Comme Appelé du Néant As If Summoned from the …math.fau.edu/yiu/PSRM2015/yiu/RECREATIONA... ·...

1038 NOTICES OF THE AMS VOLUME 51, NUMBER 4

Comme Appelé du Néant—As If Summoned from the Void:The Life of AlexandreGrothendieckAllyn Jackson

Et toute science, quand nous l’enten-dons non comme un instrument de pou-voir et de domination, mais commeaventure de connaissance de notre es-pèce à travers les âges, n’est autre choseque cette harmonie, plus ou moins vasteet plus ou moins riche d’une époque àl’autre, qui se déploie au cours desgénérations et des siècles, par le délicatcontrepoint de tous les thèmes apparustour à tour, comme appelés du néant.

And every science, when we understandit not as an instrument of power anddomination but as an adventure inknowledge pursued by our speciesacross the ages, is nothing but this har-mony, more or less vast, more or lessrich from one epoch to another, whichunfurls over the course of generationsand centuries, by the delicate counter-point of all the themes appearing inturn, as if summoned from the void.

—Récoltes et Semailles, page P20

Alexandre Grothendieck is a mathematician ofimmense sensitivity to things mathematical, ofprofound perception of the intricate and elegantlines of their architecture. A couple of high pointsfrom his biography—he was a founding member of

the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS)and received the Fields Medal in 1966—suffice tosecure his place in the pantheon of twentieth cen-tury mathematics. But such details cannot capturethe essence of his work, which is rooted in some-thing far more organic and humble. As he wrote inhis long memoir, Récoltes et Semailles (Reapings andSowings, R&S), “What makes the quality of a re-searcher’s inventiveness and imagination is thequality of his attention to hearing the voices ofthings” (emphasis in the original, page P27). TodayGrothendieck’s own voice, embodied in his writtenworks, reaches us as if through a void: now seventy-six years old, he has for more than a decade livedin seclusion in a remote hamlet in the south ofFrance.

Grothendieck changed the landscape of mathe-matics with a viewpoint that is “cosmically general”,in the words of Hyman Bass of the University ofMichigan. This viewpoint has been so thoroughlyabsorbed into mathematics that nowadays it is dif-ficult for newcomers to imagine that the field wasnot always this way. Grothendieck left his deepestmark on algebraic geometry, where he placed em-phasis on discovering relationships among math-ematical objects as a way of understanding the ob-jects themselves. He had an extremely powerful,almost other-worldly ability of abstraction that al-lowed him to see problems in a highly general con-text, and he used this ability with exquisite preci-sion. Indeed, the trend toward increasing generalityand abstraction, which can be seen across thewhole field since the middle of the twentieth

Allyn Jackson is senior writer and deputy editor of the No-tices. Her email address is [email protected].

This is the first part of a two-part article aboutthe life of Alexandre Grothendieck. The secondpart of the article will appear in the next issueof the Notices.

OCTOBER 2004 NOTICES OF THE AMS 1039

century, is due in no small part to Grothendieck’sinfluence. At the same time, generality for its ownsake, which can lead to sterile and uninterestingmathematics, is something he never engaged in.

Grothendieck’s early life during World War II hada good deal of chaos and trauma, and his educa-tional background was not the best. How heemerged from these deprived beginnings andforged a life for himself as one of the leading math-ematicians in the world is a story of high drama—as is his decision in 1970 to abruptly leave themathematical milieu in which his greatest achieve-ments blossomed and which was so deeply influ-enced by his extraordinary personality.

Early Life

Ce qui me satisfaisait le moins, dans noslivres de maths [au lycée], c’était l’ab-sence de toute définition sérieuse de lanotion de longueur (d’une courbe),d’aire (d’une surface), de volume (d’unsolide). Je me suis promis de comblercette lacune, dès que j’en aurais le loisir.

What was least satisfying to me in our[high school] math books was the ab-sence of any serious definition of the no-tion of length (of a curve), of area (of asurface), of volume (of a solid). Ipromised myself I would fill this gapwhen I had the chance.


Armand Borel of the Institute for AdvancedStudy in Princeton, who died in August 2003 at theage of 80, remembered the first time he metGrothendieck, at a Bourbaki seminar in Paris in No-vember 1949. During a break between lectures,Borel, then in his mid-twenties, was chatting withCharles Ehresmann, who at forty-five years of agewas a leading figure in French mathematics. AsBorel recalled, a young man strode up to Ehresmannand, without any preamble, demanded, “Are youan expert on topological groups?” Ehresmann, notwanting to seem immodest, replied that yes, heknew something about topological groups. Theyoung man insisted, “But I need a real expert!”This was Alexandre Grothendieck, age twenty-one—brash, intense, not exactly impolite but hav-ing little sense of social niceties. Borel remem-bered the question Grothendieck asked: Is everylocal topological group the germ of a global topo-logical group? As it turned out, Borel knew a coun-terexample. It was a question that showed Grothen-dieck was already thinking in very general terms.

Grothendieck’s time in Paris in the late 1940swas his first real contact with the world of math-ematical research. Up to that time, his life story—

at least what is known ofit—contains few cluesthat he was destined tobecome a dominant fig-ure in that world. Manyof the details aboutGrothendieck’s familybackground and early lifeare sketchy or unknown.Winfried Scharlau of theUniversität Münster iswriting a biography ofGrothendieck and hasstudied carefully thispart of his life. Much ofthe information in thefollowing biographicalsketch comes from an in-terview with Scharlau and

from biographical materials he has assembledabout Grothendieck [Scharlau].

Grothendieck’s father, whose name may havebeen Alexander Shapiro, was born into a Jewishfamily in Novozybkov in Ukraine on October 11,1889. Shapiro was an anarchist and took part in var-ious uprisings in czarist Russia in the early twen-tieth century. Arrested at the age of seventeen, hemanaged to elude adeath sentence, but,after escaping andbeing recaptured afew times, he spent atotal of about tenyears in prison.Grothendieck’s fatherhas sometimes beenconfused with an-other more famousactivist also namedAlexander Shapiro,who participated insome of the same po-litical movements.This other Shapiro,who was portrayed inJohn Reed’s book TenDays that Shook the World, emigrated to New Yorkand died there in 1946, by which time Grothen-dieck’s father had already been dead for four years.Another distinguishing detail is that Grothendieck’sfather had only one arm. According to JustineBumby, who lived with Grothendieck for a periodin the 1970s and had a son by him, his father losthis arm in a suicide attempt while trying to avoidbeing captured by the police. Grothendieck himselfmay unwittingly have contributed to the confu-sion between the two Shapiros; for example, PierreCartier of the Institut des Hautes Études Scien-tifiques mentioned in [Cartier2] Grothendieck’s

Grothendieck’smother, Hanka, 1917.

Grothendieck’s father,Sascha, ca. 1922.


maintaining that one of the figures in Reed’s bookwas his father.

In 1921 Shapiro left Russia and was stateless forthe rest of his life. To hide his political past, he ob-tained identity papers with the name AlexanderTanaroff, and for the rest of his life he lived underthis name. He spent time in France, Germany, andBelgium, where he associated with anarchist andother revolutionary groups. In the radical circles ofBerlin in the mid-1920s, he met Grothendieck’smother, Johanna (Hanka) Grothendieck. She hadbeen born on August 21, 1900, into a bourgeoisfamily of Lutherans in Hamburg. Rebelling againsther traditional upbringing, she was drawn to Berlin,which was then a hotbed of avant-garde culture and

revolutionary social movements.Both she and Shapiro yearned tobe writers. He never published any-thing, but she published somenewspaper articles; in particular,between 1920 and 1922, she wrotefor a leftist weekly newspapercalled Der Pranger, which hadtaken up the cause of prostitutesliving on the fringe of Hamburgsociety. Much later, in the late1940s, she wrote an autobio-graphical novel called Eine Frau,which was never published.

For most of his life, Tanaroffwas a street photographer, an oc-cupation that allowed him to earnan independent living withoutbeing in an employer-employee re-lationship that would have run

counter to his anarchist principles. He and Hankahad each been married before, and each had a childfrom the previous marriage, she a daughter and hea son. Alexandre Grothendieck was born in Berlinon March 28, 1928, into a family consisting ofHanka, Tanaroff, and Hanka’s daughter from herfirst marriage, Maidi, who was four years olderthan Alexandre. He was known in the family, andto his close friends later on, as Shurik; his father’snickname was Sascha. Although he never met hishalf-brother, Grothendieck dedicated to him themanuscript A La Poursuite des Champs (PursuingStacks), written in the 1980s.

In 1933, when the Nazis came to power, Shapirofled Berlin for Paris. In December that year, Hankadecided to follow her husband, so she put her sonin the care of a foster family in Blankenese, nearHamburg; Maidi was left in an institution for hand-icapped children in Berlin, although she was nothandicapped (R&S, pages 472–473). The foster fam-ily was headed by Wilhelm Heydorn, whose re-markable life is outlined in his biography, NurMensch Sein! [Heydorn]; the book contains a pho-tograph of Alexandre Grothendieck from 1934,

and he is mentioned briefly. Heydorn had been aLutheran priest and army officer, then left thechurch and worked as an elementary school teacherand a Heilpraktiker (which nowadays might betranslated roughly as “practitioner of alternativemedicine”). In 1930 he founded an idealistic polit-ical party called the “Menschheitspartei” (“Hu-manity Party”), which was outlawed by the Nazis.Heydorn had four children of his own, and he andhis wife Dagmar, following their sense of Christ-ian duty, took in several foster children who wereseparated from their families in the tumultuous pe-riod leading up to World War II.

Grothendieck remained with the Heydorn fam-ily for five years, between the ages of five andeleven, and attended school. A memoir by DagmarHeydorn recalled the young Alexandre as beingvery free, completely honest, and lacking in inhi-bitions. During his time with the Heydorns,Grothendieck received only a few letters from hismother and no word at all from his father. Al-though Hanka still had relatives in Hamburg, no oneever came to visit her son. The sudden separationfrom his parents was highly traumatic for Grothen-dieck, as he indicated in Récoltes et Semailles (page473). Scharlau speculated that the young Alexan-dre was probably not especially happy with the Hey-dorns. Having started life in a liberal home headedby a couple of anarchists, the stricter atmosphereof the Heydorn household probably chafed. Hewas actually closer to some other families wholived near the Heydorns, and as an adult he con-tinued to write to them for many years. He alsowrote to the Heydorns and visited Hamburg sev-eral times, the last time in the mid-1980s.

By 1939, with war imminent, political pressureincreased on the Heydorns, and they could nolonger keep the foster children. Grothendieck wasan especially difficult case, because he looked Jew-ish. The exact whereabouts of his parents wereunknown, but Dagmar Heydorn wrote to the Frenchconsulate in Hamburg and managed to get a mes-sage to Shapiro in Paris and to Hanka in Nîmes.Once contact with his parents was made, Grothen-dieck, then 11 years old, was put on a train fromHamburg to Paris. He was reunited with his parentsin May 1939, and they spent a brief time togetherbefore the war began.

It is not clear exactly what Grothendieck’s par-ents were doing while he was in Hamburg, but theyremained politically active. They went to Spain tofight in the Spanish Civil War and were among themany who fled to France when Franco triumphed.Because of their political activities, Hanka and herhusband were viewed in France as dangerous for-eigners. Some time after Grothendieck joined themthere, Shapiro was put into the internment campLe Vernet, the worst of all the French camps. It isprobable that he never again saw his wife and son.

A. Grothendieck as a child.


maths avaient été résolus, il y avaitvingt ou trente ans, par un dénomméLebesgue. Il aurait développé justement(drôle de coïncidence, décidement!) unethéorie de la mesure et de l’intégration,laquelle mettait un point final à la math-ématique.

Mr. Soula [my calculus teacher] assuredme that the final problems posed inmathematics had been resolved, twentyor thirty years before, by a certainLebesgue. He had exactly developed (anamusing coincidence, certainly!) a the-ory of measure and integration, whichwas the endpoint of mathematics.


By the time the war ended in Europe, in May1945, Alexandre Grothendieck was seventeen yearsold. He and his mother went to live in Maisargues,a village in a wine-growing region outside of Mont-pellier. He enrolled at the Université de Montpel-lier, and the two survived on his student scholar-ship and by doing seasonal work in the grapeharvest; his mother also worked at houseclean-ing. Over time he attended the university coursesless and less, as he found that the teachers weremostly repeating what was in the textbooks. At thetime, Montpellier “was among the most backwardof French universities in the teaching of mathe-matics,” wrote Jean Dieudonné [D1].

In this uninspiring environment, Grothendieckdevoted most of his three years at Montpellier tofilling the gap that he had felt in his high schooltextbooks about how to provide a satisfactory de-finition of length, area, and volume. On his own,he essentially rediscovered measure theory and thenotion of the Lebesgue integral. This episode is oneof several parallels between the life of Grothendieckand that of Albert Einstein; as a young man Ein-stein developed on his own ideas in statisticalphysics that he later found out had already beendiscovered by Josiah Willard Gibbs.

In 1948, having finished his Licenceès Sciencesat Montpellier, Grothendieck went to Paris, themain center for mathematics in France. In an arti-cle about Grothendieck that appeared in a Frenchmagazine in 1995 [Ikonicoff], a French educationofficial, André Magnier, recalled Grothendieck’sapplication for a scholarship to go to Paris. Mag-nier asked him to describe the project he had beenworking on at Montpellier. “I was astounded,” thearticle quoted Magnier as saying. “Instead of ameeting of twenty minutes, he went on for twohours explaining to me how he had reconstructed,‘with the tools available’, theories that had takendecades to construct. He showed an extraordinary

In August 1942 he was deported by the French au-thorities to Auschwitz, where he was killed. Whathappened to Maidi at this time is unclear, but even-tually she married an American soldier and emi-grated to the United States; she passed away a cou-ple of years ago.

In 1940 Hanka and her son were put into an in-ternment camp in Rieucros, near Mende. As in-ternment camps went, the one at Rieucros was oneof the better ones, and Grothendieck was permit-ted to go to the lycée (high school) in Mende. Nev-ertheless, it was a life of deprivation and uncer-tainty. He told Bumby that he and his mother weresometimes shunned by French people who did notknow of Hanka’s opposition to the Nazis. Once heran away from the camp with the intention of as-sassinating Hitler, but he was quickly caught andreturned. “This could easily have cost him his life”,Bumby noted. He had always been strong and agood boxer, attributes that were useful at this time,as he was sometimes the target of bullying.

After two years, mother and son were sepa-rated; Hanka was sent to another internment camp,and her son ended up in the town of Chambon-sur-Lignon. André Trocmé, a Protestant pastor, hadtransformed the mountain resort town of Cham-bon into a stronghold of resistance against theNazis and a haven for protecting Jews and othersendangered during the war [Hallie]. There Grothen-dieck was taken into a children’s home supportedby a Swiss organization. He attended the CollègeCévenol, set up in Chambon to provide an educa-tion for the young people, and earned a baccalau-réat. The heroic efforts of the Chambonnais keptthe refugees safe, but life was nevertheless pre-carious. In Récoltes et Semailles Grothendieck men-tioned the periodic roundups of Jews that wouldsend him and his fellow students scattering tohide in the woods for a few days (page P2).

He also related some of his memories of hisschooling in Mende and Chambon. It is clear that,despite the difficulties and dislocation of his youth,he had a strong internal compass from an early age.In his mathematics classes, he did not depend onhis teachers to distinguish what was deep fromwhat was inconsequential, what was right fromwhat was wrong. He found the mathematics prob-lems in the texts to be repetitive and presented inisolation from anything that would give them mean-ing. “These were the book’s problems, and not myproblems,” he wrote. When a problem did seize him,he lost himself in it completely, without regard tohow much time he spent on it (page P3).

From Montpellier to Paris to Nancy

Monsieur Soula [mon professeur de cal-cul] m’assurait…que les derniers prob-lèmes qui s’étaient encore posés en


time—such as Ehresmann, Leray, Chevalley, Del-sarte, Dieudonné, and Weil—shared the commonbackground of having been normaliens, meaningthat they were graduates of the École NormaleSupérieure, the most prestigious institution ofhigher education in France.

When Grothendieck joined Cartan’s seminar,he was an outsider: not only was he a Germanspeaker living in postwar France, but his meagereducational background contrasted sharply withthat of the group he found himself in. And yet inRécoltes et Semailles, Grothendieck said he did notfeel like a stranger in this milieu and related warmmemories of the “benevolent welcome” he received(pages 19–20). His outspokenness drew notice: ina tribute to Cartan for his 100th birthday, Jean Cerfrecalled seeing in the Cartan seminar around thistime “a stranger (it was Grothendieck) who tookthe liberty of speaking to Cartan, as if to his equal,from the back of the room” [Cerf]. Grothendieckfelt free to ask questions, and yet, he wrote, he alsofound himself struggling to learn things that thosearound him seemed to grasp instantly and playwith “like they had known them from the cradle.”(R&S, page P6). This may have been one reason why,in October 1949, on the advice of Cartan and Weil,he left the rarefied atmosphere of Paris for theslower-paced Nancy. Also, as Dieudonné wrote[D1], Grothendieck was at this time showing moreinterest in topological vector spaces than in alge-braic geometry, so Nancy was the natural place forhim to go.

Apprenticeship in Nancy

…l’affection circulait…depuis ce pre-mier moment où j’ai été reçu avec af-fection à Nancy, en 1949, dans la mai-son de Laurent et Hélène Schwartz (oùje faisais un peu partie de la famille),celle de Dieudonné, celle de Godement(qu’en un temps je hantais égalementrégulièrement). Cette chaleur af-fectueuse qui a entouré mes premierspas dans le monde mathématique, etque j’ai eu tendance un peu à oublier,a été importante pour toute ma vie demathématicien.

…the affection circulated…from thatfirst moment when I was received withaffection in Nancy in 1949, in the houseof Laurent and Hélène Schwartz (whereI was somewhat a member of the fam-ily), in that of Dieudonné, in that ofGodement (which at that time also be-came one of my regular haunts). Thisaffectionate warmth that surroundedmy first steps in the mathematical

sagacity.” Magnier also added: “Grothendieck gavethe impression of being an extraordinary youngman, but imbalanced by suffering and depriva-tion.” Magnier immediately recommended Grothen-dieck for the scholarship.

Grothendieck’s calculus teacher at Montpellier,Monsieur Soula, recommended he go to Paris andmake contact with Cartan, who had been Soula’steacher. Whether the name Cartan referred to thefather, Élie Cartan, who was then close to eightyyears old, or his son, Henri Cartan, then in his mid-forties, Grothendieck did not know (R&S, page 19).When he arrived in Paris, in the autumn of 1948,he showed to mathematicians there the work he haddone in Montpellier. Just as Soula had told him, theresults were already known. But Grothendieck wasnot disappointed. In fact, this early solitary effortwas probably critical to his development as a math-ematician. In Récoltes et Semailles, he said of thistime: “Without knowing it, I learned in solitudewhat is essential to the metier of a mathemati-cian—something that no master can truly teach.Without having been told, I nevertheless knew ‘inmy gut’ that I was a mathematician: someone who‘does’ math, in the fullest sense of the word—likeone ‘makes’ love” (page P5).

He began attending the legendary seminar runby Henri Cartan at the École Normale Supérieure.This seminar followed a pattern that Grothendieckwas to take up with great vigor later in his career,in which a theme is investigated in lectures overthe course of the year and the lectures are sys-tematically written up and published. The themefor the Cartan seminar for 1948–1949 was simpli-cial algebraic topology and sheaf theory—then cut-ting-edge topics that were not being taught any-where else in France [D1]. Indeed, this was notlong after the notion of sheaves had been formu-lated by Jean Leray. In the Cartan seminar, Grothen-dieck encountered for the first time many of theoutstanding mathematicians of the day, includingClaude Chevalley, Jean Delsarte, Jean Dieudonné,Roger Godement, Laurent Schwartz, and AndréWeil. Among Cartan’s students at this time wasJean-Pierre Serre. In addition to attending the Car-tan seminar, Grothendieck went to a course on thethen-new notion of locally convex spaces, given byLeray at the Collège de France.

As the son of the geometer Élie Cartan, as an out-standing mathematician in his own right, and as aprofessor at the École Normale Supérieure, HenriCartan was in many ways the center of the Parisianmathematical elite. Also, he was one of the fewFrench mathematicians who made efforts to reachout to German colleagues after the war. This wasdespite his intimate knowledge of the war’s hor-rors: his brother, who had joined the Résistance,had been captured by the Germans and beheaded.Cartan and many of the top mathematicians of the


paper chosen for his the-sis was “Produits ten-soriels topologiques etespaces nucléaires,”which shows the firstsigns of the generality ofthinking that wouldcome to characterizeGrothendieck’s entireoeuvre. The notion of nu-clear spaces, which hashad wide applications,was first proposed in thispaper. Schwartz popu-larized Grothendieck’sresults in a Paris semi-nar, “Les produits ten-soriels d’après Grothen-dieck,” published in 1954[Schwartz]. In addition,Grothendieck’s thesis ap-peared as a monographin 1955 in the Memoirs ofthe AMS series; it wasreprinted for the seventhtime in 1990 [Gthesis].

Grothendieck’s workin functional analysis“was quite remarkable,”commented Edward G. Ef-fros of the University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles.“He was arguably the firstto realize that the alge-braic/categorical meth-ods that flourished afterthe Second World Warcould be used in thishighly analytic branch offunctional analysis.” Insome ways, Grothendieckwas ahead of his time. Ef-fros noted that it took at least fifteen years beforeGrothendieck’s work was fully incorporated intomainstream Banach space theory, partly because ofa reluctance to adopt his more algebraic perspec-tive. The influence of his work has grown in recentyears, Effros said, with the “quantization” of Banachspace theory, for which Grothendieck’s categoricalapproach is especially well suited.

Although Grothendieck’s mathematical workhad gotten off to a promising start, his personal lifewas unsettled. He lived in Nancy with his mother,who as Ribenboim recalled was occasionally bedrid-den because of tuberculosis. She had contracted thedisease in the internment camps. It was around thistime that she was writing her autobiographicalnovel Eine Frau. A liaison between Grothendieck andan older woman who ran the boarding house where

world, and that I have had some ten-dency to forget, was important in my en-tire life as a mathematician.

—Récoltes et Semailles, page 42

In the late 1940s, Nancy was one of the strongestmathematical centers in France; indeed, the ficti-tious Nicolas Bourbaki was said to have come fromthe “University of Nancago”, a name that makes ref-erence to Weil’s time at the University of Chicagoas well as to his fellow Bourbakists in Nancy. TheNancy faculty included Delsarte, Godement,Dieudonné, and Schwartz. Among Grothendieck’sfellow students at Nancy were Jacques-Louis Lionsand Bernard Malgrange, who like Grothendieckwere students of Schwartz, as well as Paulo Riben-boim, a Brazilian who at twenty-two years of agearrived in Nancy about the same time as Grothen-dieck.

According to Ribenboim, who is today a pro-fessor emeritus at Queen’s University in Ontario,the pace in Nancy was less hectic than in Paris, andprofessors had more time for the students. Riben-boim said he had the impression that Grothen-dieck had come to Nancy because his lack of back-ground had made it hard for him to follow Cartan’shigh-powered seminar. Not that Grothendieck cameout and said this: “He was not the guy who wouldadmit he didn’t understand!” Ribenboim remarked.Nevertheless, Grothendieck’s extraordinary talentswere apparent, and Ribenboim remembered look-ing up to him as an ideal. Grothendieck could beextremely intense, sometimes expressing himselfin a brazen way, Ribenboim recalled: “He was notmean, but very demanding of himself and every-one else.” Grothendieck had very few books; ratherthan learning things by reading, he would try to re-construct them on his own. And he worked veryhard. Ribenboim remembered Schwartz tellinghim: You seem to be a nice, well-balanced youngman; you should make friends with Grothendieckand do something so that he is not only working.

Dieudonné and Schwartz were running a semi-nar in Nancy on topological vector spaces. AsDieudonné explained in [D1], by this time Banachspaces and their duality were well understood, butlocally convex spaces had only recently been in-troduced, and a general theory for their duality hadnot yet been worked out. In working in this area,he and Schwartz had run into a series of problems,which they decided to turn over to Grothendieck.They were astonished when, some months later, hehad solved every one of them and gone on to workon other questions in functional analysis. “When,in 1953, it was time to grant him a doctor’s degree,it was necessary to choose from among six papershe had written, any one of which was at the levelof a good dissertation,” Dieudonné wrote. The

Top: Party at Hirzebruch home, 1961Arbeitstagung (left to right)Dorothea von Viereck, Raoul Bott,Grothendieck.Center, with Michael Atiyah.Bottom: Bonn, 1961, excursionduring Arbeitstagung, Ioan James,Michael Atiyah, Grothendieck.

he and his motherrented rooms re-sulted in the birthof his first child, ason named Serge;Serge was raisedmostly by hismother. After hefinished his Ph.D.,Grothendieck’sprospects for per-

manent employment were bleak: hewas stateless, and at that time it wasdifficult for noncitizens to get per-manent jobs in France. Becoming aFrench citizen would have entailedmilitary service, which Grothendieckrefused to do. Since 1950 he hadhad a position through the CentreNational de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS), but this was more like a fel-lowship than a permanent job. Atsome point he considered learningcarpentry as a way to earn money(R&S, page 1246(*)).

Laurent Schwartz visited Brazilin 1952 and told people there abouthis brilliant young student who washaving trouble finding a job inFrance. As a result Grothendieck re-ceived an offer of a visiting profes-sor position at the Universidade deSão Paulo, which he held during

1953 and 1954. According to José Barros-Neto,who was then a student in São Paulo and is now aprofessor emeritus at Rutgers University, Grothen-dieck made a special arrangement so that he wouldbe able to return to Paris to attend seminars thattook place in the fall. The second language for theBrazilian mathematical community was French, soit was easy for Grothendieck to teach and conversewith his colleagues. In going to São Paulo, Grothen-dieck was carrying on a tradition of scientific ex-change between Brazil and France: in addition toSchwartz, Weil, Dieudonné, and Delsarte had all vis-ited Brazil in the 1940s and 1950s. Weil came toSão Paulo in January 1945 and stayed until the fallof 1947, when he went to the University of Chicago.The mathematical ties between France and Brazilcontinue to this day. The Instituto de MatemáticaPura e Aplicada in Rio de Janeiro has a Brazil-France cooperative agreement that brings manyFrench mathematicians to IMPA.

In Récoltes et Semailles, Grothendieck referredto 1954 as “the wearisome year” (“l’année pénible”)(page 163). For the whole year he tried withoutsuccess to make headway on the problem of ap-proximation in topological vector spaces, a prob-lem that was resolved only some twenty years later

by methods different from those Grothendieckwas attempting to use. This was “the only time inmy life when doing mathematics became burden-some for me!” he wrote. This frustration taught hima lesson: always have several mathematical “ironsin the fire,” so that if one problem proves too stub-born, there is something else to work on.

Chaim Honig, a professor at the Universidade deSão Paulo, was an assistant in the mathematics de-partment when Grothendieck was there, and theybecame good friends. Honig said Grothendieck leda somewhat spartan and lonely existence, living offof milk and bananas and completely immersinghimself in mathematics. Honig once asked Grothen-dieck why he had gone into mathematics. Grothen-dieck replied that he had two special passions,mathematics and piano, but he chose mathemat-ics because he thought it would be easier to earna living that way. His gift for mathematics was soabundantly clear, said Honig, “I was astonishedthat at any moment he could hesitate betweenmathematics and music.”

Grothendieck planned to write a book on topo-logical vector spaces with Leopoldo Nachbin, whowas in Rio de Janeiro, but the book never materi-alized. However, Grothendieck taught a course inSão Paulo on topological vector spaces and wroteup the notes, which were subsequently publishedby the university. Barros-Neto was a student in thecourse and wrote an introductory chapter for thenotes, giving some basic prerequisites. Barros-Netorecalled that at the time he was in Brazil Grothen-dieck was talking about changing fields. He was“very, very ambitious,” Barros-Neto said. “You couldsense that drive—he had to do something funda-mental, important, basic.”

A Rising Star

La chose essentielle, c’était que Serre àchaque fois sentait fortement la richesubstance derrière un énoncé qui, de buten blanc, ne m’aurait sans doute fait nichaud ni froid—et qu’il arrivait à “fairepasser” cette perception d’une sub-stance riche, tangible, mystérieuse—cette perception qui est en même tempsdésir de connaître cette substance, d’ypénétrer.

The essential thing was that Serre eachtime strongly sensed the rich meaningbehind a statement that, on the page,would doubtless have left me neitherhot nor cold—and that he could “trans-mit” this perception of a rich, tangible,and mysterious substance—this per-ception that is at the same time the


Top: Paris, with KarinTate, 1964.

Bottom: with E. Luft, anexcursion on the Rhine,

1961.


point, he asks Serre ifthe Riemann zetafunction has infinitelymany zeros ([Corr],page 204). “His knowl-edge of classical alge-braic geometry waspractically zero,” re-called Serre. “My ownknowledge of classicalalgebraic geometrywas a little bit better,but not very much, butI tried to help him withthat. But…there wereso many open ques-tions that it didn’tmatter.” Grothendieckwas not one for keep-ing up on the latest literature, and to a large de-gree he depended on Serre to tell him what wasgoing on. In Récoltes et Semailles Grothendieckwrote that most of what he learned in geometry,apart from what he taught himself, he learnedfrom Serre (pages 555–556). But Serre did not sim-ply teach Grothendieck things; he was able to di-gest ideas and to discuss them in a way thatGrothendieck found especially compelling. Grothen-dieck called Serre a “detonator,” one who provideda spark that set the fuse burning for an explosionof ideas.

Indeed, Grothendieck traced many of the cen-tral themes of his work back to Serre. For exam-ple, it was Serre who around 1955 described theWeil conjectures to Grothendieck in a cohomolog-ical context—a context that was not made explicitin Weil’s original formulation of the conjectures andwas the one that could hook Grothendieck (R&S,page 840). Through his idea of a “Kählerian” ana-logue of the Weil conjectures, Serre also inspiredGrothendieck’s conception of the so-called “stan-dard conjectures,” which are more general andwould imply the Weil conjectures as a corollary(R&S, page 210).

When Grothendieck returned to France in 1956after his year in Kansas, he held a CNRS positionand spent most of his time in Paris. He and Serrecontinued to correspond by letter and to talk reg-ularly by telephone. This was when Grothendieckbegan to work more deeply in topology and alge-braic geometry. He “was bubbling with ideas,” re-called Armand Borel. “I was sure something first-rate would come out of him. But then what cameout was even much higher than I had expected. Itwas his version of Riemann-Roch, and that’s a fan-tastic theorem. This is really a masterpiece of math-ematics.”

The Riemann-Roch theorem was proved in itsclassical form in the mid-nineteenth century. The

desire to understand this substance, topenetrate it.


Bernard Malgrange of the Université de Greno-ble recalled that after Grothendieck wrote his the-sis he asserted that he was no longer interested intopological vector spaces. “He told me, ‘There isnothing more to do, the subject is dead’,” Mal-grange recalled. At that time, students were re-quired to prepare a “second thesis”, which did notcontain original work but which was intended todemonstrate depth of understanding of anotherarea of mathematics far removed from the thesistopic. Grothendieck’s second thesis was on sheaftheory, and this work may have planted the seedsfor his interest in algebraic geometry, where he wasto do his greatest work. After Grothendieck’s the-sis defense, which took place in Paris, Malgrangerecalled that he, Grothendieck, and Henri Cartanpiled into a taxicab to go to lunch at the home ofLaurent Schwartz. They took a cab because Mal-grange had broken his leg skiing. “In the taxi Car-tan explained to Grothendieck some wrong thingsGrothendieck had said about sheaf theory,” Mal-grange recalled.

After leaving Brazil Grothendieck spent the yearof 1955 at the University of Kansas, probably at theinvitation of N. Aronszajn [Corr]. There Grothen-dieck began to immerse himself in homological al-gebra. It was while he was at Kansas that he wrote“Sur quelques points d’algèbre homologique,”which came to be known informally among spe-cialists as the “Tôhoku paper” after the name ofthe journal in which it appeared, the Tôhoku Math-ematical Journal [To]. This paper, which became aclassic in homological algebra, extended the workof Cartan and Eilenberg on modules. Also while hewas in Kansas, Grothendieck wrote “A general the-ory of fiber spaces with structure sheaf,” which ap-peared as a report of the National Science Foun-dation. This report developed his initial ideas onnonabelian cohomology, a subject to which he laterreturned in the context of algebraic geometry.

Around this time, Grothendieck began corre-sponding with Jean-Pierre Serre of the Collège deFrance, whom he had met in Paris and later en-countered in Nancy; a selection of their letters waspublished in the original French in 2001 and in adual French-English version in 2003 [Corr]. This wasthe beginning of a long and fruitful interaction. Theletters display a deep and vibrant mathematicalbond between two very different mathematicians.Grothendieck shows a high-flying imagination thatis frequently brought back to earth by Serre’s in-cisive understanding and wider knowledge. Some-times in the letters Grothendieck displays a sur-prising level of ignorance: for example, at one

During an Arbeitstagung in 1961, anevening at the Hirzebruch home inBonn.


new kind of topological invariant. Grothendieckhimself called them K-groups, and they providedthe starting point for the development of topolog-ical K-theory by Atiyah and Hirzebruch. Topologi-cal K-theory then provided the inspiration for al-gebraic K-theory, and both have been active fieldsof research ever since.

The Arbeitstagung, which means literally “work-ing meeting,” was begun by Hirzebruch at the Uni-versität Bonn and has been a forum for cutting-edgemathematics research for more than forty years. Itwas at the very first Arbeitstagung in July 1957 that

Grothendieck spokeabout his work on Rie-mann-Roch. But in a cu-rious twist, the resultwas not published underhis name; it appears in apaper by Borel and Serre[BS] (the proof also ap-peared later as an exposéin volume 6 of Séminairede Géometrie Algébriquedu Bois Marie from 1966-67). While visiting the IASin the fall of 1957, Serrereceived a letter fromGrothendieck containingan outline of the proof(November 1, 1957, letterin [Corr]). He and Borelorganized a seminar totry to understand it. AsGrothendieck was busywith many other things,

he suggested to his colleagues that they write upand publish their seminar notes. But Borel specu-lated that there may have been another reasonGrothendieck was not interested in writing up theresult himself. “The main philosophy of Grothen-dieck was that mathematics should be reduced toa succession of small, natural steps,” Borel said. “Aslong as you have not been able to do this, you havenot understood what is going on…. And his proofof Riemann-Roch used a trick, une astuce. So hedidn’t like it, so he didn’t want to publish it…. Hehad many other things to do, and he was not in-terested in writing up this trick.”

This was not the last time Grothendieck would rev-olutionize the viewpoint on a subject. “This justkept happening over and over again, where he wouldcome upon some problem that people had thoughtabout for, in some cases, a hundred years…and justcompletely transformed what people thought thesubject was about,” Katz remarked. Grothendieckwas not only solving outstanding problems but re-working the very questions they posed.

question it addresses is, What is the dimension ofthe space of meromorphic functions on a compactRiemann surface having poles of at most given or-ders at a specified finite set of points? The answeris the Riemann-Roch formula, which expresses thedimension in terms of invariants of the surface—thereby providing a profound link between the an-alytic and topological properties of the surface.Friedrich Hirzebruch made a big advance in 1953,when he generalized the Riemann-Roch theorem toapply not just to Riemann surfaces but to projec-tive nonsingular varieties over the complex num-bers. The mathematicalworld cheered at thistour de force, whichmight have seemed to bethe final word on thematter.

“Grothendieck camealong and said, ‘No, theRiemann-Roch theoremis not a theorem aboutvarieties, it’s a theoremabout morphisms be-tween varieties’,” saidNicholas Katz of Prince-ton University. “This wasa fundamentally newpoint of view…the verystatement of the theo-rem completelychanged.” The basic phi-losophy of category the-ory, that one should paymore attention to the ar-rows between objects than to the objects them-selves, was just then beginning to have an influ-ence. “What [Grothendieck] did is he applied thisphilosophy on a very hard piece of mathematics,”Borel said. “This was really in the spirit of categoriesand functors, but no one had ever thought aboutdoing this in such a hard topic…. If people had beengiven that statement and had understood it, theremight have been others who would have been ableto prove it. But the statement itself was ten yearsahead of anybody else.”

This theorem, which was also proved indepen-dently by Gerard Washnitzer in 1959 [Washnitzer],applies not just to a complex algebraic variety—thecase where the ground field has characteristiczero—but to any proper smooth algebraic varietyregardless of the ground field. The Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch theorem then follows as a specialcase. A far-reaching generalization of the Riemann-Roch theorem came in 1963, with the proof byMichael Atiyah and Isadore Singer of the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem. In the course of his proof,Grothendieck introduced what are now calledGrothendieck groups, which essentially provide a

Bonn, around 1965.


marry a few yearslater and with whomhe had three children,Johanna, Mathieu,and Alexandre.Mireille had beenclose to Grothen-dieck’s mother and,according to severalpeople who knewthem, was quite a bitolder than he was.

John Tate of theUniversity of Texas atAustin and his wife atthe time, Karin Tate,spent the academic year 1957–58 in Paris, wherethey met Grothendieck for the first time. Grothen-dieck displayed none of the arrogance he attributedto his mother. “He was just friendly, and at the sametime rather naive and childlike,” John Tate recalled.“Many mathematicians are rather childlike, un-worldly in some sense, but Grothendieck morethan most. He just seemed like an innocent—notvery sophisticated, no pretense, no sham. Hethought very clearly and explained things very pa-tiently, without any sense of superiority. He wasn’tcontaminated by civilization or power or one-up-manship.” Karin Tate recalled that Grothendieckhad a great capacity for enjoyment, he was charm-ing, and he loved to laugh. But he could also be ex-tremely intense, seeing things in black-and-whitewith no shades of gray. And he was honest: “Youalways knew where you stood with him,” she said.“He didn’t pretend anything. He was direct.” Bothshe and her brother, Michael Artin of the Massa-chusetts Institute of Technology, saw similaritiesbetween Grothendieck’s personality and that oftheir father, Emil Artin.

Grothendieck had “an incredible idealisticstreak,” Karin Tate remembered. For example, herefused to have any rugs in his house because hebelieved that rugs were merely a decorative luxury.She also remembered him wearing sandals madeout of tires. “He thought these were fantastic,” shesaid. “They were a symbol of the kind of thing herespected—you take what you have, and you makedo.” In his idealism, he could also be wildly im-practical. Before Grothendieck and Mireille visitedHarvard for the first time in 1958, he gave her oneof his favorite novels so that she could improve herrather weak knowledge of English. The novel wasMoby Dick.

The Birth of the New Geometry

Avec un recul de près de trente ans, jepeux dire maintenant que c’est l’année[1958] vraiment où est née la vision dela géometrie nouvelle, dans le sillage

A New World Opens

[J’ai fini] par me rendre compte quecette idéologie du “nous, les grands etnobles esprits…”, sous une forme par-ticulièrement extrême et virulente, avaitsévi en ma mère depuis son enfance, etdominé sa relation aux autres, qu’elle seplaisait à regarder du haut de sagrandeur avec une commisération sou-vent dédaigneuse, voire méprisante.

[I eventually] realized that this ideologyof “we, the grand and noble spirits…”,in a particularly extreme and virulentform, raged in my mother since herchildhood and dominated her relationsto others, whom she liked to view fromthe height of her grandeur with a pitythat was frequently disdainful, evencontemptuous.


According to Honig, Grothendieck’s mother waswith him at least part of the time that he was inBrazil, though Honig says he never met her.Whether she was with him in Kansas is not clear.When Grothendieck returned to France in 1956,they may not have continued living together. In aletter to Serre written in Paris in November 1957,Grothendieck asked whether he might be able torent a Paris apartment that Serre was planning tovacate. “I am interested in it for my mother, whois not doing so well in Bois-Colombes, and is ter-ribly isolated,” Grothendieck explained [Corr]. Infact, his mother died before the year’s end.

Friends and colleagues say that Grothendieckspoke with great admiration, almost adulation, ofboth of his parents. And in Récoltes et SemaillesGrothendieck expressed a deep and elemental lovefor them. For years he had in his office a strikingportrait of his father, painted by a fellow detaineein the Le Vernet camp. As Pierre Cartier describedit, the portrait showed a man with his head shavedand a “fiery expression” in the eyes [Cartier1]; formany years Grothendieck also shaved his head.According to Ribenboim, Hanka Grothendieck wasvery proud of her brilliant son, and he in turn hadan extremely deep attachment to his mother.

After her death, Grothendieck went through aperiod of soul-searching, during which he stoppedall mathematical activity and thought about be-coming a writer. After several months, he decidedto return to mathematics, to finish work on someof the ideas he had begun developing. This was1958, the year that, as Grothendieck put it, was“probably the most fecund of all my mathemati-cal life.” (R&S, page P24) By this time he was livingwith a woman named Mireille, whom he was to

With Mireille and baby Mathieu, Paris,May 1965.

des deux maître-outils de cette géome-trie: les schémas (qui représentent unemétamorphose de l’ancienne notion de“variété algébrique”), et les topos (quireprésentent une métamorphose, plusprofonde encore, de la notion d’espace).

With hindsight of thirty years, I cannow say that [1958] is the year wherethe vision of the new geometry was re-ally born, in the wake of two master-tools of this geometry: schemes (whichrepresent a metamorphosis of the oldnotion of “algebraic variety”), andtoposes (which represent a metamor-phosis, yet more profound, of the no-tion of space).


In August 1958, Grothendieck gave a plenary lec-ture at the International Congress of Mathemati-cians in Edinburgh [Edin]. The talk outlined, witha remarkable prescience, many of the main themesthat he was to work on for the next dozen years.It was clear by this time that he was aiming to provethe famous conjectures of André Weil, which hintedat a profound unity between the discrete world ofalgebraic varieties and the continuous world oftopology.

At this time, algebraic geometry was evolvingrapidly, with many open questions that did not re-quire a great deal of background. Originally themain objects of study were varieties over the com-plex numbers. During the early part of the twen-tieth century, this area was a specialty of Italianmathematicians, such as Guido Castelnuovo, Fed-erigo Enriques, and Francesco Severi. Althoughthey developed many ingenious ideas, not all oftheir results were proved rigorously. In the 1930sand 1940s, other mathematicians, among themB. L. van der Waerden, André Weil, and OscarZariski, wanted to work with varieties over arbitraryfields, particularly varieties over fields of charac-teristic p, which are important in number theory.But, because of the lack of rigor of the Italianschool of algebraic geometry, it was necessary tobuild new foundations for the field. This is whatWeil did in his 1946 book Foundations of Alge-braic Geometry [Weil1].

Weil’s conjectures appeared in his 1949 paper[Weil2]. Motivated by problems in number theory,Weil studied a certain zeta function that had beenintroduced in special cases by Emil Artin; it iscalled a zeta function because it was defined inanalogy to the Riemann zeta function. Given an al-gebraic variety V defined over a finite field of char-acteristic p, one can count the number of pointsof V that are rational over this field, as well as the


corresponding numbers for each finite extensionfield. These numbers are then incorporated into agenerating function, which is the zeta function ofV . Weil proved for both curves and abelian varietiesthree facts about this zeta function: it is rational,it satisfies a functional equation, and its zeros andpoles have a certain specific form. This form, oncea change of variables is made, corresponds exactlyto the Riemann hypothesis. Moreover, Weil ob-served that, if V arose from reduction modulo pof a variety W in characteristic zero, then the Bettinumbers of W can be read off the zeta function ofV , when the zeta function is expressed as a ratio-nal function. The Weil conjectures ask whetherthese same facts hold true if one defines such azeta function for a projective nonsingular alge-braic variety. In particular, would topological datasuch as the Betti numbers emerge in the zeta func-tion? This conjectured link between algebraic geom-etry and topology hinted that some of the newtools, such as cohomology theory, that were thenbeing developed for topological spaces, could beadapted for use with algebraic varieties. Becauseof its similarity to the classical Riemann hypothe-sis, the third of the Weil conjectures is sometimescalled the “congruence Riemann hypothesis”; thisone turned out to be the most difficult of the threeto prove.

“As soon as [the Weil] conjectures were made,it was clear that they were somehow going to playa central role,” Katz said, “both because they werefabulous just as ‘black-box’ statements, but also be-cause it seemed obvious that solving them requireddeveloping incredible new tools that would some-how have to be incredibly valuable in their ownway—which turned out to be completely correct.”Pierre Deligne of the Institute for Advanced Studysaid that it was the conjectured link between al-gebraic geometry and topology that attractedGrothendieck. He liked the idea of “turning thisdream of Weil into powerful machinery,” Deligneremarked.

Grothendieck was not interested in the Weilconjectures because they were famous or becauseother people considered them to be difficult. In-deed, he was not motivated by the challenge of hardproblems. What interested him were problems thatseemed to point to larger, hidden structures. “Hewould aim at finding and creating the home whichwas the problem’s natural habitat,” Deligne noted.“That was the part that interested him, more thansolving the problem.” This approach contrasts withthat of another great mathematician of the time,John Nash. In his mathematical prime, Nashsearched out specific problems considered by hiscolleagues to be the most important and chal-lenging [Nasar]. “Nash was like an Olympian ath-lete,” remarked Hyman Bass of the University ofMichigan. “He was interested in enormous


some way of formulating a problem, stripping ap-parently everything away from it, so you don’tthink anything is left. And yet something is left, andhe could find real structure in this seeming vac-uum.”

The Heroic Years

Pendant les années héroiques de l’IHÉS,Dieudonné et moi en avons été les seulsmembres, et les seuls aussi à lui don-ner crédibilité et audience dans lemonde scientifique. …Je me sentais unpeu comme un cofondateur “scien-tifique”, avec Dieudonné, de mon insti-tution d’attache, et je comptais bien yfinir mes jours! J’avais fini par m’iden-tifier fortement à l’IHÉS….

During the heroic years of the IHÉS,Dieudonné and I were the only mem-bers, and the only ones also giving itcredibility and an audience in the sci-entific world. …I felt myself a bit like a“scientific” co-founder, with Dieudonné,of the institution where I was on the fac-ulty, and I counted on ending my daysthere! I ended up strongly identifyingwith the IHÉS….


In June 1958, the Institut des Hautes ÉtudesScientifiques (IHÉS) was formally established in ameeting of its sponsors at the Sorbonne in Paris.The founder, Léon Motchane, a businessman witha doctoral degree in physics, had a vision of es-tablishing in France an independent research in-stitution akin to the Institute for Advanced Studyin Princeton. The original plan for the IHÉS was tofocus on fundamental research in three areas:mathematics, theoretical physics, and the method-ology of human sciences. While the third area nevergained a foothold, within a decade the IHÉS had es-tablished itself as one of the world’s top centersfor mathematics and theoretical physics, with asmall but stellar faculty and an active visitor pro-gram.

According to the doctoral thesis of historian ofscience David Aubin [Aubin], it was at the EdinburghCongress in 1958, or possibly before, that Motchanepersuaded Dieudonné and Grothendieck to acceptprofessorships at the newly established IHÉS.Cartier wrote in [Cartier2] that Motchane originallywanted to hire Dieudonné, who made it a condi-tion of his taking the position that an offer also bemade to Grothendieck. Because the IHÉS has beenfrom the start independent of the state, there wasno problem in hiring Grothendieck despite his

personal challenges.” If Nash is an ideal exampleof a problem-solver, then Grothendieck is an idealexample of a theory-builder. Grothendieck, saidBass, “had a sweeping vision of what mathematicscould be.”

In the fall of 1958, Grothendieck made the firstof his several visits to the mathematics depart-ment at Harvard University. Tate was a professorthere, and the chairman was Oscar Zariski. By thistime Grothendieck had reproved, by recently de-veloped cohomological methods, the connectednesstheorem that was one of Zariski’s biggest results,proved in the 1940s. According to David Mumfordof Brown University, who was Zariski’s student atthe time, Zariski never took up the new methodshimself, but he understood their power and wantedhis students to be exposed to them, and this waswhy he invited Grothendieck to Harvard.

Zariski and Grothendieck got along well, Mum-ford noted, though as mathematicians they werevery different. It was said that Zariski, when he gotstuck, would go to the blackboard and draw a pic-ture of a self-intersecting curve, which would allowhim to refresh his understanding of various ideas.“The rumor was that he would draw this in the cor-ner of the blackboard, and then he would erase itand then he would do his algebra,” explained Mum-ford. “He had to clear his mind by creating a geo-metric picture and reconstructing the link from thegeometry to the algebra.” According to Mumford,this is something Grothendieck would never do; heseemed never to work from examples, except forones that were extremely simple, almost trivial.He also rarely drew pictures, apart from homo-logical diagrams.

When Grothendieck was first invited to Har-vard, Mumford recalled, he had some correspon-dence with Zariski before the visit. This was not longafter the era of the House Un-American ActivitiesCommittee, and one requirement for getting a visawas swearing that one would not work to overthrowthe government of the United States. Grothendiecktold Zariski he would refuse to take such a pledge.When told he might end up in jail, Grothendiecksaid jail would be acceptable as long as studentscould visit and he could have as many books as hewanted.

In Grothendieck’s lectures at Harvard, Mumfordfound the leaps into abstraction to be breathtak-ing. Once he asked Grothendieck how to prove acertain lemma and got in reply a highly abstract ar-gument. Mumford did not at first believe that suchan abstract argument could prove so concrete alemma. “Then I went away and thought about it fora couple of days, and I realized it was exactly right,”Mumford recalled. “He had more than anybodyelse I’ve ever met this ability to make an absolutelystartling leap into something an order of magni-tude more abstract…. He would always look for

dents to read EGA. And for many mathematicianstoday, EGA remains a useful and comprehensive ref-erence. The current IHÉS director, Jean-Pierre Bour-guignon, says that the institute still sells over 100copies of EGA every year.

Grothendieck’s plans for what EGA would coverwere enormous. In a letter to Serre from August1959, he gave a brief outline, which included thefundamental group, category theory, residues, du-ality, intersections, Weil cohomology, and “God

willing, a little homotopy.”“Unless there are unexpecteddifficulties or I get boggeddown, the multiplodocusshould be ready in 3 years’time, or 4 at the outside,”Grothendieck optimisticallywrote, using his and Serre’sjoking term “multiplodocus,”meaning a very long paper.“We will be able to startdoing algebraic geometry!”he crowed. As it turned out,EGA ran out of steam afteralmost exponential growth:chapters one and two areeach one volume, chapterthree is two volumes, andthe last, chapter four, runsfour volumes. Altogether,they comprise 1,800 pages.Despite its falling short ofGrothendieck’s plans, EGA is

a monumental work.It is no coincidence that the title of EGA echoes

the title of the series by Nicolas Bourbaki, Élémentsde Mathématique, which in turn echoes Euclid’s El-ements: Grothendieck was a member of Bourbakifor several years, starting in the late 1950s and wasclose to many of the other members. Bourbaki wasthe pseudonym for a group of mathematicians,most of them French, who collaborated on writinga series of foundational treatises on mathematics.Dieudonné was a founder of the Bourbaki group,together with Henri Cartan, Claude Chevalley, JeanDelsarte, and André Weil. Usually there were aboutten members, and the group’s composition evolvedover the years. The first Bourbaki book appearedin 1939, and the group’s influence was at its heightduring the 1950s and 1960s. The purpose of thebooks was to provide axiomatic treatments of cen-tral areas of mathematics at a level of generalitythat would make the books useful to the largestnumber of mathematicians. The books were bornin a crucible of animated and sometimes heated dis-cussions among the group’s members, many ofwhom had strong personalities and highly indi-vidual points of view. Borel, who was a member ofBourbaki for 25 years, wrote that this collaboration

being stateless. The two professors formally tookup their positions in March 1959, and Grothendieckstarted his seminar on algebraic geometry in Mayof that year. René Thom, who had received a FieldsMedal at the 1958 Congress, joined the faculty inOctober 1963, and the IHÉS section on theoreticalphysics was launched with the appointments ofLouis Michel in 1962 and of David Ruelle in 1964.Thus by the mid-1960s, Motchane had assembledan outstanding group of researchers for his newinstitute.

Up to 1962, the IHÉS hadno permanent quarters. Of-fice space was rented fromthe Fondation Thiers, andseminars were given there orat universities in Paris. Aubinreported that an early visitorto the IHÉS, Arthur Wight-man, was expected to workfrom his hotel room. It is saidthat, when a visitor noted theinadequate library, Grothen-dieck replied, “We don’t readbooks, we write them!” In-deed, in the early years,much of the institute’s ac-tivity centered on the “Pub-lications mathématiques del’IHÉS,” which began with theinitial volumes of the foun-dational work Éléments deGéométrie Algébrique, uni-versally known by its acronym EGA. In fact, the writ-ing of EGA had begun half a year before Dieudonnéand Grothendieck formally took their positions atthe IHÉS; a reference in [Corr] dates the beginningof the writing to the autumn of 1958.

The authorship of EGA is attributed to Grothen-dieck, “with the collaboration of Jean Dieudonné.”Grothendieck wrote notes and drafts, which werefleshed out and polished by Dieudonné. As Ar-mand Borel explained it, Grothendieck was theone who had the global vision for EGA, whereasDieudonné had only a line-by-line understanding.“Dieudonné put this in a rather heavy style,” Borelremarked. At the same time, “Dieudonné was ofcourse fantastically efficient. No one else couldhave done it without ruining his own work.” Forsome wanting to enter the field at that time, learn-ing from EGA could be a daunting challenge. Nowa-days it is seldom used as an introduction to thefield, as there are many other, more approachabletexts to choose from. But those texts do not do whatEGA aims to do, which is to explain fully and sys-tematically some of the tools needed to investigateschemes. When he was at Princeton University,Gerd Faltings, now at the Max-Planck-Institut fürMathematik in Bonn, encouraged his doctoral stu-


Around 1965.


remaining volumes were published by Springer-Verlag. SGA 1 dates from the seminars of1960–1961, and the last in the series, SGA 7, datesfrom 1967–1969. In contrast to EGA, which is in-tended to set foundations, SGA describes ongoingresearch as it unfolded in Grothendieck’s seminar.He presented many of his results in the BourbakiSeminar in Paris, and they were collected in FGA,Fondements de la Géométrie Algébrique, which ap-peared in 1962. Together, EGA, SGA, and FGA totalaround 7,500 pages.

The Magic Fan

[S]’il y a une chose en mathématiquequi (depuis toujours sans doute) mefascine plus que toute autre, ce n’est ni“le nombre”, ni “la grandeur”, mais tou-jours la forme. Et parmi les mille-et-unvisages que choisit la forme pour serévéler à nous, celui qui m’a fascinéplus que tout autre et continue à mefasciner, c’est la structure cachée dansles choses mathématiques.

[I]f there is one thing in mathematicsthat fascinates me more than anythingelse (and doubtless always has), it isneither “number” nor “size”, but alwaysform. And among the thousand-and-one faces whereby form chooses to re-veal itself to us, the one that fascinatesme more than any other and continuesto fascinate me, is the structure hiddenin mathematical things.


In the first volume of Récoltes et Semailles,Grothendieck presents an expository overview ofhis work intended to be accessible to nonmathe-maticians (pages P25–48). There he writes that, atits most fundamental level, this work seeks a uni-fication of two worlds: “the arithmetic world, inwhich live the (so-called) ‘spaces’ having no notionof continuity, and the world of continuous size, inwhich live the ‘spaces’ in the proper sense of theterm, accessible to the methods of the analyst”. Thereason the Weil conjectures were so tantalizing isexactly that they provided clues about this unity.Rather than trying to solve the Weil conjectures di-rectly, Grothendieck greatly generalized their en-tire context. Doing so allowed him to perceive thelarger structures in which the conjectures livedand of which they provided only a fleeting glimpse.In this section of Récoltes et Semailles, Grothendieckexplained some of the key ideas in his work, in-cluding scheme, sheaf, and topos.

Basically, a scheme is a generalization of the no-tion of an algebraic variety. Given the array of

may have been “a unique occurrence in the historyof mathematics” [Borel]. Bourbaki pooled the effortsof some of the top mathematicians of the day, whounselfishly and anonymously devoted a good dealof time and energy to writing texts that wouldmake a wide swath of the field accessible. Thetexts had a large impact, and by the 1970s and1980s, there were grumblings that Bourbaki had toomuch influence. Also, some criticized the style ofthe books as being excessively abstract and gen-eral.

The work of Bourbaki and that of Grothendieckbear some similarities in the level of generalityand abstraction and also in the aim of being foun-dational, thorough, and systematic. The main dif-ference is that Bourbaki covered a range of math-ematical areas, while Grothendieck focused ondeveloping new ideas in algebraic geometry, withthe Weil conjectures as a primary goal. In addition,Grothendieck’s work was very much centered onhis own internal vision, whereas Bourbaki was a col-laborative effort that forged a synthesis of theviewpoints of its members.

Borel described in [Borel] the March 1957 meet-ing of Bourbaki, dubbed the “Congress of the in-flexible functor” because of Grothendieck’s pro-posal that a Bourbaki draft on sheaf theory beredone from a more categorical viewpoint. Bour-baki abandoned this idea, believing it could leadto an endless cycle of foundation-building. Grothen-dieck “could not really collaborate with Bourbakibecause he had his big machine, and Bourbaki wasnot general enough for him,” Serre recalled. In ad-dition, Serre remarked, “I don’t think he liked verymuch the system of Bourbaki, where we would re-ally discuss drafts in detail and criticize them.…That was not his way of doing mathematics. Hewanted to do it himself.” Grothendieck left Bour-baki in 1960, though he remained close to manyof its members.

Stories have circulated that Grothendieck leftBourbaki because of clashes with Weil, but in factthe two had only a brief overlap: following theedict that members must retire at age 50, Weil leftthe group in 1956. Nevertheless, it is true thatGrothendieck and Weil were very different as math-ematicians. As Deligne put it, “Weil felt somewhatthat Grothendieck was too ignorant of what the Ital-ian geometers had done and what all the classicalliterature was, and Weil did not like the style ofbuilding a big machine. …Their styles were quitedifferent.”

Apart from EGA, the other major part ofGrothendieck’s oeuvre in algebraic geometry isSéminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie,known as SGA, which contains written versions oflectures presented in his IHÉS seminar. They wereoriginally distributed by the IHÉS. SGA 2 was co-published by North-Holland and Masson, while the


categorical setting, where the category of sheaveslives. A topos, then, can be described as a categorythat, without necessarily arising from an ordinaryspace, nevertheless has all of the “nice” propertiesof a category of sheaves. The notion of topos,Grothendieck wrote, highlights the fact that “whatreally counts in a topological space is not at all its‘points’ or its subsets of points and their proxim-ity relations and so forth, but rather the sheaveson the space and the category that they form.”

To come up with the idea of topos, Grothendieck“thought very deeply about the notion of space,”Deligne commented. “The theory he created to un-derstand those conjectures of Weil was first tocreate the concept of topos, a generalization of thenotion of space, then to define a topos adapted tothe problem,” he explained. Grothendieck alsoshowed that “one can really work with it, that theintuition we have about ordinary space works [ona topos] also. …This was a very deep idea.”

In Récoltes et Semailles Grothendieck commentedthat from a technical point of view much of hiswork in mathematics consisted in developing thecohomology theories that were lacking. Étale co-homology was one such theory, developed byGrothendieck, Michael Artin, and others, specifi-cally to apply to the Weil conjectures, and indeedit was one of the key ingredients in their proof. ButGrothendieck went yet further, developing the con-cept of a motive, which he described as the “ulti-mate cohomological invariant” of which all othersare different realizations or incarnations. A full the-ory of motives has remained out of grasp, but theconcept has generated a good deal of mathemat-ics. For example, in the 1970s Deligne and RobertLanglands of the IAS conjectured precise rela-tionships between motives and automorphic rep-resentations. This conjecture, now part of the so-called Langlands Program, first appeared in printin [Langlands]. James Arthur of the University ofToronto said that proving this conjecture in fullgenerality is decades away. But, he pointed out,what Andrew Wiles did in the proof of Fermat’s LastTheorem was essentially to prove this conjecturein the case of two-dimensional motives that comefrom elliptic curves. Another example is the workof Vladimir Voevodsky of the IAS on motivic co-homology, for which he received the Fields Medalin 2002. This work builds on some of Grothen-dieck’s original ideas about motives.

In looking back on this brief retrospective of hismathematical work, Grothendieck wrote that whatmakes up its essence and power is not results orbig theorems, but “ideas, even dreams” (page P51).

The Grothendieck School

Jusqu’au moment du premier “réveil,”en 1970, les relations à mes élèves, tout

finite fields of prime characteristic, a scheme pro-duces in turn an array of varieties, each with its dis-tinct geometry. “The array of these different vari-eties of different characteristics can be visualizedas a sort of ‘infinite fan of varieties’ (one for eachcharacteristic),” Grothendieck wrote. “The ‘scheme’is this magic fan, which links, like so many differ-ent ‘branches’, the ‘avatars’ or ‘incarnations’ of allthe possible characteristics.” The generalizationto a scheme allows one to study in a unified wayall the different “incarnations” of a variety. BeforeGrothendieck, “I don’t think people really believedyou could do that,” commented Michael Artin. “Itwas too radical. No one had had the courage to eventhink this may be the way to work, to work in com-plete generality. That was very remarkable.”

Starting with the insight of the nineteenth-century Italian mathematician Enrico Betti, ho-mology and its dual cohomology were developedas tools for studying topological spaces. Basically,cohomology theories provide invariants, which canbe thought of as “yardsticks” for measuring thisor that aspect of a space. The great hope, sparkedby the insight implicit in the Weil conjectures, wasthat cohomological methods for topological spacescould be adapted for use with varieties andschemes. This hope was realized to a great extentin the work of Grothendieck and his collaborators.“It was like night and day to [bring] these coho-mological techniques” into algebraic geometry,Mumford noted. “It completely turned the fieldupside down. It’s like analysis before and afterFourier analysis. Once you get Fourier techniques,suddenly you have this whole deep insight into away of looking at a function. It was similar with co-homology.”

The notion of a sheaf was conceived by JeanLeray and further developed by Henri Cartan andJean-Pierre Serre. In his groundbreaking paperknown as FAC (“Faisceaux algébriques cohérents”,[FAC]), Serre showed how sheaves could be usedin algebraic geometry. Without saying exactly whata sheaf is, Grothendieck described in Récoltes et Se-mailles how this notion changed the landscape:When the idea of a sheaf came along, it was as ifthe good old standard cohomology “yardstick”suddenly multiplied into an infinite array of new“yardsticks”, in all sizes and forms, each perfectlysuited to its own unique measuring task. What ismore, the category of all sheaves over a space car-ries so much information that one can essentially“forget” what the space is. All the information isin the sheaf—what Grothendieck called the “silentand sure guide” that led him on the path to his dis-coveries.

The notion of topos, Grothendieck wrote, is “ametamorphosis of the notion of a space.” The con-cept of a sheaf provides a way of translating fromthe topological setting, where the space lives, to the


seminar. The atmosphere was “fantastic”, Artinrecalled. The seminar was well populated by theleading lights of Parisian mathematics, as well asmathematicians visiting from other places. A groupof brilliant and eager students began to collectaround Grothendieck and to write their thesesunder his direction (the IHÉS does not give de-grees, so formally they were students at universi-ties in and around Paris). By 1962 the IHÉS hadmoved to its permanent home in the middle of aserene, tree-filled park called the Bois-Marie, inthe Paris suburb of Bures-sur-Yvette. The gazebo-like building where the seminar was held, with itslarge picture windows and open, airy feel, pro-vided an unusual and dramatic setting. Grothen-dieck was the dynamic center of the activities.“The seminars were highly interactive,” recalledHyman Bass, who visited the IHÉS in the 1960s, “butGrothendieck dominated whether he was thespeaker or not.” He was extremely rigorous andcould be rather tough on people. “He was not un-kind, but also not coddling,” Bass said.

Grothendieck developed a certain pattern ofworking with students. A typical example is thatof Luc Illusie of the Université de Paris-Sud, whobecame a student of Grothendieck’s in 1964. Illusiehad been participating in the Paris seminar ofHenri Cartan and Laurent Schwartz, and it wasCartan who suggested that Illusie might do a the-sis with Grothendieck. Illusie, who had until thattime worked only in topology, was apprehensiveabout meeting this “god” of algebraic geometry. Asit turned out, Grothendieck was quite kind andfriendly and asked Illusie to explain what he hadbeen working on. After Illusie had spoken for ashort time, Grothendieck went to the board andlaunched into a discussion of sheaves, finitenessconditions, pseudo-coherence, and the like. “It waslike a sea, like a continuous stream of mathemat-ics on the board,” Illusie recalled. At the end of itGrothendieck said that the next year he would de-vote his seminar to L-functions and l-adic coho-mology and that Illusie should help to write up thenotes. When Illusie protested that he knew noth-ing about algebraic geometry, Grothendieck saidit didn’t matter: “You will learn quickly.”

And Illusie did. “His lectures were so clear, andhe made so many efforts to recall what was nec-essary, all the prerequisites,” Illusie remarked.Grothendieck was an excellent teacher, very patientand adept at explaining things clearly. “He tooktime to explain very simple examples showing howthe machinery works,” Illusie said. Grothendieckdiscussed formal properties that are often glossedover as being “trivial” and therefore too obviousto require explanation. Usually “you don’t specifythem, you don’t spend time,” Illusie said, but suchthings are pedagogically very useful. “Sometimes

comme ma relation à mon propre tra-vail, était une source de satisfaction etde joie, un des fondements tangibles, ir-récusables, d’un sentiment d’harmoniedans ma vie, qui continuait à lui don-ner un sens….

Until the moment of the first “awaken-ing”, in 1970, the relations with my stu-dents, just like my relation to my ownwork, was a source of satisfaction andjoy, one of the tangible, unimpeachablebases of a sense of harmony in my life,which continued to give it meaning….


During a visit to Harvard in the fall of 1961,Grothendieck wrote to Serre: “The mathematical at-mosphere at Harvard is ravishing, a real breath offresh air compared with Paris, which is gettingmore gloomy every year. Here, there are a fair num-ber of intelligent students who are beginning to befamiliar with the language of schemes and ask fornothing more than to work on interesting problems,which obviously are not in short supply” [Corr].Michael Artin was at Harvard at that time as a Ben-jamin Peirce instructor, after having finished histhesis with Zariski in 1960. Immediately after histhesis, Artin set about learning the new languageof schemes, and he also became interested in theidea of étale cohomology. When Grothendieck cameto Harvard in 1961, “I asked him to tell me the de-finition of étale cohomology,” Artin recalled witha laugh. The definition had not yet been formulatedprecisely. Said Artin, “Actually we argued about thedefinition for the whole fall.”

After moving to the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology in 1962, Artin gave a seminar on étalecohomology. He spent much of the following twoyears at the IHÉS working with Grothendieck. Oncethe definition of étale cohomology was in hand,there was still a lot of work to be done to tame thetheory and make it into a tool that could really beused. “The definition looked marvelous, but itcame with no guarantees that anything was finite,or could ever be computed, or anything,” Mumfordcommented. This was the work that Artin andGrothendieck plunged into; one product was theArtin representability theorem. Together with Jean-Louis Verdier, they directed the 1963–64 seminar,which focused on étale cohomology. That seminarwas written up in the three volumes of SGA 4,which total nearly 1,600 pages.

There might be disagreement with Grothen-dieck’s “gloomy” assessment of the Parisian math-ematical scene of the early 1960s, but there is noquestion that it got an enormous boost when hereturned to the IHÉS in 1961 and restarted his


showing that the two manifolds could be different,and Mazur went on to do some work in homotopytheory with Artin that was inspired by this ques-tion. But at the time Grothendieck posed it, Mazurwas a dedicated differential topologist, and sucha question would not have occurred to him. “For[Grothendieck], it was a natural question,” Mazursaid. “But for me, it was precisely the right kind ofmotivation to get me to begin to think about alge-bra.” Grothendieck had a real talent for “matchingpeople with open problems. He would size you upand pose a problem that would be just the thingto illuminate the world for you. It’s a mode of per-ceptiveness that’s quite wonderful, and rare.”

In addition to work with students and colleaguesat the IHÉS, Grothendieck maintained correspon-dence with a large number of mathematicians out-side Paris, some of whom were working on partsof his program in other places. For example, RobinHartshorne of the University of California at Berke-ley was at Harvard in 1961 and got the idea for histhesis topic, concerning Hilbert schemes, fromGrothendieck’s lectures there. Once the thesis wasdone, Hartshorne sent a copy to Grothendieck,who was by then back in Paris. In a reply dated Sep-tember 17, 1962, Grothendieck made some briefpositive remarks about the thesis. “The next threeor four pages [of the letter] are all of his ideasabout further theorems that I might be able to de-velop and other things that one might like to knowabout the subject,” Hartshorne said. Some of thethings the letter suggested are “impossibly diffi-cult,” he noted; others show a remarkable pre-science. After this outpouring of ideas, Grothen-dieck returned to the thesis and offered threepages of detailed comments.

In his 1958 talk at the Edinburgh Congress,Grothendieck had outlined his ideas for a theoryof duality, but because he was busy with other top-ics in his IHÉS seminar, it did not get treated there.So Hartshorne offered to give a seminar on dual-ity at Harvard and write up the notes. Over the sum-mer of 1963, Grothendieck fed Hartshorne about250 pages of “pre-notes” that formed the basis forthe seminar, which Hartshorne began in the fall of1963. Questions from the audience helpedHartshorne to develop and refine the theory, whichhe began to write up in a systematic fashion. Hewould send each chapter to Grothendieck to cri-tique. “It would come back covered with red ink allover,” Hartshorne recalled. “So I’d fix everything hesaid, and then I would send him the new version.And it would come back again covered with morered ink.” After realizing that this was a potentiallyendless process, Hartshorne decided one day tosend the manuscript off to be published; it ap-peared in the Springer Lecture Notes series in 1966[Hartshorne].

it was a bit lengthy, but it was very good for un-derstanding.”

Grothendieck gave Illusie the assignment ofwriting up notes for some exposés of the semi-nars—namely, exposés I, II, and III of SGA 5. Thenotes done, “I was shivering when I handed themto him,” Illusie recalled. A few weeks later, Grothen-dieck asked Illusie to come to his home to discussthe notes; he often worked at home with colleaguesand students. When Grothendieck took the notesout and set them on the table, Illusie saw that theywere blackened with penciled comments. The twosat there for several hours as Grothendieck wentover each comment. “He could criticize for acomma, for a period, he could criticize for an ac-cent, he could criticize also on the substance of thething very deeply and propose another organiza-tion—it was all kinds of comments,” Illusie said.“But all his comments were very up to the point.”This kind of line-by-line critique of written noteswas typical of Grothendieck’s way of working withstudents. Illusie recalled that a couple of studentscould not bear this kind of close criticism andended up writing their theses with someone else.One was nearly reduced to tears after an encounterwith Grothendieck. Illusie said, “Some people I re-member didn’t like it so much. You had to complywith that. …[But] they were not petty criticisms.”

Nicholas Katz was also given an assignmentwhen he visited the IHÉS as a postdoc in 1968.Grothendieck suggested that Katz could give a lec-ture in the seminar about Lefschetz pencils. “I hadheard of Lefschetz pencils but really knew as lit-tle as is possible to know about them except forhaving heard of them,” Katz recalled. “But by theend of the year I had given a few talks in the sem-inar, which now exist as part of SGA 7. I learned atremendous amount from it, and it had a big effecton my future.” Katz said that Grothendieck wouldcome to the IHÉS perhaps one day a week to talkto the visitors. “What was completely amazing ishe would then somehow get them interested insomething, give them something to do,” Katz ex-plained. “But with, it seemed to me, a kind of amaz-ing insight into what was a good problem to giveto that particular person to think about. And he wassomehow mathematically incredibly charismatic, sothat it seemed like people felt it was almost a priv-ilege to be asked to do something that was part ofGrothendieck’s long range vision of the future.”

Barry Mazur of Harvard University still remem-bers today the question that Grothendieck posedto him in one of their first conversations at the IHÉSin the early 1960s, a question that Gerard Wash-nitzer had originally asked Grothendieck. The ques-tion: Can an algebraic variety defined over a fieldgive topologically different manifolds by two dif-ferent embeddings of the field into the complexnumbers? Serre had given some early examples


times, though Grothendieck himself never pursuedabstraction for abstraction’s sake. Reid also notedthat, apart from the small number of students ofGrothendieck who could “take the pace and sur-vive,” the people who benefited most from hisideas were those influenced at a distance, partic-ularly American, Japanese, and Russian mathe-maticians. Pierre Cartier sees Grothendieck’s her-itage in the work of such Russian mathematiciansas Vladimir Drinfeld, Maxim Kontsevich, Yuri Manin,and Vladimir Voevodsky. Said Cartier, “They cap-ture the true spirit of Grothendieck, but they areable to combine it with other things.”

Photographs used in this article are courtesy ofFriedrich Hirzebruch, Karin Tate, and the websiteof the Grothendieck Circle (http://www.grothendieck-circle.org).

The second part of this article will appear in thenext issue of the Notices.

References[Aubin] D. AUBIN, A Cultural History of Catastrophes and

Chaos: Around the “Institut des Hautes Études Sci-entifiques,”France, doctoral thesis, Princeton Uni-versity, 1998.

[Borel] A. BOREL, Twenty-five years with Nicolas Bourbaki,1949–1973, Notices, Amer. Math. Soc. 45 (1998),373–380.

[BS] A. BOREL and J.-P. SERRE, Le théorème de Riemann-Roch,Bull. Soc. Math. France 86 (1958) 97–136.

[Cartier1] P. CARTIER, A mad day’s work: From Grothen-dieck to Connes and Kontsevich. The evolution ofconcepts of space and symmetry, Bull. Amer. Math.Soc. 38 (4) 389-408; published electronically July2001.

[Cartier2] ——— , Un pays dont on ne connaîtrait que lenom: Les ‘motifs’ de Grothendieck, Le Réel en Math-ématiques (P. Cartier and N. Charraud eds.), Agalma,2004.

[Cerf] J. CERF, Trois quarts de siècle avec Henri Cartan,Gazette des Mathématiciens, April 2004, SociétéMathématique de France.

[Corr] Corréspondance Grothendieck-Serre. Société Math-ématique de France, 2001. (Published in a bilingualFrench-English version by the Amer. Math. Soc.,2003, under the title Grothendieck-Serre Corre-spondence.)

[D1] J. DIEUDENNÉ, A. Grothendieck’s early work (1950-1960), K-theory, 3 (1989) 299–306. (This issue ofK-Theory was devoted to Grothendieck on the oc-casion of his 60th birthday.)

[D2] ——— , Les travaux de Alexander Grothendieck, Proc.Internat. Congr. Math. (Moscow, 1966), pp. 21–24.Izdat. “Mir”, Moscow, 1968.

[Edin] A. GROTHENDIECK, The cohomology theory of ab-stract algebraic varieties, 1960 Proc. Internat. Con-gress Math. (Edinburgh, 1958), pp. 103–118, Cam-bridge Univ. Press, New York.

[FAC] J.-P. SERRE, Faisceaux algébriques cohérents, Ann.of Math. 61 (1955), 197–278.

Grothendieck “had so many ideas that he keptbasically all the serious people working in algebraicgeometry in the world busy during that time,”Hartshorne observed. How did he keep such anenterprise going? “I don’t think there is a simpleanswer,” Artin replied. But certainly Grothendieck’senergy and breadth were factors. “He was very dy-namic, and he did cover a lot of territory,” Artinsaid. “One thing that was remarkable was that hehad complete control of the field, which was notinhabited by slouches, for a period of 12 years orso.”

During his IHÉS years, Grothendieck’s devotionto mathematics was total. His tremendous energyand capacity for work, combined with a tenaciousfidelity to his internal vision, produced a flood ofideas that swept many into its currents. He did notshrink from the daunting program he had set forhimself, but plunged straight in, taking on tasksgreat and small. “His mathematical agenda wasmuch more than any single human being coulddo,” Bass commented. He parceled out much of thework to his students and collaborators, while alsotaking on a great deal himself. What motivatedhim, as he explained in Récoltes et Semailles, wassimply the desire to understand, and indeed thosewho knew him then confirm that he was not pro-pelled by any sense of competition. “At the time,there was never a thought of proving something be-fore somebody else,” Serre explained. And in anycase, “he could not be in competition with anybody,in a sense, because he wanted to do things his ownway, and essentially nobody else wanted to do thesame. It was too much work.”

The dominance of the Grothendieck school hadsome detrimental effects. Even Grothendieck’s dis-tinguished IHÉS colleague, René Thom, felt thepressure. In [Fields], Thom wrote that his relationswith Grothendieck were “less agreeable” than withhis other IHÉS colleagues. “His technical superior-ity was crushing,” Thom wrote. “His seminar at-tracted the whole of Parisian mathematics, whereasI had nothing new to offer. That made me leave thestrictly mathematical world and tackle more gen-eral notions, like morphogenesis, a subject whichinterested me more and led me towards a verygeneral form of ‘philosophical’ biology.”

In the historical remarks that appear at the endof his 1988 textbook Undergraduate AlgebraicGeometry, Miles Reid wrote: “[T]he Grothendieckpersonality cult had serious side effects: many peo-ple who had devoted a large part of their lives tomastering Weil foundations suffered rejection andhumiliation. …[A] whole generation of students(mainly French) got themselves brainwashed intothe foolish belief that a problem that can’t bedressed up in high-powered abstract formalism isunworthy of study.” Such “brainwashing” was per-haps an inevitable by-product of the fashions of the

http://www.grothendieck-circle.org



[Fields] Fields Medalists’ Lectures, (M. Atiyah and D. Iagol-nitzer, eds.), World Scientific, second edition, 2003.

[Gthesis] A. GROTHENDIECK, Produits tensoriels topologiqueset espaces nucléaires, Memoirs of the AMS (1955),no. 16.

[Hallie] P. HALLIE, Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed, Harper-Collins, 1994.

[Hartshorne] R. HARTSHORNE, Residues and Duality, Lecturenotes of a seminar on the work of A. Grothendieck,given at Harvard 1963/64. With an appendix by P. Deligne. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, No. 20Springer-Verlag, 1966.

[Heydorn] W. HEYDORN, Nur Mensch Sein!, Memoirs from1873 to 1958, (I. Groschek and R. Hering, eds.),Dölling and Galitz Verlag, 1999.

[Ikonicoff] R. Ikonicoff, Grothendieck, Science et Vie, Au-gust 1995, number 935, pages 53–57.

[Langlands] R. P. LANGLANDS, Automorphic representa-tions, Shimura varieties, and motives. Ein Märchen,Automorphic forms, representations and L -func-tions, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Oregon State Univ.,Corvallis, Ore., 1977, Part 2, pp. 205–246. Amer.Math. Soc., 1979.

[Nasar] S. NASAR, A Beautiful Mind, Simon and Schuster,1998.

[R&S] Récoltes et semailles: Réflexions et témoignages surun passé de mathématicien, by Alexandre Grothen-dieck. Université des Sciences et Techniques duLanguedoc, Montpellier, et Centre National de laRecherche Scientifique, 1986.

[Scharlau] Materialen zu einer Biographie von AlexanderGrothendieck, compiled by Winfried Scharlau. Avail-able at http://www.math.uni-muenster.de/math/u/charlau/scharlau.

[Schwartz] L. SCHWARTZ, Les produits tensoriels d’aprèsGrothendieck, Séminaire Secrétariat mathématique,Paris, 1954.

[To] A. GROTHENDIECK, Sur quelques points d’algèbre ho-mologique,” Tôhoku Math. J. (2) 9 (1957), 119–221.

[Washnitzer] G. WASHNITZER, Geometric syzygies, Ameri-can Journal of Mathematics, 81 (1959) 171-248.

[Weil1] A. Weil, Foundations of Algebraic Geometry, AMSColloquium Publications, No. 29, 1946.

[Weil2] ——— , Numbers of solutions of equations in fi-nite fields, Bulletin of the Amer. Math. Soc., 55(1949) 497–508.

http://www.math.uni-muenster.de/math/u/charlau/scharlau

http://www.math.uni-muenster.de/math/u/charlau/scharlau

Comme Appelé du Néant—As If Summoned from the Void:The Life of AlexandreGrothendieckAllyn Jackson


A Different Way of Thinking

Dans le travail de découverte, cette at-tention intense, cette sollicitude ardentesont une force essentielle, tout commela chaleur du soleil pour l’obscure ges-tation des semences enfouies dans laterre nourricière, et pour leur humbleet miraculeuse éclosion à la lumière dujour.

In the work of discovery, this intense at-tention, this ardent solicitude, are an es-sential force, just like the warmth ofthe sun for the obscure gestation ofseeds covered in nourishing soil, and fortheir humble and miraculous blossom-ing in the light of day.


Grothendieck had a mathematical style all hisown. As Michael Artin of the Massachusetts Insti-tute of Technology commented, in the late 1950sand 1960s “the world needed to get used to him,to his power of abstraction.” Nowadays Grothen-dieck’s point of view has been so thoroughly ab-sorbed into algebraic geometry that it is standardfare for graduate students starting in the field,many of whom do not realize that things wereonce quite different. Nicholas Katz of Princeton Uni-versity said that when as a young mathematician

he first encountered Grothendieck’s way of think-ing, it seemed completely different and new. Butit is hard to articulate what the difference was. AsKatz put it, the change in point of view was so fun-damental and profound and, once adopted, socompletely natural “that it’s sort of hard to imag-ine the time before you thought that way.”

Although Grothendieck approached problemsfrom a very general point of view, he did so not forgenerality’s sake but because he was able to use gen-erality in a very fruitful way. “It’s a kind of approachthat in less gifted hands just leads to what mostpeople would say are sterile generalities,” Katzcommented. “He somehow knew what generalthings to think about.” Grothendieck always soughtthe precise level of generality that would provideprecisely the right leverage to gain insight into aproblem. “He seemed to have the knack, time aftertime, of stripping away just enough so that it wasn’ta special case, but it wasn’t a vacuum either,” com-mented John Tate of the University of Texas atAustin. “It’s streamlined; there is no baggage. It’sjust right.”

One striking characteristic of Grothendieck’smode of thinking is that it seemed to rely so littleon examples. This can be seen in the legend of theso-called “Grothendieck prime”. In a mathematicalconversation, someone suggested to Grothendieckthat they should consider a particular prime num-ber. “You mean an actual number?” Grothendieckasked. The other person replied, yes, an actualprime number. Grothendieck suggested, “All right,take 57.”

Allyn Jackson is senior writer and deputy editor of the Notices. Her email address is [email protected].

This is the second part of a two-part articleabout the life of Alexandre Grothendieck. Thefirst part of the article appeared in the October2004 issue of the Notices.

NOVEMBER 2004 NOTICES OF THE AMS 1197

But Grothendieck must have known that 57 is notprime, right? Absolutely not, said David Mumfordof Brown University. “He doesn’t think concretely.”Consider by contrast the Indian mathematician Ramanujan, who was intimately familiar with prop-erties of many numbers, some of them huge. That way of thinking represents a world antipodal to thatof Grothendieck. “He really never worked on exam-ples,” Mumford observed. “I only understand thingsthrough examples and then gradually make themmore abstract. I don’t think it helped Grothendieckin the least to look at an example. He really got con-trol of the situation by thinking of it in absolutelythe most abstract possible way. It’s just very strange.That’s the way his mind worked.” Norbert A’Campoof the University of Basel once asked Grothendieckabout something related to the Platonic solids.Grothendieck advised caution. The Platonic solidsare so beautiful and so exceptional, he said, that onecannot assume such exceptional beauty will hold inmore general situations.

One thing Grothendieck said was that one shouldnever try to prove anything that is not almost ob-vious. This does not mean that one should not beambitious in choosing things to work on. Rather,“if you don’t see that what you are working on isalmost obvious, then you are not ready to work onthat yet,” explained Arthur Ogus of the Universityof California at Berkeley. “Prepare the way. And thatwas his approach to mathematics, that everythingshould be so natural that it just seems completelystraightforward.” Many mathematicians will choosea well-formulated problem and knock away at it,an approach that Grothendieck disliked. In a well-known passage of Récoltes et Semailles, he describes this approach as being comparable tocracking a nut with a hammer and chisel. What heprefers to do is to soften the shell slowly in water,or to leave it in the sun and the rain, and wait forthe right moment when the nut opens naturally(pages 552–553). “So a lot of what Grothendieck didlooks like the natural landscape of things, becauseit looks like it grew, as if on its own,” Ogus noted.

Grothendieck had a flair for choosing striking,evocative names for new concepts; indeed, he sawthe act of naming mathematical objects as an in-tegral part of their discovery, as a way to grasp themeven before they have been entirely understood(R&S, page P24). One such term is étale, which inFrench is used to describe the sea at slack tide, thatis, when the tide is neither going in nor out. At slacktide, the surface of the sea looks like a sheet, whichevokes the notion of a covering space. As Grothen-dieck explained in Récoltes et Semailles, he chosethe word topos, which means “place” in Greek, tosuggest the idea of “the ‘object par excellence’ towhich topological intuition applies” (pages 40–41).Matching the concept, the word topos suggests themost fundamental, primordial notion of space. The

term motif (“motive” in English) is intended toevoke both meanings of the word: a recurrenttheme and something that causes action.

Grothendieck’s attention to choosing namesmeant that he loathed terminology that seemed un-suitable: In Récoltes et Semailles, he said he felt an“internal recoiling” upon hearing for the first timethe term perverse sheaf. “What an idea to give sucha name to a mathematical thing!” he wrote. “Or toany other thing or living being, except in sternnesstowards a person—for it is evident that of all the‘things’ in the universe, we humans are the onlyones to whom this term could ever apply” (page293).

Although Grothendieck possessed great tech-nical power, it was always secondary; it was ameans for carrying out his larger vision. He isknown for certain results and for developing cer-tain tools, but it is his creation of a new viewpointon mathematics that is his greatest legacy. In thisregard, Grothendieck resembles Evariste Galois;indeed, in various places in Récoltes et SemaillesGrothendieck wrote that he strongly identified withGalois. He also mentioned that as a young man heread a biography of Galois by Leopold Infeld [In-feld] (page P63).

Ultimately, the wellspring of Grothendieck’sachievement in mathematics is something quitehumble: his love for the mathematical objects hestudied.

A Spirit in Stagnation

[P]endant vingt-cinq ans, entre 1945(quand j’avais dix-sept ans) et 1969(quand j’allais sur les quarante-deux),j’ai investi pratiquement la totalité de

Grothendieck lecturing at the IHÉS.


mon énergie dans la recherche mathé-matique. Investissement démesuré,certes. Je l’ai payé par une longue stag-nation spirituelle, par un “épaississe-ment” progressif, que j’aurai plus d’unefois l’occasion d’évoquer dans les pagesde Récoltes et Semailles.

[F]or twenty-five years, between 1945(when I was seventeen years old) and1969 (when I reached forty-two), I in-vested practically my entire energy intomathematical research. An excessive in-vestment, certainly. I paid for it with along spiritual stagnation, with a pro-gressive “dulling”, that I have more thanonce found occasion to evoke in thepages of Récoltes et Semailles.


During the 1960s, Barry Mazur of Harvard Uni-versity visited the Institut des Hautes Études Sci-entifiques (IHÉS) with his wife. Although by thattime Grothendieck had a family and a house of hisown, he also kept an apartment in the same build-ing where the Mazurs were living and frequentlyworked there late into the night. Because the apart-ment keys did not open the outside doors, whichwere locked at 11:00 p.m., one might have troublegetting into the building after an evening in Paris.But “I remember we never had any problems,”Mazur recalled. “We would take the last train back,absolutely certain that there would be Grothen-dieck working, his desk by the window. We wouldthrow some gravel at his window and he wouldopen the outside door for us.” Grothendieck’sapartment was sparely furnished; Mazur remem-bered a wire sculpture in the outline of a goat andan urn filled with Spanish olives.

This somewhat lonely image of Grothendieckworking away into the night in a spartan apartmentcaptures one aspect of his life during the 1960s.At this time he did mathematics nonstop. He wastalking to colleagues, advising students, lecturing,carrying on extensive correspondence with math-ematicians outside of France, and writing the seem-ingly endless volumes of EGA and SGA. It is no exaggeration to say that he was single-handedlyleading a large and thriving segment of worldwideresearch in algebraic geometry. He seemed to havefew interests outside of mathematics; colleagueshave said that he never read a newspaper. Evenamong mathematicians, who tend to be single-minded and highly devoted to their work, Grothen-dieck was an extreme case. “Grothendieck wasworking on the foundations of algebraic geometryseven days a week, twelve hours a day, for tenyears,” noted his IHÉS colleague David Ruelle. “He

had achieved level −1 and was working on level 0of something that must be 10 levels high.…At a cer-tain age it becomes clear you will never be able tofinish the building.”

The extremity of Grothendieck’s focus on math-ematics is one reason for the “spiritual stagna-tion” he referred to in Récoltes et Semailles, whichin turn is one of the reasons behind his departure,in 1970, from the world of mathematics in whichhe had been a leading figure. One step toward thatdeparture was a crisis within the IHÉS, which ledto his resignation. Starting in late 1969, Grothen-dieck became embroiled in a conflict with thefounder and director of the IHÉS, Léon Motchane,over military funding for the institute. As historianof science David Aubin explained [Aubin], duringthe 1960s, the IHÉS finances were rather precari-ous, and in some years the institute received asmall portion of its budget, never more than about5 percent, from sources within the French mili-tary. All of the permanent IHÉS professors hadmisgivings about military funding, and in late 1969they insisted that Motchane quit accepting suchfunding. Motchane agreed, but, as Aubin noted, hewent back on his word just a few months later,when the IHÉS budget was stretched thin and heaccepted a grant from the minister of the army. Out-raged, Grothendieck tried in vain to persuade theother professors to resign along with him, butnone did. Less than a year earlier, Pierre Delignehad joined the IHÉS faculty as a permanent pro-fessor, largely on the recommendation of Grothen-dieck, who now pressed his newly appointed colleague to join him in resigning. Deligne too re-fused. “Because I was very close to him mathe-matically, Grothendieck was surprised and deeplydisappointed that this closeness of ideas did notextend outside of mathematics,” Deligne recalled.Grothendieck’s letter of resignation was dated May 25, 1970.

His rupture with the IHÉS was the most visiblesign of a profound shift taking place in Grothen-dieck’s life. Toward the end of the 1960s there were other signs as well. Some were small. Mazur recalled that when he was visiting the IHÉS in 1968,Grothendieck told him he had gone to the movies—for the first time in perhaps a decade. Other signswere larger. In 1966, when he was to receive the FieldsMedal at the International Congress of Mathemati-cians (ICM) in Moscow, Grothendieck refused to attend as a protest against the Soviet government. In 1967 Grothendieck made a three-week trip to Viet-nam, which clearly left an impression on him. His written account of the trip [Vietnam] described themany air raid alerts and a bombing that left two math-ematics teachers dead, as well as the valiant effortsof the Vietnamese to cultivate a mathematical life intheir country. A friendship with a Romanian physiciannamed Mircea Dumitrescu led Grothendieck to make


in the late 1960s a fairly se-rious foray into learningsome biology. He also dis-cussed physics with Ruelle.

The events of the extra-ordinary year of 1968 mustalso have had an impacton Grothendieck. That yearsaw student protests andsocial upheavals all overthe world, as well as theSoviet Union’s brutalcrushing of the “PragueSpring”. In France the boil-ing point came in May1968, when students ob-jecting to university andgovernment policies car-ried out massive proteststhat soon turned into riots.In Paris hundreds of thou-sands of students, teach-ers, and workers took tothe streets to protest policebrutality, and the Frenchgovernment, fearing revo-lution, stationed tanksaround the perimeter ofthe city. Millions of workerswent on strike, paralyzingthe nation for about twoweeks. Karin Tate, who wasliving in Paris with her hus-band at the time, John Tate,recalled the chaos thatreigned. “Paving stones, batons, and any other mis-siles that were handy flew through the air,” she said.“Soon the entire country was at a standstill. Therewas no gasoline (truckers were on strike), there wereno trains (train workers were on strike), garbage waspiling up in Paris (sanitation workers were onstrike), there was very little food on the shelves.”She and John fled to Bures-sur-Yvette, where herbrother, Michael Artin, was visiting the IHÉS. ManyParisian mathematicians took the side of the stu-dents in the conflict. Karin Tate said the protestsdominated conversations among the mathemati-cians she knew, though she did not remember dis-cussing the topic with Grothendieck.

Shortly after his resignation from the IHÉS,Grothendieck plunged into a world completely newto him, the world of protest politics. In a June 26,1970, lecture at the Université de Paris in Orsay,he spoke not about mathematics but about thethreat of nuclear proliferation to the survival of humankind and called upon scientists and mathematicians not to collaborate in any way withthe military. Nicholas Katz, who had recently arrivedfor a visit at the IHÉS and was surprised to hear of

Grothendieck’s resignation, attended the lecture,which he said drew an audience of hundreds in avery crowded lecture hall. Katz remembered thatin the lecture Grothendieck went so far as to saythat doing mathematical research was actually“harmful” (“nuisible” ), given the impending threatsto the human race.

A written version of the lecture, “Responsabilitédu savant dans le monde d’aujourd’hui: Le savantet l’appareil militaire” (“The responsibility of thescholar in today’s world: The scholar and the mili-tary apparatus”), circulated as an unpublished man-uscript. An appendix described the hostile reactionsof the students who attended the lecture and whohanded out flyers mocking Grothendieck. One of the flyers is reproduced in the appendix; a typicalslogan: “Réussissez, ossifiez-vous, détruisez-vousvous-mêmes: devenez un petit schéma télécom-mandé par Grothendieck” (“Succeed, ossify, self-destruct: become a little scheme remote-controlledby Grothendieck”). He was clearly seen as a detestedmember of the establishment.

In another appendix in this manuscript, Grothen-dieck called for the founding of a group to fight

Grothendieck wrote this abstract into the colloquium book at the Universität Bielefeldwhen he spoke there in 1971. The abstract says: “Witch's Kitchen 1971. Riemann-RochTheorem: The ‘dernier cri’: The diagram [displayed] is commutative! To give anapproximate sense to the statement about f : X → Y , I had to abuse the listeners’patience for almost two hours. Black on white (in Springer Lecture Notes) it probablytakes about 400, 500 pages. A gripping example of how our thirst for knowledge anddiscovery indulges itself more and more in a logical delirium far removed from life,while life itself is going to Hell in a thousand ways—and is under the threat of finalextermination. High time to change our course!”


for the survival of the human race against envi-ronmental degradation and the dangers of militaryconflict. This group, called “Survival” (“Survivre et Vivre” in French) came into being in July 1970when Grothendieck delivered his Orsay lecture asecond time, at a summer school on algebraicgeometry at the University of Montreal. The mainactivity of Survival was the publication of a newslet-ter by the same name, the first issue of which waswritten in English by Grothendieck and is dated Au-gust 1970. The newsletter describes an ambitiousagenda of publication of books on science, orga-nization of public courses on science aimed at non-experts, and boycotts of scientific institutions thataccept military funds.

That first issue carried a list of the names, pro-fessions, and addresses of the group’s members,who numbered twenty-five at the time. On the listwere several mathematicians, Grothendieck’smother-in-law, and his son Serge. The directors ofthe group were Grothendieck and three other math-ematicians: Claude Chevalley, Denis Guedj, andPierre Samuel (R&S, page 758). Survival was one ofmany leftist groups that emerged in the wake ofthe tumultuous 1960s; a similar organization in theUnited States was the Mathematics Action Group.Too small and diffuse to accumulate much influ-ence, Survival was more active in Paris than in theUnited States and Canada, due mostly to Grothen-dieck’s presence. When he moved out of Paris in1973, the group petered out.

At the ICM in Nice in the summer of 1970,Grothendieck tried to recruit members for Sur-vival. He wrote, “I expected massive enrollments—there were (if I remember correctly) two or three”

(R&S, page 758). Nevertheless, his proselytizingdrew a good deal of attention. “First of all, he wasone of the world stars in mathematics at that time,”said Pierre Cartier of the IHÉS, who attended thecongress. “Also, you have to remember the politi-cal climate at the time.” Many mathematicians opposed the Vietnam War and sympathized withSurvival’s antimilitary stance. During the congress,Cartier said, Grothendieck sneaked a table in be-tween two publishers’ booths in the exhibit areaand, assisted by his son Serge, began to hand outthe Survival newsletter. This caused a heated rowbetween him and his old colleague and friend, JeanDieudonné, who had become the first dean of thescience faculty at the Université de Nice when it wasfounded in 1964 and who was responsible for theICM being held there. Cartier said that he and oth-ers tried unsuccessfully to persuade Dieudonnéto permit this “unofficial booth”. EventuallyGrothendieck took the table out to the street infront of the hall in which the congress was beingheld. But another problem loomed: in delicate negotiations with the mayor of Nice, the congressorganizers had promised there would be no streetdemonstrations. Police officers began to questionGrothendieck, and finally the chief of police showedup. Grothendieck was asked to move his table justa few yards back so that it was off the sidewalk.“But he refused,” Cartier recalled. “He wanted tobe put in jail. He really wanted to be put in jail!”Finally, Cartier said, he and some others moved thetable back sufficiently to satisfy the police.

Although Grothendieck’s plunge into politicswas sudden, he was by no means alone. His goodfriend Cartier has a long history of political ac-tivism. For example, he was among the mathe-maticians who used the holding of the ICM in Warsaw in 1983 to negotiate the release of onehundred fifty political prisoners in Poland. Cartiertraces his activism to the example set by his teacherand mentor, Laurent Schwartz, who was one of themost politically vocal and active academics inFrance. Schwartz was the thesis adviser of Grothen-dieck. Another mathematician Grothendieck knewwell, Pierre Samuel, is one of the founders of theFrench Green Party. Outside of France, many math-ematicians were politically active. Among the best-known examples in North America are ChandlerDavis and Stephen Smale, who were deeply in-volved in protests against the Vietnam War.

But despite his strong convictions, Grothen-dieck was never effective in the real world of pol-itics. “He was always an anarchist at heart,” Cartierobserved. “On many issues, my basic positions arenot very far from his positions. But he was so naivethat it was totally impossible to do anything withhim politically.” He was also rather ignorant. Cartierrecalled that, after an inconclusive presidentialelection in France in 1965, the newspapers carried

Tata Institute International Colloquium in 1968.Grothendieck (standing, left) and Armand Borel

(seated, facing camera).


headlines saying that de Gaulle had not beenelected. Grothendieck asked if this meant thatFrance would no longer have a president. Cartierhad to explain to him what a runoff election is.“Grothendieck was politically illiterate,” Cartiersaid. But he did want to help people: it was not un-usual for Grothendieck to give shelter for a fewweeks to homeless people or others in need. “Hewas very generous, he has always been very gen-erous,” Cartier said. “He remembered his youth, hisdifficult youth, when his mother had nothing, andhe was always ready to help—but in a nonpoliticalway.”

The Wild ’70s

[In 1970 J]’ai alors quitté un milieu pourentrer dans un autre—le milieu des gens“des premiers rangs” pour le “marais”;soudain, la plupart de mes nouveauxamis étaient de ceux justement qu’un anavant encore j’aurais tacitement situésdans cette contrée sans nom et sanscontours. Le soi-disant marais soudains’animait et prenait vie par les visagesd’amis liés à moi par une aventure com-mune—une autre aventure!

[In 1970] I left one milieu to enter an-other—the milieu of people “of the firstrank” for the “swamp”; suddenly, themajority of my new friends were thosewho just a year before I had tacitly sit-uated in this region without name andwithout shape. The so-called swampsuddenly moved around and took on life through the faces of friends tied to me by a common adventure—anotheradventure!


“Légion d’Honneur! Légion d’Honneur!” Grothen-dieck was shouting from the back of the auditorium,waving a paper facsimile of the Légion d’Honneurcross, a distinction conferred by the French gov-ernment. The scene was the opening day of a sum-mer school on modular functions, held in Antwerpin the summer of 1972 and supported by the NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Grothen-dieck’s longtime friend Jean-Pierre Serre of theCollège de France, who had recently received theLégion d’Honneur, was presenting the openingspeech. Grothendieck approached Serre and asked,“Do you mind if I go to the blackboard and saysomething?” Serre replied, “Yes, I mind” and leftthe room. Grothendieck then mounted the podiumand began speaking against NATO support for theconference. Other mathematicians sympathizedwith this view: One example was Roger Godement,

who in April 1971 wrote an open letter explaininghis reasons for refusing to attend the conference.

Unbeknownst to Grothendieck, Cartier and someother mathematicians who were uncomfortableabout the NATO support had conducted extensivenegotiations to have a NATO representative cometo the conference for a public debate. Cartier andothers eased Grothendieck off the podium, but thedamage had been done: Cartier soon received anangry phone call from the NATO representative,who had heard about the outburst and refused tocome, believing that conditions for an orderly de-bate had been ruined. “To me, it was sad, becausefrom what I remember, I think that the audiencewas mostly on Grothendieck’s political side,” Cartiernoted. “Even people who were close to his politi-cal views or his social views were antagonized byhis behavior.…He behaved like a wild teenager.”

By the time of the Antwerp meeting, Grothen-dieck had cut many of the ties that had bound himto an orderly life focused on mathematics. For onething, he no longer had a permanent position. Afterhe left the IHÉS in 1970, Serre arranged for him tohave a visiting position at the Collège de France fortwo years. This elite institution operates differ-ently from other universities in France (or any-where else for that matter). Each professor at theCollège must submit for approval by the assemblyof all the professors a program of the lectures heor she plans to deliver during the year. Serre re-called that Grothendieck offered two possible programs: one on mathematics and one on the political themes that occupied the Survival group.The committee approved the mathematical pro-gram and rejected the other one. So Grothendieckpresented mathematical lectures prefaced by long discourses about politics. After two years he appliedfor a permanent position at the Collège de France,a position that had become vacant with the retire-ment of Szolem Mandelbrojt. The curriculum vitae

Grothendieck, center, University of Montreal,around 1970.


Grothendieck submitted plainly showed that heintended to give up mathematics to focus on taskshe believed to be far more urgent: “the imperativesof survival and the promotion of a stable and hu-mane order on our planet.” How could the Collègeappoint to a position in mathematics someone whohad declared that he would no longer do any math-ematics? “He was rightly refused,” Serre said.

It was also during the period just after he leftthe IHÉS that Grothendieck’s family life crumbledand he and his wife separated. In the two years afterhe left the IHÉS, Grothendieck spent a fair amountof time lecturing in mathematics departments inNorth America. He spread the gospel of Survival byinsisting he would give a mathematics lecture onlyif arrangements were made for him also to give apolitical lecture. On one such trip in May 1972, hevisited Rutgers University and met Justine Bumby(Skalba), then a graduate student of Daniel Goren-stein. Captivated by Grothendieck’s charismaticpersonality, Bumby left behind her life as a grad-uate student to follow him, first on the remainderof his trip in the United States, and then on toFrance, where she lived with him for two years.“He’s the most intelligent person I’ve ever met,” she said. “I was very much in awe of him.”

Their life together was in some ways emblem-atic of the counterculture years of the 1970s. Once,at a peaceful demonstration in Avignon, the policeintervened, harassing and pushing away the demon-strators. Grothendieck got angry when they startedpestering him, Bumby recalled. “He was a goodboxer, so he was very fast,” she said. “We see thepolicemen approaching us, and we are all scared,and then the next thing we know, the two police-men are on the ground.” Grothendieck had single-handedly decked two police officers. After someother officers had subdued him, Bumby andGrothendieck were bundled into a wagon and taken to the police station. When his identification papers revealed that he was a professor at the

Collège de France, the two were taken in to see thechief of police, who spoke to them in English, asBumby spoke no French. After a short conversation,in which the police chief expressed his desire toavoid trouble between police and professors, thetwo were released and no charges were brought.

Shortly after Bumby came to France withGrothendieck, he started a commune in a largehouse he had rented just south of Paris in Chate-nay-Malabry, and they lived there together. Shesaid he sold organically grown vegetables and seasalt out of the basement of the house. The com-mune was a bustling place: Bumby said thatGrothendieck held meetings, which might attractup to a hundred people, about the issues raised inthe Survival group, and these attracted consider-able media attention. However, the commune dis-solved fairly rapidly as a result of complicated personal relationships among the members. It was around this time that Grothendieck’s positionended at the Collège de France, and in the fall of1972 he took a temporary position teaching for one year at the Université de Paris in Orsay. Afterthat, Grothendieck obtained a position called pro-fesseur à titre personnel, which is attached to asingle individual and can be taken to any univer-sity in France. Grothendieck took his to the Uni-versité de Montpellier, where he was to remainuntil his retirement in 1988.

In early 1973 he and Bumby moved to Olmet-le-sec, a rural village in the south of France. Thisarea was at the time a magnet for hippies and others in the counterculture movement who wantedto return to a simpler lifestyle close to the land. Here Grothendieck again attempted to start up acommune, but personality conflicts led to its collapse. At various times three of Grothendieck’schildren came to live in the Paris commune and inthe one in Olmet. After the latter commune dis-solved, he moved with Bumby and his children toVillecun, a short distance away. Bumby noted thatGrothendieck had a hard time adjusting to theways of the people attracted to the counterculturemovement. “His students in mathematics had beenvery serious, and they were very disciplined, veryhardworking people,” she said. “In the counter-culture he was meeting people who would loafaround all day listening to music.” Having been anundisputed leader in mathematics, Grothendiecknow found himself in a very different milieu, inwhich his views were not always taken seriously.“He was used to people agreeing with his opinionswhen he was doing algebraic geometry,” Bumby remarked. “When he switched to politics all the people who would have agreed with him before suddenly disagreed with him.... It was somethinghe wasn’t used to.”

Although most of the time Grothendieck wasvery warm and affectionate, Bumby said, he

A. Grothendieck with children Serge (left) andJohanna in 1960.


sometimes had violent outbursts followed by pe-riods of silent withdrawal. There were also dis-turbing episodes in which he would launch into amonologue in German, even though she under-stood no German. “He would just go on as if Iwasn’t there,” she said. “It was kind of scary.” Hewas frugal, sometimes compulsively so: one time,to avoid throwing away three quarts of leftover cof-fee, he drank it—with the predictable result thathe got quite sick afterward. Bumby said she believesthat his speaking German and his extreme frugal-ity may have been connected psychologically to thehardships he endured as a child, especially thetime when he lived with his mother in the intern-ment camps.

Grothendieck may have been experiencing somekind of psychological breakdown, and Bumby todaywonders whether she should have sought treatmentfor him. Whether he would have submitted to suchtreatment is unclear. They parted ways not long after their son, John, was born in the fall of 1973. Af-ter spending some time in Paris, Bumby moved backto the United States. She married a mathematicianwho was a widower, Richard Bumby of Rutgers Uni-versity, and they raised John and Richard’s two daughters. John exhibited a good deal of mathemat-ical talent and was a mathematics major at HarvardUniversity. He recently finished his Ph.D. in statisticsat Rutgers. Grothendieck has had no contact with this son.

During the early 1970s, Grothendieck’s interestswere very far from those of the mathematical worldhe had left behind. But that world intruded in a ma-jor way in the summer of 1973, when, at a conferencein honor of W. V. D. Hodge in Cambridge, England,Pierre Deligne presented a series of lectures about his proof of the last and most stubborn of the Weil conjectures. Grothendieck’s former student Luc Illusie was at the conference and wrote to him with the news. Wanting to know more, Grothendieck, ac-companied by Bumby, visited the IHÉS in July 1973.

In 1959 Bernard Dwork proved by p-adic meth-ods the first Weil conjecture (which says that thezeta function of a variety over a finite field is a ra-tional function). Grothendieck’s 1964 l-adic proofof this conjecture was more general and intro-duced his “formalism of the six operations.” Inthe 1960s Grothendieck also proved the secondWeil conjecture (which says that the zeta functionof a variety satisfies a functional equation). Find-ing a way to prove the last Weil conjecture (some-times called the “congruence Riemann Hypothesis”)was a major inspiration for much of his work. Heformulated what he called the “standard conjec-tures,” which, if they could be proved, would implyall of the Weil conjectures. The standard conjectureswere also formulated independently around thesame time by Enrico Bombieri. To this day, thestandard conjectures remain inaccessible. Deligne

found a clever way to circumvent them when heproved the last Weil conjecture. One of the key ideashe used came from a paper by R. A. Rankin [Rankin],which is about the classical theory of modularforms and of which Grothendieck was unaware. AsJohn Tate put it, “For the proof of the last Weil con-jecture, you needed another ingredient that wasmore classical. That was Grothendieck’s blind spot.”

When Bumby and Grothendieck turned up atthe IHÉS that summer, among the visitors wasWilliam Messing of the University of Minnesota.Messing first met Grothendieck in 1966, when asa graduate student at Princeton he attended a se-ries of lectures Grothendieck gave at HaverfordCollege. These lectures made a deep impression onMessing, and Grothendieck became his informalthesis adviser. In 1970 Messing joined the Survivalgroup at the Montreal meeting at which it wasfounded. The following year, while Grothendieckwas visiting Kingston University in Ontario, he andMessing made a car trip to visit Alex Jameson, anIndian activist living on a reservation near Buffalo,New York. Grothendieck was pursuing a quixotichope of helping the Indians resolve a dispute overa land treaty.

In the summer of 1973 Messing was living in asmall studio in the Ormaille, the housing complexfor IHÉS visitors. Excitement was bubbling amongthe mathematicians over Deligne’s breakthrough.“Grothendieck was with Justine,” Messing recalled.“They came for dinner, and Katz and I spent theevening explaining to Grothendieck the main newand different things in Deligne’s proof of the lastof the Weil conjectures. He was pretty excited.” Atthe same time, Grothendieck expressed disap-pointment that the proof bypassed the question ofwhether or not the standard conjectures were true.“I think he certainly would have been very happyto have proven [all the Weil conjectures] himself,”Katz remarked. “But in his mind, the Weil conjec-tures were important because they were the tip ofthe iceberg reflecting some fundamental struc-tures in mathematics that he wanted to discoverand develop.” A proof of the standard conjectureswould reveal that structure in a much deeper way.

Later during that visit Grothendieck also metwith Deligne to discuss the proof. Deligne recalledthat Grothendieck was not as interested in theproof as he would have been had it used the the-ory of motives. “If I had done it using motives, hewould have been very interested, because it wouldhave meant the theory of motives had been devel-oped,” Deligne remarked. “Since the proof used atrick, he did not care.” In trying to develop the the-ory of motives, Grothendieck had run into a majortechnical difficulty. “The most serious problemwas that, for his idea of motives to work, one hadto be able to construct enough algebraic cycles,”Deligne explained. “I think he tried very hard and


he failed. And since then nobody has been able tosucceed.” According to Deligne, this technical ob-stacle to developing the theory of motives wasprobably far more frustrating to Grothendieck thanhis inability to prove the last Weil conjecture.

A Distant Voice

[J]’ai quitté “le grand monde” mathé-matique en 1970.…Après quelques an-nées de militantisme anti-militariste etécologique, style “révolution culturelle”,dont tu as sans doute eu quelque échoici et là, je disparais pratiquement de lacirculation, perdu dans une universitéde province Dieu sait où. La rumeur ditque je passe mon temps à garder desmoutons et à forer des puits. La véritéest qu’à part beaucoup d’autres occu-pations, j’allais bravement, comme toutle monde, faire mes cours à la Fac (c’étaitlà mon peu original gagne-pain, et çal’est encore aujourd’hui).

I left “the great world” of mathematicsin 1970.…After several years of anti-military and ecological militancy, “cul-tural revolution”-style, of which youhave no doubt heard an echo here andthere, I just about disappeared fromcirculation, lost in a university in someprovince, God knows where. Rumor hasit that I pass my time tending sheepand drilling wells. The truth is that apartfrom many other occupations, I bravelywent, like everyone else, to teach mycourses in the Department (this was theway I originally earned my bread, andit’s the same today).

—Récoltes et Semailles, page L3

When Grothendieck came to the Université deMontpellier in 1973, Yves Ladegaillerie, then twenty-five years old, was a maître des conferences there,having finished his doctorate at the Institut HenriPoincaré in Paris three years earlier. Grothendieckproposed that Ladegaillerie do a thèse d’état withhim in topology and spent a great deal of time ini-tiating the younger mathematician into his visionand methods. In a brief memoir about Grothen-dieck, Ladegaillerie wrote: “I had had as professorsin Paris some of the great mathematicians of theday, from Schwartz to Cartan, but Grothendieck wascompletely different, an extra-terrestrial. Ratherthan translating things into another language, hethought and spoke directly in the language of mod-ern structural mathematics, to whose creation hehad contributed greatly” [Ladegaillerie]. Once, inorder to verify a certain algebraic computation

involving braids, Ladegaillerie made a little modelusing some string and a small plank with holes. Thismade Grothendieck laugh out of sheer delight: “Atthat moment, he was like a child before a wizardwho performed a trick, and he told me: ‘I wouldnever have thought of doing that’.”

Grothendieck lived an ascetic, unconventional life in an old house without electricity in Villecun,about thirty-five miles outside of Montpellier. Ladegaillerie remembered seeing Justine Bumbyand her baby there, though she soon was gone.Many friends, acquaintances, and students wentto visit Grothendieck, including people from the ecology movement. In 1974 the leader of a group of Buddhist missionaries from Japan came to visit Grothendieck, and after that many other adherents of Buddhism passed through his home (R&S, page 759). Once, after being host to a Buddhist monk whose travel documents were notin order, Grothendieck became the first person in France ever to be charged under an obscure 1949 law against “gratuitously lodging and feeding a stranger in an irregular situation” (R&S, page 53).As someone who had been stateless all his life,Grothendieck was outraged at the charge and triedto launch a campaign against it. He even traveledto Paris to speak about it at a Bourbaki seminar. Hiscampaign made headlines in French national news-papers. Ultimately he paid a fine and received a sus-pended sentence.

It was around this time that Grothendiecklearned to drive. He had an ancient Citroën of amodel called 2CV and known informally as a deuxchevaux. One of his students, Jean Malgoire, nowa maître des conferences at Montpellier, recalled aterrifying journey through a torrential rainstormwith Grothendieck at the wheel. In addition tobeing a poor driver, Grothendieck was far more oc-cupied with the discourse he was presenting tohis passengers than with the condition of the road.“I was sure we would never get there alive!” Mal-goire said. “I understood then that Alexandre hada very special relationship with reality.… Ratherthan adapting to what was real, he believed that re-ality would adapt itself to him.” One time, while dri-ving a moped, Grothendieck collided head-on withan automobile. According to Ladegaillerie, he hadturned his eyes from the road to get an apricot outof a bag that was behind him. Although he had aleg fracture serious enough to require surgery, herequested acupuncture as the only anesthetic. Heagreed to take antibiotics only when the surgeontold him that the alternative was to amputate thebroken leg.

At the Université de Montpellier, Grothendieckhad a regular faculty position and taught at all lev-els. Although the students were not as strong as theones he had had in Paris, he nevertheless poured agreat deal of energy, enthusiasm, and patience into


his teaching. He had an unconventional teachingstyle. For an examination involving polyhedra, hehad students submit paper-and-glue models, muchto the dismay of those who had to shepherd theexam papers through the grading process. Oneperson who took undergraduate courses from himat Montpellier is Susan Holmes, now a statisticianat Stanford University. “I found him very inspiring,as he was both unconventional and kind to thestudents, who really didn’t understand at all thathe was a great mathematician,” she recalled. Heshowed up in the worn-out attire of a hippie anddistributed his homegrown organic apples in class.“He definitely did not explain in a linear fashionsuited to undergraduates, but his teaching wasvery inspiring, and one got the impression of somewonderful mysterious ‘big picture’,” Holmes said.

Grothendieck was never one for reading as a wayto learn about and understand mathematics. Talk-ing to others had always been his primary way offinding out what was going on in the field. His de-parture from the intense, stimulating atmosphereof the IHÉS, where oral exchanges were his pri-mary mode of communication about mathematics,was an enormous change for him. Compared withthe pace he kept during the 1960s, Grothendieck’slater mathematical work was sporadic. Although hehad several Ph.D. students at Montpellier, he didnot establish anything like the thriving school hehad headed at the IHÉS. Some of Grothendieck’s for-mer students and colleagues from his Paris daystraveled to Montpellier to visit him. The most fre-quent of these visitors was Deligne, who during the1970s was the main person keeping Grothendieckaware of new developments.

At Montpellier, Grothendieck did not have aseminar that met consistently. He formed a smallworking group with Ladegaillerie, Malgoire, andsome of his other students, but according to Lade-gaillerie it never really got off the ground. During1980–81, he ran a seminar, whose sole attendee was Malgoire, on relations between Galois groups and fundamental groups. This is the subject of his1,300-page manuscript La Longue Marche à Tra-vers la Théorie de Galois (The Long March throughGalois Theory), completed in 1981. Grothendieckdid not publish La Longue Marche, but through Malgoire’s efforts part of it was published in 1995by the Université de Montpellier [Marche]. There wasalso a small working seminar in which Ladegailleriegave some lectures on William Thurston’s work onTeichmüller spaces, which stimulated Grothen-dieck’s interest in this subject.

By the 1980s Grothendieck felt he had done allhe could in trying to motivate the less-than-enthusiastic students at Montpellier and decidedto apply for a position as a researcher in the Cen-tre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).The CNRS, an agency of the French government,

employs mathematicians and scientists to do re-search. Based at universities or research institu-tions, CNRS positions usually entail no teaching. Inthe 1950s, before he went to the IHÉS, Grothendieckhad held a CNRS position. In the 1970s he appliedto reenter the CNRS but was turned down. At thattime, Michel Raynaud of the Université de Paris-Orsay was on the committee of mathematicians thatreviewed CNRS applications. Raynaud said theCNRS administration had been hesitant to takeGrothendieck on, arguing that it was unclearwhether he would continue doing mathematics.The committee could not contradict this argument,and the application was turned down.

When Grothendieck reapplied to the CNRS in1984, his application was once again controversial.Jean-Pierre Bourguignon, now director of the IHÉS,chaired the committee in charge of reviewing ap-plications in mathematics, among which wasGrothendieck’s. According to Bourguignon, in thehandwritten letter required for the application,Grothendieck listed several tasks he would notperform, such as supervising research students. Be-cause CNRS contracts obligate researchers to per-form some of these tasks, this letter was viewedby the CNRS administration as proof of Grothen-dieck’s ineligibility. Bourguignon said he tried toget Grothendieck to amend his application so thatit did not state explicitly all the tasks he refusedto carry out, but Grothendieck would not budge.After considerable effort on the part of severalpeople, Grothendieck was eventually put on a spe-cial kind of position, called a position asterisquée,that was acceptable to him and to the CNRS. TheCNRS did not actually hire him but was in chargeonly of paying his salary, and he retained his uni-versity affiliation. So for his last few years at Mont-pellier before his retirement in 1988, Grothendieckdid not teach and spent less and less time at theuniversity.

The mathematical part of Grothendieck’s 1984application to the CNRS was the now-famous man-uscript Esquisse d’un Programme. In it he outlines,in a somewhat mysterious but nevertheless pene-trating and visionary fashion, a new area that hecalled “anabelian algebraic geometry”. He alsomuses on the inadequacy of general topology andpresents ideas for a renewal in the form of whathe called “tame topology”. The Esquisse also con-tains his ideas about dessins d’enfants, which heoriginally developed in order to have a simple wayof explaining to students some notions in alge-braic geometry and which have since spawned agood deal of research. Grothendieck sent the Es-quisse to mathematicians who he thought mighttake an interest in it, and the manuscript circulatedunpublished for several years.

Leila Schneps of the Université de Paris VI readthe Esquisse in 1991. Before that she had identified


Grothendieck with the foundational works of EGAand SGA, and she found that the Esquisse was completely different. “It was a wild expression ofmathematical imagination,” she recalled. “I lovedit. I was bowled over, and I wanted to start work-ing on it right away.” She became an enthusiasticevangelist for the research program described inthe Esquisse, and she and others have made a gooddeal of progress on it. She said, “Some of it doesn’teven seem to make sense at first, but then you work for two years, and you go back and look atit, and you say, ‘He knew this’.” She edited a bookon dessins d’enfants, which appeared in 1994[Schneps1], and in 1995 she and Pierre Lochak,also of the Université de Paris VI, organized a con-ference around the Esquisse. The Esquisse appearedfor the first time in print in the proceedings of thatconference [Schneps2].

Aside from the Esquisse and La Longue Marche,Grothendieck wrote at least one other mathematicalwork during the 1980s. À la Poursuite des Champs(Pursuing Stacks), which runs 1,500 pages, began asa letter to Daniel Quillen of the University of Oxford.Completed in 1983, it sketches Grothendieck’s vision of a synthesis of homotopical algebra, ho-mological algebra, and topos theory. À la Poursuitedes Champs circulated widely among mathemati-cians but was never published. Although its topic ismathematics, the style of À la Poursuite des Champsis completely different from the style of his earliermathematical writings. It was written as a sort of“log book” on a mathematical voyage of discovery,which includes all the false starts, wrong turns, andsudden inspirations that characterize mathemati-cal discovery but that are typically omitted fromwritten mathematical works. When nonmathemati-cal matters drew his attention, they become part of the log book too: for example, À la Poursuite desChamps contains a digression about the birth of oneof his grandchildren. During the 1990s he wrote a2,000-page mathematical work on the foundationsof homotopy theory called Les Dérivateurs, whichhe gave to Malgoire in 1995 and which is now beingmade available on the Web [Deriv].

While he was at Montpellier, Grothendieck’s un-compromising, “anti-establishment” bent seemsto have become more pronounced. After Ladegail-lerie’s thesis was finished, Grothendieck wrote toSpringer-Verlag to suggest that it be published inthe Lecture Notes series. He was outraged when hereceived the reply that the series no longer pub-lished theses. The thesis was submitted for publi-cation anyway, with the predictable result that itwas rejected. According to Ladegaillerie, Grothen-dieck wrote letters about this to colleagues, in aneffort to build a campaign against Springer. Lade-gaillerie decided to publish his thesis in the formof several papers rather than as a whole, and themain part appeared in Topology. Grothendieck

reproached him for having cut the work intopublishable pieces. As Ladegaillerie put it, Grothen-dieck tried to enlist him in his “fight against theestablishment,” but Ladegaillerie resisted, believ-ing that such a fight was unreasonable and unjus-tified.

“Despite such disagreements, we have stayedfriends, with highs and lows,” Ladegaillerie said. Ofhis work with Grothendieck, Ladegaillerie said, “Itwas fascinating to work with a genius. I don’t likethis word, but for Grothendieck there is no otherword possible.…It was fascinating, but it was alsofrightening, because the man was not ordinary.”Memories of working on mathematics with Grothen-dieck long into the night, by the light of a kerosenelamp, are “the greatest memories of my life as amathematician.”

Reaping and Sowing

Il y a beaucoup de choses dans Récolteset Semailles, et les uns et les autres y ver-ront sans doute beaucoup de chosesdifférentes: un voyage à la découverted’un passé; une méditation sur l’exis-tence; un tableau de moeurs d’un milieuet d’une époque (ou le tableau du glisse-ment insidieux et implacable d’uneépoque à une autre…); une enquête (qua-siment policière par moments, et end’autres frisant le roman de cape etd’épée dans les bas-fonds de la mé-gapolis mathématique…); une vaste di-vagation mathématique (qui sèmeraplus d’un…); un traité pratique de psy-chanalyse appliquée (ou, au choix, unlivre de “psychanalyse-fiction”); unepanégyrique de la connaissance de soi;“Mes confessions”; un journal intime;une psychologie de la découverte et dela création; un réquisitoire (impitoyable,comme il se doit…), voire un règlementde comptes dans “le beau monde math-ématique” (et sans faire de cadeaux).

There are many things in Récoltes et Semailles, and different people will nodoubt see in it many different things: a voyage to the discovery of a past; a med-itationon existence; a portrait of the moralsof a milieu and of an era (or the portraitof an insidious and relentless sliding ofone era into another…); an inquest (almostdetective-style at times, and at others bordering on cloak-and-dagger fiction setin the underbelly of the mathematicalmegapolis); a vast mathematical ramble(which will leave more than one reader inthe dust…); a practical treatise on appliedpsychology (or, if you like, a book of


“psychoanalytic-fiction”); a panegyric onself-knowledge; “My confessions”; a pri-vate diary; a psychology of discovery andcreation; an indictment (pitiless, as is fit-ting), even a settling of scores in “the worldof elite mathematics” (and without anygifts).

—Récoltes et Semailles, page L2

Between June 1983 and February 1986, Grothen-dieck wrote Récoltes et Semailles: Réflexions et té-moignage sur un passé de mathématicien (Reapingsand Sowings: Reflections and testimony about thepast of a mathematician). It is a work that defiescategorization. The title suggests a memoir, but Ré-coltes et Semailles is something more and less thana memoir. It is more, in that it contains not onlymemories of events in his life but also analyses,often quite deep and minute, of the moral and psy-chological significance of those events and his at-tempts to reconcile their meaning with his view ofhimself and the world. These analyses lead him intophilosophical musings about the role of discoveryand creativity in mathematics and in life more gen-erally. At the same time, Récoltes et Semailles issomething less than a memoir, in that it does notattempt a systematic and comprehensive accountof events in Grothendieck’s life. He is not writingfor future biographers or historians, but primarilyfor himself. Récoltes et Semailles is a probing ex-amination of matters closest to his heart. He bringsto this work the searching curiosity, the same driveto get to the very bottom of things, that he broughtto his mathematics. The result is a dense, multi-layered work that reveals a great and sometimesterrifying mind carrying out the difficult work oftrying to understand itself and the world.

Needless to say, Récoltes et Semailles is not aneasy read, and Grothendieck makes a lot of de-mands on his readers. Much of it has a quotidianfeel, and in some parts he is obviously setting downhis thoughts as they evolve from one day to the next.As a result, within the space of a page there can besudden and sometimes disconcerting changes inmood and topic. The organization is complex. Themain text is divided into numbered sections, eachwith its own carefully chosen and evocative title.Within each section there are cross-references toother sections, as well as numerous footnotes,some quite long and substantial, and sometimeseven footnotes to the footnotes. The wide-rangingvocabulary presents special challenges for thosewhose native language is not French, as does his pen-chant for using colloquialisms, some of them rathervulgar. Through it all Grothendieck writes withgreat care, insight, and clarity, in a pungent and ar-resting style. He often succeeds at describing thingsthat at first glance would seem quite ineffable.

One of the reasons for the complexity of thestructure of Récoltes et Semailles, and for its spon-taneity, is that Grothendieck wrote it without adefinite plan in mind. He started writing it as anintroduction to À la Poursuite des Champs, whichwas to mark his return to making a serious in-vestment of time and energy in doing and pub-lishing mathematics. The introduction was intendedto explain the new spirit of his research, whichwould not focus on the precise and exhaustivefoundation-building of his earlier work, but wouldtake readers on a “voyage of discovery” of newmathematical worlds. Grothendieck envisioned Ré-coltes et Semailles as the first volume of a seriescalled Réflexions, which would contain his thoughtsand reflections on things mathematical and oth-erwise. The second volume was to have been À laPoursuite des Champs, and La Longue Marche à Travers la Théorie de Galois and Esquisse d’un Programme were also to have been included.

In the first part of Récoltes et Semailles, which hecalled “Fatuité et Renouvellement” (“Complacencyand Renewal”), Grothendieck does a lot of soul-searching about the mathematical community inwhich he worked. The welcoming atmosphere he encountered upon joining that community as a newcomer in 1948 began to disappear, he says, asmathematicians came to use their reputations to setthemselves in a superior position. Mathematics be-came a way to gain power, and the elite mathemati-cians of the day became smug, feared figures whoused that power to discourage and disdain when it served their interests. He ruefully recounts some instances in which he himself displayed attitudes ofconceit and haughtiness and realizes that these attitudes had coalesced into a “sportive” or com-petitive approach to mathematics that had begun to hamper his ability to open himself to the beautyof mathematical things.

It was after writing “Fatuité et Renouvellement”that he was suddenly struck by “the insidious re-ality of a Burial of my oeuvre and at the same timeof my person, which suddenly imposed itself on me,with an irresistible force and with this very name,‘The Burial’, on [April 19, 1984].” (R&S, page L8).On that date he began writing what eventually became a three-part series called “L’Enterrement”(“The Burial”), comprising more than one thou-sand pages. In it he strongly attacks some of hisformer students and colleagues, whom he believestried to “bury” his work and his style of mathe-matics by pilfering his ideas and not accordingproper credit to him. He also champions the workof Zoghman Mebkhout, who during the 1970s de-veloped some of Grothendieck’s ideas and whosework Grothendieck believes was unfairly margin-alized and ignored. “L’Enterrement” presents six mathematical areas, or “construction sites”(“chantiers” ), that he says were abandoned when


he left the IHÉS in 1970 and that he believes his students should have developed. Throughout “L’En-terrement” he closely analyzes his relationshipwith Pierre Deligne, the most brilliant of all of hisstudents and the one with whom he had the clos-est mathematical affinity.

“L’Enterrement (II) ou La Clef du Yin et du Yang”(“The Burial (II) or the Key to Yin andYang”) is rather different from theother two parts of “L’Enterrement”in being less directly concerned withthe investigation of the “burial”. Thissecond part, which Grothendiecknotes is the most personal and deep-est part of Récoltes et Semailles, con-stitutes a wide-ranging meditationon diverse themes such as creativity,intuition, violence, conflict, and theself. He uses the “yin-yang” dialecticto analyze different styles of doingmathematics, concluding that hisown style is fundamentally “yin”, orfeminine. This style is captured inone especially evocative section called“La mer qui monte…” (“The risingsea…”). He likens his approach tomathematics to a sea: “The sea ad-vances imperceptibly and withoutsound, nothing seems to happen andnothing is disturbed, the water is sofar off one hardly hears it. But it ends up surround-ing the stubborn substance, which little by little be-comes a peninsula, then an island, then an islet, whichitself is submerged, as if dissolved by the ocean stretch-ing away as far as the eye can see” (R&S, page 553).

In “L’Enterrement” he pursues some of thethemes established in “Fatuité et Renouvellement”concerning the competitive, snobbish attitudes ofthe upper crust of the mathematical world. For example, he notes that much of his work in math-ematics was marked by an “attitude of service”:service to the mathematical community of writingclear and complete expositions that make funda-mental and foundational ideas widely accessible.Although he candidly admits that his own conceitsometimes led him into elitist attitudes, he says thathe never lost this spontaneous sense of service, “ser-vice to all those who leaped with me into a commonadventure” (R&S, page 630, (*)). He believes that themathematical community lost this sense of ser-vice as personal aggrandizement and the develop-ment of an exclusionary elite became the order ofthe day. He also decries the devaluation of visionand intuition in favor of technical mastery.

Apart from “Fatuité et Renouvellement” and thethree parts that make up “L’Enterrement”, Récolteset Semailles has two introductory volumes, as well as an appendix to “La Clef du Yin et du Yang”. Abouttwo hundred copies were sent out to his

mathematical colleagues. Despite Grothendieck’sintention to publish it, the original French-languageversion of Récoltes et Semailles has never appearedin print, as the strong attacks it contains could bedeemed libelous. Nevertheless, it has circulatedwidely. Copies can be found on bookshelves in math-ematicians’ offices all over the world, especially in

France, and in some libraries in uni-versities and mathematics institutes.Historian of science Alain Herremanof the Université de Rennes has un-dertaken an effort to post on theWeb html files containing the entireFrench original, and partial transla-tions into English, Russian, and Span-ish have appeared there too [R&S].A Japanese translation of a large por-tion of Récoltes et Semailles was pre-pared by Yuichi Tsuji, who knewGrothendieck through the Survivalgroup, and was published in the1990s by Gendaisugakusha, a math-ematics publisher. According toMichel Waldschmidt of the Univer-sité de Paris VI, who was presidentof the Société Mathématique deFrance (SMF) during 2001–04, thesociety considered, during his pres-idency, the question of whether topublish Récoltes et Semailles. The

question raised strong opinions both for and against,Waldschmidt said, and ultimately the SMF decidedagainst publication.

Many mathematicians, especially some ofGrothendieck’s former students, were shocked andhurt by the accusations in Récoltes et Semailles. Oneof them, Luc Illusie of the Université de Paris-Orsay,recalled that he talked to another former student,Jean-Louis Verdier, about whether they should tryto discuss the accusations with Grothendieck. Ac-cording to Illusie, Verdier, who died in 1989, feltthat Grothendieck’s state of mind was such thatthere was no sound basis for discussion. But, Illusiesaid, “I thought, ‘It is not possible that Grothendieckhas become like that. I will try to reason and to dis-cuss with him. Maybe I will agree with him on somepoints that he is right and on others he is notright.’ Eventually, we settled the material points, butnothing really emerged, and he remained convincedthat everyone was against him.”

In Récoltes et Semailles Grothendieck says that,after he left the mathematical world in 1970, hisstyle of doing mathematics was held in contemptand that many of the paths he had broken went undeveloped. It is true that after that time, re-search in algebraic geometry began to shift, mix-ing the highly general approach that characterizedhis work with investigation of specific problems.Deligne’s proof of the Weil conjecture, which was

Grothendieck in aphotograph from the 1950s.


very much in the spirit of Grothendieck but whichalso incorporated many new ideas, was one of thegreat advances of the 1970s. Along with develop-ments in the theory of D-modules and Deligne’smixed Hodge theory, greater attention began tobe paid to more specific problems, such as theclassification theory of varieties and questionsabout low-dimensional varieties. Also, after theAntwerp meeting of 1972, collaborations grew between algebraic geometry and representationtheory, leading to advances in the theory of auto-morphic forms and the Langlands program. As Illusie put it, all these developments show thatthere has been “quite a natural balance betweengeneral theory and the study of specific examplesat great length, to enrich the theory itself.”

Récoltes et Semailles also contains the accusationthat Grothendieck’s work was not always properlycredited. Indeed, his work was so well known andfundamental that credit was not always specifi-cally accorded to him. “It is true that everybodyknew he had invented motives, for instance, or l-adic cohomology, and so there was no need toquote his name every time one used them,” re-marked Jean-Pierre Serre. “His name was rarelymentioned because of that. On the other hand, itwas well known that it was due to him. Nobody wassaying that it was due to someone else.” Serrenoted that Grothendieck’s complaining about lackof credit is in sharp contrast to his behavior dur-ing the 1960s, when he shared his ideas with greatgenerosity and in some cases attached other peo-ple’s names to ideas he himself had come up with.“It was sad to read Récoltes et Semailles because ofthat,” Serre said.

Even granting that there was a shift away fromGrothendieck’s style of mathematics and that creditwas not always specifically accorded to him, it isa long leap from there to the deliberate “burial” that he asserts took place. “In retrospect, very few mathematical ideas have been as widely used asGrothendieck’s,” said Illusie. “Everybody who isdoing algebraic or arithmetic geometry now usesGrothendieck’s language, ideas, theorems, and soon. So when you think one second, it is completelyridiculous that he suggested that he could havebeen buried.” There is no question that mathe-matics suffered a great loss when Grothendieckhalted his research career in 1970. But mathemat-ics did not stop; others continued to work, fol-lowing their own ideas and interests. In February1986, after receiving a copy of Récoltes et Semailles,Serre wrote to Grothendieck: “You are surprised and indignant that your former students did notcontinue the work that you had undertaken andlargely completed. But you do not ask the most ob-vious question, the one every reader expects youto answer: and you, why did you abandon the workin question?” [Corr].

Although the accusations of a “burial” have gen-erated a good deal of notoriety, there is much moreto Récoltes et Semailles. Those who have read beyond those parts have been deeply touched bythe work’s beauty and insights. Grothendieck’s critique of how the highly competitive atmosphereof the mathematical world stifles creativity andrenewal of the field resonated with many. In Récolteset Semailles Grothendieck puts the highest valueon the innocent, childlike curiosity that gives birthto the creative impulse, and he mourns the way itis trampled on by competitiveness and the desirefor power and prestige.

“I am one of quite probably a minority whothink that Récoltes et Semailles is a miraculousdocument,” said William Messing. “That is not tosay that there are not parts that are excessive andhave aspects of what might be referred to as para-noia. But it’s very striking that the person who created EGA and SGA would write in such a style.The systematic and soul-searching aspect is of apiece with his approach to mathematics. Thosewho have really read it—as opposed to looking atfive pages of negative comments—tend to think ofit as an extraordinary document.”

Lightness Descending

[A]ujourd’hui je ne suis plus, commenaguère, le prisonnier de tâches

Contents of Récoltes et Semailles

Présentation des Themes—ou Prélude en QuatreMouvements•En guise d’avant-propos (January 1986: pages A1–A6)•Promenade à travers une oeuvre—ou l’enfant et la mère (Jan-uary 1986: pages P1–P65 )•Epilogue en post-scriptum—ou contexte et préalables d’undébat (February 1986: pages L44–156)Lettre—Introduction•Une lettre, May–June 1985: pages L1–L43•Table des matières (pages T1–T10)•Introduction (March 1984: sections 1–5, pages i–xi)•Introduction (May–June 1985: sections 6–10, pages xi–xxii)Première Partie: Fatuité et Renouvellement(June 1983, February 1984: pages 1–171)Deuxième Partie: L’Enterrement I, ou la Robe de l’Empereurde Chine(April–June 1984: pages 173–420)Troisième Partie: L’Enterrement II, ou la Clef du Yin et duYang(September 1984–January 1985: pages 421–774)Quatrième Partie: L’Enterrement III, ou les Quatre Opérations(February 1985–June 1985: pages 775–1252)Les Portes sur l’Univers (Appendice à la Clef du Yin et duYang)(March–April 1986: pages PU1–PU127)


interminables, qui si souvent m’avaientinterdit de m’élancer dans l’inconnu,mathématique ou non. Le temps destâches pour moi est révolu. Si l’âge m’aapporté quelque chose, c’est d’être plusléger.

Today I am no longer, as I once was, theprisoner of interminable tasks, which sooften prevented me from leaping intothe unknown, mathematical or other-wise. The time of tasks for me is over.If age has brought me anything, it islightness.

—Esquisse d’un Programme

“[T]he ethics of the scientific profession (espe-cially among mathematicians) have degraded tosuch a degree that pure and simple theft betweencolleagues (especially at the expense of those whohave no position of power to defend themselves)has almost become the general rule and is in anycase tolerated by all, even in the most flagrant andiniquitous cases.” So wrote Grothendieck in anApril 19, 1988, letter to the Royal Swedish Acad-emy of Sciences in which he declined the 1988Crafoord Prize. He also sent to the academy the introductory volumes of Récoltes et Semailles. The academy had awarded the prize of aroundUS$200,000 to him and Pierre Deligne. Grothen-dieck’s letter became widely known when it waspublished in Le Monde on May 4, 1988 [LeMonde].To play into the game of accepting prizes and hon-ors, Grothendieck wrote, would be to validate “aspirit and an evolution in the scientific world thatI see as profoundly unhealthy, and condemned todisappear soon, so suicidal is it, spiritually as wellas intellectually and materially.” Evidently these sen-timents resonated with many readers of Le Monde.One of the newspaper’s editors told Jean-PierreBourguignon that the paper had received more re-actions to Grothendieck’s letter than to any otherpreceding it and that most of the letters registeredapproval that finally a scientist had recognizedhow corrupt the scientific milieu had become. Newsof the letter appeared in other magazines andnewspapers, and it was avidly discussed withinthe mathematical community. An English transla-tion was published in the Mathematical Intelli-gencer [Intell], and a short item appeared in the Notices [Notices].

The same year in which he turned down theCrafoord Prize, Grothendieck retired from the Uni-versité de Montpellier at the age of sixty. Also thatyear, six mathematicians decided to assemble a collection of articles as a “Festschrift” on the occasion of Grothendieck’s sixtieth birthday[Festschrift] (there was also a special issue of the

journal K-Theory dedicated to Grothendieck). TheFestschrift seems to have been an attempt to makeamends with Grothendieck and to show that he hadnot been “buried”, as he asserted in Récoltes etSemailles. Some of the people contributing paperswere among those he had most heavily criticized.When the Festschrift appeared in 1990, Illusie, whowas one of the editors, sent a copy to Grothendieck,whose reaction was extremely bitter. In a letter toIllusie, he objected strongly to the brief forewordof the volume and also to the fact that he had not been told that the volume would appear. He said his work had been used like “confetti,” likebright, worthless bits one throws into the air to give the pretense of happiness and celebrationwhile ignoring the malaise underneath. Grothen-dieck submitted this letter for publication in theBulletin de la Société Mathématique de France. Whenthe SMF told him that the Bulletin carries onlymathematics articles but that the letter could appear instead in the SMF Gazette, Grothendieckrefused. The letter was never published.

After he retired, Grothendieck spent little timeat the Université de Montpellier, though he con-tinued to live in the area, in a village called LesAumettes. At this time, Ladegaillerie said, Grothen-dieck seemed to be going through a deep spiritualcrisis and wrote strange letters “that made us fearthe worst about his condition.” During 1987–88,Grothendieck wrote La Clef des Songes ou Dialogueavec le Bon Dieu (The Key to Dreams or Dialoguewith the Good Lord ), which expresses his convic-tion that God exists and that He speaks to peoplethrough their dreams. It also contains a good dealof material about Grothendieck’s early life. La Clefdes Songes runs about three hundred pages and isaccompanied by another five hundred pages ofnotes. According to a lecture given in the summerof 2004 by Winfried Scharlau of the UniversitätMünster, Grothendieck subsumed La Clef desSonges under a collection of works that he calledMéditations and that included the material makingup Réflexions, as well as a poetical work called“Eloge de l’Inceste” (“The Eulogy to Incest”). Nei-ther that work nor La Clef des Songes was everwidely distributed.

Many of Grothendieck’s friends and colleaguesbecame aware of his increasing preoccupation withspiritual matters when they received “La Lettre dela Bonne Nouvelle” (“The Letter of Good News”),which is dated January 26, 1990, and which hesent to about two hundred fifty people. The letterstates: “You are part of a group of two to three thou-sand people, personally known to me, whom Goddestines for a great mission: That of announcingand preparing the ‘New Age’ (or Age of Libera-tion…), which will commence on the ‘Day of Truth’,14 October 1996.” He says that God manifestedHimself to him for the first time in 1986 and


communicated to him through dreams. He alsodescribes encounters with a deity named Flora,who imparts revelations but also cruelly tests hisfaith. Although the content of the letter is baffling,the way it is written is perfectly lucid. Three monthslater Grothendieck sent a “correction”, stating that he was no longer certain of the truth of therevelations described in “La Lettre de la BonneNouvelle”. He writes: “That I was the victim of a mystification by one of more ‘spirits’ (among whichmy limited capacity could not distinguish), investedwith prodigious powers over my body and in mypsyche, I no longer have the least doubt.” Together,the two letters impart an impression of deep dis-turbance and suffering.

In July 1990 Grothendieck asked Malgoire totake possession of all of his mathematical papers,including books, preprints, correspondence, andmanuscripts in various states of preparation.Grothendieck wanted to “lighten” himself of manythings, as Malgoire put it. He burned a huge amountof material, most of it nonmathematical, includingletters that his parents had exchanged in the 1930s.He showed Malgoire a 200-liter oil drum filled withcinders and estimated he had destroyed a total of25,000 pages. Grothendieck also left many papersand other items, including his mother’s death mask,with a friend named Yolande Levine, to whom hehad been very close for the preceding decade. Hethen disappeared into the Pyrenées to live in com-plete isolation. A small number of people knewwhere he was, and he instructed them not to for-ward any mail that arrived for him at the univer-sity. Malgoire said that even today, close to fifteenyears after Grothendieck went into seclusion, theuniversity still gets a great deal of correspondenceaddressed to him. In 1995 Grothendieck formallyconferred the legal rights to his mathematical papers to Malgoire.

Grothendieck has had very little contact withmathematicians in the past fifteen years. Amongthe few who have seen him are Leila Schneps andPierre Lochak, who met him in the mid-1990s. Theytold him about the progress made on the programhe had outlined in the Esquisse d’un Programme,and he was surprised to learn that people were stillinterested in his work. He had developed a stronginterest in physics but expressed frustration withwhat he felt was a lack of rigor in that field. Lochakand Schneps exchanged some letters with him andalso sent him some books on physics that he hadasked for. In one letter he asked a disarminglysimple question: What is a meter? His letters beganto swing between warm friendliness and cold sus-picion, and eventually he severed all contact withthem. Although the friendship with Grothendieckcould not be sustained, Lochak and Schneps retaina fervent admiration and a deep attachment to theman and his work. Together they painstakingly

typed into TEX a large chunk of the handwritten LaLongue Marche à Travers la Théorie de Galois. Theyhave also started a website, the Grothendieck Cir-cle, which contains a wealth of material aboutGrothendieck, his life, and his work [Circle].

The Dancing Star

Ich sage euch: man muß noch Chaos insich haben, um einen tanzenden Sterngebären zu können. Ich sage euch: ihrhabt noch Chaos in euch.

I tell you: one must have chaos inside,to give birth to a dancing star. I tell you:you have yet chaos in you.

—Friedrich Nietzsche, Also sprachZarathustra

The work of Alexandre Grothendieck has had aprofound impact on modern mathematics and,more broadly, ranks among the most important ad-vances in human knowledge during the twentiethcentury. The stature of Grothendieck can be com-pared to that of, for example, Albert Einstein. Eachof them opened revolutionary new perspectivesthat transformed the terrain of exploration, andeach sought fundamental, unifying connectionsamong phenomena. Grothendieck’s propensity forinvestigating how mathematical objects behaverelative to one another echoes the relativistic view-point proposed by Einstein. Grothendieck’s workalso has parallels with another great twentieth-century advance, that of quantum mechanics, whichturned conventional notions upside down by re-placing point particles by “probability clouds”.“[T]hese ‘probability clouds’, replacing the reas-suring material particles of before, remind mestrangely of the elusive ‘open neighborhoods’ thatpopulate the toposes, like evanescent phantoms,to surround the imaginary ‘points’,” he wrote (R&S,page P60).

Yet, as extraordinary as Grothendieck’s achieve-ments are, he traced his creative capacity to some-thing rather humble: the naive, avid curiosity of achild. “Discovery is the privilege of the child,” hewrote in Récoltes et Semailles (page 1), “the childwho has no fear of being once again wrong, oflooking like an idiot, of not being serious, of not doing things like everyone else.” For the workof discovery and creation, Grothendieck saw intellectual endowment and technical power assecondary to the child’s simple thirst to know andunderstand. This child is inside each of us, thoughit may be marginalized, neglected, or drowned out.“Each of us can rediscover what discovery and creation are, and no one can invent them” (R&S,page 2).


One aspect of this childlike curiosity is a scrupu-lous fidelity to truth. Grothendieck taught his stu-dents an important discipline when writing aboutmathematics: never say anything false. Statementsthat were almost or essentially true were not per-mitted. It was acceptable to be vague, but when onegives precise details, one must say only things thatare true. Indeed, Grothendieck’s life has been aconstant search for truth. From his mathematicalwork through Récoltes et Semailles and even “La Let-tre de la Bonne Nouvelle”, Grothendieck wrote withthe unblinking honesty of a child. He spoke thetruth—his truth, as he perceived it. Even when hemade factual mistakes or was misled by incorrectassumptions, he presented candidly what was inhis mind. He has never tried to hide who he is andwhat he thinks.

Grothendieck’s search for truth took him to thevery roots of mathematical ideas and to the farreaches of human psychological perception. Hehas had a long journey. “In his solitary retirementin the Pyrenées, Alexandre Grothendieck has theright to rest after all he has been through,” wroteYves Ladegaillerie [Ladegaillerie]. “He deserves ouradmiration and our respect but, above all, in think-ing of what we owe him, we must leave him inpeace.”

References[Circle] The Grothendieck Circle, http://www.

grothendieck-circle.org.[Corr] Correspondence Grothendieck-Serre. Société Math-

ématique de France, 2001. (Bilingual French-Englishedition, AMS, 2003.)

[Deriv] Les Dérivateurs, by Alexandre Grothendieck, editedby M. Künzer, J. Malgoire, and G. Maltsiniotis. Avail-able at http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~maltsin/groth/Derivateurs.html.

[Aubin] D. AUBIN, A Cultural History of Catastrophes andChaos: Around the “Institut des Hautes Études Scien-tifiques,” France, doctoral thesis, Princeton Univer-sity, 1998.

[Festschrift] The Grothendieck Festschrift: A Collection ofArticles Written in Honor of the 60th Birthday of Alexan-der Grothendieck, Volumes I–III (P. Cartier, L. Illusie,N. M. Katz, G. Laumon, Y. Manin, and K. A. Ribet, eds.),Progress in Mathematics, vol. 87, Birkhäuser Boston,Inc., Boston, MA, 1990.

[Herreman] A. HERREMAN, Découvrir et transmettre: La dimension collective des mathématiques dans Récoltes et Semailles d’Alexandre Grothendieck,Prépublications de l’IHÉS, 2000. Available at http://name.math.univ-rennes1.fr/alain.herreman/.

[Infeld] L. INFELD, Whom the Gods Love. The Story of ÉvaristeGalois, Whittlesey House, New York, 1948.

[Intell] English translation of Grothendieck’s letter de-clining the 1988 Crafoord Prize, Math. Intelligencer 11(1989).

[Ladegaillerie] Y. LADEGAILLERIE, Alexandre Grothendieckaprès 1970. Personal communication.

[LeMonde] Lettre à l’Académie Royale des Sciences deSuède: Le mathématicien français Alexandre Grothen-dieck refuse le prix Crafoord, Le Monde, May 4, 1988.

[Marche] A. GROTHENDIECK, La Longue Marche à Travers la Théorie de Galois, volume 1, edited and with a foreword by Jean Malgoire, Université Montpellier II,Département des Sciences Mathématiques, 1995.

[Notices] Crafoord Prize recipients named, Notices Amer.Math. Soc. (July/August 1988), 811–812.

[R&S] A. GROTHENDIECK, Récoltes et Semailles: Réflexions ettémoignages sur un passé de mathématicien, Univer-sité des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Mont-pellier, et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,1986. (Parts available in the original French at http:// mapage.noos.fr/recoltesetsemailles/.Partial translations are available in English athttp://www.fermentmagazine.org/home5.html,in Russian at http://elenakosilova.narod.ru/studia/groth.htm, and in Spanish at http://kolmogorov.unex.es/navarro/res.)

[Rankin] R. A. RANKIN, Contributions to the theory of Ra-manujan’s function τ(n) and similar arithmetical func-tions. I. The zeros of the function

∑∞n=1 τ(n)/ns on the

line Rs = 13/2. II. The order of the Fourier coefficientsof integral modular forms, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.35 (1939), 351–372.

[Schneps1] The Grothendieck Theory of Dessins d’Enfants(L. Schneps, ed.), London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser.,vol. 200, Cambridge University Press, 1994.

[Schneps2] Geometric Galois Actions (L. Schneps and P. Lochak, eds.), London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser.,vols. 242 and 243, Cambridge University Press, 1997.

[Vietnam] A. GROTHENDIECK, La vie mathématique enRépublique Democratique du Vietnam, text of a lecture presented in Paris on December 20, 1967. Unpublished.

AcknowledgmentsThe assistance of the following individuals is

gratefully acknowledged: Norbert A’Campo, JamesArthur, Michael Artin, Hyman Bass, Armand Borel,Jean-Pierre Bourguignon, Felix Browder, JustineBumby, Richard Bumby, Pierre Cartier, PierreDeligne, Edward Effros, Gerd Faltings, MomotaGanguli, Robin Hartshorne, Alain Herreman,Friedrich Hirzebruch, Susan Holmes, Chaim Honig,Luc Illusie, Nicholas Katz, Dieter Kotschick, KlausKünnemann, Yves Ladegaillerie, Pierre Lochak,Andy Magid, Jean Malgoire, Bernard Malgrange,Barry Mazur, Colin McLarty, Vikram Mehta, WilliamMessing, Shigeyuki Morita, David Mumford, JoseBarros Neto, Arthur Ogus, Michel Raynaud, PauloRibenboim, David Ruelle, Winfried Scharlau, LeilaSchneps, Jean-Pierre Serre, John Tate, Karin Tate,Jacques Tits, and Michel Waldschmidt.

Photographs used in this article are courtesy ofMichael Artin, the Tata Institute, Karin Tate, andthe website of the Grothendieck Circle (http://www.grothendieck-circle.org).

http://mapage.noos.fr/recoltesetsemailles/

http://www.fermentmagazine.org/home5.html

http://elenakosilova.narod.ru/studia/groth.htm

http://elenakosilova.narod.ru/studia/groth.htm

http://kolmogorov.unex.es/navarro/res

http://kolmogorov.unex.es/navarro/res





http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~maltsin/groth/Derivateurs.html

http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~maltsin/groth/Derivateurs.html

http://name.math.univ-rennes1.fr/alain.herreman/

http://name.math.univ-rennes1.fr/alain.herreman/

Comme Appelé du Néant As If Summoned from the …math.fau.edu/yiu/PSRM2015/yiu/RECREATIONA... ·...

Documents

Transcript of Comme Appelé du Néant As If Summoned from the …math.fau.edu/yiu/PSRM2015/yiu/RECREATIONA... ·...