Commack High School HL Biology

Topic: Human Reproduction

Seven Quest

Teacher Notes

Edpuzzle One: Caster Semenya (the power of the sex hormones

6.6 U.1 A gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes and secrete testosterone

1. Describe how the SRY gene influences gender and which developmental pathway that is followed. (Slide 8) SRY codes for a DNA binding protein called TDF (testis determining factor).

Edpuzzle 2: Male Reproductive System

6.6 S.1 Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their functions

2. Below is a diagram of the Male Reproductive System. Annotate the labeled diagram with the function of each labeled part. (Slides 3-6)

11.4 S.1 Annotation of diagrams of seminiferous tubule and ovary to show the stages of gametogenesis

3. Describe when and where do male begin producing sperm? (Slide 7) Begins during puberty in seminiferous tubules

4. What are leydig or Interstitial cells and Sertoli responsible for producing? (Slides 8-9) Production of testosterone/nurturing sperm cells

5. Draw and label a cross section of a seminiferous tubule below (Slide 11)

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11.4 U.2 Processes in spermatogenesis and oogenesis result in different numbers of gametes with different amounts of cytoplasm .

4. Outline the process of spermatogenesis in the testes: (Slide 12)

Cells Process in Spermatogenesis1.Germ Cells 2n or diploid cell which grow and enlarge

2. spermatogonium (diploid) grow to produce primary spermatocytes

3. Primary Spermatocyte

(2n) go through Meiosis I (n) converting into Secondary Spermatocytes

3. Secondary Spermatocytes

(n) go through Meiosis II to produce spermatids

4. Spermatids (n) results from division of secondary spermatocytes

5.Spermatozoa Mature Spermatid

6.6 U.2 Testosterone causes pre-natal development of male genitalia and both sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

5. State the role of the male sex hormones. (Slide 13)

FSH Stimulates 1st spermatocytes the reduction phase 2n to n LH Stimulates interstitial (Leydig cells) to produce testosterone Testosterone Stimulates 2nd spermatocytes to spermatozoa

11.4 S.2 Annotation of diagrams of mature sperm and egg to indicate functions

6. Draw a labeled diagram of the mature sperm. (Slide 15)

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7. Outline the function of each structure of a sperm cell. (Slide 15)

Structure FunctionHead housing the nucleus and enzyme to penetrate the egg

Acrosome vesicle contains the enzymes

Nucleus haploid nuclei

Mitochondrion Need to make energy for propulsion

Mid Piece contains many mitochondriaTail Protein fibers add longitudinal rigidity and provide a

mechanism of propulsion

Edpuzzle 3: Female Reproduction

6.6 S.1 Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their functions

8. Annotate and label the diagram of the female productive system with the function of each part. (Slides 16-18)

6.6 U.4 The menstrual cycle is controlled by negative and positive feedback mechanisms involving ovarian and pituitary hormones

9. Outline the difference between negative and positive feedback in female reproduction. (Slide 19)Negative feedback (example: menstrual cycle), keeping close to equilibrium Positive feedback (Example: Child birth) moves the body away from equilibrium

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10. Describe the two part of female reproduction, include in your description the hormones involve. (Slide 20)Uterine Cycle (Building the uterine lining) Estrogen/ProgesteroneOvarian Cycle (egg production) FSH /LH

11. Outline the 28 day cycle (Slide 22-23)

Female ReproductionDays Events1-5 Wall of endometrium breaks down

6-13 estrogen levels cause the endometrium to start thickening14 Ovulation stimulated by FSH/LH

15-28 Endometrium continues to grow in response to rising estrogen and progesterone.If no fertilization occurs, corpus luteum degenerates

11.4 U.1 Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve mitosis, cell growth, two divisions of meiosis and differentiation .

11. Outline the process of oogenesis in the ovaries with a labeled drawing: (Slide 24)

Edpuzzle 4: How menstruation works

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Cells Process in OogenesisGerm Cells (2n) many mitotic (diploid) germ cell divisions

take place with some cell forming an Oogonia cell which grows into a primary oocyte surrounded by follicle cells

Primary Oocyte Meiosis (2n to n) Primary Oocyte undergoes the first division of meiosis (reduction phase) begins but stops in at prophase I.

Secondary Oocyte second division start creating a secondary Oocyte and then stop at prophase II. The Oocyte does not progress to the end of meiosis unless fertilization takes place.

12. Describe a couple of differences between Oogenesis and spermatogenesis (Slide 25)

Egg gets almost all of the organelles and cytoplasm with the polar bodies receiving little to know. Sperm is an even division of material Only 1 viable cell is created in Oogenesis 4 created in spermatogenesis

11.4 S.1 Annotation of diagrams of seminiferous tubule and ovary to show the stages of gametogenesis

13. Draw and label a diagram of an ovary (Slide 26)

11.4 S.2 Annotation of diagrams of mature sperm and egg to indicate functions

14. Label and annotate the diagram of a mammalian Oocyte (Slide 29)

11.4 U.4 Fertilization involves mechanisms that prevent polyspermy

15. Complete the chart below outlining the stages in the fertilization of a human egg: (Slide 31)

a) Cumulus/Zona pellucida

The cumulus is a thick loose grouping of cells. The sperm cell must penetrate this mass to reach the zona pellucida,

b) Contact Zona pellucida meets sperm enzymes

c) Acrosome Reaction Enzyme creates a digest a path through the zona pellucida.d) Fusion Two nuclei come together causing the release of calcium

e) Cortical Reaction cortical vesicle fuse with the plasma membrane releasing enzymes that destroy the sperm binding protein

6.6 A.2 William Harvey’s investigation of sexual reproduction in deer

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16 a. Describe Aristotle’s “Seed and Soil” theory (Slide 34) believed that males produce seeds, females form an egg which mixes with menstrual blood to develop into a fetus

16 b. What did Harvey discover in his investigation of seasonally mating deer that allowed him to disprove Aristotle’s theory? (Slide 34) that it took months for the fertilized egg to develop in the uterus

11.4 U.5 Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium is essential for the continuation of pregnancy (Slide 36-37)

Zygote: The fused sperm and egg. This cell undergoes rapid mitotic cell division, but these do not increase the size of the zygote (Cleavage)

Morula: Cleavage produces a solid sphere of cells, still surrounded by zona pellucida.

Blastocyst: At 4.5 to 5 days, cells have developed into a hollow ball of cells. At this stage the cell enters the uterus.

Implantation: At about 7 days, the embryo implants into the endometrium where it continues to grow and develop.

17. Draw a diagram of pre and post implantation of a Blastocyst and a Trophoplast. (Slide 37)

11.4 U.6 HCG stimulates the ovary to secrete progesterone during early pregnancy (Slides 37-38)

The role of the hormone HCG during pregnancySteps

a fertilized egg has developed into a blastocystb Implantation of the blastocystc hCG passes into the maternal blood peak at 8-10 wk'sd hCG targets the ovary and the corpus luteume corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen at high

levelsf to inhibit FSH and LH secretiong progesterone's prevent the breakdown of the endometrium

and so the embryo can continue its development

11.4 U.7 The placenta facilitates the exchange of materials between the mother and fetus.

18. The placenta grows from the embryonic tissue. List the functions of the placenta: (Slide 41)

Transfer gases/Transport nutrients/ Excretion of wastes/Hormone production/barrier

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6.6 U.3 Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty 11.4 U.8 Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the placenta once it has formed.

19. Between weeks 6-9 of pregnancy, the placenta takes over from the ovaries as the main producer of progesterone and estrogen Discuss the functions of the following steroid hormones on the female reproductive system after implantation. (Slide 48)

ESTROGEN Pre fertilization the hormone stimulates the buildup of the uterine lining

Post fertilization: Preventing womb contracting, lactation and strengthening the muscles of the pelvic wall

PROGESTERONE Stimulate growth of the myometrium and oxytocin receptors Stimulate mammary gland development

11.4 U.9 Birth is mediated by positive feedback involving estrogen and oxytocin.

20. Explain the process of positive feedback that occurs in the process of giving birth involving estrogen and oxytocin. (Slide 43)

Estrogen: Activates Oxytocin receptors in the uterus

Oxytocin: Stimulates uterus contraction and stimulates the placenta to make Prostaglandins

21. Describe the role of the hormone prostaglandins (Slide 43) uterus contraction

6.6 A.1 The use in IVF of drugs to suspend the normal secretion of hormones, followed by the use of artificial doses of hormones to induce superovulation and establish a pregnancy

22. Summarize the stages of In Vitro Fertilization: (Slide 44)

Step ProcessDown-Regulation (Steps 1&2) Inject hormones to induce menstruation to begin a new

cycle and check for primary follicles with ultra sound

Artificial Doses of Hormones

(Steps 3&4) inject with FSH to develop primary follicles. Treat with LH hormone to loosen eggs

Egg Retrieval and Fertilization

(Steps 5 ,6 &7) collected eggs and sperm (concentrate) and fertilize

Establishing Pregnancy

(Steps 8,9 and 10) Select embryos, transfer to uterus and test for pregnancy looking for hCG

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23. Outline some of the advantages and disadvantages to IVF. (Slide 45)

Advantages: Over comes infertility, allow families for people who are sterilize

Disadvantage: What happens to unwanted embryo's

11.4 A.1 The average 38-week pregnancy in humans can be positioned on a graph showing the correlation between animal size and the development of the young at birth for other mammals.

24. Describe two factors that affect gestation length. (Slide 46) Animal size/mass and

Level of development

25. How do human compare for size vs gestation length to other mammals? (Slide 46)Right in the middle in terms of gestation vs body mass

11.4 U.3 Fertilization in animals can be internal or external13. Complete the chart below comparing external to internal fertilization: (Slide 48)

External Fertilization Internal Fertilization

Location of Sperm Deposition

Water Inside the female

Number of Gametes

Large numbers Few Gametes released

Type of Behavior Environmental cues/courtship

Cooperative behavior

Development External Internal

Protection No Yes

Examples:

fish Humans

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