Comments on the Ocean-related Satellite Needs Identified in the GCOS Implementation Plan
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Transcript of Comments on the Ocean-related Satellite Needs Identified in the GCOS Implementation Plan
Comments on the Ocean-related Satellite Needs
Identified in the GCOS Implementation Plan
Stan WilsonSenior Scientist, NOAA/NESDIS
NOAA Climate Observation Program 4th Annual System Review
10-12 May 2006
Ocean-related satellite actions from the: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE
GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM FOR CLIMATE IN SUPPORT OF THE UNFCCC (October 2004)
• Action O12 – Sea surface height (SSH) • Action A11 – Surface vector winds (SVW) • Action O18 – Ocean color • Action O9 – Sea surface temperature (SST) • Action O23 – Sea ice• Action O16 – Sea surface salinity (SSS)
Where can NOAA make a difference?
• Where can we in NOAA make a difference? – Use that as a basis to prioritize and focus
• For the shorter term, we have been – and will continue to be – dependent on NASA’s remarkable capabilities
• For the longer term, we need to consider NOPESS:– CMIS – for SVW & SST– VIIRS – for Ocean color & SST
– Altimeter option – for SSH • Given the Nunn/McCurdy exercise underway, we won’t
know its impact on NPOESS until completion on June 5• FY08 budget process is considering two options:
– No growth– 5 % cut
NASA Research & NOAA Operations – 1
• Research & operations (R&O) transitioning has been identified as a national issue
• Congressional language in the NOAA FY05 budget:– “Provide NOAA the capability to transition NASA
remote sensed ocean measurements into operational products for the user community”
– Observations explicitly mentioned: “ocean winds from scatterometers,…sea level…from altimeters, and…ocean color”
• $4M R&O earmark was provided in FY05 and again in FY06 – this is the first NOAA funding specifically directed at helping effect the transition of oceanic capabilities from NASA
NASA Research & NOAA Operations – 2
• Congressional language in the FY06 NASA budget directs the establishment of a Joint Working Group (JWG)– Chet Koblinsky is NOAA lead (with Louis Uccellini, Tom
Karl & Stan Wilson)– Jack Kaye is NASA lead
• This is a priority for the NOAA Administrator• The JWG will identify an initial set of a half-dozen
capabilities for transitioning, for which initial implementation plans are to be developed this year
• Progress will ultimately depend on success in the budget process – the first opportunity being FY09
Focus and Priorities
• Capabilities includes the full range of activities – space hardware, calibration & validation, communications, ground data system & archival, timely data access, assimilation of data into models, and the generation of associated analyses and forecasts
• While not sufficient, space hardware is a necessary element of the overall capability which NOAA should implement
• This presentation specifically focuses on those aspects for which NOAA needs to take timely action – thus serving as a basis for prioritizing
Action O12 – Sea surface height (SSH) – Ensure continuous coverage from one high-precision altimeter and two lower-precision but higher-resolution altimeters.
• NASA & CNES will implement OSTM/Jason-2 (2008 launch), with NOAA & EUMETSAT doing ground operations
• If the Jason series is to be extended, NOAA & EUMETSAT must take the lead for a Jason-3
• Current possibilities for complementary altimeters include ESA/Sentinel-3, CNES/AltiKa, & NOPESS
In orbit Approved Planned/Pendng Approval
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2-f MR & 66-deg, 10-day, 315-km
98-deg, 35-day, 80-km
ERS-2
ENVISAT
JASON
13 14 15
GMES Sentinel 3
Jason
108-deg, 17-day, 160-km
NPOESS C-3
98-deg, 17-day, 130-km
Jason-3
AltiKa on OceanSat-3
TOPEX-Poseidon
Sea Surface Height
GEOSAT Follow-on
OSTM (Jason-2)
?
Planning for a Jason-3
• NOAA and EUMETSAT have agreed to pursue a Jason-3• Immediate objective is to develop a conceptual approach
for the mission to:– Be presented to EUMETSAT Council this fall for approval– Support FY09 NOAA budget initiative
• Applications and Implementation Working Groups are being established– Ants Leetmaa will be NOAA co-chair of AWG (with Laury Miller)– David Anderson will be involved on the EUMETSAT side
• The Applications Working Group will work with its companion NASA Sea Surface Topography Science Team
Jason-3 Applications Working Groupto address questions such as:
• To what extent are there orbital options – lower altitude and higher inclination – able to resolve major tidal components?
• Together with POD and repeat ground tracks, to what extent could such an orbit extend the coverage initiated by TOPEX/Poseidon without compromising the capability to produce climate-quality data records?
• To what extent are additional altimeters – what type and in which orbit – needed to meet operational needs?
• If a wide-swath altimeter were to be offered for piggyback flight on Jason-3, to what extent could it also meet the needs for observing mesoscale eddies, coastal variability, and rivers & lakes?
Jason-3 Implementation Working Groupto address questions such as:
• Compare and contrast the implementation approaches for a clone of Jason-2 in its same orbit versus one in a lower altitude and higher inclination orbit?
• If a wide-swath altimeter were considered as a piggyback instrument, – What additional spacecraft capabilities would be
needed to facilitate a 100% duty cycle? – To what extent would it represent an added risk
and/or delay to Jason-3?• Identify possibilities for sharing of responsibilities
in implementation.• Help establish ROM mission costs.
Action A11 – Surface vector winds (SVW) – Ensure continuous operation of AM and PM satellite scatterometer or equivalent observations.• NWS operational use of QuikScat SVW – NCEP began
four years ago & WFOs began within past year• ASCAT will launch on METOP later this year, but will
have only ~60% of QuikSCAT swath• While evaluation of WindSat passive polarimetry is not
yet complete, neither passive polarimetry (NPOESS/ CMIS) nor scatterometry (QuikSCAT) will meet all needs
• Further improvements – required to resolve the wind vs. rain ambiguity – will be addressed in a workshop at NHC early next month
• NASA has initiated a study of advanced concepts for scatterometry
Surface Vector Winds
AMI/ERS-2
Seawinds/QuikSCAT
WINDSAT CMIS/NPOESS-C1
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
In orbit Approved Planned/Pendng Approval
CMIS/NPOESS-C2
CMIS/NPOESS-C3
SeaWINDS/ADEOS-II
895 km 1700 km
500 km
1600 km
ASCAT/METOP – 3 satellites
2 x 550 km with 768 km gap
?
Planning for Surface Vector Winds
• NOAA is establishing an Applications Working Group with Bob Atlas as chair (with Paul Chang) to work with its companion NASA SVW Science Team
• Resolution of the wind vs. rain ambiguity will most likely require a two-channel scatterometer with a companion microwave radiometer
• We are working to have NOAA needs factored into the NASA-funded study of advanced concepts for scatterometry
• If this were done, NOAA could be positioned to define a budget initiative appropriate for SVW
Action O18 – Ocean color – Implement plans for a sustained and continuous deployment of ocean color satellite sensors
together with research and analysis. • Space observing capabilities for ocean color are in place • NASA has essentially been providing sole U.S. support
for satellite ocean color (SeaWiFS & MODIS)• NOAA just initiated support for research access to
SeaWiFS global GAC and U.S. LAC data• NPOESS/VIIRS is to serve as the nation’s continuing
source of ocean color observations• But considering climate-quality data records, NOAA lacks
support for:– In-situ calibration capability (included in FY09 initiative with NIST)– Capability for algorithm refinement, routine reprocessing, and
science team (include in initiative for Scientific Data Stewardship)
MERIS/ENVISAT
MODIS/Terra
MODIS/AQUA
VIIRS/NPP SeaWiFS/SeaStar
OCM/OCEANSAT-2
SGLI/GCOM
OCM/OCEANSAT
FY-3A, B,.. (VIRR/MODI)
In orbit Approved Planned/Pendng Approval
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ocean Color
VIIRS/NPOESS-C1
VIIRS/NPOESS-C2
VIIRS/NPOESS-C3?
Action O9 – Sea surface temperature (SST) – Ensure a continuous mix of polar orbiting and geostationary IR measurements
combined with passive microwave coverage. • Space observing capabilities for SST are in place• GHRSST and NOPP provide a direction for SST-related
efforts internationally and nationally• Work is underway to demonstrate improved SST based on
combining IR and microwave observations• But considering climate-quality data records, NOAA lacks
support for a capability for algorithm refinement, routine reprocessing, and science team (include in initiative for Scientific Data Stewardship)
• Some improved SST coordination within NOAA might be helpful (OAR/ESRL; NESDIS/NCDC, NODC, ORA; JCSDA)
Action O23 – Sea ice – Ensure sustained satellite (microwave, SAR, visible and IR) operations.
• A variety of space observing capabilities for sea ice are in place
• Future visible, IR & microwave radiometry to come from VIIRS & CMIS on NPOESS
• Data access – timeliness and cost – is an issue for SAR observations (Radarsat and ENVISAT)
• Ice thickness is a challenge• The same comment can be made regarding
climate-quality data records
Action O16 – Sea surface salinity (SSS) – Research programs to demonstrate feasibility of utilizing satellite data to help resolve global fields of SSS.
• ESA SMOS in 2007 and NASA/CONAE Aquarius in 2009 represent opportunities to demonstrate the utility of satellite determination of SSS
SUMMARYWhere can NOAA make a difference?
• Pursue joint Jason-3 initiative with EUMETSAT in NOAA FY09 budget
• Harmonize NASA/NOAA planning for an improved capability to observe SVW
• Include support for in-situ calibration capability for Ocean Color in NOAA/NIST initiative in FY09
• Include support for oceanic parameters in NOAA initiative for Scientific Data Stewardship
SUMMARYWhere can NOAA make a difference?
• Pursue joint Jason-3 initiative with EUMETSAT in NOAA FY09 budget
• Harmonize NASA/NOAA planning for an improved capability to observe SVW
• Include support for in-situ calibration capability for Ocean Color in NOAA/NIST initiative in FY09
• Include support for oceanic parameters in NOAA initiative for Scientific Data Stewardship
• But these will not happen because of NESDIS – support must come from the NOAA Goal Teams and Line Office Heads
A Sustained, Systematic Global Ocean Observing, Assimilation, Analysis &
Forecasting Capability
KEY SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS
A state variable:
• Surface pressure field – Extend the Jason series of altimetry as a complement to Argo
A boundary condition:
• Surface stress field – Use what exists (QuikSCAT, WindSat, CMIS on NPOESS, ASCAT on METOP) and pursue advanced scatterometry with NASA
A non-physical variable:
• Near-surface chlorophyll – Effect the collection of scientific-quality data records linking SeaWiFS, MODIS, and VIIRS on NPP/NPOESS
Backups
Sea Surface Temperature
AVHRR/NOAA am orbit
AVHRR/NOAA pm orbit
TRMM WINDSAT
VIIRS/NPOESS C1
VIIRS/ C2
ATSR/ERS-2 AATSR/ENVISAT
MODIS/EOS-Terra VIIRS/NPP
MOS/IRS-P3
MODIS/EOS-Aqua
ADEOS-2
HY-1
MSMR/IRS-P4
HY-2
FY-3A, B,.. (VIRR/MODI)FY-1DFY-1C
CBERS-2
ESA GMES S-3
SGLI/GCOM-B1
**Geostationary sats: GOES, MSG important but not shown
AVHRR/EPS(Metop) am orbit
CBERS-4CBERS-2B CBERS-3
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
In orbit Approved Planned/Pendng Approval
Sea Ice (Concentration, Extent, Drift, Thickness)
GODAE
Seawinds/QuikSCAT
VIIRS/NPP
OLS & SSMI/DMSP—AVHRR & AMSU/NOAA
MODIS/EOS-Terra
ALOS L-band
RADARSAT-2 C-band
RADARSAT-3
COSMO-SKYMED X band
HY-1
TERRASAR X bandJERS-1 L band
MODIS & AMSR-E/EOS-Aqua
ICESAT
SMOS
WindSat
CRYOSAT
CMIS/NPOESS-C1
ESA GMES S-3
ESA GMES S-1
ASAR/Envisat C-bandAMI/ERS C-band
RADARSAT-1 C-bandDri
ftT
hic
knes
s
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
In orbit Approved Planned/Pendng Approval
Geoid and Salinity Missions
CHAMP
GRACE
SMOS
GOCE
Gravity/Geoid missions (for absolute circulation)
Salinity
AQUARIUS
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
In orbit Approved Planned/Pendng Approval
Oersted
SAC-CSwarm