) and Hochelaga (Montreal Island) (Jamieson 1990:386). Following Cartier’s initial voyages, subsequent journeys by Europeans found only abandoned settlements along the St. Lawrence River. At this time, there was a significant increase of St. Lawrence Iroquoian ceramic vessel types on Huron sites, and segments of the St. Lawrence Iroquois population may have relocated to the north and west either as captives or refugees (Wright 1966:70-71; Sutton 1990:54). Finally, various Algonquin groups occupied the Ottawa River watershed (Day and Trigger 1978:793). The tumultuous events of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were certainly in part a result of the disruption of traditional trade and exchange patterns among all First Nations peoples brought about by the arrival of the French, Dutch and British along the Atlantic seaboard.

3.1.3 Regional Post-Contact Cultural Overview

Samuel de Champlain was the first European to document his explorations of eastern Ontario, although he was preceded in the region by two of his emissaries, Étienne Brûlé around 1610 and Nicholas de Vignau in 1611. While searching for the Northwest Passage in 1613, Champlain explored the Ottawa Valley as far north as Morrison and Allumette Islands (Trigger 1976). He also reportedly made a trip from the Ottawa River up the Mississippi River to the southeast shore of Mississippi Lake and then overland along a Native trail to the Rideau River. These French explorers encountered groups of people speaking different dialects of the Algonquin language throughout this region, including the Matouweskarini along the Madawaska River, the Kichespirini at Morrison Island, the Otaguottouemin along the Ottawa River northwest of Morrison Island, the Onontchataronon in the Gananoque River basin, and the Weskarini in the Petite Nation River basin (Pendergast 1999; Trigger 1976). These loosely aligned bands subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering, and undertook limited horticulture.


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With Contact, significant changes occurred in the pattern of settlement for aboriginal populations in the region. The endemic warfare of the age and severe smallpox epidemics in 1623-24 and again between 1634 and 1640 brought about drastic population decline among all First Nation peoples (Hessel 1993:63-65). Between 1640 and 1650, French unwillingness to provide direct military support against their natural enemy, the Mohawk, led to the defeat and dispersal of the Algonquin and Huron by the Five Nations Iroquois of New York State (Trigger 1976:610, 637-638). Survivors of the various groups often coalesced as a single First Nation people to the north and west of the Ottawa Valley, and at the French posts of Montreal, Sillery and Trois Rivières.

Following the dispersal of the Ontario Iroquois and the Ottawa Valley Algonquin, the Five Nations of New York State (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca) eventually occupied a series of winter hunting bases and trading settlements near the mouths of the major rivers flowing into the north shore of Lake Ontario (Konrad 1981). The first recorded Five Nations settlements to relocate northward were two Cayuga villages established at the north-eastern end of Lake Ontario. Two French Sulpician missionaries joined the Cayuga in 1668 at their settlement known as Kente (now Carrying Place) near the narrows separating the western end of Prince Edward County from the Hastings County mainland. A second Cayuga settlement, known as Ganneious, may have been near the mouth of the Nappanee River, or further south on the Bay of Quinte (Edwards 1984:10). As a result of increased tensions between the Five Nations and the French, and declining population from disease and warfare, the Cayuga settlements were abandoned in 1680 (Edwards 1984:17). Subsequently, the Mississauga moved in to settle lands along the north shore of Lake Ontario through the late eighteenth and part of the nineteenth centuries.

In the wake of Champlain’s travels, the Ottawa River became the principal route to the interior for explorers, missionaries and fur traders and its major tributaries, including the Rideau, Mississippi and Madawaska River systems, were undoubtedly travelled by both Natives and Europeans. The recovery of European trade goods (i.e. iron axes, copper kettle pieces and glass beads) from Native sites throughout the Ottawa River drainage basin provides evidence of the extent of contact between Natives and fur traders during this period.

The French established Fort Frontenac at the present site of Kingston in 1673 and then La Presentation (Ogdensburg, New York) in 1700. These forts were constructed to solidify the French hold on the lucrative fur trade and to enhance their ties with the local Native population, and they resulted in a sporadic European presence at the eastern end of Lake Ontario during the late seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century. The main function of Fort Frontenac was to store supplies intended for the interior military and trading posts on the Niagara, Detroit, Illinois, and (American) Mississippi Rivers. The French military garrison readily abandoned the fort whenever disputes with the Iroquois seemed to escalate. While a Native village and a Recollet Mission were established outside the fort and some land was surveyed and settled by civilians, the French did not encourage the development of an extensive settlement in the Kingston area. Since at least the late sixteenth century, all the Algonquin peoples had been at war with the Mohawk Iroquois, the easternmost Five Nations Iroquois group. This warfare intensified over control of the St. Lawrence River trade.


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In 1758 Fort Frontenac was surrendered to a British force during the Seven Years’ War (Preston 1959). At first, the end of the French regime brought little change to eastern Ontario. Between 1763 and 1776 some British traders traveled to the Cataraqui area, but the British presence remained sporadic until 1783 when Fort Frontenac was officially re-occupied. The need for land on which to settle refugees of the American Revolution led the British government into hasty negotiations with their military allies, the Mississauga, who were assumed, erroneously, to be the only Native peoples inhabiting eastern Ontario.1 Captain William Redford Crawford, who enjoyed the trust of the Mississauga chiefs living in the Bay of Quinte region, negotiated on behalf of the British government. In the so-called ‘Crawford Purchase’ of 1783, the Mississauga gave up Native title to most of eastern Ontario, including what would become the counties of Stormont, Dundas, Glengarry, Prescott, Russell, Leeds, Grenville and Prince Edward, as well as the front townships of Frontenac, Lennox, Addington and Hastings counties and much of what is now the City of Ottawa (Lockwood 1996:24). Settlement along the north bank of the St. Lawrence River and the eastern end of Lake Ontario began in earnest about this time. Land from the Cataraqui River west to the Bay of Quinte was laid out in townships to be settled by some of the more than ten thousand United Empire Loyalists from Vermont, Connecticut, and New York who had gathered throughout Lower Canada awaiting supplies and transport to what was to become Upper Canada.

By the late 1780s the waterfront townships were full and more land was required to meet both an increase in the size of grants2 to all Loyalists and grant obligations to the children of Loyalists who were then entitled to 200 acres in their own right upon reaching the age of 21 or in the case of daughters, being married. Furthermore, in 1792 John Graves Simcoe offered free grants of land to anyone who would swear loyalty to the King, a policy aimed at attracting more American settlers. As the government also dictated the setting aside of one-seventh of all the land for the Protestant Clergy and another one-seventh as Crown reserves, pressure mounted to open up more of the interior. As a result, between 1790 and 1800 most of the remainder of the Crawford Purchase was divided into townships (Lockwood 1994:30).

Then in 1815, the British government issued a proclamation in Edinburgh to further encourage settlement in British North America. The offer included free passage and 100 acres of land for each head of family with each male child to receive his own 100 acre parcel upon reaching the age of 21 (Belden 1880:16). At the same time, the government was seeking land on which to resettle disbanded soldiers from the War of 1812. Demobilized forces, it was theorized, would

act as a force-in-being to oppose any possible future incursions from the United States. To this

end veterans were encouraged to take up residence within a series of newly created ‘military

settlements’ established at Perth (1816) and Richmond (1818). Veteran land grants varied in size

depending upon rank beginning with 100 acres for privates to as much as 1,200 acres for senior

officers (Ebbs 1999:6). The military was also responsible for the construction of a road

1 At this time, there was a significant Algonquin presence in eastern Ontario and Mohawk Reserves had been established at Tyendinaga near Desoronto and at St. Regis near Cornwall. 2 Civilians now received 200 acres instead of 100 acres, with an additional 200 acres for each of their children. The size of grants for military veterans increased with rank with privates receiving 200 acres at the low end and, at the high end, field officers being granted 5,000 acres with an additional 200 acres for each member of their family. In 1784 a field officer had only received 1,000 acres and an additional 50 acres per family member (Lockwood 1994: 30-32).


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extending from Richmond Landing on the Ottawa River below the Chaudière Falls to the

military settlements of Richmond and Perth (Ebbs 1999:99).

With the settlement of the region underway, somewhat after the fact, Lieutenant Governor Gore ordered Captain Ferguson, the Resident Agent of Indian Affairs at Kingston, to arrange the purchase of four or five townships to the rear of Crosby, Burgess, Elmsley, Montague and Marlborough from the chiefs of the Chippewa and Mississauga Nations (Ebbs 1999:5). The resulting treaty in which Native rights to the district were surrendered, covering a much larger area than originally proposed, was signed by the Mississauga in 1819 and confirmed in 1822.3 The approximately 2,748,000 acres acquired corresponded to much of what would become Lanark County, the north-western townships in Carleton County, the southeastern part of Renfrew County as far north as Pembroke, and several townships to the north of the previously acquired lands in the counties of Frontenac, Addington and Hastings (Canada 1891:62).

Understandably, as they moved onto their allotted parcels of land, the early settlers found Native groups still residing in the area. They also found evidence of the former extent of Native occupation. In 1819, Andrew Bell wrote from Perth:

All the country hereabouts has evidently been once inhabited by the Indians, and for a vast number of years too. The remains of fires, with the bones and horns of deers (sic) round them, have often been found under the black mound... A large pot made of burnt clay and highly ornamented was lately found near the banks of the Mississippi, under a large maple tree, probably two or three hundred years old. Stone axes have been found in different parts of the settlement. Skeletons of Indians have been several times found, where they had died suddenly or had been killed by accident in the woods. (cited in Brown 1984:8)

As European settlement spread, the Natives were increasingly pushed out of the region, generally moving further to the north and west, although some families remained in their traditional lands along the Rideau waterway, at least seasonally.

In 1791, Marlborough and Oxford on Rideau became the first interior townships (or the Rideau Townships) to be fully surveyed (McKenzie 1967:39). These lots were intended to satisfy the claims of those officers who by the regulations of 1788 had become entitled to additional land grants (McKenzie 2002:8). The result was that thousands of acres in Oxford on Rideau went to settlers of the original three townships along the St. Lawrence. William Buell, Elijah Bottum and Hugh Munro, for instance, received grants of 1,200 acres each. Ephraim Jones and Thomas Sherwood each received 1,000 acres, while Captain Peter Drummond was granted 1,800 acres. As a result, in 1801, ten years after Oxford on Rideau was surveyed, there were still only 14 settlers, all belonging to the Harris Family, immigrants from Ireland (McKenzie 2002). Roads

3 This, and the earlier ‘Crawford Purchase,’ ignored the fact that Native groups other than the Mississauga had legitimate claims to much of eastern Ontario. The British chose only to deal with the Mississauga, with whom they had relatively good relations.


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were difficult to cut through the bush; therefore lots on the waterways, which could be used for travel and where mills could be built, were settled first.

Most of the east half of Kemptville was first owned by John Boyce, who had bought it from Captain Peter Drummond, to whom it had originally been granted in 1802 (Leeds and Grenville Community History Project 2000). John Boyce sold the land to Lyman Clothier in 1813, reportedly for a yoke of oxen and a rifle (Kemptville Centennial Committee 1957). Lyman Clothier, named the founder of Kemptville, was born in Connecticut in 1762 and emigrated to Canada in 1804, initially settling in the neighbouring Township of South Gower. He moved to Kemptville in 1813, built a dam, sawmill and later a grist mill and erected his dwelling on what is now North Rideau and Clothier streets (McKenzie 2002).

Initially, the area was known as “The Branch,” after Kemptville Creek (the South Branch of the Rideau River). The settlement that developed around the Clothier home became known as Clothier’s Mill, and soon included a blacksmith’s shop, harness store and general store (Map 5). In 1829, a public meeting was held to change the town’s name to Kemptville in honour of Sir James Kempt, Administrator of Canada from 1828 to 1830, and later Governor General of Upper and Lower Canada (McKenzie 2002). At this time the population was only 125.

Settlement was initially focused on the north shore of the creek but in 1823 a log school house was built at what is now the corner of Prescott and Reuben streets on the south side of the creek. A low log bridge was constructed across the creek at Prescott Street to provide access to the south shore and this area soon boasted an axe shop, blacksmith shop and cabinet shop (Kemptville Centennial Committee 1957).

In 1830 a steam boat began service to Kemptville and wharves were built on both sides of the creek. The transportation system would change significantly in 1854 when the Bytown and Prescott Railway began operation through Kemptville allowing for easier access to goods and trade (Kemptville Centennial Committee, 1957; Richards, Matthews and Morwick 1949). Shortly after this, in 1857, Kemptville became an incorporated town (McKenzie 1967), and by 1861 it boasted a population of 1,059. In 1890 a branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railway running from Toronto to Montreal was routed through the town (Kemptville Centennial Committee 1957).

Today Kemptville continues to thrive, with roughly 3,539 permanent residents. It is also home to Ontario’s Agricultural College, established in 1917, which has now become a campus of the University of Guelph specializing in agri-food and related industries.

3.1.4 Property History

Archival research was conducted in order to develop a general picture of land use history for the study area through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries particularly as it relates to the archaeological potential of the pathway corridor. Information was compiled from a variety of sources, including land registry abstract indices, the 1861 Walling maps of Leeds and Grenville Counties, and twentieth century topographic maps and aerial photographs. Historical research was undertaken at Library and Archives Canada (LAC), the Map, Data and Government


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Information Centre (MADGIC) at the Stauffer Library at Queen’s University in Kingston, and the National Air Photo Library (NAPL) in Ottawa.

The proposed path for the trail route passes through Lots 27, 28 and 29 of Concession 3 of Oxford on Rideau Township along the north shore of Kemptville Creek (South Branch of the Rideau River), with the proposed bridge crossing lying within Lot 26 of Concession 3. The majority of the main pathway falls within a 100 m buffer from the shore and runs through road allowances and along the north edge of undeveloped land parcels owned by the Municipality of North Grenville. These parcels include 1 Barnes Street, 9 Lydia South Street, 200 Curry Street, 8 Bridge Street North, Plan 11 Block Y Currie Street, Court Street, and Concession 3 part Lot 29 RP 15R8738 PAR. Portions of the western proposed future connection to the route are located on parcels of land not currently owned by the municipality (see Map 4).

The lots which encompass the study area were a portion of the previously mentioned large additional land grants to officers to satisfy their entitlements from the regulations of 1788 (see Section 3.1.3). Lot 26, Concession 3 was granted to Ensign Elijah Bottom; Lots 27 and 29, Concession 3 to Captain Peter Drummond; and Lot 28 to Captain Justus Sherwood. The initial settlement of Kemptville began on Lot 27, Concession 3. According to the Land Registry Abstract Index for the Township of Oxford on Rideau, the Crown Patent for all of Lot 27, Concession 3, was granted to Captain Peter Drummond in 1802. It is unlikely that Drummond, who held extensive lands (see above), ever settled on this particular parcel. In 1819, Drummond sold all 200 acres to John Byce, who in 1824 sold 100 acres north of the river to Asa Clothier and 100 acres south of the river to Thomas McCargar. Thomas McCargar sold his entire parcel to Lyman Clothier in 1826.

The dates from the Land Registry Abstract Index, however, differ from the historical accounts of the settlement of Lot 27, Concession 3. The historical accounts state that Lyman Clothier had purchased the land north of the river from John Byce c. 1814 for a yoke of oxen and a rifle (Anderson 1903:2; Kemptville Centennial Committee 1957). After acquiring the land, Lyman Clothier and his sons, Asa, Lyman Jr., Henry and John, constructed a sawmill and dam (c. 1815), and later added a grist mill to the complex c. 1821 (Anderson 1903; Map 5). Clothier’s Mill provided essential services to surrounding settlers and soon more enterprises were established near the mill such as blacksmiths, a harness shop, a wagon shop and a general store (Anderson 1903:3). The early development of the town took place on the north bank of the creek along Main Street, now Clothier Street. In 1830 the first steamboat made its way to Kemptville; from this date until 1854 when river trade was superseded by the Prescott & Bytown Railroad, trade/travel by river was an important route connecting Kemptville’s economy to the wider region. River trade was of such importance that early on several enterprising citizens built wharfs on both creek banks (Anderson 1903:5). Kemptville was incorporated as a village in 1857 by a special act of the legislature of Upper Canada as the village did not have a population greater than 1,000. A map of the village from 1861 shows the increased development of the area with a concentration of structures along east-west running Main Street north of the creek and north-south running Prescott Street south of the creek while village lots to the north and east remained uninhabited at this date (Map 6). In addition to commercial buildings along the east side of Prescott Street and the south side of Main (Clothier) Street in the area that is now Curry Park, two structures are depicted near the proposed pathway close to the north shore of the creek


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between Prescott and Bridge streets. The easterly one is clearly marked as a store house while the westerly one is a large building on a wharf suggesting that it also served as a store house (Map 7). There are also a number of structures in close proximity to the proposed bridge crossing, including a parsonage for the Baptist Church and the residence of an “A. Hook” (Map 8).

The 1908 topographic map of Kemptville (Map 9) marks the location of the Old Methodist Church Cemetery and a structure on the north bank of the river, possibly the store house indicated on the 1861 Walling map (see Map 7). There is also one new structure depicted on the map east of Bridge Street along the north shore of Kemptville Creek (see Map 9). The south side of Clothier Street west of Barnes Street is densely marked with buildings to the extent that individual structures cannot be distinguished. The 1940 topographic map of Kemptville appears very similar to the 1908 topographic map. Relevant changes include the addition of a second building immediately east of Bridge Street and the apparent removal of the structure on the north shore of the creek between Prescott and Bridge streets (Map 10).

An aerial photograph dated to 1976 shows what appears to be a light industrial/commercial development in the 8 Bridge Street North parcel (Roll Number 071971901501400) with at least three structures visible (Map 11). It also appears that there was some soil disturbance to the west half of the Plan 11 Block U Currie Street parcel (Roll Number 071971901525001) and the southern portion of the Court Street parcel (Roll Number 071971901539702; see Map 11). The three potential structures of the light industrial park are marked on the 2001 topographic map of Kemptville (Map 12). These structures were subsequently demolished as they do not appear in a 2002 aerial photograph of the area (Map 13). In a 2011 aerial photograph there appears to have been some additional soil disturbance in the Plan 11 Block Q Lot 19 Lot 20 LO parcel (Roll Number 071971901539703; Map 14).

3.2 Archaeological Context

This section describes the environmental and archaeological context of the study area which, combined with the historical context outlined above, provides the necessary information to assess the archaeological potential of the property.

3.2.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites

The primary source for information regarding known archaeological sites in Ontario is the Archaeological Sites Database maintained by MTCS. A request for a search of the database for all registered sites located within a one kilometre radius was submitted to the Archaeological Data Coordinator. The resulting search revealed that one site has previously been recorded within the limits of the subject property or within a one kilometre radius. A search of the Past Recovery corporate library did not uncover any evidence of other previously known archaeological sites in the immediate area.

The North Grenville Public Library Site (BgFv-4) is located south of Kemptville Creek on the east side of Prescott Street and is within 300 m of the current study area (Map 15). The Stage 2 assessment of the site recorded mid- to late nineteenth century occupation layers with domestic artifacts (Past Recovery 2010a). The site was registered based on the results of the latter


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archaeological monitoring which recorded an early to mid-nineteenth century privy, potentially associated with structures marked on the 1861 Walling map of Kemptville, as well as privies and occupation layers associated with the commercial block of buildings erected on the property in the late-nineteenth century (Past Recovery 2010b).

The sites data base search also indicated that another registered archaeological site is located slightly more than a kilometre to the east of the study area. This is the Salamander Ranch Site (BgFv-2), which is a post-Contact period site near Highway 416 that was registered in 1989.

A short write up of the Lyman Clothier Jr. house (8 Clothier Street West - see Section 3.2.3), from a walking tour guide of Kemptville states that arrow heads and pottery (the latter likely Native though not explicitly stated) have been found in the vicinity of this house (Municipality of North Grenville 2010c). While this find was not registered as an archaeological site, it does provide evidence of a Native presence in the immediate vicinity of the study corridor.

3.2.2 Previous Archaeological Research

Systematic archaeological work in the region has remained limited until recently. Over the past twenty years numerous cultural resource management studies related to specific properties or development projects have been undertaken in the former Oxford on Rideau Township.

There has been a moderate amount of archaeological activity in the vicinity of the study area. The Roebuck Site in Augusta Township, long known to area residents, was excavated by W.J. Wintemberg in 1915 (Wintemberg 1936). This site has continued to draw attention from archaeologists including James V. Wright, James Pendergast and J.B. Jamieson (1980). Jamieson’s survey of the area in the late 1970s also included work on neighbouring St. Lawrence Iroquois villages, including the 27/VII and Cleary sites located near Spencerville.

Most recent archaeological work in the area has been undertaken as cultural resource management studies related to specific development projects. Studies of most relevance to the present assessment include a series of investigations in association with the construction of Highway 416 by Adams Heritage (1989, 1990); Carl Murphy (1997) and the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation (1990). Adams Heritage (1997) also conducted an archaeological assessment (Stages 1 and 2) of a proposed subdivision on part Lot 23, Concession 4, Oxford on Rideau Township, to the west of Kemptville. Stage 1 and 2 assessments have been performed in Kemptville by Abacus Archaeological Services (n.d.) for two developments or subdivisions. Archaeoworks Inc. performed a Stage 1 and 2 assessment of County Road 43 through the north end of Kemptville (2009, 2014a). This work possibly occurred within 50 metres of the eastern end of the current study corridor, however these reports were unavailable. Archaeoworks Inc. also performed a Stage 1 and 2 assessment of a development within Lot 29, Concession 3 (2014b). Golder Associates Ltd. (2009) performed a Stage 1 assessment on property associated with the Kemptville Water Pollution Control Plan to the north of Kemptville. As mentioned above, Past Recovery undertook Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessments, as well as archaeological monitoring associated with the North Grenville Public Library Site (BgFv-4; Past Recovery 2009, 2010a and 2010b).


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Parks Canada completed an extensive underwater survey of the Rideau Canal in order to identify submerged cultural resources along the waterway. This study located numerous vessels, wharves and dams, as well as some artifact deposits associated with submerged or eroded Native campsites. However no survey was performed along Kemptville Creek and there are no confirmed submerged cultural resources known to exist downstream from County Road 43 (Moore 2005:198).

3.2.3 Identified Local Cultural Heritage Resources

The recognition or designation of cultural heritage resources (here referring only to built heritage features and cultural heritage landscapes) may provide valuable insight into aspects of local heritage, whether identified at a municipal, provincial, national, or international level. Some of these cultural heritage resources may be associated with significant archaeological features or deposits. Accordingly, the Stage 1 archaeological assessment included the compilation of a list of cultural heritage resources that have previously been identified within or immediately adjacent to the current study area. The following sources were consulted:

Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office online Directory of Heritage Designations (http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/progs/beefp-fhbro/index.aspx);

Canada’s Historic Places website (http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/home-accueil.aspx); Ontario Heritage Properties Database (http://www.hpd.mcl.gov.on.ca/scripts/hpdsearch/

english/default.asp); Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s List of Heritage Conservation Districts

(http://www.mtc.gov.on.ca/en/heritage/heritage_conserving_list.shtml); Ontario Heritage Trust website (www.heritagetrust.on.ca/Resources-and-Learning/

Online-Plaque-Guide.aspx); and, Heritage Walking Tours (www.northgrenville.ca/walkingtours.cfm)

The Lyman Clothier House, 8 Clothier Street, is a historic structure recognized under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act (Image 1). The limestone house was constructed in 1842 by Lyman Clothier Jr., the son of Lyman Clothier, the original settler of the Kemptville area. It is located along the south side of Clothier Street between the proposed pedestrian bridge and the future western extension of the pathway. The house is at least 100 m from both portions of the study area (see Map 16).

No other previously identified cultural heritage resources were found to be located within or immediately adjacent to the present study area. There are no extant built heritage structures within the study area.

3.2.4 Heritage Plaques and Monuments

The recognition of a place, person, or event through the erection of a plaque or monument may also provide valuable insight into aspects of local history, given that these markers typically indicate some level of heritage recognition. In order to generate a list of heritage plaques and/or markers in the vicinity of the study area, the following sources were consulted:


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The Ontario Heritage Trust Online Plaque Guide (http://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/ Resources-and-Learning/Online-Plaque-Guide.aspx);

An extensive listing of Ontario’s Heritage Plaques maintained by Alan Brown (http://www.ontarioplaques.com/); and,

An extensive listing of historical plaques of Ontario maintained by Wayne Cook (http://www.waynecook.com/historiclist.html).

A plaque and monument were noted approximately 60 metres north of the study area marking the location of an abandoned cemetery, see below.

3.2.5 Cemeteries

The presence of historical cemeteries in proximity to a parcel undergoing archaeological assessment can pose archaeological concerns in two respects. First, cemeteries may be associated with related structures or activities that may have become part of the archaeological record, and thus may be considered features indicating archaeological potential. Second, the boundaries of historical cemeteries may have been altered over time, as all or portions may have fallen out of use and been forgotten, leaving potential for the presence of unmarked graves. For these reasons, a Stage 1 archaeological assessment also includes a search of available sources of information regarding historical cemeteries. For this study, the following sources were consulted:

A complete listing of all registered cemeteries in the province of Ontario maintained by the Consumer Protection Branch of the Ministry of Consumer Services;

Field of Stones website (http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~clifford/); Ontario Cemetery Locator website maintained by the Ontario Genealogical Society

(http://ogs.andornot.com/CemLocat.aspx); Ontario Headstones Photo Project website (http://canadianheadstones.com/on/

cemeteries.php); and, Available historical mapping and aerial photography.

A parcel of land on which the Old Methodist Church and Cemetery was located lies approximately 60 m to the north of the proposed pathway (Map 17). The Methodist church was constructed in 1831 and was used as a place of worship until 1869 when the congregation moved to a new church on Prescott Street south of the creek (Anderson 1903:5). It appears that the land continued to be used as a cemetery until 1895 based on a plaque erected on the site in 2005 (Image 2). Presently the cemetery is marked by an obelisk monument surrounded by some legible headstones. After its abandonment the cemetery fell into disrepair until a cleanup began in 1955. The grave stones were in such disarray that their proper locations were indeterminable. Many stones were moved to the edges of the property and others were buried in place; there are no proper records for the location of the graves on the property (Municipality of North Grenville 2010b).


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3.2.6 Local Environment

The assessment of present and past environmental conditions in the study area is a necessary component in determining the potential for past occupation. Factors such as nearness to water, soil types, forest cover and topography all contribute to the suitability of the land for exploitation and/or settlement. As well, an examination of the geophysical evolution of the study area provides an indication of the possible range in age of pre-Contact sites that potentially could be found on the property.

The study area is situated within the Edwardsburgh Sand Plain physiographic region, which has a nearly level or slightly undulating surface. The water table is high and areas of shallow muck and peat bogs have frequently developed. The beds of sand overlie bedrock and boulder clay. The sand is glaciofluvial in origin and has been well spread out by the wave action of the late stages of the Champlain Sea (Chapman & Putnam 1984:200). Geologic mapping at a scale of 1:50,000 shows the bedrock geology of the study area to be within the Oxford formation of dolostone, part of the Lower Ordovician Beekmantown Group (OGS 1982a), while the surficial geology for the study area falls within nearshore Champlain Sea sediments composed of fine- to medium-grained sand, and glacial deposits of sandy and silty till plain (Map 18; OGS 1982b). Soil mapping of the area indicates that the property contains three soil groups: Uplands Sand, Grenville Sandy Loam, and Bottom Land (Map 19). Uplands Sand is described as an excessively drained acidic sand with variable topography, Grenville Sandy Loam as a well drained neutral sandy loam which has developed on an undulating to rolling limestone till soil, and Bottom Land as the low lying alluvial soils along the stream which are subject to flooding and have poor drainage (Hills et al. 1944:43-44, 65-67, 75).

The study area lies within the Upper St. Lawrence sub-region of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Region. The deciduous trees characterizing this sub-region include sugar and red maples, beech, basswood, white ash, large tooth aspen, yellow birch, and red and burr oaks, while coniferous trees include eastern hemlock, eastern white pine, white spruce and balsam fir (Rowe 1972:94).

Located within the Rideau River watershed, the nearest sources of water to the study area are Kemptville Creek which forms the southern boundary of the corridor, Barnes Creek which drains into the south side of Kemptville Creek across from the study area, and the main Rideau River itself which lies approximately 4 km to the north.

There are very slight limitations to the production of ungulates. The limitations are fertility based, in that there is a lack of nutrients in the soil for optimum plant growth, and the limitations seem to affect deer (Arsenault and Johnson 1970). With regard to waterfowl, in most areas there are such severe limitations that almost no waterfowl are produced, while around the creek there are only moderate limitations (Brassard, Bouchard and Thomasson 1972). These wildlife capabilities provide some indication of potential food resources that would have been available in the past.


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3.2.7 Property Inspection

A site inspection was conducted on May 11th, 2015, with some additional inspection on May 21st, 2015, to verify the presence or absence of factors influencing archaeological potential. The weather was overcast or sunny and provided good visibility. This inspection was conducted according to the archaeological fieldwork standards outlined in Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011), with field conditions and features influencing archaeological potential documented through digital photography. The location and direction of the photographs used in this report are shown on Maps 20, 21 and 22. An inventory of the records generated by the assessment is provided below in Table 1 and a catalogue of the photographs taken during the site visit is included in Appendix 1.

Table 1. Inventory of the Stage 1 Documentary Record.

Type of Document Description Number of Records Location

Photographs Digital photographs documenting the Stage 1 property inspection

24 photographs On PRAS computer network – file PR15-14

Field Maps / Site Plans / Profile Drawings

Maps of the propose trail pathway

5 sheet PRAS office - file PR15-14

Field Notes Notes on the Stage 1 property inspection

1 page PRAS office - file PR15-14

The existing North Grenville trail begins east of Bridge Street as a well defined gravel track through manicured lawn (Image 3). Further east it narrows to a footpath with short grass maintained on either side indicating the trail route (Image 4). The site inspection confirmed the soil disturbance related to the light industrial/commercial development evident in the aerial photographs first noted in 1976 (Images 5, 6 and 7; see Section 3.1.4). A side trail extends westward to the intersection of Clothier and Court streets along an easement between residential properties (Image 8). The main trail then widens and consists of a dirt track without gravel as it passes through a small woods before ending at a wetland (Images 9 and 10). The proposed future extension of the pathway would extend through this wetland and connect to the south side of Country Road 43. The location of the future pathway along County Road 43 has been heavily disturbed from the road construction and an associated ditch (Image 11).

The route for the proposed pathway west of Bridge Street is located along the south side of Curry Street through Curry Park which consists of manicured lawn and a gravel road providing access from Parliament Street to a public boat launch (Images 12, 13 and 14). West of the boat launch, a number of stones were noted on the bank of the creek and in the water near the approximate location of the store house marked on the 1861 Walling map of Kemptville (Images 15 and 16; see Map 7). None of the stones were clearly cut but no other similar concentrations of stones were noted along the shoreline suggesting that these may be associated with the store house.


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At the west end of the proposed new pathway, the trail would follow two existing road allowances; currently these road allowances are built up and clearly raised compared to the lands adjacent to them (Images 17 and 18). Directly adjacent to the intersection of the road allowances is a manhole which suggests that the road allowances include fill deposits with associated utilities and do not possess any archaeological potential (Image 19). The remaining portions of the proposed future westward extension of the pathway cut through manicured lawns associated with private properties (Images 20 and 21) before reaching Rotary Park (Image 22).

The proposed future location of the bridge crossing north of the river follows un-opened road allowances consisting of either gravel or manicured lawn (Images 23, 24, 25 and 26). An aerial photograph (see Map 3) shows that the lawn area in Images 25 and 26 was likely a dirt trail/road; however, it does not appear that the area was modified enough to be determined as completely disturbed. The Alfred Street Road allowance south of Clothier Street up to the North Grenville water pumping station is a gravel road (Image 27) and is extensively disturbed.

The proposed future bridge is located at the end of the Harriet Street road allowance and would span the creek to Riverside Park (Image 28). The proposed future pathway in Riverside Park would begin from the gravel track/road (Image 29) and pass through an area of manicured lawn with some associated play structures in the vicinity (Image 30). The pathway would then continue through the forested shoreline of the south side of the creek to the location of the future pedestrian bridge (Images 31 and 32).

3.3 Analysis and Conclusions

This section of the report includes an evaluation of the archaeological potential within the study area in which the results of the background research and property inspection described above are synthesized to determine the likelihood of the property to contain significant archaeological resources.

3.3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential

A number of factors are used to determine archaeological site potential. For pre-Contact sites criteria are principally focused on topographical features such as the distance from the nearest source of water and the nature of that waterbody or stream, areas of elevated topography including features such as ridges, knolls and eskers, and the types of soils found within the area being assessed. For post-Contact sites, the assessment of archaeological site potential is more reliant on historical research (land registry records, census and assessment rolls, etc.), cartographic and aerial photographic evidence, and the inspection of the study area for possible above ground remains or other evidence of a demolished historical structure. Also considered in determining archaeological potential are known archaeological sites within or in the vicinity of the study area.

Archaeological assessment standards established by MTCS (Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists, 2011) specify factors to be considered when evaluating archaeological potential. Licensed consultant archaeologists are required to incorporate these factors into potential determinations and account for all features on the property that can indicate archaeological potential. If this evaluation indicates that any part of the subject property exhibits


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potential for archaeological resources, the completion of a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is required prior to any planned development in these areas.

Areas that are considered to have pre-Contact site potential requiring Stage 2 testing include lands within 300 metres of water sources, wetlands or elevated features in the landscape including former river scarps. Areas of historic archaeological site potential requiring Stage 2 testing include locations within 300 metres of sites of early Euro-Canadian settlement and within 100 metres of historic transportation corridors. Further, areas within 300 metres of registered archaeological sites, designated heritage buildings or structures/locations of local historical significance are considered to have archaeological potential. Conversely, areas within any of these zones shown to have deep and intensive ground disturbance in the recent past can be excluded from Stage 2 testing on the basis that any possible archaeological resources would have been removed as a result of this activity. These guidelines were refined and applied to the study area after the research described above, generating the Stage 1 recommendations presented below in Section 3.3.3.

The study area exhibits characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre-Contact and early post-Contact settlement and/or land uses (Map 23). Specifically:

The entire study area is within 300 metres of a primary waterway, Kemptville Creek (the South Branch of the Rideau River), which would have provided potable water and a diversity of food resource, as well as serving as a significant transportation corridor;

The construction of nineteenth century mills suggests the earlier presence of a rapids or waterfall along the study area section of Kemptville Creek. As such, a portage may have been required and the area would have increased significance for Aboriginal populations;

The reported recovery of Native artifacts from the Lyman Clothier Jr. house (8 Clothier Street West) indicates Aboriginal use of the general study area;

Soils within part of the study area are well drained and sandy.

These conditions would have made the study area ideal for Aboriginal campsites.

The study area also exhibits characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with nineteenth century settlement and/or land uses (Map 24). Specifically:

There is documentary evidence of permanent Euro-Canadian settlement on lots associated with the study corridor by the 1820s (see Map 5);

Multiple structures are shown on a 1861 map as being in close proximity to the proposed pathway and bridge crossing, including several waterfront warehouse buildings (see Maps 7 and 8);

Historical accounts of nineteenth century wharves along the banks of the creek within the settlement of Kemptville suggest a high potential for them and any associated ancillary buildings within the study area.


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The entire area surrounding the proposed pathway, excluding wetlands and areas identified as disturbed, is considered to have archaeological potential for both pre-Contact and post-Contact archaeological resources (Map 25). The typical pathway width will be 2.5 m and thus the project is essentially a linear corridor running through an area with archaeological potential, the centre line of the proposed pathway has been given a 2.5 metre buffer in undisturbed areas as a minimum area which would require Stage 2 assessment (Map 26). Should the final design result in the identification of areas beyond the 2.5 metre buffer which will be impacted by the proposed works additional Stage 2 archaeological assessment will be required.

It should also be noted that there is potential for submerged shoreline and underwater archaeological deposits within Kemptville Creek associated with Aboriginal use of the area, as well as post-Contact mills, wharves and storehouses associated with the nineteenth century inhabitants of Kemptville. Records for the Rideau Canal suggest that the dam at Long Island Locks raised the water level along the “Long Reach” between Long Island and Burritts Rapids by 7.6 to 8.2 m (K. Watson 2007:23) and this level of flooding would have affected the water levels of Kemptville Creek. As a result, any pre-canal occupations near the then shoreline would now be submerged or may have eroded causing artifacts to be deposited off-shore. Further, small vessels may capsize or sink resulting in submerged archaeological deposits. Finally, dugout canoes are known to have been deliberately ‘stored’ underwater at accessible locations when they were not in use to prevent the wood from rotting.

3.3.2 Archaeological Potential Mapping

In order to accurately map areas of archaeological potential, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software was used to geo-reference and plot available environmental, archaeological, and historical features. This data was then used to generate precise archaeological potential buffers, using appropriate MTCS standards. The following data sources were used:

Water Sources: o MNRF Ontario Hydro Network – Waterbody (2010-08-09 revision); o MNRF Ontario Hydro Network – Watercourse (2011-09-27 revision); o MNRF Wetland Unit (2011-04-02 revision);

Surficial Geology: o MNRF Surficial Geology of Southern Ontario (2010-04-07 revision);

Topography: o MNRF Contours - Five Metre Intervals (2006-05-25 revision);

Soils: o OMAFRA Soil Survey Complex (2003-01-01 revision);

Satellite/Aerial Imagery: o GeoOttawa.com satellite/aerial imagery captured between 01/01/1976 and

01/01/2015; Parcel Data:

o Leedsgrenville.com, map gallery: property information finder.


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3.3.3 Stage 1 Recommendations

The results of the background research discussed above indicate that all of the study area exhibits potential for the presence of significant archaeological resources. Accordingly, it is recommended that:

1) Portions of the study area that have been determined to exhibit archaeological potential should be subject to Stage 2 archaeological assessment prior to the initiation of soil disturbances or other construction-related alterations associated with the proposed trail and bridge route on Kemptville Creek (see Map 26).

2) Should the final design result in the identification of additional areas to be impacted (i.e. soil disturbances or other alterations) by the proposed works, further archaeological assessment may be required. It should be noted that impacts include all aspects of the proposed development, including temporary property needs (i.e. access roads, staging/lay down areas, associated works, etc.).

3) Any future Stage 2 archaeological assessment should be undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in compliance with Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). Given that the study area is comprised of lands where ploughing is not possible (i.e. a mix of municipal park land and expropriated portions of privately-owned residential properties comprised of manicured lawns) the property should be assessed by means of a shovel test pit survey conducted at 5 metre intervals.

4) In the event of future proposed shoreline or off-shore developments involving soil disturbances or other alterations (i.e. filling), the work should be preceded by an underwater archaeological assessment conducted by a licensed marine archaeologist pursuant to the Ontario Heritage Act.

The reader is also referred to Section 7.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.


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4.1 Fieldwork Methodology

The Stage 2 archaeological fieldwork was undertaken on August 6th and 7th, 2015 with some additional testing on October 8th, 2015. Fieldwork was performed with a crew of up to four archaeologists and was conducted according to the archaeological fieldwork standards outlined in Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). Weather conditions for the three days were good, with clear skies providing good visibility - ideal conditions for the identification, documentation, and, where appropriate, recovery of archaeological resources.

The limits of the study area were confined to a narrow corridor for a proposed pedestrian pathway (see Map 26). In order to ensure full coverage of the study area during the Stage 2 property survey, multiple overlay maps at a much smaller scale were printed and used in the field, allowing Past Recovery staff to accurately determine the limits of the study area in relation to fixed reference landmarks, as well as to accurately record field conditions.

The Stage 2 property survey was conducted by means of a 5 m interval shovel test pit survey following the length of the linear corridor while Interpretative Areas 2, 4, 5 and 6 were tested via multiple transects to ensure full coverage (Images 33 to 35). Test pits were excavated by shovel and trowel, and excavated materials were screened through 6 millimetre (1/4 inch) hardware mesh. Shovel test pits were at least 30 centimetres in diameter and excavation continued 5 centimetres into sterile subsoil, where possible. All pits were examined for stratigraphy, cultural features, and/or evidence of deep and intensive disturbance. All test pits were backfilled once completed.

The results of the Stage 2 property survey were documented through field notes, a field map and digital photographs. The complete Stage 2 photographic catalogue is included as part of Appendix 2 and the locations and orientations of all photographs used in this section of the report are shown in Maps 27 through 30. As per the Terms and Conditions for Archaeological Licences in Ontario, curation of all field notes, photographs, artifacts, and maps generated during the Stage 2 archaeological assessment is being provided by Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. pending the identification of a suitable repository. An inventory of the records generated by the assessment is provided below in Table 2.

All artifacts (totalling 399) were cleaned and labelled according to their provenience (test pit and lot). The artifacts were then inventoried using a modified Parks Canada database designed for post-Contact period sites (Christianson and Plousos, n.d.) and an artifact catalogue compiled (see Appendix 4). Sample artifacts were photographed for inclusion in this report. As per the Terms and Conditions for Archaeological Licences in Ontario, curation of all field notes, photographs, maps and artifacts generated during the Stage 2 archaeological assessment is being provided by Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. pending the identification of a suitable repository. The full artifact collection amounted to less than one standard-sized banker’s box in volume.


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Photographs Digital photographs documenting the Stage 2 property survey



Site plan sketches, maps and test trench profiles documenting archaeological resources

1 sheet PRAS office - file PR15-22

Field Notes Notes on the Stage 2 property survey

5 pages PRAS office - file PR15-22

Artifacts Euro-Canadian artifacts 399 Artifacts PRAS office- file PR15-22

4.2 Fieldwork Results

The study corridor was divided into six operations based on current usage of portions of the proposed pathway and based on additional fieldwork. Operation 1 was located east of Bridge where there is an extant pathway, Operation 2 was defined as Curry Park, Operations 3 and 4 were additional testing through the unopened Curry Street right-of-way in the west end of Curry Park, Operation 5 was the remainder of continuous trail to the west of Curry Park and Operation 6 was the proposed location of a pedestrian bridge crossing c. 300 m to the west of Prescott Street (Map 31). Material of further cultural heritage value or interest was recovered from the west end of Operations 2, 3 and 4 (Map 32). Standard iron bar 725, which marked the boundary between Town Lots 19 and 20 along the northern boundary of the Curry Street right-of-way, was used as the site datum given its proximity to the recovered artifacts.

4.2.1 Operation 1 - Pathway East of Bridge Street

Operation 1 was the portion of the study area east of Bridge Street, which has an extant well defined pathway (see Map 31). Testing in this area consisted of a row of test pits approximately 50 centimetres to the south of the pathway placing the test pits between the pathway and the creek; test pits were not placed directly in the pathway given the compact gravel fill and its active use by members of the community. The test pits were placed on the south side of the pathway as the Stage 1 assessment indicated that the area north of the path had been disturbed by a light industrial/commercial development in the late twentieth century (see Section 3.1.4).

The test pits along the western portion of the path and Interpretive Areas 4 and 5 in Operation 1, contained twentieth century fill indicating previous disturbance of this area. The typical soil profile for the test pits from this location consisted of c. 18 cm of dark brown sandy loam above c. 20 cm of highly compact dark grey sand with large amount of pebble inclusions above a minimum of 20 cm of highly compact grey sand and gravel. Excavations were generally not able to extend beyond this sand and gravel fill (Image 36). These test pits also contained inclusions of asphalt and concrete (Image 37) and large fragments of concrete and asphalt were


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noted along the shoreline of the creek (Image 38) suggesting extensive deposits, likely required to fill what had originally been a low-lying and wet area.

The most eastern portion of the pathway and Interpretative Area 6 were wooded. The soil stratigraphy appeared to be undisturbed and generally consisted of c. 20 cm of loosely compact dark brown sandy loam situated above a moderately compact brown sandy loam B-horizon subsoil (Image 39). However, there appeared to be ‘push’ piles of soil at points along the path suggesting that some landscaping may have occurred in this area (Images 40 and 41). No artifacts or features of cultural heritage value or significance were recovered from Operation 1.

4.2.2 Operation 2 - Curry Park

The area tested within Curry Park consisted of a linear path following the proposed route of the pathway through manicured lawn (see Map 31). The stratigraphy of the portion of the pathway east of the boat launch access laneway consisted of c. 15 of dark brown sandy loam above brown sandy clay B-horizon subsoil. The topsoil in the portion of the pathway adjacent to west side of the boat launch lane was much thicker (up to 40 cm) and was situated above grey sandy clay subsoil (Image 42).

Artifacts of further cultural heritage interest or value were recovered from the western end of Curry Park and are associated with a change in stratigraphy (see Image 34). The test pits excavated in this location have been given alphabetical test pit designations in the order they were excavated (Map 33).

Test pit 2A was the most easterly test pit in which artifacts were recovered and a thin lens of grey ash, with charcoal inclusions was noted. The test pit stratigraphy consisted of 17 cm of dark brown sandy loam topsoil above an ash lens was approximately 4 cm thick and mottled with the overlying topsoil. The grey ash lot was situated above brown sandy clay B-horizon subsoil (Image 43).

The stratigraphy of test pit 2B consisted of 20 cm of dark brown sandy loam above 8 cm of grey silt ash with charcoal inclusions (Image 44). Below the ash was 8 cm of grey to orange sandy silt which sat above non-contiguous dark brown/black silt/ash, possibly root burns which may explain the orange colouration of the overlying silt. The root burns sat on grey sandy silt similar to the soil below the ash lot.

The stratigraphy of test pit 2C consisted of 18 cm of dark brown sandy loam above 23 cm of the grey silt ash with charcoal inclusions (Image 45). Below this was a 4 cm lot of dark brown sandy loam, possibly a remnant of a buried topsoil situated on compact sandy clay subsoil.

The stratigraphy of test pit 2D consisted of 18 cm of dark brown sandy loam above 10 cm of grey silt/ash with charcoal inclusions with some mottling of the overlying topsoil (Image 46). This was situated above 12 cm of dark brown sandy loam, possibly a buried topsoil, which was above highly compact grey sandy clay subsoil.

The stratigraphy of test pits 2E and 2F consisted of c. 20 cm of dark brown sandy loam above brown sandy clay B-horizon subsoil. There was no evidence of the grey silt/ash deposit.


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Two intensification units were placed on this line to try to better define the extent of the silt/ash lot. Test pit 2J was placed between test pits 2A and 2B. Its stratigraphy consisted of 20 cm of dark brown sandy loam above 4 cm of the grey silt/ash lot, which is situated above 17 cm of brown sandy clay B-horizon which graded into grey sandy clay C-horizon subsoil (Image 47). Test pit 2P was placed between test pits 2D and 2E. Its stratigraphy consisted of 20 cm of dark brown sandy loam above 8 cm of grey silt/ash. Below this was c. 5 cm of a dark grey sandy clay, possibly the remnant of a subsoil, which was situated above 7 cm of brown mottled grey sandy clay B-horizon which graded into grey sandy clay C-horizon (Image 48).

Additional test pits were then excavated to the north and south of the linear corridor to try and determine the extent of the grey silt/ash lens and artifact distribution.4 Test pit 2G was excavated five metres to the south of test pit 2B. Its stratigraphy consisted of 16 cm of dark brown sandy loam above 19 cm of grey silt/ash with charcoal inclusions. Below this was 7 cm of grey and mottled brown sandy loam, followed by a 2 cm thick black silt lens (possible root burn) above 6 cm of brown highly compact sandy clay and another 3 cm thick black silt lens (possible root burn). These layers lay above 3 cm of brown highly compact sandy clay which graded into a grey highly compact sandy clay subsoil (Image 49).

Test pit 2M was excavated five metres south of test pit 2D. Its stratigraphy consisted of 20 cm of dark brown sandy loam above 8 cm of grey silt/ash with charcoal inclusions. This was situated above 5 cm of dark grey compact sandy loam buried topsoil (Image 50). Below this was 7 cm of highly compact brown mottled grey sandy clay which graded into highly compact grey sandy clay subsoil.

Test pits 2H and 2N were planned to have been excavated between the original line and test pits 2G and 2M, however they were not excavated as test pits 2G and 2M had confirmed the presence of lots and materials of further cultural heritage of value or interest to the south of the proposed pathway corridor. Fragments of brick were also observed within the creek, suggesting that the artifact deposit of concern potentially extends southward to the bank of the creek (Image 51).

Test pit 2K was excavated 2.5 m to the north of test pit 2B. Its stratigraphy consisted of 18 cm of dark brown sandy loam topsoil above c. 5 cm of dark brown sandy loam topsoil mottled with remnants of grey silt/ash, which was situated above 8 cm of brown/orange sandy clay mottled with dark brown sandy loam. This lay above highly compact grey sandy clay C-horizon subsoil (Image 52).

Test pit 2Q was excavated 2.5 m to the north of test pit 2D. Its stratigraphy consisted of 24 cm of dark brown sandy loam above c. 5 cm of dark brown sandy loam mottled with remnants of a grey silt/ash (Image 53). Below this was 12 cm of brown compact sandy clay above highly compact grey sandy clay subsoil.

4 Given the location within the municipally owned Curry Park, there was some flexibility in the alignment for the proposed pathway. Thus, it was feasible to extend the Stage 2 testing beyond the initially defined linear corridor in this area in order to determine if there would be a more appropriate route for the pathway.


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Test pit 2L was excavated 5 m north of test pit 2B. Its stratigraphy consisted of 23 cm of brown sandy loam above 7 cm of brown/orange sandy clay mottled with some grey sandy clay situated on a very highly compact grey sandy clay C-horizon subsoil (Image 54).

Test pit 2R was excavated 5 m north of test pit 2D. Its stratigraphy consisted of 14 cm of brown sandy loam above 19 cm of brown/orange sandy clay B-horizon which graded into a grey sandy clay C-horizon (Image 55).

Test pit 2T was excavated 10 m north of test pit 2B. Its stratigraphy consisted of 18 cm of brown sandy loam topsoil above 18 cm of brown/orange sandy loam clay, above 5 cm of mottled brown/orange sandy silt with grey sandy clay, which was situated on highly compact grey sandy clay C-horizon (Image 56).

Test pit 2S was excavated 10 m north of test pit 2D. Its stratigraphy consisted of 15 cm of brown sandy loam above 23 cm of brown/orange sandy clay which is situated above a highly compact grey sandy clay C-horizon subsoil (Image 57).

Artifacts

A total of 399 artifacts were recovered from Operation 2 (see Map 33). Based on the stratigraphic descriptions of the test pits, four contexts have been defined within Operation 2: Context 1 - Topsoil, Context 2 - Ash Lot, Context 3 - Buried Topsoil, Context 4 - Subsoil. The artifact assemblage will be discussed in relation to these contexts.

Context 1 - Topsoil

The topsoil was present in all of the test pits in Operation 2 and 174 artifacts were recovered from this context. The vast majority of the artifacts, however, were recovered from test pits 2D (52%), 2Q (14%), 2F (8%) and 2J (6%).

Nearly half of the artifacts were from the Foodways class (47%), the majority of which were Ceramic Tableware (77%). Among these, refined white earthenware sherds (28) were the most common and decorations included blue transfer printed (8), sponged (one red, one blue), blue edged (1), black transfer printed (1), painted (1), and slipped (1; Image 58). Ironstone sherds were also common (21), with six of the sherds having moulded ceres decoration and one containing a partial black transfer printed mark indicating that it had been manufactured by the Stone Chinaware Co. in St. John’s P.Q. between 1873 and 1899 (Collard 1967). Vitrified white earthenware sherds (12) were also recovered, thee of which were painted and one decorated with a black transfer print. Other recovered ceramic tableware pieces consisted of a small sherd of yellowware with a Rockingham slip and a small sherd of fine earthenware with a white glazed interior. Thirteen sherds of Ceramic Utilitarian Ware were recovered. Coarse red earthenware sherds were either glazed (5) or unglazed (5) and three sherds of coarse stoneware were recovered, one with a salt-glaze. Foodways artifacts made of glass consisted of two sherds from plate moulded panel bottles, a sherd of milk glass, and two mould blown colourless sherds from unidentifiable containers (see Image 58). The final Foodways artifact was a portion of a ferrous knife which consisted of its tang and the base of the blade.


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The second-most common class of artifacts recovered was Architectural (20%). Nails were the most common and consisted of five wrought nails and 14 cut nails, one of which had a handmade head (see Image 58). Eleven sherds of window pane glass were also recovered as well as two brick fragments and three pieces of mortar.

The other recovered artifacts classes included Faunal, which consisted of 24 fragments of mammal bone (five of which were burnt) and one bird bone. Fuel class artifacts consisted of eight pieces of coal. Furnishings included seven colourless glass sherds from oil lamp chimneys. Smoking class artifacts consisted of fragments of a plain white clay pipe stem, a plain white clay pipe bowl and a white clay pipe bowl that was decorated with the face of a mustachioed man. Clothing class artifacts consisted of a 9 mm diameter 4-hole shell button. Unassigned artifacts included three pieces of clinker, a metal screw, a fragment of scrap metal, four fragments of sheet metal, two pieces of wire and a ferrous item resembling a cleat/hook.

Context 2 - Ash Lot

This lot was only found within some of the test pits along a 17.5 m stretch of the pathway corridor and it varied in thickness from a few centimetres up to 20 cm (see Map 33). Along the pathway corridor the lot was thickest in Test Pit 2C and thinned out to the east and west. Additional testing showed that the ash lot thinned out a short distance to the north of the corridor but remained quite thick to the south.

A total of 217 artifacts were recovered from Context 2, the most common class being Foodways (46%). The majority of this class was Ceramic Tableware (86) and consisted almost entirely of refined white earthenware. Decoration styles on these sherds included blue sponged (16), blue transfer printed (22), late palette painted (7), banded (5), slipped (5), blue edged (2) and black transfer printed (1; Image 59). Other wares consisted of a plain vitrified white earthenware sherd and a plain yellowware sherd. Ceramic Utilitarian Ware included sherds of coarse red earthenware (six glazed sherds and one unglazed sherd), and a salt-glazed sherd of coarse earthenware with a black slipped interior. Glass Storage Containers consisted of two sherds from a bottle with an irregular hand-tooled finish, a sherd of mould blown glass with a blue tinge and a sherd of olive coloured mould blown glass (see Image 59). Unidentified glass containers consisted of two sherds of colourless glass.

Architectural class artifacts were the second-most common (59). This class consisted predominately of nails, eight of which were wrought and the remaining 35 being machine cut (see Image 59). Thirteen sherds of window glass, a brick fragment and two fragments of mortar were also recovered.

Faunal artifacts were the third-most common class and consisted of 49 fragments of mammal bone: six of these were blackened from burning and 42 were burnt to the point of being calcined. Smoking artifacts consisted of a plain pipe stem fragment, two plain pipe bowl fragments and a pipe bowl fragment decorated with raised vertical lines (see Image 59). Fuel artifacts consisted of two pieces of coal. Unassigned artifacts included a wrought ferrous rivet (possibly a boat rivet), a metal screw, a fragment of wire and a piece of clinker.


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Context 3 - Buried Topsoil

A soil layer that was clearly not subsoil was found in some test pits beneath the ash deposit. This lot was not present in all test pits and in some cases the ash was found situated directly above subsoil. It is possible that in the test pits without the ash deposit the buried topsoil was indistinguishable from the overlying topsoil and thus was excavated together with it. A total of eight artifacts were recovered from this context. These included five Smoking class items: a fragment of a plain pipe stem, sherds from a plain pipe bowl, a fragment from a pipe bowl decorated with raised lines, and a stem impressed “W. WH[ITE GLASGOW]” (pipes with this mark were produced between 1805 and 1905; Bradley 2000:117; Image 60). Faunal class items consisted of two fragments of calcined mammal bone, the Architectural artifact was a machine cut nail and a sherd of colourless glass from an oil lamp chimney belonged to the Furnishings class (see Image 60).

Artifact Analysis

The majority of the artifacts recovered from Operation 2 dated to the mid-nineteenth century (c. 1830s to 1870s), given both the absence of creamware and pearlware, which suggests that the assemblage post-dated 1830 when the production of this ware declined in favour of a new preference for refined white earthenware, as well as a scarcity of later ironstone and vitrified white earthenware (Kenyon 1985a, 1991:10).

The ash lot and underlying buried topsoil (Contexts 2 and 3) date from the 1830s to c. 1860. The ceramic tableware sherds recovered from the ash lot consisted entirely of refined white earthenware with the exception of one sherd of plain vitrified white earthenware. The identified decoration styles including blue sponged, blue transfer printed, late palette painted, banded, slipped, blue edged and black transfer printed were popular through the mid-nineteenth century (Atterbury n.d.; Burke 1982; Collard 1967; Kenyon 1991, 1985b; Miller 1991). Other indicators of a mid-nineteenth date were two sherds from mould blown bottles with irregular hand-made finishes, the absence of machine made glass, and the predominance of machine cut nails with only a few wrought and no wire nails.

Artifacts recovered from the overlying topsoil (Context 1) were slightly later in date, extending into the 1870s. The deposit contained sherds of refined white earthenware tableware with similar decoration styles to the contexts below; however, there were a similar number of ironstone sherds recovered. The production of white ironstone began in 1847 but it did not become a popular commodity until the 1860s (Kenyon 1985b:17, 21). There was also a component of vitrified white earthenware sherds, the production of which began in the 1840s with their presence on archaeological sites increasing over the latter half of the nineteenth century (Miller 2000 et al.). Other artifacts indicating a post-1860 date were the sherd of milk glass and two sherds from plate moulded panel bottles (Miller et al. 2000).

4.2.3 Operations 3 and 4 - Additional Testing of the Un-opened Curry Street Road Allowance

Additional Stage 2 fieldwork was performed on October 8th, 2015, in order to further investigate a preferred alignment for the pathway through the western end of Curry Park. The pathway


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alignment illustrated on the preliminary plans provided to Past Recovery showed the intended alignment curving to the south of the un-opened Curry Street (originally Water Street) road allowance at the western end of Operation 2. Further discussion with the municipality following the initial Stage 2 fieldwork led to a decision to shift the alignment of the pathway northward to follow the un-opened road right-of-way. This required additional Stage 2 testing of the right-of-way to the east of the property at civic address 9 Lydia Street, west of the current intersection of James and Curry streets and north of the positive test pits identified in Operation 2 (see Map 31).

As the road allowance is twelve metres wide, it was tested with two rows of test pits; the most southerly row, designated Operation 3, ran parallel to and four metres north of the southern limit of the right-of-way with the second row, designated Operation 4, placed five metres north of the first (Map 34). Operation 4 was tested as there were positive test pits in Operation 3 and the goal of the additional testing was to find an alignment for the pathway that was either devoid of positive test pits or had limited archaeological concerns. Additional intensification test pits were then excavated at the western end of these operations as required (see Map 34).

The general stratigraphy of the test pits excavated in Operation 3 consisted of c. 10 to 15 cm of dark brown sandy loam modern topsoil above c. 20-30 cm of a more compacted dark brown sandy loam buried topsoil, which was situated above brown sandy clay subsoil which graded to grey and became more compact with depth (Image 61). None of the test pits in Operation 3 appeared to have been disturbed.

At the western end of Operation 4, test pits 4N and 4O as well as the associated intensification test pits had a similar stratigraphy to that observed in Operation 3 (Image 66). However, from test pit 4M eastward there was evidence of disturbance in the form of mottled deposits of mixed grey sandy clay subsoil and dark brown sandy loam topsoil. Test pit 4M consisted of 23 cm of sandy loam topsoil above 12 cm of mottled topsoil and C-horizon above c. 9 cm of buried topsoil, which contained pockets of re-deposited C-horizon and sat on B-horizon subsoil (Image 62). Test pit 4L consisted of 13 cm of sandy loam topsoil above 60 cm of mottled dark brown sandy loam topsoil, brown sandy clay B-horizon and grey sandy clay C-horizon (Image 63). Test pit 4J consisted of 10 cm of topsoil overlying re-deposited grey sandy clay subsoil mottled with dark brown sandy loam topsoil which transitioned to grey subsoil at c. 60 cm below grade (Image 64). In Test pit 4H, the stratigraphy consisted entirely of dark brown sandy loam mottled with grey sandy clay subsoil (Image 65). Plastic wrap was recovered within this fill at 54 cm below grade and further excavation was stopped.

Artifacts

A total of 143 artifacts were recovered from this additional testing, with most concentrated at the western edge of the right-of-way east of the property at 9 Lydia St. (see Map 34). The distinction between the topsoil and buried topsoil was not evident in the test pits during their excavation; it is suspected that the majority of the artifacts were recovered from the buried topsoil later identified in the soil stratigraphy in this area.


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The most common class of artifacts recovered was Architectural (36%), which included 27 very small fragments from red bricks, three small pieces of mortar, nine machine cut and one wrought nail, and twelve sherds of window pane glass (Image 67).

This was followed by Foodways class artifacts (30%), dominated by Ceramic Tableware. This group included small sherds of refined white earthenware with plain (18), banded (4), blue transfer printed (1), brown transfer printed (1), or slipped (3) decoration styles (see Image 67). It also included four sherds of vitrified white earthenware (three plain and one red sponged), and two fragments of plain yellowware (see Image 67). Ceramic Utilitarian Ware included four sherds of coarse red earthenware, two of which were glazed, one of which had a brown slip on the interior surface and one was fully exfoliated. Glass Foodways artifacts consisted of three small sherds of olive green mould blown bottle glass and a sherd of colourless machine made bottle glass (see Image 67). Associated with the Foodways class were two fragments of rubber that appear to have been part of a seal for a glass storage container.

The third-most common class was Faunal which included 20 fragments of mammal bone, two of which showed evidence of having been sawn. Most of these fragments were small and seven fragments and three fragments respectively mended into two more complete portions of bone. One bone fragment was also calcined from burning. Other faunal material included two ungulate teeth. Other recovered artifact classes were: Fuel with three fragments of coal; Clothing with a ferrous belt buckle; and Unassigned Material with a fragment of black twentieth century plastic, a 2 cm length of thin ferrous rod, a fragment of metal likely from a tin can, three small fragments of sheet metal, an unidentifiable fragment of very thin light blue coloured glass possibly from a panel bottle or an oil lamp chimney, and two short lengths of metal wire (see Image 67). Unidentified Glass Containers included six small sherds of milk glass, likely from the base of a bottle, a small portion of the base of a colourless mould blown bottle and three very small fragments of colourless glass (see Image 67).

Artifact Analysis

Most of the assemblage recovered from Operations 3 and 4 appeared to date to the mid-nineteenth century (1830s to 1860). The majority of the tableware sherds were refined white earthenware with decoration styles typical of that period: banded, slipped, blue transfer printed and brown transfer printed; there was also only a small component of vitrified white earthenware, and no ironstone sherds were recovered (Atterbury n.d.; Burke 1982; Collard 1967; Kenyon 1991). The presence of a mixture machine cut and wrought nails also suggests a mid-nineteenth century date.

Some later dating material such as milk glass, machine made glass and twentieth century plastic were also recovered, but some contamination from later periods is not unexpected as the artifacts were not recovered from a sealed context.

4.2.4 Operation 5 - West of Curry Park

Operation 5 consisted of the linear path following the un-opened road allowance through the backyard of the property at 9 Lydia Street, a linear path adjacent to the south side of the east-west running extension of Lydia Street, and Interpretative Area 1 (see Map 31). The portion of


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the path linking Interpretative Area 1 and Lydia Street was not tested given the identification of utility disturbance to that portion of the pathway during the Stage 1 assessment (see Section 3.3).

The general stratigraphy of Operation 5 consisted of c. 15 of dark brown sandy loam above brown sandy clay B-horizon subsoil. The location of Interpretative Area 1 was low and wet (Image 68) and the stratigraphy of this area consisted of c. 30 cm of dark brown/black muck, which transitioned to grey clay muck; both of the lots were very wet (Image 69).

No artifacts or features of cultural heritage value or significance were recovered from Operation 5.

4.2.5 Operation 6 - Future Bridge Crossing

Operation 6 consisted of a linear path extending from the base of Harriet Street to the north bank of the creek (see Map 31). The area tested was modified from the Stage 1 assessment as the municipality had removed the alternative proposed future pathway alignment extending from Alfred Street as an option. Additionally, as the municipality did not have the area of the proposed future pathway alignment within Riverside Park finalized, the areas south of the creek were not tested. Therefore, Operation 6 consisted of testing manicured lawn and some wild grass and vine covered area adjacent to the north shore of the creek and south of the Harriet Street extension.

The general stratigraphy of Operation 6 consisted of c. 15 cm of dark brown sandy loam, above a brown/orange sandy clay B-Horizon subsoil; the transition to a grey sandy clay C-horizon occurred at a depth of c. 34 cm below grade (Image 70). The soil of Operation 6 was moderately to highly compact which is likely associated with the general area having previously consisted of a dirt road/parking area as indicated by the 2014 satellite imagery (see Map 22).

No artifacts or features of cultural heritage value or significance were recovered from Operation 6.


No artifacts or features of cultural heritage value or interest were found during the testing of Operations 1, 5 and 6.

Testing across the western end of the linear pathway in Operation 2 uncovered artifacts of further cultural heritage value or interest (see Map 33). These test pits contained artifacts which dated to the mid-nineteenth century with two lots of further interest: one consisting of a thick deposit of grey silt/ash with charcoal and the second a buried topsoil typically located beneath the ash layer. The associated artifacts date the ash layer and underlying buried topsoil from the 1830s to c. 1860. The overlying topsoil contained artifacts generally dating from the 1860s-1870s through the twentieth century. Additional exploratory test pits to the south of the linear pathway corridor indicated that the grey ash lot extends southward beyond the limits of the testing while testing to the north of the pathway corridor indicated that the ash deposit ends at the southern edge of the un-opened Curry Street alignment and that the artifact count drops off significantly (see Map 33). Additional test pitting along the length of the un-opened Curry Street right-of-way


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(Operations 3 and 4; see Map 34) to the north of the positive test pits uncovered in Operation 2 supports the interpretation that the total number of artifacts decreases to the north and that the ash lot documented in Operation 2 disappears from the stratigraphy. The ash lot is potentially the remnants of an ancillary building associated with wharves built along the shores of Kemptville Creek when trade via steamboat was important to the village economy in the mid-nineteenth century (see Section 3.1.4).

The cumulative results of the test pit survey showed that the extent of the ash deposit is limited to the area south of the un-opened Curry Street alignment and extending c. 20 m east-west through the eastern half of Town Lot 28 and the western half of Town Lot 29. The deposit extends at least 20 metres south of the road allowance but no test pits were excavated beyond this point; as a result, the southern limit of the ash lens remains unknown. The stratigraphy associated with the ash deposit is clearly distinct from the surrounding stratigraphy of the areas tested although these also contained a buried topsoil (Map 35). While test pits at the western end of the right-of-way did have artifact counts in the double digits, all of the artifacts recovered there were very small fragments and a number of these pieces mended together or were clearly from the same object. The artifacts found in the buried topsoil in the right-of-way likely represent a spread of detritus associated with the ash deposit and buried topsoil to the south which had a more significant concentration of artifacts and a more limited temporal range dating to the mid-nineteenth century (Map 36; see Map 35). There is a clear difference in the productivity between positive test pits in which the ash deposit was present and those with no ash deposit. The average number of artifacts recovered from test pits with the ash deposit was 37, while the average number of artifacts recovered from positive test pits without the ash deposit was 8.3. Test pits within the area of the ash deposit south of the unopened Curry Street road allowance were more than four times more productive than the positive test pits without the ash deposit (see Map 36).

Based on its limited extent, its distinct stratigraphy from other areas of the study area and its associated concentration of artifacts, the ash deposit identified in Operation 2 was registered with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport as an archaeological site and assigned the site registration number BgFv-8. Given the linear nature of the Stage 2 testing, the full limits of the site cannot be determined at this time. Additional locational information regarding this site is provided in the Supplementary Documentation submitted to MTCS as part of the project report package.

Given that the positive test pits within Operations 3 and 4 were far less productive than the Operation 2 test pits with the ash deposit this area is interpreted as being peripheral to the main component of Site BgFv-8, as represented by the ash deposit. However, based on the date and number of artifacts recovered across the western end Operations 3 and 4 and our knowledge of the far more productive ash deposit to the south of the right-of-way, it was determined that the area within the linear corridor of the pedestrian pathway through this location should be subject to Stage 3 archaeological investigation to determine the potential cultural heritage value of the material identified in Operations 3 and 4 (Map 37).

The remainder of the proposed pathway investigated during this Stage 2 assessment is of no further archaeological concern as no features or artifacts of cultural heritage value or significance


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were recovered. The proposed future extensions of the pathway that were not assessed at this time, however, will require a Stage 2 assessment prior to any future construction (Map 38).

4.4 Stage 2 Recommendations

The results of the fieldwork discussed above indicates that a portion of the linear corridor for the pedestrian pathway in the un-opened Curry Street road allowance at the western end of Curry Park will pass through an area which contains artifacts that are of further cultural heritage value or interest. Accordingly, it is recommended that:

1) A Stage 3 archaeological assessment should be performed within the linear corridor of the proposed pathway in the location of the artifacts recovered in Operations 3 and 4 of the Stage 2 assessment of the property (see Map 37).

2) The recommended fieldwork strategy for the Stage 3 assessment would be the excavation of a row of one meter square units at five metre intervals within the pathway corridor with 20% infill of additional units as per Table 3.1, Section 3.2.2 and Section 3.2.3 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTSC 2011). Following discussions with MTCS, it was determined that given the limited impact of the pathway and the buried context of the archaeological resources, excavation of the Stage 3 units could be vertically limited to a depth 20 cm below the construction impacts. As construction impacts will extend 30 cm below grade, the Stage 3 units should be excavated to 50 cm below grade unless sterile subsoil or bedrock is encountered above this level in which case the excavation would follow normal MTCS standards.

3) No other artifacts or features of cultural heritage value or interest were documented during the Stage 2 assessment and thus the proposed linear pathway in these areas has no further archaeological concerns that need to be addressed prior to construction (see Map 38).

4) Any portion of the proposed future pathway extensions identified as having archaeological potential that were not subject to this Stage 2 archaeological assessment (i.e. Riverside Park, Rotary Park and the private properties east of Rotary Park) will require a Stage 2 assessment before the construction of these pathway extensions (see Map 38).

5) Any alteration to the pathway alignment or other associated construction impacts that would result in below surface disturbance (e.g. staging areas, lay down areas, etc.) beyond the areas investigated as part of the present Stage 1 and Stage 2 assessment will require additional archaeological assessment.

6) Any future archaeological assessments should be undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in compliance with the appropriate Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).



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5.1 Additional Stage 3 Historical Research

With the identification of artifacts of further cultural heritage value or interest during the Stage 2 assessment additional historical research was undertaken. This included an investigation of the land registry abstract index for the specific town lots from which the artifacts were recovered. This information was then used to research the individuals named as having owned the town lots. Information on these individuals was searched for in the available nineteenth century censuses and township assessment rolls for Oxford-on-Rideau Township and Kemptville Village. Information on these individuals was also searched for in two secondary histories of Kemptville: Kemptville Centennial 1957 – Historical Review of Kemptville and District (Kemptville Centennial Committee 1957) and Kemptville Past and Present (Anderson 1903). Consulting general histories of Leeds and Grenville Counties listed in Section 3.1.1 did not provide any additional information on these individuals or the specific town lots of interest. The United Counties of Leeds and Grenville has GIS data available online and places the recovered artifacts in the west end of civic address 200 Curry Street and the Curry Street (known as Water Street in the nineteenth century) road allowance.

This area was originally part of Lot 27, Concession 3. This lot was granted by the Crown to Captain Peter Drummond in 1802, but it is unlikely that Drummond, who held extensive lands (see Section 3.1.4), ever settled on this property. In 1819, Drummond sold all 200 acres to John Byce, who in 1824 sold 100 acres north of the river to Asa Clothier. The dates from the Land Registry Abstract Index, however, differ from various historical accounts of the settlement of Lot 27, Concession 3 which state that Lyman Clothier purchased the land north of the river from John Byce c. 1814 for a yoke of oxen and a rifle (Anderson 1903:2; Kemptville Centennial Committee 1957).

The 1862 Plan of the Village of Kemptville shows that the area had been divided into smaller town lots by that time. The lots of interest are the block consisting of Town Lots 27, 28, 29 and 30 southeast of Water Street (now Curry Street) and Lots 19, 20, 21 and 22, northwest of Water Street (Map 39). Asa Clothier sold Lots 20, 21, 22, 28 and 29 to Baxter Bowman (Beauman) and John Henderson in 1834. Asa Clothier then sold Lots 19 and 27 to Justus S. Mervin in 1838 and Lot 30 to James West in 1853. Thus, Lots 19 and 27 (currently civic address 9 Lydia Street) formed a discrete parcel under different ownership after Asa Clothier sold them in 1838. After 1853, Lot 30 remained separate from the other lots until 1951 when David H. Curry purchased Lots 20, 21, 22, 28, 29 and 30 from the Capital Trust Corporation Limited.

The Stage 2 assessment recovered artifacts within Town Lots 28 and 29 between the Water (Curry) Street allowance and the creek and Site BgFv-8 subsequently registered within this area. Thus, Town Lots 28 and 29 are of the most concern for the present assessment. These lots have the same instrument history in the Leeds and Grenville Counties Land Registry Abstract Index (LGCLRAI). Initially sold by Asa Clothier to Bowman (Beauman) and Henderson in 1834 (LGCLRAI Instrument #H208), the lots were then sold to Albert Wallace in 1836 with other land for £540 (LGCLRAI Instrument G-100). Wallace sold the land back to Bowman in 1837 for £540 (LGCLRAI Instrument #G-129), who then sold the land back to Wallace for £1000 in


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1838 (LGCLRAI Instrument #G-439). In 1839 Wallace sold the lots to Hon. Peter McGill for no consideration (LGCLRAI Instrument #H-277) and in 1842 Baxter Bowman sold the lots to Peter McGill for £1500 (LGCLRAI Instrument #J-76); after this Peter McGill does not appear in the LGCLRAI. The next entry is a £150 mortgage dated 1848 granted by Lyman Clothier to Molancton H. Seymour and William Harrington (LGCLRAI Instrument #A-158). The lots with other land were sold by Lyman Clothier to George Weir in 1852 for £230 (LGCLRAI Instrument #507). This transaction also saw the sale of Clothier’s House (8 Clothier Street, see Section 3.2.3) to George Weir. This house is marked on the 1862 Walling map of Kemptville with Weir’s name in association with a tenant house (see Map 8). Lots 28 and 29 are marked as being owned by George Weir on the 1862 Plan of the Village of Kemptville (see Map 39). The next transaction in the LGCLRAI occurred in 1893 - it was a deed poll which saw the transfer of Lots 28 and 29 by The Warden and Treasurer of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville to James Buckly in a tax sale for $6.50 (LGCLRAI Instrument #C1616). The lots were then sold again, with other lands, in 1951 by the Capital Trust Corporation Limited to David H. Curry for $45 (LGCLRAI Instrument #G-5636). The lots remained in the Curry family until 1964 when they were gifted to the Town of Kemptville by the family. Unfortunately the transactions involving Town Lots 28 and 29 were made with a variety of other lands and thus changes in value between transactions cannot be used to infer potential development on these specific lots.

Consultation of the available nineteenth century township assessment rolls and census records for Oxford-on-Rideau Township and Kemptville Village did not provide any additional information about the specific area of Site BgFv-8 beyond what could be gleaned from the Leeds and Grenville County Land Registry Abstract Index. A secondary history of Kemptville by Anderson (1903), however, provided some additional information on two of the past owners of Town Lots 28 and 29. Baxter Bowman and John Henderson were successful merchants in Kemptville. In 1830 they built a stone building and established a general store on the south side of Clothier Street near its intersection with Lydia Street; they went out of business in 1848 (Anderson 1903:5-7). It is possible, given the proximity of Town Lot 28 and 29 to the corner of Clothier and Lydia Streets (see Map 39), that they established a small wharf along the creek to facilitate stocking their general store as steamboat was the easiest method by which to import goods to Kemptville between 1830 and 1854 (see Section 3.2.7).

5.2 Fieldwork Methodology

The Stage 3 archaeological fieldwork was undertaken on December 3rd and 15th, 2015. Fieldwork was performed with a crew of eight archaeologists and was conducted according to the archaeological fieldwork standards outlined in Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011) and following extensive discussions with MTCS regarding specific requirements given the linear nature of the corridor and the nature of the archaeological deposits. Weather conditions for the two days were good, with temperatures well above freezing and overcast skies providing good visibility - ideal conditions for the identification, documentation and recovery of archaeological resources.

The alignment of the un-opened Curry Street road allowance between Lydia Street and James Street was surveyed by John H. Kennedy Ltd. on behalf of the Municipality of North Grenville prior to the Stage 3 archaeological assessment. Within this corridor, Municipality of North


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Grenville staff delineated the limits of the proposed pathway alignment with wooden stakes along its northern and southern boundaries. The marked pathway corridor was 3.2 m wide and ran straight west from James Street at the end of Curry Street in the northern half of the road allowance and then curved to the south c. 15 m east of the 9 Lydia Street property (Map 40).

The Stage 3 property survey was conducted by means of excavating one metre square units at 5 metre intervals along the portion of the surveyed pathway corridor associated with positive Stage 2 test pits with additional (20%) infill units placed in areas of most archaeological concern (Images 71 and 72). Units were stratigraphically excavated by shovel and trowel, and excavated materials were screened through 6 millimetre (1/4 inch) hardware mesh. Within each unit soil deposits were assigned a sequential lot number, after the completion of the fieldwork these lots were correlated across the units to define interpretative contexts (see Section 3.5.1).

The initial unit (N00E00) was placed near the centre of the marked length of corridor between two wooden stakes delineating the limits for the impact of construction. All of the subsequent units were labelled based on a grid reference in metres, running parallel to the right-of-way,5 relative to Unit N00E00 (Map 41). Standard iron bar 725, which marked the boundary between Lots 19 and 20 along the northern boundary of the Curry Street right-of-way, was used as the site datum.

Excavation of the units was vertically limited to a depth of at least 50 cm as the depth of construction impacts for the pathways is no more than 30 cm and thus excavation to a depth of 50 cm fulfills Section 4.1.5 Standard 1d(ii) of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). As noted above, the determination that the units could be vertically limited was made in consultation with MTCS based on the low impact nature of the proposed pedestrian pathway, the depths of the Stage 2 test pits, and the documented presence of a modern, possibly imported, topsoil. It should be noted that excavation to a depth of 50 cm typically resulted in excavations extending into the subsoil with the exception of units with evidence of deep disturbance. Geotextile fabric was placed at the bottom of all the units and they were back filled by the municipality with clean gravel fill (Image 73).

The Stage 3 assessment did not extend further to the west as the Stage 2 assessment did not recover any artifacts or indications of cultural deposits within the road right-of-way passing between Town Lots 27 and 19 (civic address 9 Lydia St.). Additionally, as discussed above, Lots 27 and 19 constituted a distinct parcel of land owned by different individuals than Lots 28 and 29 (where the archaeological deposits were located) from the 1830s onward and no diagnostic artifacts predate that period (see Sections 5.1 and 4.3). It is therefore highly unlikely that any significant portion of Site BgFv-8 identified within Town Lots 28 and 29 crosses the boundaries into Lots 19 and 27 (see Map 39).

The results of the Stage 3 archaeological assessment were documented through field notes, an overall field map and digital photographs. Profile and, if appropriate, plan view drawings were completed for all units at a scale of 1:10 or 1:20 along with detailed notes on the soil stratigraphy 5 While the actual study corridor follows an northeast to southwest alignment, for ease of discussion, the Curry Street allowance was assigned an east-west orientation for the site grid and for unit descriptions.


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encountered. The complete Stage 3 photographic catalogue is included as part of Appendix 3, and the locations and orientations of all photographs used in this section of the report are shown in Map 42. All artifacts (totalling 558) were cleaned and labelled according to their provenience (unit and lot number). The artifacts were then inventoried using a modified Parks Canada database designed for post-Contact period sites (Christianson and Plousos, n.d.) and an artifact catalogue compiled (see Appendix 5). Sample artifacts were photographed for inclusion in this report.

As per the Terms and Conditions for Archaeological Licences in Ontario, curation of all field notes, photographs, maps and artifacts generated during the Stage 3 archaeological assessment is being provided by Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. pending the identification of a suitable repository. An inventory of the records generated by the assessment is provided below in Table 3. The full artifact collection amounted to less than one standard-sized banker’s box in volume.



Photographs Digital photographs documenting the Stage 2 property survey



Site plan sketches, maps and unit drawing documenting archaeological resources

6 sheets PRAS office - file PR15-47

Field Notes Notes on the Stage 2 property survey

7 pages PRAS office - file PR15-47

Artifacts Euro-Canadian artifacts 558 artifacts PRAS office- file PR15-47

5.3 Fieldwork Results

A total of 12 one metre square units were excavated as part of the Stage 3 assessment (see Map 41). The five initially excavated units were placed at 10 m intervals along a single transect to gain a better understanding of the distribution of artifacts and the disturbance indentified in during the Stage 2 assessment along the length of the right-of-way. This initial transect was laid out one metre south of the wood survey stakes which defined the pathway corridor, placing the units roughly in the centre of the pathway as the distance between the northern and southern survey stakes was 3.2 m. Based on the recovered materials, the five metre interval grid and 20% infill units were placed to the west of Unit N00E10. It was determined that the area to the east of Unit N00E10 was of no further cultural heritage value or significance and the area did not merit additional units based on the results of the earlier Stage 2 assessment and the low number and nature of the recovered artifacts during the Stage 3 assessment along with the evidence for extensive disturbance (Map 43).


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5.3.1 Stratigraphy

Generally the stratigraphy of the units consisted of c. 10 to 15 cm of dark brown loam topsoil, above c. 30 cm of a more compact dark brown sandy loam buried topsoil, which was situated above a brown to grey sandy clay B-horizon subsoil that graded to a grey sandy clay C-horizon (Images 74 through 77). A twentieth century trench cut was noted during the excavations of all of the units along the N00 transect and the infill unit offset 50 cm to the south of this line (see Map 43). This trench appeared to approximately follow the road allowance and at the eastern end of the study area it was noted in the southern half of Units N00E30 and N00E40 (Image 78). It then cut fully through Unit N00E20 (Image 79) and was noted in the northern half of the remaining units on this transect (Units N00E10, N00E05, N00E00, S00.5W1.5 and N00W05; Image 80). The full depth of the trench was never reached as it extended below the limit of excavations for these units. The trench fill consisted of a grey clay mottled with dark brown sandy loam, and is interpreted as a mottled redeposit of the soils removed during the trench excavation. The trench was dated to the twentieth century based on the identification of modern plastics from deep within the fill; however, it did contain some mid-nineteenth artifacts (see below) which is not unexpected given the general occurrence of these artifacts in the area. Discussions with the municipality indicated that they have no knowledge of utilities being located in this area; the purpose of the trench is therefore unknown.

The units excavated a metre or more to the south of the N00 line showed no evidence of disturbance and their stratigraphy consisted of c. 10 cm of dark brown loam topsoil above 20 to 30 cm of dark brown sandy loam interpreted as a buried topsoil which sat above a brown sandy clay B-horizon that in turn graded to a compact grey sandy clay C-horizon (see Map 43; Images 81 and 82; see Images 76 and 77).

Based on the stratigraphy of the excavated units, four contexts for the study area have been defined. These are: Context 1 - Topsoil, Context 2 - Trench Fill, Context 3 - Buried Topsoil, and Context 4 - Subsoil.

5.3.2 Artifacts

A total of 558 artifacts were recovered from the Stage 3 excavations (Map 44). These artifacts have been grouped by context for analysis. No artifacts were recovered from the subsoil.

Context 1 - Topsoil

A total of 96 artifacts were recovered from the topsoil across the study area. Slightly more than half of these artifacts were associated with the Foodways class, the majority of which were Ceramic Tableware comprised mostly of sherds of refined white earthenware with decoration styles such as red transfer printed (2), slipped (2), banded (1), black transfer printed (1), hand painted (1) and plain (29; Image 83). Other ware types included two sherds of plain vitrified white earthenware and a sherd of Jackfield-like fine earthenware. Ceramic Utilitarian Ware consisted of three sherds of glazed coarse red earthenware, the exterior of which were unglazed while the interiors had either yellow/brown or yellow/green glazes (see Image 83).


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Glass Beverage Containers were comprised of four sherds of colourless machine made glass, possibly from an ornate liquor bottle, and a small sherd of mould blown light green glass (see Image 83). Glass Storage Containers included two sherds from the base of a mould blown aqua blue bottle. Unidentified Glass Containers consisted of a sherd of milk glass with “...JAR...” embossed on the surface. Utensils consisted of a portion of a metal tang.

Apart from the machine made glass, obvious twentieth century artifacts included a fragment of aluminium with green, white and pink colours, a plastic cocktail hors d’oeuvre stick, a “Labatt 50” crown cap, a white plastic straw and a portion of a green plastic bread clip (see Image 83).

The Architectural class (27) was the second-most common class of artifacts recovered. These consisted mostly of nails (eight machine cut, two wire and five wrought), with the remaining architectural artifacts consisting of ten small fragments of window pane glass and two small pieces of mortar (see Image 83). Faunal artifacts were comprised of eight small fragments of mammal bone and four small fragments of calcined bone. The Activities class artifact consisted of a machine cut horseshoe nail. Smoking artifacts were a plain fragment from a white clay pipe stem and a white clay effigy bowl fragment with only the brow and one eye present on this sherd (see Image 83). Unassigned material consisted of a small fragment of sheet metal. Not Specified items included a very small piece of burnt wood and a piece of clinker.

Context 2 - Trench Cut

A total of 59 artifacts were recovered from the mottled fill within the trench cut identified in the study area. Some clearly twentieth century plastic wrap and detritus were identified within this context but not collected.

Foodways class artifacts made up slightly more than one third of this assemblage, the majority of these being Ceramic Tableware sherds. Most of the recovered sherds were refined white earthenware; seven of the sherds were plain, three were very small fragments of blue shell edge ware, two sherds had pink transfer print floral decoration (one of these also had black transfer print decoration), a sherd had blue transfer print decoration, and a sherd was painted with a blue design (Image 84). Five sherds of plain vitrified white earthenware were also recovered, all mending to form a section near the base of the vessel, possibly a pitcher or teapot (see Image 84). Ceramic Utilitarian Ware comprised two sherds of unglazed coarse red earthenware and a burnt rim sherd of coarse earthenware.

Architectural class artifacts were the second-most common and were comprised of a fragment of mortar, a small fragment of a red brick, eight machine cut nails, a wire nail, the shaft of a wrought nail and seven sherds of window pane glass (see Image 84). Faunal material consisted of six fragments of calcined mammal bone, six fragments of mammal bone and a small fragment from a tooth of an ungulate. Smoking artifacts were comprised of sherds of white clay pipe bowl, one with embossed indistinguishable marking on its exterior surface and the other plain. Unassigned artifacts consisted of a wire staple for a page wire fence and a 2 cm wide piece of ferrous strapping. Not Specified items consisted of a drip of melted glass.

The recovery of nineteenth century artifacts from the trench cut was expected as the trench fill appeared to be re-deposited mottled grey sandy clay subsoil and the dark brown sandy loam


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buried topsoil found intact in the undisturbed portions of the units. Lenses and clumps of what appeared to be re-deposited buried topsoil were noted in Units N00E20 and N00E00 (see Images 79 and 80).

Context 3 - Buried Topsoil

A total of 403 artifacts were recovered from the buried topsoil within the study area. Slightly less than half of these artifacts were associated with the Foodways class, with more than three quarters of these being sherds of Ceramic Tableware, almost all from refined white earthenware vessels (Image 85). The most frequent decoration style was blue transfer printed, with floral, willow and pastoral scenes (24). Hand-painted (14) was the second-most common decoration style, limited to floral patterns. Two of these sherds were early palette and six were definitively late palette; the others were too small to classify further. Edged (9) sherds consisted of eight very small sherds of blue shell edge and one sherd of green shell edge. The seven banded sherds included five with thin hand-painted bands near the rim in green, black, blue or red, while two sherds had banded decoration similar to those found on slipware. Slipped pieces (3) consisted of a sherd with a green/brown exterior surface and a small portion of a dendritic pattern, a sherd with a grey/green band on the exterior, and a sherd with a yellow glazed exterior. Sponged (4) decoration consisted of light blue sponging with no specific pattern. There were two sherds with black transfer printed decoration and one sherd with a brown transfer printed pastoral scene. Two small sherds were decorated with unidentifiable moulded patterns, and one small rim sherd from a small hollowware vessel with a handle had a slight blue mark directly on the rim that could not be classified to a specific decorative style. Seventy-three of the recovered refined white earthenware sherds were undecorated. Other ware types found included four sherds of plain vitrified white earthenware, two sherds of yellowware (one with a brown glazed exterior and the other with white and blue slipped banding on the exterior), and eight small sherds of Jackfield-like fine earthenware.

Ceramic Utilitarian Ware consisted of twenty-five sherds of glazed coarse red earthenware. Thirteen of the sherds had unglazed exteriors with interior glazes ranging in colour from brown to yellow/brown, yellow/green and off-white. Four of the sherds had glazing on their exterior and interior surfaces; the remaining sherds did not have both surfaces preserved. There was one small sherd of unglazed coarse red earthenware. Four sherds were from a single coarse red earthenware vessel with yellow slip-trailed decoration and colourless glaze on the interior surface (see Image 85). Finally, one sherd of off-white coarse earthenware with a colourless or yellowed glaze was recovered.

Very few glass Foodways artifacts were found. Glass Beverage Containers were represented by one amber shoulder sherd from a turn-paste mould blown bottle (see Image 85). Glass Storage Containers consisted of a sherd from a canning jar sealer and a small sherd of thin olive coloured glass from a mould blown bottle. Unidentified Glass Containers included one very thin sherd of light olive coloured glass. Metal Containers consisted of a small portion of the rim of a metal can, and Utensils were represented by the distal end of a two-pronged fork and a large portion of a knife blade with a short tang (Image 86).


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Architectural artifacts (123) were comprised of ten small fragments of red brick, seven small fragments of mortar, one wire nail, 58 machine cut nails, one machine cut nail with a handmade head, 18 wrought nails and 28 small sherds of window pane glass (see Image 86).

Faunal artifacts consisted of 15 small fragments of calcined bone, 37 fragments of unburnt mammal bone and three tooth fragments, one from an ungulate and two possibly canine. The Smoking class was comprised of four fragments from glazed pipe stem mouth pieces, four plain white clay pipe stem pieces, seven fragments from plain white clay pipe bowls, and one pipe bowl fragment with raised lines decorating the exterior surface (see Image 85). Not Specified artifacts consisted of two very small fragments of burnt wood, a piece of un-modified graphite and a cast bronze artifact that appeared to be a component of a mechanical device (see Image 86). Unassigned artifacts comprised a portion of a wrought iron boat rivet and two wire staples from page wire fencing (see Image 86). Miscellaneous Material consisted of a large piece of scrap metal (likely a portion of a bucket), four fragments of iron strapping and two pieces of thin (1 to 3 mm diameter) ferrous wire. The final artifact was a thin half-circle of lead, resembling a bale seal but with blank surface; if complete it would be roughly 2.2 cm in diameter.

5.3.3 Artifact Analysis

The artifact assemblage recovered from the buried topsoil mostly dated to the mid-nineteenth century, likely from the 1830s to c. 1860. This time frame was partially established on the basis of the absence of creamware or pearlware, suggesting that the assemblage post-dates 1830 when the production of this ware declined in favour of refined white earthenware (Kenyon 1985a, 1991:10). The decoration styles noted on the refined white earthenware sherds in the assemblage also suggest a post-1830s date. Blue edged and green edged decoration on refined white earthenwares were equally popular through the first few decades of the nineteenth century with green edge declining rapidly in the 1830s (Kenyon 1982:7). Only one of the twelve edge decorated sherds was green, which again suggests an assemblage post-dating the 1830s. The assemblage also contained willow pattern blue transfer printed sherds, which was not commonly transported to Upper Canada until the 1830s (Kenyon 1985a:49-50). Coloured transfer prints (red, black and brown) were also noted and these likely post-date 1832 (Kenyon 1985a:48, Miller et al 2000:13). The majority of the hand-painted sherds were late palette, post-dating the 1830s, with only two sherds painted with early palette colours (Kenyon 1995:5)

The assemblage also included ware types and decoration styles typically found later in the nineteenth century. Yellowware was first introduced in the 1840s (Kenyon 1995:5) and was a small component of the assemblage. Other typically mid-century decoration styles include slipped and banded on refined white earthenware (1830-1870; Burke 1982) and monochrome sponged (1843-1875; Kenyon 1985b; Miller 1991:6).

Aspects of the ceramic assemblage indicating that the date range did not extend very far into the second half of the nineteenth century included the absence of ironstone sherds typical of occupations post-dating the 1860s, as well as the small amount of vitrified white earthenware sherds, the production of which began in the 1840s but was more common in the latter half of the nineteenth century (Miller el al. 2000).


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Other artifacts from the assemblage suggesting a mid-nineteenth century date were the nails, three-quarters of which were machine cut and the remainder being wrought. None of the smoking pipe fragments had maker’s marks, and were therefore not useful in narrowing the date range of the assemblage. There was a paucity of glass artifacts associated with the Foodways class; only four container glass sherds were found within the buried topsoil: two small sherds of olive mould blown glass, a sherd from a bottle shoulder formed in a turn-paste mould, and a fragment of a glass sealer for a canning jar. Though all four glass artifacts, particularly the latter two, could date to later in the nineteenth century, assemblages of this period tended to have a far larger component of glass artifacts (Miller et al. 2000).

A very small portion of the artifacts recovered during the Stage 3 assessment date to the late nineteenth century and/or the twentieth century. Most of these were recovered in the upper topsoil and included sherds of machine made glass, milk glass, pop bottle glass, a modern beer crown closure, an aluminum can, a plastic cocktail stick, a plastic straw and four wire nails. Obvious twentieth century artifacts, including plastic, were also found mixed with earlier nineteenth century items in the modern utility trench fill. A plastic bead and a wire nail found in the buried topsoil in Units S05W14 and S04W12 respectively also hint at some modern disturbance extending into the buried topsoil.


The Stage 3 archaeological assessment focused on the positive Stage 2 test pits along the revised alignment for the proposed pedestrian pathway which was entirely confined to the un-opened Curry Street road allowance extending west from James Street and east of the private property at 9 Lydia Street. The marked pathway corridor was 3.2 m wide and ran straight west from James Street at the end of Curry Street in the northern half of the c. 12.19 m (40 foot) wide road allowance and then curved to the south c. 15 m east of the 9 Lydia Street property (see Map 40). Currently vacant land to the north of the road allowance is privately held and includes original Town Lots 20, 21 and 22. To the south of the road allowance, original Town Lots 28, 29 and 30 extend to the South Branch of the Rideau River (Kemptville Creek) and form the western extension of Curry Park (see Map 39). The property at 9 Lydia Street occupies original Town Lots 27 (south of the road allowance) and 19 (north of the road allowance).

The original pathway alignment which was subject to initial Stage 2 assessment (identified as Operation 2), was located south of the un-opened road allowance and cut through Town Lots 28, 29 and 30 and then curved into the Curry Street allowance north of Town Lot 27. When archaeological deposits were found (particularly the distinctive ash/burn deposit), several additional test pits were excavated further north within the Curry Street ROW (2L, 2M, 2S and 2T). These did not contain the ash deposit and had much lower artifact counts. Thus, it was proposed to move the pathway north in the hopes that this would avoid the archaeological deposits of most concern. Subsequent Stage 2 test pits identified as Operation 3 (southerly row) and Operation 4 (northerly row) were within the road allowance.

A total of 12 one metre square units (assigned grid reference) were hand excavated during the Stage 3 assessment with infill units concentrated in the western portion of the area of concern. As a result, approximately 40% of the linear length of the corridor between Units S05W014 and


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N00E05 (corresponding to the area of greatest archaeological concern) was excavated with those units generally being 1 to 1.5 m apart.

In general, the units revealed a stratigraphy consisting of the current sod and topsoil, a buried topsoil and the sterile subsoil. A twentieth century trench was documented in the easterly eight units. The trench appeared below the modern topsoil, cut through the buried topsoil and extended well into the subsoil indicating a deeply buried utility within the unopened road allowance.6 The trench fill included a mix of nineteenth and obvious twentieth century artifacts including plastic found at the bottom of the units. The current topsoil also contained a mixture of nineteenth and twentieth century artifacts suggesting disturbance (possibly a result of the utility line installation or other landscaping activities) and/or that the topsoil re-deposited was from another location. The bulk of the artifact assemblage from the buried topsoil more consistently dated from the 1830s to c. 1860 although a few obvious twentieth century items were also recovered from this lot suggesting at least some disturbance. The Stage 3 archaeological assessment provided a representative sample of artifacts within both the current and buried topsoil layers and a good understanding of the soil stratigraphy within the corridor. No features or dense clusters of artifacts were noted and the distinctive ash deposit identified in the Stage 2 test pits to the south of the road allowance was not present in any of the Stage 3 units.

The property history outlined in Section 3.1.4 (Stage 1 research) was supplemented with additional research as part of the Stage 3 assessment (see Section5.1). The available mapping and land registry research suggests that the original township Lot 27, Concession 3, had been divided into town lots prior to 1834 when they were sold to a number of individuals by Asa Clothier. Thus, the Curry Street (originally East Water Street) allowance and the adjacent town lots associated with the study area were established prior to 1834. The history of the Curry Street road allowance and Town Lots 28 and 29 are of most concern as the archaeological deposits uncovered during the Stage 2 and Stage 3 assessments were confined to these parcels.

There is no historic evidence for occupation in this area prior to the 1834 sale of town lots; it seems unlikely that Asa Clothier, who acquired the 100 acres north of the river in 1824, would have developed this portion of his extensive property as the Clothier family businesses were concentrated further west along the creek where they had constructed a mill c. 1815 and earlier nineteenth century ownership of (township) Lot 27 appears to have been purely speculative. Town Lots 28 and 29 were acquired from Clothier by Baxter Bowman and John Henderson in 1834 and had the same owners through the remainder of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century, being gifted to the Town of Kemptville in 1964 along with other lands to form Curry Park. Town Lots 19 and 27 (to the west) and 30 (to the east) were under different ownership through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While Town Lots 20, 21 and 22 had the same owners as Lots 28 and 29 for some of the nineteenth century, they were separated from Lots 28 and 29 by the road allowance.

Town Lots 28 and 29 were bought and sold six times between 1834 and 1852 with several of these transactions involving either Bowman or Henderson (see Section 5.1); after 1852 they 6 While the municipality had no record of this line, it seems most likely to be a water or sewer line given the depth of the excavation. The utility itself was not uncovered during the excavation, only the trench fill.


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remained in the ownership of George Weir for 41 years, with very few transactions in the late nineteenth century and through the twentieth century. Baxter’s name last appears in association with these lots in 1842. The pre-1852 period of activity with the changing ownership corresponds with the use of steamboats on Kemptville Creek connecting the village to the wider regional economy via the Rideau Canal between 1830 and 1854. The Prescott & Bytown Railway was opened in 1854 with Kemptville as a stop along the route, and the transportation of goods via the railway quickly superseded the use of steamboats. An early twentieth century history of Kemptville states that the river trade was of such importance that several early enterprising citizens built wharves and ancillary warehouses on both creek banks (Anderson 1903:5).

Baxter Bowman and John Henderson were Kemptville merchants who had established a general store in 1830 in a stone building on the south side of Clothier Street near Lydia Street (just northwest of the study area), but who went out of business in 1848 (Anderson 1903:5-7). It is possible that they established a small wharf along the creek to facilitate importing goods to their general store via steamboat. There are no buildings shown within the study area on the 1861 Walling map (see Map 7); the nearest being a ‘Store House’ well to the east. The 1908 topographic map does show a structure near the Methodist cemetery which lay to the north of the study area (see Map 9). Given the scale and accuracy of structures on this map, however, it is suspected that this building was not located on Lots 28 or 29. Very few artifacts dating to the late nineteenth century or early twentieth century were recovered during the Stage 2 and 3 archaeological assessments; it would be expected that there would have been more artifacts from this period had there been a structure present on the lots at that time.

It appears the buried topsoil artifacts recovered during the Stage 3 archaeological assessment of the waterfront trail through the Curry Street right-of-way are part of a diffuse scatter representing the nineteenth century occupation of the area and, possibly, associated with the ash lot identified in the west end of Operation 2 from the Stage 2 archaeological assessment, which was registered at Site BgFv-8 (see Section 4.2.2). The area of the linear corridor of the proposed waterfront trail assessed during the Stage 3 appears distinct from the core of Site BgFv-8, located south of the Curry Street right-of-way, as the highly productive ash deposit, which defines the main component of Site BgFv-8, was not present within the road allowance and the pathway location was far less productive given the area excavated.7

The test pits with the ash deposit identified in Operation 2 within Town Lots 28 and 29 had high artifact counts and the assemblage dated exclusively to the mid-nineteenth century. It is possible that the ash deposit is the result of a fire of an in situ ancillary building for a wharf associated with the mid-nineteenth century steamboat trade via Kemptville Creek and the Rideau Canal. If 7 If we consider the most productive and mostly undisturbed units from the Stage 3 (only excluding the easterly units N00E20, N00E30 and N00E40) the average number of artifacts recovered per excavated square metre was 65.5. Comparatively for the Stage 2 test pits with the ash deposit, using a diameter of 35 cm per test, that average number of artifacts recovered per excavated square metre was 384.5, nearly six times more productive for artifacts per square metre than the Stage 3 excavations.


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this is the case, Site BgFv-8 is potentially associated with the merchants Bowman and Henderson (see above). However, the ash and artifacts may also be associated with re-deposited fill or refuse along the creek bank. A Stage 3 assessment within Lots 28 and 29 south of the Curry Street right-of-way would be necessary to determine the nature of BgFv-8 and whether it is of further cultural heritage value or interest. As this area now lies outside of the study corridor for the pathway, further assessment to determine the cultural heritage value or interest of Site BgFv-8 is beyond the scope of the pathway development project as presently defined. Similarly, it will only be possible to determine the full limits of Site BgFv-8 through further archaeological assessment to the south and, probably north, of the un-opened Curry Street allowance; again, this is outside the current pathway project study area.

The extent of the test pitting and unit excavation combined with the nature of the recovered artifacts, simple stratigraphy and lack of features identified during the Stage 2 and Stage 3 assessment of the pathway alignment within the Curry Street road allowance indicates that this corridor does not merit further assessment by hand excavation at the Stage 4 mitigation level. The proximity of the corridor to an archaeological site which, given the constrains of a linear corridor, remains poorly understood and defined means, however, that a Stage 4 archaeological assessment is required. In consultation with MTCS, it has been determined that an appropriate Stage 4 mitigation strategy within the confines of the linear pathway corridor would include excavation by mechanical topsoil removal between Stage 3 Unit N00E20 and c. ten metres west of Stage 3 Unit S05W14 (Map 45). This would involved the removal of soil down to subsoil in small increments under the direction of a licensed archaeologist. The required machinery for the archaeological removal of soils would be a back hoe or excavator with a straight-edged ditching bucket. This methodology provides the archaeologist the opportunity to stop mechanical excavation should any features, artifact concentrations or significant stratigraphy be identified. Any such deposits would then be fully excavated by hand and documented in compliance with Stage 4 excavation procedures as detailed in Section 4.2.3 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). All artifacts should be collected according to stratigraphic and/or cultural context. Furthermore the surface of the exposed subsoil should be cleaned/shovel shined to determine whether there are any features extending into subsoil.

Additionally, to protect the core of Site BgFv-8 from construction impacts, a temporary barrier (i.e. snow fencing) will need to be erected to designate a “no go” area for the construction crew and equipment. This temporary barrier should be erected along the southern edge of the pathway corridor between c. 40 metres east of the James Street road allowance and c. 10 metres west of the property boundary between Lot 28 and Lot 27 (see Map 45). The excavations will also need to be backfilled immediately after the completion of the archaeological assessment to stabilize the site area.

5.5 Stage 3 Recommendations

The results of the Stage 3 assessment, in combination with the findings from the Stage 1 and Stage 2 assessments also documented in this report, provide the basis for the following final recommendations:


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1) Given the association with the Kemptville Creek Pathway Site (BgFv-8), the linear corridor for the proposed pathway within the un-opened Curry Street road allowance between c. 40 metres east of the James Street road allowance and c. 10 metres west of the property boundary between Lot 28 and Lot 27 (see Map 45), Stage 4 archaeological mitigation of this section of the pathway corridor is required. This mitigation should involve mechanical excavation of the pathway extending to the subsoil under archaeological supervision. Any archaeological features or significant cultural stratigraphy encountered during the mechanical excavation should be hand excavated according to MTCS standards for Stage 4 excavation as detailed in Section 4.2.3 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 20111).

2) In order to ensure the protected areas of site BgFv-8 are not impacted for the duration of the planned construction-related activities, temporary physical barriers (i.e. snow fencing) should be installed along the southern edge of the pathway corridor between c. 40 metres east of the James Street road allowance and c. 10 metres west of the property boundary between Lot 28 and Lot 27 (see Map 45) and a licensed consultant archaeologist should be retained to ensure that the temporary barriers are correctly located. The Stage 4 excavation area should be backfilled immediately following the archaeological excavation to ensure the site area is stabilized. In addition, a post-construction site visit should be conducted by a licensed consultant archaeologist to ensure that the site was not impacted during construction-related activities.

3) Any alteration to the pathway alignment or other associated construction impacts that would result in below surface disturbance (e.g. staging areas, lay down areas, etc.) beyond the areas investigated as part of the present Stage 1, 2 and 3 assessment will require additional archaeological assessment.

4) Any future archaeological assessments should be undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in compliance with Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).



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6.0 FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS

As the Stage 2 and 3 assessments documented here do not address all of the potential outstanding concerns from the Stage 1 assessment it is necessary to have a final set of recommendations that addresses all of the archaeological concerns of associated with the proposed waterfront trail and pedestrian bridge in Kemptville, Ontario.

The cumulative results of the Stage 1, 2 and 3 assessments documented in this report form the basis for the following recommendations:

1) Given the association with the Kemptville Creek Pathway Site (BgFv-8), the linear corridor for the proposed pathway within the un-opened Curry Street road allowance between c. 40 metres east of the James Street road allowance and c. 10 metres west of the property boundary between Lot 28 and Lot 27 (see Map 45), Stage 4 archaeological mitigation of this section of the pathway corridor is required. This mitigation should involve mechanical excavation of the pathway extending to the subsoil under archaeological supervision. Any archaeological features or significant cultural stratigraphy encountered during the mechanical excavation should be hand excavated according to MTCS standards for Stage 4 excavation as detailed in Section 4.2.3 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 20111).

2) In order to ensure the protected areas of site BgFv-8 are not impacted for the duration of the planned construction-related activities, temporary physical barriers (i.e. snow fencing) should be installed along the southern edge of the pathway corridor between c. 40 metres east of the James Street road allowance and c. 10 metres west of the property boundary between Lot 28 and Lot 27 (see Map 45) and a licensed consultant archaeologist should be retained to ensure that the temporary barriers are correctly located. The Stage 4 excavation area should be backfilled immediately following the archaeological excavation to ensure the site area is stabilized. In addition, a post-construction site visit should be conducted by a licensed consultant archaeologist to ensure that the site was not impacted during construction-related activities.

3) Any alteration to the pathway alignment or other associated construction impacts that would result in below surface disturbance (e.g. staging areas, lay down areas, etc.) beyond the areas investigated as part of the present Stage 1, 2 and 3 assessments will require additional archaeological assessment.

4) The portions of town lots beyond the limits of the linear corridor assessed by the Stage 2 and 3 archaeological assessment of the pedestrian pathway retain their archaeological potential indentified in the Stage 1 component of this report (see Map 25). They will minimally require a Stage 2 assessment before any future below grade disturbance. The recommended Stage 2 assessment strategy would be to perform a shovel test pit survey at 5 metre intervals as per Section 2.1.2 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).

5) Any portion of the proposed future pathway extensions identified as having archaeological potential that were not subject to this Stage 2 archaeological assessment


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(i.e. Riverside Park, Rotary Park and the private properties east of Rotary Park) will require a Stage 2 assessment before the construction of these pathway extensions (see Map 46). The recommended Stage 2 assessment strategy would be to perform a shovel test pit survey at 5 metre intervals as per Section 2.1.2 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).

6) Any future archaeological assessments should be undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in compliance with Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).



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7.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

In order to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act, the reader is advised of the following:

1) This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the Ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

2) It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

3) Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

4) The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

5) Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological licence.


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8.0 LIMITATIONS AND CLOSURE

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. has prepared this report in a manner consistent with that level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by members of the archaeological profession currently practicing under similar conditions in the jurisdiction in which the services are provided, subject to the time limits and physical constraints applicable to this report. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made.

This report has been prepared for the specific site, design objective, developments and purpose prescribed in the client proposal and subsequent agreed upon changes to the contract. The factual data, interpretations and recommendations pertain to a specific project as described in this report and are not applicable to any other project or site location.

Unless otherwise stated, the suggestions, recommendations and opinions given in this report are intended only for the guidance of the client in the design of the specific project.

Special risks occur whenever archaeological investigations are applied to identify subsurface conditions and even a comprehensive investigation, sample and testing program may fail to detect all or certain archaeological resources. The sampling strategies in this study comply with those identified in the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011).

The documentation related to this archaeological assessment will be curated by Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. until such a time that arrangements for their ultimate transfer to an approved and suitable repository can be made to the satisfaction of the project owner(s), the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport and any other legitimate interest group.

We trust that this report meets your current needs. If you have any questions of if we may be of further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned.

Brenda Kennett, M.A. Principal Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.


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9.0 REFERENCES

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n.d. Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment, Riverview Lane Development Property, Riverview Lane, Town of Kemptville, Part of Lots 29, Concession 2, Geographic Township of Oxford, Municipality of North Grenville, County of Leeds and Grenville, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Adams Heritage 1997 An Archaeological/Heritage Resource Assessment (Stages 1 & 2) of the proposed

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1990 An Archaeological and Heritage Survey of the Route of Highway 416 Between Highway 401 and Century Road. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

1989 Archaeological Survey Report, Highway 416, MTO. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Anderson, Carr J. 1903 Kemptville: Past and Present. The Telegram Printing Company, Kemptville. Archaeoworks Inc. 2014a Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment: Proposed Widening of County Road 43 from

County Road 44 (Rideau Street) to the Colonnade Retail Centre, Detailed Design, Lots 26-30, Concessions 2 and 3, in the Geographic Township of Oxford on Rideau, Historic County of Grenville, Now in the Municipality of North Grenville, United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

2014b Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment for the :Proposed Development within Part of Lot 29, Concession 3, Part 3 & 4 of Plan 15R6364 and Part 1 of Plan 15R6518, in the Geographic Township of Oxford on Rideau, Historic County of Grenville, Now the Municipality of North Grenville, United Counties of Leeds and Grenville Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

2009 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (AA) of County Road 43 Within Parts of Lots 24 thru 30, Concession 2&3, Municipality of North Grenville, County of Leeds and Grenville Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.


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Arsenault, G. and B. Johnson 1970 Land Capability for Wildlife - Waterfowl. Lands Directorate. Ottawa 31G.

Environment Canada, Ottawa. Atterbury, Paul (ed.) n.d. English Pottery and Porcelain: An Historical Survey. New York: Universe Books. Belden, H. & Co. 1880 Illustrated Historical Atlas of Lanark County. 1972, reprint. Ed. Ross Cumming.

Owen Sound: Richardson, Bond & Wright Limited. Bradley, Charles 2000 “Smoking Pipes for the Archaeologist.” In Studies in Material Research, edited by

Karlis Kaklins, pp 104-133. Society for Historical Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona. Brassard, J.M., R. Bouchard and R. Thomasson 1971 Land Capability for Wildlife - Ungulates. Lands Directorate. Ottawa 31G.

Environment Canada, Ottawa. Brown, Howard Morton 1984 Lanark Legacy: Nineteenth Century Glimpses of an Ontario County. Perth: The

Corporation of the County of Lanark. Burke, Charles 1982 From Potter to Spoilheap: Temporal Ranges and Popularity of Nineteenth-Century Ceramics. Manuscript on file, Canadian Parks Service, Ontario Regional Office, Cornwall. Canada 1891 Indian Treaties and Surrenders from 1690 to 1890 - in Two Volumes. Volume 1.

Ottawa: Brown Chamberlain. Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation 1990 Archaeological Assessment of Sites 416-9 (BfFv-9) and 416-10 (BfFv-10). Report on

file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Third edition. Ontario Geological Survey,

Special Volume 2. Toronto: Ministry of Natural Resources. Clermont, Norman, C. Chapdelaine and J. Cinq-Mars, eds. 2003 Ile aux Allumettes. Collection Paleo-Québec 2003. Musée Canadien des Civilisations,

Gatineau.


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Collard, Elizabeth 1967 Nineteenth-Century Pottery and Porcelain in Canada. 2nd Edition. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Croft, David 1986 Untitled Field Notes on the McLaren Site. On file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism,

Culture and Sport, Toronto. Daechsel, Hugh 1981 Sawdust Bay 2: The Identification of a Middle Woodland Site in the Ottawa Valley.

Unpublished MA Thesis, McMaster University. 1980 An Archaeological Evaluation of the South Nation River Drainage Basin.

Unpublished report prepared for the South Nation River Conservation Authority, Berwick, Ontario.

Day, G.M. and Bruce G. Trigger 1978 “Algonquin.” Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15, Northeast. Ed.

B.G. Trigger. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp 792-797. Ebbs, John C. 1999 A History of Drummond Township. Burnstown: General Store Publishing House. Edwards, F.B. 1984 The Smiling Wilderness: An Illustrated History of Lennox and Addington County.

Camden East: Camden House Publishing. Ellis, Christopher J. and Brian Deller 1990 “Paleo-Indians.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. C. Ellis and

N. Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, No. 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 37-74.

Ellis, Christopher, Ian Kenyon and Michael Spence 1990 “The Archaic.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. C. Ellis and

N. Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, No. 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 65-124.

Fisher Archaeological Consulting 2012 O-Train Vincent Massey Park Project, Ottawa: Limited Stage 4 Excavation of Site BiFw-101 (Areas 25 & 26) 2009 & 2010. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. Golder Associates Ltd. 2009 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Kemptville Water Pollution Control Plant Lots

28-29, Concession 1 and Lot 28 Concession 2, Geographic Township of Oxford, Leeds and Grenville County, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.


55

Heritage Quest Inc. 2000 Stage 1, 2 and 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Allen Point Subdivision, Part Lots

40 and 41, Concession V, City of Kingston (formerly Kingston Township). Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Hessel, P. 1993 The Algonkin Nation: The Algonkins of the Ottawa Valley, A Historical Outline.

Arnprior: Kichesippi Books. Hough, J.L. 1958 Geology of the Great Lakes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Jamieson, James Bruce 1990 “The Archaeology of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians.” The Archaeology of Southern

Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. C. Ellis and N. Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, No. 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp.385-404.

1989 An Inventory of the Prehistoric Archaeological Sites of Ottawa-Carleton. Paper submitted to the Ontario Archaeological Society, Ottawa Chapter.

1980 The Grenville Co. Archaeological Project. Manuscript on file, Ministry of Culture, Toronto.

Jouppien, J.K. 1980 The Application of South’s Mean Ceramic Formula to Ontario Historic Sites. Arch

Notes, May/June:24-28. Kemptville Centennial Committee 1957 Kemptville Centennial - Historical Review of Kemptville and District. Kemptville:

Kemptville Centennial Committee. Kennedy, Clyde 1970 The Upper Ottawa Valley. Pembroke: Renfrew County Council. 1966 “Preliminary Report on the MN6 Site.” Contributions to Anthropology, 1963-1964.

Part I. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 206. Ottawa. 1965 Summary of 1965 Field Work in the Ottawa and Related Areas. Report on file,

Archives of the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau. 1964 Activities in Renfrew and Pontiac Counties, 1964. Report on file, Archives of the

Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau. 1962 “Archaic Hunters in the Ottawa Valley.” Ontario History 54(2):122-128. Kenyon, Ian 1995 A History of Ceramic Tableware in Ontario, 1780-1980. Kewa 95. 1991 A History of Ceramic Tableware in Ontario, 1780-1910 MS prepared for Table Talks

lecture series, Montgomery's Inn, Etobicoke. 1985a A History of Ceramic Tableware in Ontario, 1780-1840. Arch Notes. May/June 85:41-

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1985b A History of Ceramic Tableware in Ontario, 1840-1870. Arch Notes 85(5). 1982 A Note on the Decline and Fall of Blue and Green Edge Ceramics. Kewa 82-5:7. Kinickinick Heritage Consultants (Kinickinick) 2004 A Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment of Part of Proposed Central Canada

Exhibition, Albion Road Site, On Parts of Lots 24 & 25, Concession 3, Gloucester Township (Geo), City of Ottawa. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

2003a Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Bradley Lands, Lot 24, Concession 12, Goulbourn Township, City of Ottawa. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

2003b Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment of a Proposed Subdivision in Honeygables, Lot 18 Broken Front Concession, Gloucester Twp. (Geo.), City of Ottawa. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Konrad, V. 1981 An Iroquois Frontier: The North Shore of Lake Ontario During the Late 17th

Century. Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. V11, pp. 129-144. Laliberté, M. 2000 Synthèse des recherches archéologiques dans le Parc du Lac Leamy 1993-1999.

Gatineau: Écomusée de Hull. 1998 Archaeological Resource Potential, Federal Lands in the National Capital Region,

Volumes 1 and 2. Report prepared for the National Capital Commission. Leavitt, Thad. W.H. 1879 History of Leeds and Grenville. Brockville: Recorder Press. Leeds and Grenville Community History Project 2000 Our Living History – An Historical Guide to the United Counties of Leeds and

Grenville. Thousand Islands River Heritage Society, Mallorytown. Lockwood, Glenn J. 1996 The Rear of Leeds & Lansdowne: The Making of Community on the Gananoque

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Mika Publishing Co., Editor 2002 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the Counties of Leeds and Grenville, Canada West,

from actual surveys under the direction of H.F. Walling, Kingston, Canada West. Reprint Edition. Originally published by Putnam & Walling Publishers, 1861-62. Mika Publishing Co., Belleville.

Miller, George L. 1991 A Revised Site of CC Index Values for Classification and Economic Scaling of English

Ceramics from 1787 to 1880. Historical Archaeology, 25:1-25. Miller, George L., Patricia Samford, Ellen Shlasko and Andrew Madisen 2000 Telling Time for Archaeologists. Northeast Historical Archaeology, 29:1-22. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MCTS) 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Toronto: Ontario Ministry

of Tourism, Culture and Sport. Mitchell, B.M. 1990 “Vinette-1: A Review of Origin and Development.” The Ottawa Archaeologist, 17(2),

pp.9-13. 1980- Untitled Report on Field Work Relating to the Wilbur Lake Sites. Report on file,

1991 Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1987 “Archaeology of the Petawawa River: The Second Site at Montgomery Lake.” Michigan

Archaeologist, Vol. 15(1-2), pp 1-53. 1963 “The Occurrence of Overall Corded Pottery in the Upper Ottawa Valley.” American

Antiquity, 29(1), pp.114-115. Moore, Jonathan 2005 Rideau Canal, National Historic Site of Canada: Submerged Cultural Resource

Inventory. Manuscript on file, Parks Canada, Ottawa. Municipality of North Grenville 2010a Official Plan of the Municipality of North Grenville.

http://www.northgrenville.ca/files/NG%20OP%202010.pdf 2010b Walking Tour of Kreepy Kemptville.

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Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. 2009 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed North Grenville Public Library

Site, Lot 27, Concession 3, Geographic Township of Oxford, Kemptville, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

2010a Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed North Grenville Public Library Site, Lot 27, Concession 3, Geographic Township of Oxford, Kemptville, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

2010b Archaeological Monitoring of the Excavation for the North Grenville Public Library (BgFv-4), Lot 23, Concession 3, Geographic Township of Oxford, Kemptville, Leeds and Grenville County, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

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Toronto Press. Richards, N.R., B.C. Matthews and F.F. Morwick. 1949 Soil Survey of Grenville County. Report No. 12 of the Ontario Soil Survey, Ministry of

Agriculture and Food, Agriculture Canada, Guelph ON. Robertson, Donald and David Croft 1976 The Meath Site. Manuscript on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport,

Toronto. 1971- Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of

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Fisheries and the Environment. Spence, M., R. Pihl, and C. Murphy 1990 “Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods.” The Archaeology of

Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. C. Ellis and N. Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, No. 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp 125-169.


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Sutton, R. 1990 Hidden Amidst the Hills: Middle and Late Iroquoian Occupations in the Middle

Trent Valley. Occasional Papers in Northeastern Archaeology No. 3. Dundas: Copetown Press.

Swayze, Ken and Robert McGhee 2011 The Heritage Hills Site and Early Postglacial Occupation of the Ottawa Valley.

Archaeology of Eastern North America (2011), No 39, pp. 131-152. Trigger, Bruce G. 1976 The Children of Aataensic: A History of the Huron People to 1660. 2 Volumes.

Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Van Courtlandt. E. 1853 Notice of an Indian Burying Ground. The Carleton Journal (February):160-161. Watson, Gordon 1999 “The Paleo-Indian Period in the Ottawa Valley.” Ottawa Valley Prehistory. Hull:

Outaouais Historical Society, pp. 27-42. 1982 Rideau Lakes Archaeology 1982. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture

and Sport, Toronto. Watson, Ken 2007 The Rideau Route: Exploring the Pre-Canal Waterway. Self-published. Wintemberg, W.J. 1936 Roebuck Prehistoric Village Site, Grenville County, Ontario. National Museum of

Canada, Bulletin No. 83, Anthropological Series, No. 19, Ottawa. Wright, James 1966 The Ontario Iroquois Tradition. National Museum of Canada, Bulletin No. 210.

Anthropological Series No. 75. Ottawa.


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PRIMARY DOCUMENTS: Queen’s University: Maps, Data & Government Information Centre (MADGIC): National Topographic Series (NTS): 31G/04 - Kemptville - 1st Edition (1908) 31G/04 - Kemptville - 2nd Edition (1940) 31G/04 - Kemptville - 8th Edition (2001) Canada Lands Survey System (CLSS): 1828 Plan of the Rideau River, CLSS 61722 Ontario Geological Survey (OGS): 1982a Map P.2493 - Paleozoic Geology of Kemptville Area 1982b Map 1492A - Surficial Geology of Kemptville Ontario Leeds Land Registry Office (LLRO): 1862-Plan of the Village of Kemptville Land Registry Abstract Indices: Lot 27 Concession 1, Oxford on Rideau Township Town Lots 19, 20, 21, 22 north west side of Water Street Town Lots 27, 28, 29, 30 south east side of Water Street

Library and Archives Canada (LAC) - National Map Collection (NMC):

NMC 0080789 Walling Plan of Kemptville, 1861


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10.0 MAPS

Map 1. Location of the study area.

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