Coming to you from Salt Lake City, UT November 2 , , 2004 Jim … · 2019. 3. 19. · Coming to you...

Coming to you from Salt Lake City, UT November 2Coming to you from Salt Lake City, UT November 2ndnd, , 2004 2004 To begin at 3:05 ETTo begin at 3:05 ET

Watersheds and UrbanizationWatersheds and Urbanization

CUAHSI Fall 2004 Vision Paper Cyberseminar Series www.cuahsi.org

CUAHSI Fall 2004 Vision Paper Cyberseminar Series www.cuahsi.org

Bill Johnson Steve BurianCraig ForsterDavid Bowling

Jim Steeburgh Kip Solomon

Welcome to the 3Welcome to the 3rdrd Semester of Semester of CUAHSI CUAHSI Education and Outreach Education and Outreach Distinguished LecturesDistinguished Lectures

Problems? Send a chat to Host

Feedback? Please send an email to [email protected]

Host: Jon DuncanHost: Jon DuncanCUAHSI Communications CUAHSI Communications

DirectorDirector

The Presentation can be downloadedFrom www.cuahsi.org

Fall ScheduleFall Schedule

•• Advancing Coupled LandAdvancing Coupled Land--Atmosphere PredictionAtmosphere PredictionDave Dave GochisGochis, NCAR November 10, NCAR November 10thth

•• Moving Beyond the Theory Impasse in Moving Beyond the Theory Impasse in CatchmentCatchmentHydrologyHydrology

Jeff McDonnell, Oregon State U. November 16Jeff McDonnell, Oregon State U. November 16thth

•• Mountain Hydrology of SemiMountain Hydrology of Semi--Arid Western USArid Western USRoger Bales, UC Merced November 17Roger Bales, UC Merced November 17thth

•• HydropedologyHydropedology and the Earth’s Critical Zoneand the Earth’s Critical ZoneHenry Lin, Penn State November 18thHenry Lin, Penn State November 18th

Go to CUAHSI website for complete calendar, links to papers, Go to CUAHSI website for complete calendar, links to papers, presentations, and discussion forumspresentations, and discussion forums

Watersheds and Urbanization: Compelling and Emerging Challenges for the 21st Century

Prepared for the Consortium for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.

(CUAHSI), by:

1aWilliam P. Johnson, 1eSteven J. Burian, 1bJames Steenburgh, 1cDavid Bowling, 1dCraig B. Forster, 1aD. Kip Solomon, 2,3James M. Thomas, 3Scott W. Tyler

1dPhilip C. Emmi, 1aRobert N. Harris, 4Arthur Caplan, 4David G. Tarboton, and 5Upmanu Lall

1University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Departments:

aGeology & Geophysics, bMeteorology, cBiology, dArchitecture & Planning, eCivil & Environmental Engineering

2Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, Division of Hydrologic Sciences 3University of Nevada, Reno, NV, Dept of Environmental & Resource Science

4Utah State University, Logan, UT, Departments of: aCivil Eng., bEconomics 5Columbia University, Department of Earth & Environmental Engineering

Increasing # Cities with Population >1 millionIncreasing # Cities with Population >1 million

650

100

1950 2025

In 2000: 23 cities with population >10 million(18 in developing countries)

Future:Future: Shift to Demand Side ManagementShift to Demand Side Management

Urbanization is part of the Hydrologic Cycle – and vice versa

Hydrologic Pathways, Fluxes, and Reservoirs in Urbanizing Watersheds

POLLUTION

URBAN LAND SURFACE

PRECIPITATION

RUNOFF &STORMWATER

DRAINAGE

CAPILLARY RISE

POLLUTION

PLANT EXTRACTION & TRANSPIRATION

SNOW/ ICE STORAGE

OCEANS

WELLS

SURFACE WATER-

LAKES, RIVERSETC.

INTERCEPTION & EVAPORATION

SEEPAGE

SOIL STORAGE

CONSUMING AND

NON-CONSUMING USES

WASTE &SEWAGE

EVAPORATION

POLLUTION

INFILTR

ATIO

N

GROUNDWATER

ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE

Surface energy budgetsQ*: Net radiation QH: Sensible heat fluxQE: Latent heat flux QG, ∆QS: Ground heat flux/storage term

From Oke (1982)

The Urban Heat Island• Often observed, seldom explained

From Oke (1982)

Urbanization and precipitation

• UHI and other aspects of urbanization can lead to increased precipitation

• Effects are well documented but poorly understood

From Changnon (1971)

Wind direction

Urbanization and evapotranspiration

source: polihale.com/display/41473source: public-health.uiowa.edu

in humid regionsET decreasese.g., Dow and Dewalle (2000)

in arid regionsET increases

Through ET, vegetation strongly influences the quantity of runoff

Trimble et al. (1987) Water Resources Research 23:425-437Figure taken from Chapin et al. (2002)

Urbanization of a semi-arid grassland

Seasonal patterns of QH and QE in a Tennessee deciduous forest(2 different years)

QH

QE

Annual QE = 1.39 GJ m-2

QE/Q* = 46%

QE is limited by energy not water

Wilson and Baldocchi (2000) Ag. Forest. Meteorol. 100:1-18

Bowen ratios of different ecosystems (QH/QE)

Wilson et al. (2002) Water Resources Research 38, 12, 1294, doi:10.1029/2001WR000989

Goshute Valley, NE Nevada

Q*

QH

QE

QE in semi-arid regions is much lower than in temperate forests

QE peaks at about3 MJ m-2 d-1

which is 1.2 mm d-1

Annual QE = 0.39 GJ m-2QE/Q* = 14%

QE is limited by water not energy

Malek and Bingham (1997) J. Arid Environments 37:193-207

Irrigated systems in arid regions can advect energy as QH to feed QE

The same is found in urban parksSpronken-Smith et al. (2000)

QE

QH

Q*

Collier (2000)

Bowling et al. (2003) Ag. Forest Meteorol. 116:159-179


POLLUTION

URBAN LAND SURFACE

PRECIPITATION

RUNOFF &STORMWATER

DRAINAGE

CAPILLARY RISE

POLLUTION


SNOW/ ICE STORAGE

OCEANS

WELLS

SURFACE WATER-

LAKES, RIVERSETC.


SEEPAGE

SOIL STORAGE

CONSUMING AND

NON-CONSUMING USES

WASTE &SEWAGE

EVAPORATION

POLLUTION

INFILTR

ATIO

N

GROUNDWATER


Natural Hydrologic System

Groundwater

Modified Streamflow

EvapotranspirationPrecipitation

Urban Hydrologic System

Leakage

Rainfall runoff Dry weather flows

StormwaterWater Distribution

Wastewater

Streamflow

Precipitation Evapotranspiration

Rainfall runoff

Groundwater

Soil MoistureInfiltration/Recharge

Infiltration/ Recharge

• Greater system complexity

• Modified fluxes and pathways

• Additional pollution sources

Soil Moisture

Separate or Combined

What is Urbanization Effect on Hydrologic Processes at Multiple Scales?

Urbanization:

• Removes indigenous vegetation

• Disturbs soil matrix

• Introduces impervious surfaces and drainage systems

Lot

Neighborhood

City

Regional

Continental

Global

Reservoirs Modified:Atmospheric compositionSurface water bodies (rivers, lakes, estuaries)Aquifers

Scales of Interest

Fluxes Modified:Surface to Atmosphere (ET)Atmosphere to Surface (Precipitation)Surface to Sub-surface (infiltration)Surface to Surface (runoff)

Modified Surface to Sub-Surface Flux

Coordinated urban experiments are needed to develop revised predictive models of infiltration processes in urban environments and to better quantify leakage from water infrastructure and impacts from intentional and unintentional stormwater infiltration

Pitt et al. 2003

Pitt et al. 2003

Pitt et al. 2003

Modified Surface FlowsModified Surface FlowsDry WeatherDry Weather Wet WeatherWet Weather

Modified Base Flow Modified Base Flow Rates and QualityRates and Quality

Increased Flashiness of Flow and Increased Flashiness of Flow and Altered Chemical and Thermal Altered Chemical and Thermal

Composition (Composition (stormwaterstormwater, CSO), CSO)

Increased Increased Water UseWater Use

Increased Increased Wastewater Wastewater ProductionProduction

Impacts to Impacts to Water BodiesWater Bodies

from Hollis 1975

DiversionsDiversions DischargesDischarges

Receiving Water Effects

What are the effects of multiple stressors?

Monitoring, laboratory experiments, and field Hamilton et al. 2004

The USGS NAWQAprogram has provided baseline data for more than a decade that show for all regions the reduced quality of waterways exposed to urban influences

experiments are needed to collect data for new model developmentexplaining the nonlinear feedbacks and synergism between stressors

What emerging contaminants must be considered?The significance of the effects to aquatic life of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine-disrupting compounds, and other emerging contaminants must be determined

Public Health EffectsSurface flow discharges to urban water bodies have been found tobe important public health issues:

Santa Monica Bay: the epidemiological study of health effects from stormwater discharges to Santa Monica Bay conducted in the early 1990s found increased frequency of various illnesses (e.g., earaches, sinus problems, diarrhea, fever, and rashes) associated with swimming near stormwater outfalls

Milwaukee, WI: crypto outbreak taught several lessons including need to better understand the interactions between surface water, groundwater, and water supply in urban environments and need to protect water supplies from runoff, and served as a testbed for bioterrorism response

What are the pathways for contamination of surface water supplies and what are the sources of contamination?

What emerging contaminants must be considered?The toxicology of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine-disrupting compounds, and other emerging contaminants is uncertain

Dr. Rachel Noble

Studies of the interaction between runoff, surface water, and ground water must be conducted to define the pathways of contamination between water bodies and help to identify sources of contamination (including aging infrastructure)

Albany Times Union

Observation Framework

NASA TRMMNASA Aqua

NASA Terra

Top Down Observations(Currently temporally discrete, but spatially continuous)

Transects Across Gradients of Interest (Urbanization)

Regional (Integrators):Lot – Neighborhood:Infiltration, ET, Runoff, Water Use, Surface-Groundwater Interaction Atmosphere

(integrator of fluxes)City:

Surface water and ground water flow and contaminant fate and transport, Infrastructure, Diversion, Discharges

Water Bodies, Sediments & Biota (integrators of fluxes)

Bottom Up Observations(Currently temporally continuous, but spatially discrete)

Urban Terrain Characterization (Informatics)

Time Series Time Series (Land Cover (Land Cover

Change)Change)

Surveys/InferenceSurveys/InferenceSurface Characteristics, Buildings, Surface Characteristics, Buildings, Infrastructure, Development HistoryInfrastructure, Development History

LIDAR, SAR, SRTM, MultiLIDAR, SAR, SRTM, Multi--spectral, spectral, Thermal, RadarThermal, Radar

National Map, 133 cities, Urban Data National Map, 133 cities, Urban Data Federation, Population/Demographics, Federation, Population/Demographics, InfrastructureInfrastructure

National/Global DatasetsNational/Global DatasetsLocal/Regional DatasetsLocal/Regional Datasets

Land Use Planning/Zoning, Land Use Planning/Zoning, Infrastructure, Development HistoryInfrastructure, Development History

Remote SensingRemote Sensing

Spatial Spatial HeterogeneityHeterogeneity

Correlate hydrologic observations with urban environment characteristics (e.g., infiltration through disturbed soils – residential 1-yr old vs. residential 30 yrs old; leakage from 10-yr old ductile iron distribution line vs. leakage from 100-yr old ductile iron distribution line)

PredictionObservations must characterize past urbanization effects to aid prediction of future effects:

Must account for changing patterns Must account for changing patterns of development (alternative of development (alternative development approaches (LID, development approaches (LID, smart growth))smart growth))

Heterogeneous city center gradient Heterogeneous city center gradient to homogeneous suburban sprawlto homogeneous suburban sprawl

Observations must account for changes to water infrastructure system planning, design, operation, and management:

Engineering solutions to urban water Engineering solutions to urban water management are continuously evolvingmanagement are continuously evolving

Centralized versus decentralized Centralized versus decentralized managementmanagement

Combined versus separate sewer Combined versus separate sewer systems systems –– Los Angeles hybrid system Los Angeles hybrid system treating drainage flows (treating drainage flows (StenstromStenstrom 2004)2004)


POLLUTION

URBAN LAND SURFACE

PRECIPITATION

RUNOFF &STORMWATER

DRAINAGE

CAPILLARY RISE

POLLUTION


SNOW/ ICE STORAGE

OCEANS

WELLS

SURFACE WATER-

LAKES, RIVERSETC.


SEEPAGE

SOIL STORAGE

CONSUMING AND

NON-CONSUMING USES

WASTE &SEWAGE

EVAPORATION

POLLUTION

INFILTR

ATIO

N

GROUNDWATER


2000

1000

500

200

100

50

20

10

5

Rec

harg

e (m

m/y

r)

5000 2000 1000 500 200 100 50 20Precipitation (mm/yr)

Potential increasedrecharge

min. for sewered/drained

max. for unsewered/undrained

natural recharge

Foster et al., 1999; Lerner, 2002

HY SC

M L

HY=Hat YaiSC=Santa CruzM=MeridaL=Lima

Effects of Urbanization onGroundwater

Increase in recharge

Water importationLeakage of water mainsFocusing of precipitation

Degradation of water quality

2D: Cross-section recharge

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20TRITIUM UNITS (TU)

DEP

TH (M

)

Total = 16.7 TU-meters

1.4 TU-m

13 TU-m

Relation of peak chloride to tritium recharge rate

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Recharge rate, q (mm/yr)

Chl

orid

e co

ncen

tratio

n (m

g/L)

Tritium mass balance method

Corrected depth-to-peak method

Best fit (q=180(Clx10e-0.75)+1)

Average recharge rate = 6 mm/yr (2 to 28 mm/yr)

Highest rates occur beneath coarse soils and areas receiving run off

65 % of the intervals have low but significant recharge (<5 mm/yr), showing diffuse infiltration is substantial (contrary to alluvial basin studies)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Rec

harg

e ra

te, m

m/y

r

850 m

Urban Drinking Water Supply and Treatment

• ½ of all US drinking water wells show evidence of fecal contamination

• 750,000 to 5,900,000 illnesses, 1400 to 9400 deaths attributed to contaminated GW each year in US

• Milwaukee 1993, Cryptosporidiosis outbreak, 400,000 illnesses, 100 deaths

Bruce Whitteberry – HydrogeologistGreater Cincinnati Water Works

Scales

10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2Diameter (m)

moleculescolloids

suspended particles

1 um 1 mm1 A

bacteria

Concentrations vs x (Field) Riverbed responsible?

Bruce Whitteberry – Hydrogeologist, Greater Cincinnati Water Works

Where Does Removal Occur?Theory: Ln C/Co = (kf/v) x

Log removal versus distance according to deposition rate constant

Co

Bruce Whitteberry – Hydrogeologist, Greater Cincinnati Water Works

Ln C/Co kf

kf decreases with distanceRiverbed = point of removal?

Ln C/Co kfTheory expects homogeneousmaterials to yield constant kf

xWhat is the effect of flood scour onbiological and physical removal?

Deposition Rate (kf) vs x (Field)Bacteria – No riverbed

MLS14

MLS17

MLS19

MLS20

MLS21MLS11MLS10

MLS9

MLS2

-3.5

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Distance (m)

log

k f (h

r-1)

Constant deposition rate expected from theory

Concentration vs x (Column) (microspheres in quartz sand)

6.40

7.00

7.60

8.20

8.80

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

Transport Distance (m)

LogC

Observed

Theory

Susan Hubbard – LBNL

Atmosphere

Groundwater Recharge Rate

(quantity, quality)

PrecipitationRate

Surface Water Flows(quantity, quality)

EvapotranspirationRate

Regional/Local Climate

+ +- -

~

~

Surface Water Groundwater

““Natural” Hydrologic SystemNatural” Hydrologic System

Water Available for Use(quantity, quality)


(quantity, quality)

PrecipitationRate




Groundwater Stored(quantity, quality)

Surface Water Stored(quantity, quality)

+ +

+

+ +- -

+

~

~

+

Hydrologic System Yields Water for UseHydrologic System Yields Water for Use

Urban Land Area



(quantity, quality)

PrecipitationRate




Urban Energy Use



+ +

+

+ +- -~ ~

+

~~

~

~

+

-+

Urban Impact on Hydrologic SystemUrban Impact on Hydrologic System



(quantity, quality)

PrecipitationRate




Urban Land Area

Urban Energy Use

ArtificialGroundwater

Recharge



Inter-WatershedWater Transfers

~

+ +

++

+ +- -~ ~

+

~ ~

~

~

+~

Water Recycling Groundwater

Pumping

-

~

UpstreamWastewaterDischarge

~

~

-+

Expand Impacts on Hydrologic SystemExpand Impacts on Hydrologic System



(quantity, quality)

PrecipitationRate




Urban Land Area

Urban Energy Use

ArtificialGroundwater

Recharge



Inter-WatershedWater Transfers

~

+ +

++

+ +- -~ ~

+

~ ~

~

~

Water Supply Infrastructure

Water Use(quantity, quality)

+

~

~

Water Recycling Groundwater

Pumping

-

+++

++

+

+

~

UpstreamWastewaterDischarge

~

StormwaterInfrastructure

~

Wastewater InfrastructureInfrastructureInfrastructure

~

-+


++

People

Jobs

PopulationGrowth

Local Economy

NationalEconomy

+

+ +

+

++

Urbanization

++

Urban SystemUrban System

Water Supply & ReuseChoices, Policies, Planning

Water Supply Cost Water SupplyInfrastructure

-

+

+

~

~


++

People

Jobs

PopulationGrowth

Local Economy

NationalEconomy

+

+ +

+

++

Urbanization

++

Urban Impact: Urban Impact: Water SupplyWater Supply

WastewaterCost

+

~

WastewaterDischarge

(qantity, quality)

Wastewater Choices, Policies, Planning

WastewaterInfrastructure

+

+

+

~



-

+

+

~

~


++

People

Jobs

PopulationGrowth

Local Economy

NationalEconomy

+

+ +

+

++

Urbanization

++

Urban Impact: Urban Impact: WastewaterWastewater

Urban Energy Use

Urban Land Area

Urban Growth ManagementChoices, Policies, Planning

+

+

+



-

+

+

~

~WastewaterCost

+

~

WastewaterDischarge

(qantity, quality)



+

+

+

~


++

People

Jobs

PopulationGrowth

Local Economy

NationalEconomy

+

+ +

+

++

Urbanization

++

Urban Impact: Urban Impact: Energy & Land Use Energy & Land Use

+~


StormwaterChoices, Policies, Planning

StormwaterCost

~

Urban Energy Use

Urban Land Area


+

+

+



-

+

+

~

~WastewaterCost

+

~

WastewaterDischarge

(qantity, quality)



+

+

+

~


++

People

Jobs

PopulationGrowth

Local Economy

NationalEconomy

+

+ +

+

++

Urbanization

++

Urban Impact: Urban Impact: StormwaterStormwater

+~



StormwaterCost

~

Urban Energy Use

Urban Land Area


+

+

+



-

+

+

~

~WastewaterCost

+

~

WastewaterDischarge

(qantity, quality)



+

+

+

~


++

People

Jobs

PopulationGrowth

Local Economy

NationalEconomy

+

+ +

+

++

Urbanization

++

Personal Choice, Policies, PlanningPersonal Choice, Policies, Planning

+~



StormwaterCost

~

Vote Today!Vote Today!

Voting

Voting

Voting

Voting

Urban Energy Use

Urban Land Area


+

+

+



-

+

+

~

~WastewaterCost

+

~

WastewaterDischarge

(qantity, quality)



+

+

+

~


++

People

Jobs

PopulationGrowth

Local Economy

NationalEconomy

+

+ +

+

++

Urbanization

++

+~



StormwaterCost

~

Regional/LocalClimate

~

~

~

~

Urban Energy Use

Urban Land Area


+

+

+



-

+

+

~

~WastewaterCost

+

~

WastewaterDischarge

(qantity, quality)



+

+

+

~


++

People

Jobs

PopulationGrowth

Local Economy

NationalEconomy

+

+ +

+

++

Urbanization

++

Urban Impact: Climate Variability Urban Impact: Climate Variability

Summary• Urbanization effects on the atmospheric portion of the hydrologic cycle are

well documented but difficult to generalize. Need to understand effects of climate regime, surface hydrology, and development patterns.

• Need direct measurements of ET fluxes in urban and urbanizing environments in a wide variety of biomes.

• Need to understand urbanization impacts on hydrologic processes from the lot scale to the watershed scale. Need to develop infrastructure for spatially and temporally continuous observations from top down (remote sensing) and bottom up (ground based).

• Need more studies of effects of urban recharge in semi-arid environments. Planning needs to consider “recharge parks”.

• Need to understand spatial distribution and temporal continuity of contaminant removal and transformation zones during subsurface transport. Need to make least-invasive subsurface characterization technologies available to researchers.

• Hydrologic studies in urbanizing watersheds should monitor the interdependence of human decision-making, urban processes, and natural/engineered hydrologic systems.

Coming to you from Salt Lake City, UT November 2 , , 2004 Jim … · 2019. 3. 19. · Coming to you...

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